REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

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Lecture Preamble You know that feeling you get when you look at the kid sitting next to you in class, or maybe your brother or sister, and they have the latest tech toy, say an i-phone? Some might describe it as jealously, but more often then not it is really a sense of entitlement. You will shout from the mountain tops if they have it, than ! should have it and truly mean it. "ow this example might have a negative connotation, but the concept is the same. #ue to the "apoleonic con$uests, most of the %uropean nations had a taste of the concept of liberty and they wanted it to. &he result is that the pendulum swings across %urope. Morning Notes '. (ist, as many rules as you can that should never be broken. Pre aration !or Lecture " Ma

#e$ terms !. (iberalism !!. )absburg *onarchy !!!. +onservatism !,. "ationalism

Focus %uestions

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#efine the term revolution. -hat conditions must exist for there to be a revolution? &oday.s society is a product of the forces of industriali/ation and urbani/ation in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. 0gree or disagree with this statement.

Lecture Notes Euro e an& t'e 1(t' )entur$ i. &he start of the '1th century would represent another massive shift in the social and political life in %urope. &he 2rench 3evolution, followed immediately by the "apoleonic -ars, had upset the ancient regimes and destroyed the foundations of the feudal system. ii. &he !ndustrial 3evolution that had started in %ngland would spread to %urope and 0merica. iii. 4eople began to demand an expansion of rights that would define citi/enship and personal rights. iv. '565 would be a pivotal year in %uropean history as food shortages and popular discontent would lead to uprisings across %urope. v. 7y the end of the century -estern influence would spread to every corner of the globe and the stage would be set for the greatest conflict in human history. Nationalism " )'anging *orl& i. "ationalism - the new identity of %uropean states. ii. -hat is a nation? !t is a loyalty to a greater identity. 8sually because you share9 '. :. ;. 6. 0 fixed homeland (anguage and +ustoms )istorical record <particularly of battles= 0 notion of us versus them

iii. *any factors contributed to the growth of nationalism9 '. +ommunication - the growth of daily newspapers and the ability to link together remote areas.

:. -ar - having an enemy can create unity ;. !ndustriali/ation - there is a move toward standardi/ing education and training 6. %conomics - the domestic economy solidifies and is protected by tariffs iv. !n the '5>>s *onarchical and "ational identities were attempting to coexisted, often unsuccessfully. v. &he )apsburg monarchy, facing nationalist uprisings, was seen as the ?sick man of %urope?.

France i. #espite going through a bloody revolution, the franchise in 2rance remained very limited. ii. '5:6 @ +harles A comes to the throne. 8ltras or extreme 3oyalists that were romantic about the past supported him. )e attempts to reform the electorate to favour his supporters with predictable results9 the people revolt. iii. Buly, '5;> - Buly *onarchy @ (ouis 4hilippe is put in place as a constitutional monarch replacing the unpopular +harles A. )e has a much better comprehension of the 2rench 3epublic, but only :>> >>> people have the vote in a country of ;: million. iv. (ouis 4hilippe would become increasingly conservative as there are three attempts made on his life in a short period of time. 2inally, the Buly *onarchy ends after bloody clashes with workers in the summer of '565. (ouis 4hilippe would abdicate, opening the way for the election of (ouis "apoleon 7onaparte <"apoleon.s nephew=, who would eventually assume the title of %mperor "apoleon !!!. v. "apoleon !!! - his primary concern was order and stability. 8nder his leadership 2rance would enjoy a time of relative peace. &he nation would undergo a dramatic moderni/ation with the expansion of industry and the railroad. )e would liberali/e the press, expand education for women and the rights of trade unions. )e would finally resign his post after a humiliating defeat in '5C> by Dermany in the 2ranco @ 4russian war. +ustria ,-absburg Em ire.

i. *arch, '565 - ,ienna - Students and workers protest the government?s handling of an economic crisis. &he )apsburgs would face revolts in several major cities and would only be saved by decisive military action with foreign aid. ii. Bune 'C, '565 @ subdue the +/ech revolt in 4rague iii. Ectober, '565 @ the government recaptures ,ienna, killing 6>>> radicals and students. iv. Buly @ 0ugust, '561 @ with the aid of 3ussian troops the )ungarian independence movement is crushed in 7udapest. <F9 "ote 3ussians are interested in preventing change, struggle of the old absolute regimes attempting to maintain control= <F9 0lthough it would appear that very little changed, there was a growing middle class that was going to demand more political involvement. Serfdom was ended to $uiet the people in the countryside, subtle changes set the foundation for government change in the next century= /erman$ ,Prussia. i. &he Derman states existed as small independent princedoms divided between 0ustria and 4russia. &he divisions were often based on old religious issues that had emerged during the reformation. <F9 review the division of the reformation= ii. !f the Derman States united they would be more powerful than either 4russia or 0ustria. iii. &he railroad had connected isolated Derman states giving rise to an increased sense of nationalism. iv. '565 - 2rankfurt 0ssembly @ meeting of Derman leadersG fails to achieve unification because of disagreements between +atholics and 4rotestants as well as the assertion of 0ustrian authority in 7erlin v. Seemed that little was accomplished by the end of '565, however a sense of nationalism was emerging that would ensure the eventual unification of powerful Derman states.