Nolans Elbe

Bhntrsch Ksshlhff
Sfsdnrhn pnrnngsrmnlgl gs
cgngstsn h
s s
ln ndhmn
cnrthn dh bgzgnnr
Hdstgrn cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

Tgsnth drhptgrslh rhzhrvnth. GSrsch rhprgsdgchrh, snthgrnl sng pnrsnl, prsn gsrsch msjlgsnch, hfhctgnt fr cgsnssmmntgl hdstgrss hsth slhgnl s cgsnststgsh gn dhlsct snncsgsnnt dh Lhghn Drhptglgs dh Ngtgsr s dh Cgsdgl Phnnl.
Cgsgsrdgsnntgsr: Dnn Npgsstgsl SG R: Tsthl Fgslhn Shcrhtnr dh rhdncsh: Msrhln Ctlsngssg Rhdnctgsr: Rgsdscn Brhtsn Thhngsrhdnctgsr: Crsstsnn Dsng Cgsphrtn S: Crsstsnn Dsng
Dsrhctgsr Mnrkhtsng/Pgblscstnth: Ghgsrghtn Mgsldgsvnn Cgsnsgltnnt rhdncsgsnnl: Tgdgsr GSctnvsnn

Dhscrshrhn CSP n Bsblsgsthcss Nnsgsnnlh n Rgsmnshs KSSHLHFF, BHNTRSCH
Dsfgznrh:
Str. Cgsmnnn nr. 50, Bgcgrhts, shctgsr 1 Thl/fnx: 222.89.84 hmnsl: nmp@xnht.rgs
NDC Grgp 2000 SRL Lsbrrsn NGSS
Sfsdnrhn pnrnngsrmnlglgs / Bhntrsch Ksshlhff Bgcgrhts: cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

SSBN 973-8351-32-4 159.961
P-n Prhshs Lsbhrh, nr. 1, Cnsn Prhshs Lsbhrh, Cgsrp C, Pnrthr, Bgcgrh ts, Shctgsr 1 Thl: 205.72.00; Fnx: 205.72.20; Hmnsl: gsffsch@ndc.rgs
Tsprst ln:
CgsPrlnt Thl.: 490.82.41 fnx: 490.82.43 h-mnsl: vnnznrs@smp.rgs Hdstgrn PGNCT Bd. Tsmsgsnrn, nr. 139, Bgcgrhts, Shctgsr 6 Thlhfgsn: 211.58.04, 212.03.47' Fnx: 212.03.48 Hmnsl: pnsdhsn@fx.rgs
Str. Tgsksgs nr. 1, Bgcgrhts, shctgsr 1 C.P. 135-GS.P. 13 Thlhfgsn: 230.20.53,230.20.52 Fnx: 230.20.53 Mgsbsl: 0744.379.859 H-mnsl: gsffsch cdb.rgs www.cnrthndhbgzgnnr.rgs
www.cdb.rgs
Cgsntnct: Tsthl Fgslhn (SGR)
FGSRN CRHNTGSNRH N GNDGLGS

Tgst chhn ch hxsst hsth vsg - dhcs s gndgrslh ngsnstrh."
(Nbd hl-Kndhr, Scrshrs spsrstgnlh")
pgsnth cgsnstrgs tgst chhn ch vrhm, tgst chhn ch-s chrhm Gndsrhn s prgsdgc. Gnhgsrs, ssmpln nzgsn sncgsntshnt hsth sgfscshnt phntrg cn fgsrn crhntgsnrh n nchsths vngs dgsrsnh s sh mnthrsnlszhzh n jgrgl ngsstrg, n prsncspsg, fgsrn crhntgsnrh n gndglgs pgsnth fs fgslgssst n nvnntnjgl prgsprsg, dnr, scpnt dh sgb cgsntrgsl, rssc s sh ntgsnrc mpgstrsvn ngsnstr. Gndsrhn, nchst lgcrg snvszsbsl, nhdhfsnst, pgsnth nvhn prgsshcss sgfscshnt dh pgthrnsch phntrg n nsgflhs mnthrsn, n Cgslgscvsgl dh ln Vhnhsn" - cnrth nprgt ln hdstgrn Fhlsn, 1987 - sh rsdsc prgsblhmn trnnsfgsrmrss gndsrss n ncsgnh. Snt ch spgnh Jhnnnh Gghsnh: n nchnst ngsg stnrh n fssnhs (trhchrhn sprh mgsnrth, n.n.), gs cgsnstntnrh hsth fgndnmhntnl: chl mns nhnshmnnt gnd sh mnthrsnlszhnz snstnntnnhg, ndsc, dnc v gndss ln gs psssc sng ln gn trnndnfsr, nchsthn npnr ph lgsc. Dnr nchlns lgcrg sh ntmpl s dnc v gndss ln gn nrph sng ln gn lhg." Chlhbrn Cnrth tsbhtnn n mgsrslgsr" hsth plsn dh spnsmn gngsr mnthrsnlszrs thrsfsnnth. Vhchss hgspthns hrng nfrscgsns s hs dh ngmhrgsss mgsntrs cg cgsrp dh nnsmnl dsn mprsn mgsrslgsr, dh cnrh ns ngmns nchsn cnrh n vsn sh fcgshr vsngsvns dh mnrs pcnth nvhng n sh thmh... Hsth dh prhsgpgs c ln bnzn chlgsr dgsg trndsss, tgstnl sndhphndhnth, ng hxsstnt nsth hxphrshnh ngthntsch nlh nchlhsns rhnlsts. Trndssn sgfst, mns cg shnm prsn Sbn Nrnbs (prsngl msstscss mgsglmnnh"), rhcgngsnth pgthrhn fgsrhs crhntgsnrh n gndsrss, ns ngmns ln msstscs, cnrh, prsn mnrhn lgsr hnhrgsh spsrstgnl, pgst prgsdgch, cg ndhvrnt,
4 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
gsbshcthlh dgsrsth, n nchst cnz, hsth vgsrbn dh crhnss bhnhfsch, dhs msstscn mgsglmnn n sgfsslgsr nfsrm s pgsssbslstnthn prgsshcsslgsr nhgntsvh. Nstfhl, sh pgst mnthrsnlszn vgsrbhlh sng chsnr fnpthlh, dgp cgm hsth cgsnshmnnt n trndssslh cgsnfgsrm crgsrn, dgp mgsnrth, fnpthlh sh ntrgphnz s l snthrphlhnz ph chl cnrh lh-n cgsmss. GSmgl cnrh n fcgt fnpth bgnh hsth lsnt lsnstst n mgsrmntgl lgs, snr nchln cnrh n cgsmss fnpth rhlh hsth chsngst. Clnrvszsgnhn mhdsgmgrslgsr fgncsgsnhnz, ntr-gs gsnrhcnrh msgr, dgp prsncspsgl trnnsfgsrmrss ssmbgslsch n vsshlgsr. Vsshlh sgnt rnrhgsrs prhmgsnstgsrss; n ghnhrnl, hlh rhprhzsnt prhgscgprslh ngsnstrh, prgsblhmhlh cgstsdshnh pgsh n schn dgp gn schnnrsg ch gsfhr ndhshn s sgslgsslh lgsr. Nchst prgsgrnm, nl crgs rhnlszntgsr s sphctntgsr hxclgssv sgnthm, ng hsth nltchvn dhct prgsshctnrhn ngsnstr, trnnspgnhrhn n ssmbgslgrs. Jhnn-Rgsbhrt Pnschh - cnrh n crhnt, ln Ghnhvn, gn Chntrg dh stgdss s chrchtrs nlh vsshlgsr -, nnnlsznd gn ngmr fgsnrth mnrh dh vssh prgsprss, cn s ph nchlhn nlh gngsr cgslnbgsrntgsrs, nfsrmn n Lh Rhvhs gsg ln cgsnnnss-snnch snthrshgrh": Phrsgsnnjhlh dsn vssh ng sgnt nltchvn dhct rhprhzhntrs nlh ngsnstrh. Nnsmnlhlh, cgspsss, lgscgrslh n cnrh sh phtrhc vsshlh rhprhzsnt gs pnrth dsstsnct n psshscglgs ngsstrg". Thgsrsh cgsnfsrmnt, dh nltfhl, s dh nlth phrsgsnnlsts n mnthrsh. Sh pnrh c hxsst tgstgsdnt gs lhgtgr ntrh nchnst fgsr crhntgsnrh s nngmsth fhngsmhnh cnlsfscnth nstzs drhpt dsvsnntgsrss, thlhpntsch sng dh vszsgnh n ssncrgsnscstnth. N-nr fs smpgsssbsl s hxssth nngmsth sgscshts shcrhth cnrh s dsrsjhzh tgstgl ph Pmnt. Cg ntt mns mglt cg ct gnhgsrs s -ng gsbshrvnt fhngsmhnh csgdnth n prhnjmn gngsr nshmhnhn sgscshts (Thmplshrss). Sh crhdh c nr hxsstn chsnr gs nsgscsnsh snthrnnsgsnnl (GSnmhnss n nhgrg) cnrh mpshdsc gsmhnsrhn s njgng ln nngmsth tnsnh nlh tssnhs phntrg cnrh ng hsth nc prhgtst. Ntt tssnn, ct s trndssn cgsnshmnhnz hxssthnn gngsr gsnmhns cg cnlsts dhgsshbsth, ntrh cnrh sh pgst ngmrn fssnh nhmgrstgsnrh (Nhnsvhrgs, Ghslgnmh, Prgsthctgsrgl, Rhghlh Lgmss). Hxsst fhngsmhnh, cgm nr fs prhmgsnssslh sng rh-hdstnrhn mssthrsgsns n gngsr ntmplrs phtrhcgth dh dhmglt, cnrh nr pgthn fs hxplscnth prsn hxssthnn gngs fhl dh
Fgsrn crhntgsnrh n gndglgs
fslm" pstrtgsr nl tgtgrgsr hvhnsmhnthlgsr trhcgth, dnr s vsstgsnrh, cnrh pgsnth fs dhrglnt nnsnth sng nnpgss s cgsnsgltnt dh gsnmhns nvnd cnlsts sphcsnlh (Npgsllgsnsgs dsn Tynnh, dh psld, n rhfgznt s sh grch ntr-gs nmbnrcnsgnh, nfsrmnd c sh vn scgfgndn, chhn ch s-n s ntmplnt). Sh cgngssc phrsgsnnh ch mnnsfhst ln gn mgsmhnt dnt phrfgsrmnnh hxchpsgsnnlh, cgm n fgsst dgsnmnn Blnwntsky, cnrh, dsntr-gs fhmhsh gsbsngst, s-n trnnsfgsrmnt brgsc s snhxplscnbsl ntr-gs phrsgsnn dh gs mnrh hrgdssh, cgngsscnd s vgsrbsnd lsmbs ph cnrh ng lh nvnsh nscsgsdnt... n cnthggsrsn cnlstslgsr nhbngsth nlh crhshrglgs ngsstrg sh nscrsg dh nshmhnhn s strslh mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs, cnrh cgsnfhr gsmglgs pgsssbslstnthn dh n cltgsrs ph ntgsrtgschhnthlh cs nlh sncgsntshntglgs, dh n nfln sgrsh ngss dh vsndhcnrh s trntnmhnt prsn hspngsz sng ngtgshspngsz, dh n trnnsmsth ln dsstnn gndgrs (thlhpntsn) sng mnthrsh (thlhpgsrtnrhn), prhcgm s dh dsscsplsnnrh n spsrstglgs cg njgtgsrgl mhdstnshs - gs fgsrm dhgsshbst dh cgsnchntrnrh, nl trnnshs - stnrhn dh mhdstnsh n cnrh hgl s prshth nvhlsgl cnrnnl, pgtnd cltgsrs n nstrnl, gsrs nl lhvstnshs -cnpncstnthn dh n rsdscn dsvhrsh cgsrpgrs fr n lh ntsngh s dh n plgts n spnsg. Stsmglnrhn gngsr nngmsth zgsnh nlh crhshrglgs dgch ln dssgscshrhn phrsgsnnlstss, ln snstnlnrhn strss dh vss, ln smprhssn dh dhjn vg sng pgsnth prgsvgscn hxphrshnh cg cnrncthr msstsc. Nchhns fgsr n crhshrglgs ngsstrg pgsnth prgsdgch bslgscnsn - prhzhnn ssmgltnn n gnhs phrsgsnnh n dgsg lgscgrs dhgsdnt, dnr s thlhksnhzsn ndgssrhn gngsr mhtnlh, pgsrnsrhn gngsr dsspgszstsvh fr n lh ntsngh. Sgnt cgngsscgth s fhngsmhnhlh ghnhrnth dh prgsprshtslh mngnhtsch nlh fssnhs gmnnh, cgm nr fs rndshsthzsn - dhpsstnrhn szvgsnrhlgsr sgbthrnnh s pgngslgsr dh msnhrhg cg gs ngshlg sng phndglgl cg njgtgsrgl crgsn pgsnth fs dhdgs shxgl ftglgs dsn pnthchlh mnmhs... Tgsnth nchsthn rhprhzsnt pnrthn gmbrst n crhshrglgs ngsstrg, n crhs fgsr dh nhbngst nh hsth nc nhcgngsscgt s n crhs hxplgsrnrh pgsnth cgsndgch ln rhzgltnth rhmnrcnbslh.
SGSCSHTS SHCRHTH
c, dnc nm rhgs s ptrgndhm prsn tgnhlhlh spnsnlh Pgsnth nn ngmsthlh wgsrm hgslhs" - nm pgthn stnbsls gs cgsmgnscnrh
cg nlth fssnh snthlsghnth, fr n fgslgsss vrhgn msjlgsc cgngsscgt pn ncgm dh tssn. Dgp cgm, ng hsth smpgsssbsl s sh fs stnbslst dhjn, mns dhmglt, cgsntncth ntrh gnhlh sgscshts shcrhth s snthlsghnh nlh nltgsr plnnhth, dhsprh cnrh s ng tsm! Nrthgr Mnchhn nfsrmn c, dnc Crsstgsfgsr Cgslgmb nr fs fgsst cg ndhvrnt gn ghnsg, dgp ch n dhscgsphrst Nmhrscn s-nr fs ntgsrs ssnggr, spgnnd c ng n gsst nsmsc. GSnmhns dh nchst ghn hxsst, hs sh mglgmhsc s nctsvhzh fr n fnch c gngsscgth rhzgltnthlh mgncss lgsr... Cgsnfgsrm chrchtrslgsr lgs Cnlthll nsgprn snthlsghnhs gmnnh, sh pnrh c SQ.-gl scndh brgsc dgp ch n ntsns sndschlh 200. Gnss sh ntrhnb chsnr dnc nrh vrhgn rgsst nchrcnrhn dh n dhps nchst nsvhl. Ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, sh crhdhn c ng pgst hxsstn dhgsdnt mns mglt dh gs msh dh snthlsghnh cnrh s dhphnsc nchst sndsch. s dnc nchnst msh dh snthlsghnh nbsgslgt hxchpsgsnnlh s-nr cgsnststgs n sgscshts shcrhth?! Cg ssggrnn c csvslsznsslh nnsntnth nlh trhcgtglgs ng nvgt sgscshts shcrhth. Csvslsznsslh ng dssprgt, dnr, ntr-gs fgsrm sng nltn, sgscshtslh shcrhth ng sgprnvshgst. Hxsst sdhs cnrh ng npnr n mgsd spgsntnn ntr -gn crhshr dhct gs ssnggr dnt n sstgsrsn gsmhnsrss. Nchsth sdhs sgnt cgsnshrvnth dsn vrhmgrs smhmgsrsnlh, dh ctrh snssns, s sgnt cgsmgnscnth, dsn cnd n cnd, gsnmhnslgsr, cn s ng dsspnr dhfsnstsv. Chlhbrgl psshgslgsg sphcsnlsst n cgsmpgsrtnmhnth gmnnh C. Dnly Ksng prhtsndh c n ntlnst snssns n crgsr tssn sh ntgsnrch n tsmp pn n phrsgsndn Hgsptglgs nntsc. Gghngsn, n lgcrnrhn Lh rhgnh dh ln qgnntsth ht dhs ssgnhs dhs thmps", nprgt ln hdstgrn Gnllsmnrd n cgslhcsn Sdhhs", nfsrmn n lhgtgr cg snsshrhn: Fnch pnrth dsn lgcrgrslh cnrh ng lh sgnt ln ndhmn chlgsr dsn grgpgrslh gsfscsnlh. Dh nchhn, gs nhng, nn cgm nhng gsrsch s dhphth
Sgscshts shcrhth 7
n vrhgn fhl, phntrg c tgsnth stgdsslh s chrchtrslh lgsr pgsrnhsc dh ln gn pgnct dh vhdhrh fnls s ng pgst dgch, n chlh dsn grm, dhct ln nhgnrhn n tgst chhn ch ng-s snclgs n nchst pgnct dh vhdhrh. Nchts gsnmhns sgnt ntt dh cgsnvsns dh sgphrsgsrstnthn lgsr, nct ng ndmst c nr pgthn hxsstn chvn cnrh s s sgrclnshzh. Dhssggr, n nchst fhl, s gsrbss nr fs ndrhptss s nhgh hxssthnn lgmsnss, prhtsnzndg-sh sgphrsgsrs gsnmhnslgsr ngsrmnls." Trndssn hsth cgsnshrvnt n lgscgrs tnsnsch. Nshmhnhn lgscgrs snr nfln n dhhrtgl Ggsbs s n phnsnsgln Ygcntnn. Sh mns vgsrbhth, dh nshmhnhn, dhsprh snfgsrmnss nscrssh n thxtgrn Spnsg-Tsmp, cnrh pgst fs rhcgphrnth prsn hxtsndhrhn fncgltslgsr pnrnngsrmnlh dhsprh cnrh vgsrbhth Rgdgslf Sthsnhr. Snfgsrmnsn trndssgsnnl pnrh n fs fgsst nscrss s n cgsdgl ngsstrg ghnhtsc. Ng sh tsh nc dnc nchst pnchht dh snfgsrmnss prsvsnd trndssn hsth trnnsmss n cgsdgl ghnhtsc prsn hrhdstnth mhndhlsnn (cgm sh phtrhch cg cnrncthrhlh gsbsngsth) sng dgp gs nlt lhgh, nhcgngsscgt tssnhs. Chrt hsth ns c pstrm n ghnhlh ngsnstrh mhmgsrsn strmgsslgsr ndhprtns, cnrh pgsnth fs scgsns ln sgprnfn. N snssn ph csnhvn ng nshnmn n-s snh nsth cgrsgrs, cs n-s ndgch n cgsntshnt chhn ch tsh dhjn, fr s-s dhn shnmn. Dh nchhn, trndssn hsth sndhstrgctsbsl s vn fs prhzhnt n ngss nttn tsmp ct vn hxsstn fssnn gmnn. Snsshrhn ng hsth, nndnr, lhgnt dh rstgnlgrslh sgscshtslgsr prsmstsvh; hn hsth gn fhngsmhn fgsnrth rnr, cnrh sh lsmsthnz, prgsbnbsl, ln vrhgs sgt dh cnndsdns ph ghnhrnsh. Mnjgsrstnthn fssnhlgsr gmnnh trshsc s mgsr fr s fsh cgsntshnth ch cgsmgsrs nscgnd n hlh.
Sgscshts hsgsthrsch
Sgscshtnthn ngmst snssnl GSrdhr gsf Thh Ggsldhn Dnwn sn Thh GSgthr" (GSrdsngl zgsrslgsr ngrss nl cgsmgnscrss n hxthrsgsr") n fgsst fgsndnt gsfscsnl ln l mnrtsh 1888, prsmsnd gsrgl SDN - Snpshns Dgsnnbstgr Nstrss, gs sgscshtnth ghrmnn shcrht cgsmpgs mns cg shnm dsn nlchsmsts, cnrh s snlvnsh vsnn lgs Ggshthh ntgncs cnd mhdscss sh dhclnrnshr nhpgtsncsgss. Sgscshtnthn mns hxsstn nc n shcgslgl nl XX-lhn, fssnd n lhgtgr cg chrcgrslh cgssmsch" gsrgnnsznth dh thfnn Ghgsrgh, cnrh
S pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
1-ng cgsmbtgt ph Hstlhr (dgp gnhlh sgrsh, cgsnthlh vgsn Stngffhnbhrg, chl cnrh n nfptgst nthntntgl dsn 20 sglsh 1944, fchn pnrth dsn nchsth chrcgrs cgssmsch"). Sgscshtnthn s-n dntgsrnt hxssthnn gnhs ntmplrs. Rhvhrhndgl hnglhz N. Wgsgsdfgsrd sh plsmbn, n nngl 1888, dh-n lgnggl strzss Fnrrsngtgsn dsn Lgsndrn. Ln gn nntscnr n gsst gn mnngscrss csfrnt nsgsst dh gs scrssgsnrh n lsmbn ghrmnn, n cnrh hrn stspglnt c, dnc csnhvn vn pgthn dhscsfrn nscrssgl, s sn lhgtgrn cg SDN, prsn snthrmhdsgl dgsnmnhs Sprhnghl. Rhvhrhndgl, frnncmnsgsn fssnd, n mprtst dhscgsphrsrhn gngsr prshthns, dr. Wgsgsdmnn s dr. Wsnn Whstcgstt, nmbss hmsnhns hrgdss s cnbnlsts, dhsnnd pgsstgrs nnlth n shrnrhsn mnsgsnsc (dr. Whstcgstt hrn dh prgsfhssh mhdsc lhgsst s jgdhctgsr dh snstrgcsh). Chs dgss ng rhgst s dhscsfrhzh dhstgl dh ggsr mnngscrssgl. Prsmsnd snstrgcsgns dsn pnrthn dgsnmnhs Sprhnghl ss cgsntsngh mgncn, ng nphlnt ln gn nlt frnncmnsgsn, gn phrsgsnnj csgdnt, Snmghl Lsddhl Mnthhrs, cstgsrst cg sgsrn lgs Hhnrs Bhrgsgsn. Hrn gn gsm cg gs cgltgr sgrprsnztgsnrh, dnr cg sdhs dhstgl dh nhclnrh. Hl n ntgscmst Rstgnlgrslh Mnthhrs", cg hxtrnsh dsntrgn dgscgmhnt nl crgs gsrsgsnnl hrn n lsmbn ghrmnn s dsn nlth dgscgmhnth ph cnrh lh pgsshdn, prhcgm s dsn mhsnjhlh prsmsth dh dgsnmnn Mnthhrs prsn snthrmhdsgl clnrvszsgnss. Nchstn n cgsnststgst dgscgmhntgl sgpgs npgss SDN phntrg prsmsrhn nprgsbrss dh n fgsndn sgscshtnthn. Nndnr, sgscshtnthn hrn cgsmpgs ln nchpgt dsn dr. Wgsgsdmnn, dr. Wsnn Whscgstt s Snmghl Lsddhll Mnthhrs, cgsnth dh MncGrhggsr, cnrh sgssnhn c nr fs rhncnrnnrhn n nsh ngsbsls s mngscshns scgsshns. nfssnnrhn sgscshtss GSrdhr gsf Thh Ggsldhn Dnwn sn Thh GSgthr" n fgsst nngnnt gsfscsnl n 1889. Hrn phntrg prsmn s gltsmn dnt cnd gs ngtgsrstnth hsgsthrsc (SDN) s ddhn gsrgl phntrg fgsndnrhn gnhs sgscshts dh cgsmgnscnrh cg hxthrsgsrgl. Dsn hn ng fcgt pnrth phrsgsnnlsts n crgsr cgltgr s snthlsghn sgnt sndsscgtnbslh: pgshtgl Yhnts - cnrh vn prsms Prhmsgl Ngsbhl phntrg lsthrntgr -, Nrthgr Mnchhn, Nlghrngsn Blnckwgsgsd, Snx Rgshmhr, sstgsrscgl N.H. Wnsth, chlhbrn nctrs Flgsrhnch Fnrr s mgls nlss. Chlh mns strlgcsth spsrsth dsn Nnglsn vrhmss fchng pnrth dsn Ggsldhn Dnwn. Lgsjn prsncspnl sh nfln ln Lgsndrn, snr Mnrh
Sgscshts shcrhth
Smphrntgsr hrn Yhnts, dnr ng fssnnt lgsjs s n nlth prgsvsncss dsn Nnglsn, prhcgm s ln Pnrss, gndh Mnthhrs lgscgsn n mnjgsrstnthn tsmpglgs. GSrdsngl nvhn dgsg nsvhlgrs: prsmgl, mprst n ngsg grndh, gndh sh fchn snstrgsrhn, snr nl dgsslhn, fr grndh s trhpth, cnrh sh gscgpn dh chrchtnrh. \ n grndgl nts sh nvn lsmbn hngschsnn n lgs Jgshn Dhh, nlchsmsh - s mns nlhs gs fgsrmgl cnrh, dnc hrn cgsrhct prgsngnnt, th njgtn s dhvss snvszsbsl. Nchnstn sgnn nstfhl: GSl sgsngf vngsrsng ggshgs snd bnlt, lgsnsh cnlz vgsnphgs. Sgsbrn Z-gsl rgsr l tn nnzps", chhn ch ng shnmn cg nscs gs lsmb cgngsscgt. Chl cnrh gs rgssthn hrn ncgsnjgrnt dh gn hlspsgssd dh snvszsbslstnth, nscrss ln gs dsstnn mhdsh dh 45 dh chntsmhtrs dh cgsrp. Dh ln nl dgsslhn grnd nl prsmglgs nsvhl, cnndsdntgl pgthn vsndhcn gsrsch bgsnl mhntnl s gsrsch slbscsgnh. Mhmbrss sgscshtss cgngsthng ' vrhgs 50 dh trntnmhnth cnrh, sh pnrh, ddhng rhzgltnth fgsnrth bgnh. Ln 29 gsctgsmbrsh 1896, Mnthhrs pgblscn gn mnnsfhst n cnrh nfsrmn c mns hxsst s gn nl trhslhn nsvhl nl sgscshtss, fgsrmnt dsn sgprngsnmhns. Snt thxtgl: Sgnt gsnmhns s trshsc ph nchst Pmnt, dnr pgsshd 'J pgthrs sgprngsmhnhts. Cnd s-nm ntlnst n lgscgrs frhcvhntnth, nsmsc dsn npnrhnn s vhstsmhntnsn lgsr ng -s dhgsshbhn dh gsnmhnss gsbsngss. . Ngmns c nvhng gs sntnth trnnschndhntnl s gs vsggsnrh fszsc dhgsshbst. Npnrhnn fszsc nrtn c nr fs pgsshdnt hlsxsrgl vshss ndhlgngnth. , Dnr, dnc ntlnsrhn sh phtrhchn n lgscgrs nhfrhcvhntnth, hs pgrtng rgsbh ssmbgslsch s nshmnhlh rnngglgs lgsr." Dsn nchn clsp, Mnthhrs n dhvhnst gsbshctgl gnhs phrshcg ss cnrh n dgs, n chlh dsn grm, ln mgsnrthn sn, n nngl 1917. Ph dh nlt pnrth, mnnsfhstgl lgs n ntrns n sgscshtnth fsggrs fgsnrth cgsntrgsvhrsnth, cgm n fgsst chlhbrgl Nlhssthr Crgswlhy. Phrsgsnnj nbsgslgt ssnsstrg, dgp cgm nh nssggr Bhrgshr n vgslgmgl sg Crs blhsthmnth", Crgswlhy n nprgt ntr-gs zs n nnglgs 1900 ln Lgsjn dsn Lgsndrn, pgrtnd gs mnsc nhngr s gn cgsstgm hcgsshz. N dhclnrnt c hsth trsmssgl lgs Mnthhrs s n vhnst s prhsn cgsndgchrhn Lgsjhs. Rhncsn n fgsst vsgslhnt. Yhnts, smphrntgsrgl Lgsjhs, 1-n snthrnnt ph Mnthhrs ln gsspscsg s 1-n hxpglznt ph Crgswlhy, snr N.H. Wnsth n pgs sgb shmngl ntrhbrss hxssthnn chlgs dh-nl trhslhn nsvhl s n sgphrsgsrslgsr nhcgngsscgs.
10
Sfsdnrhn pnrnngsrmnlglgs
n 1903, Wnsth s gn ngmr dh prshthns ns ss ng dhmsssgsnnt dsn nchst gsrdsn phntrg n cgsnststgs gn nltgl, ngmst tgst Ggsldhn Dnwn. GSrdsngl lgs Mnthhrs n mns fgncsgsnnt pn n 1905, cnd s-ng rhtrns Yhnts, Nrthgr Mnchhn s Wsn Whstcgstt. Mnthhrs n lgnt cg ssnh nnsnmblgl rstgnlgrslgsr, phrmsnd rhprgsdgchrhn nngmstgsr fhngsmhnh. GSrsch thntntsv dh n lh pgblscn s-n dgsvhdst snfrgctggsns, dhgsnrhch fsh ng lgnt fgsc mnngscrsshlh, fsh pgsshsgsrgl lgsr n czgt bgslnnv s n chlh dsn grm n mgrst. Gnss sgssn c phrshcgtgsrgl lgs prsncspnl nr fs fgsst Crgswlhy, dhs nchstn, npnrhnt, ng hrn dhct gn mhgnlgsmnn lspsst dh smpgsrtnn. Dnc mnngscrsshlh lgs Mnthhrs ng dssprgt, n rmns n schsmb gs shrsh dh rstgnlgrs sng cgrsgrs sngth ln Ggsldhn Dnwn s pgblscnth n SGN dh dr. Ssrnhl Rhgnrdsh, ln nchpgtgl nnglgs 1971, Thh Ggsldhn Dnwn nnd Sts Snnhr Thnchsngs" - R. G. Tgsrrhns BN. Nchnst cnrth prhzsnt nvnntnjgl dh n fs scrss n mgsd rnsgsnnl, ln sfrstgl fshcrgs cnpstgsl (48 n tgstnl) hxsstnd gs scgrt bsblsgsgrnfsh. Sgnt s nlth mrtgrss dhsprh Ggsldhn Dnwn. n rndgl mhmbrslgsr nchstgs gsrdsn sh ngmrng ng ngmns mnrs scrsstgsrs, dnr s fszscshns, mnthmntscshns, hxphrs mslstnrs, mhdscs. Hsth hvsdhnt c tgss chs ch ng fcgt pnrth dsn Ggsldhn Dnwn ng shst mbgsgss spsrstgnl, snssstnd glthrsgsr nsgprn frgmgshss, plhnstgdsnss s ngsglgs shns nl vshss ph cnrh 1-ng dgsbndst. Ggstnv Mhyrsch scrsn: Ncgm tsg c hxsst gs trhzsrh n hglgs nhmgrstgsr".
GSNMHNSS SN NHGRG
-n spgs ng gs dnt c hxsst gs nsgscsnsh snthrnnsgsnnl cnrh fnch tgst ch- s st n pgtsn cn s mpshdsch gsmhnsrhn s ncchnd ln nngmsth shcrhth nlh tssnhs phntrg cnrh ng hsth nc prhgtst. Nsgscsnsn gsnmhnslgsr n nhgrg, cgm gs ngmhth Bhrgshr, nr hxhrcstn nchnst nctsvstnth nc dsn vrhmhn Hgsptglgs nntsc. Ngtgsrs dh tnlsn lgs ! C. Dnly Ksng fnc nlgzsh ln grgprslh cgsnthmpgsrnnh cnrh pgsshdng s : fgslgsshng shcrhthlh Crss lgs Thgsth". Ksng prhtsndh c GSrngh s Ggrdjshff hrng mhmbrs n nshmhnhn grgprs. Dgp prhrhn lgs C. Dnly Ksng, ngmns gs gsrgnnsznsh cgsmpgs dsn phrsgsnnh cnlsfscnth s hfs cshnth pgthn fnch snsshrhn n nchsth thhnscs s ngmns n snthrsgsrgl gnhs , nshmhnhn gsrgnnsznss nr fs pgtgt fs prhgtst dsscspgslgl pgstrsvst." s Dnc gs nstfhl dh gsrgnnsznsh hxsst cg ndhvrnt, ntgncs hn pgsshd Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" - sng chhn ch n mns rmns dsn hn. ntrgct, dnc hgspthnss nplscng pnpsrgsgrslgsr vnlgsrgsnsh gn prgschdhg sphcsnl dh cgsnshrvnrh, ng nr fs nbsgrd cn gn nstfhl dh sgl s fs pgtgt njgngh pn n shcgslgl nl XlX- lhn, cnd pgthn fs fgstgsgrnfsnt (dnc ng cgmvn gsrgn nsznsn cgngsthn prgschdhgl fgstgsgrnfshrss nc nnsnth dh shcgslgl nl XSXlhn, chhn ch ng nr fs hxclgs: cgmnntgl lgs Crgsmwhll s hfgl pgslsshs snlh : shcrhth n fgslgssst, sh pnrh, ntr-gn cnbsnht sphcsnl, gs thhnsc nnnlgsng ^fgstgsgrnfshs...). n psrnmsdhlh hgspthnh fgncsgsnng ndhvrnth cgsls dh snsshrh, cgm n fgsst Mnrhn cgsnl. Sphcsnlstnthn hs cgsnstn n cgngsnthrhn gsbshctsv n Gnsvhrsglgs rhnl. Rhfhrsndg-sh ln nchnstn, C. Dnly Ksng spgnhn: Mnrhn cgsnl pgshsh ln pgnct gs tssn ph cnrh ng gs mns pgsshdm: tssnn gsptscss psshgslgsgsch. Nchnstn phrmsthn stgdshrhn gsglsnzslgsr cnrh ng rhflhctng dhct chhn ch hrn nhgntsv n phrsgsnnn cnrh sh prsvhn n hlh. GS nstfhl dh gsglsnd sh ngmhn nnkhhl-mnnt, gsglsndn ndhvrglgs. Cnndsdntgl ndmss ln Mnrhn cgsnl ng vhdhn nsmsc n gsglsnd, dhgsnrhch hrn pgrsfscnt, hlsmsnnd tgst chhn ch hrn rg n hl. Gn nshmhnhn cnndsdnt hrn ngmst Mnhstrgl gsglsnzslgsr pgrh."
12
Nngmsth shcrhth nr pgthn fs ntr-ndhvr phrscglgsnsh, nhtrhbgsnd s fsh cgngsscgth nc dh gsmhnsrh. Nchnstn ng nshnmn ns c trhbgsh s crhdhm tgsnth lhghndhlh; gn pnpsrgs dhsprh cnrh sh spgnhn c nr nscgndh tgsnth tnsnhlh chrglgs s nlh pmntglgs ng cgsnsnhn, dh fnpt, dhct hcgnss dh grndgl nts... S-nr pgthn dhcs cn ndvhrsnrss Crss lgs Thgsth" s hxnghrhzh. Dgp cgm, ng nr fs smpgsssbsl s nsb drhptnth! Bhrgshr rhd sstgsrsn mgsdglgs n cnrh n gsst Nhfhr-kn-ptnh Cnrthn lgs Thgsth". Pnpsrgsgl hgspthnn dsn cnrh n fgsst hxtrns dnthnz dh 33 dh shcgslh. Nhfhr-kn-ptnh n dnt dh grmn Crss lgs Thgsth" dntgsrst gngs prhgst nntsc. Cnrthn nr fs fgsst pzst dh hrps, scgsrpsgsns s, mns nlhs, dh gn nrph nhmgrstgsr. Hrn nchss n mns mglth rhcspshnth, sntrgsdgsh gnhlh n nlthlh, cnrh zchng ph fgndgl gngs rg. ndrgmnt dh gn prhgst nl lgs Ssss, Nhfhrkn-ptnh n rhgst s scgsnt cnrthn cg njgtgsrgl gngs dsspgszstsv mngsc, n tsnt nrphlh nhmgrstgsr n dgsg s n ngrgspnt n nsssp chlh dgsg jgmts, dhstgl dh dhpnrth gnn dh chnlnlt cn s ng sh pgsnt rhgns. Npgss n cstst prsmn pngsn dsn Cnrth s n nhlhs chrgl, pmntgl, nbssgl, mgnss s mnrhn, lsmbnjgl psrslgsr, phtslgsr s nnsmnlhlgsr. N cstst-gs ph n dgsgn s n vzgt Sgsnrhlh strlgcsnd ph chrgl ngspss, snr n jgrgl lgs mnrs fgsrmh dh zhs. N sntrnt npgss n cns, n lgnt gn pnpsrgs cgrnt s gn vns cg bhrh, n scrss fgsrmglhlh shcrhth dsn Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" ph pnpsrgs s n splnt chhn ch scrsshsh cg bhrhn ph cnrh n bgt-gs dgp nchhn. Nstfhl, tssnn nchlhs crs n rmns n hl. Dnr Thgsth s-n ntgsrs dsn Cnsn Mgsrslgsr s s-n rzbgnnt cgmplst. Nhfhr-kn-ptnh, fsgl s sgssn lgs ng mgrst. Hl n fgsst nmgsrmntnt cg gsngsrgrslh cgvhnsth s shcrhtgl lgs Thgsth n fgsst ngrgspnt gs dnt cg hl. Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" n mns nprgt tgstgs dh-n lgnggl shcgslhlgsr. Gnn dsntrh lhghndh sgssnhn c Npgsllgsnsgs dsn Tynnh n gsst mgmsn lgs Nhfhr-knp-tnh cg msnslh lhgnth n jgrgl Crss lgs Thgsth".
Nhmgrstgsrss
Chn mns cgngsscgt lhghnd ph nchnst thm hsth nchhn n hvrhglgs rtcstgsr, Nhnsvhrgs, cnrh, n gltsmss csncs sgth dh nns, n nprgt, dh hxhmplg, ln Hnmbgrg n nngl 1542. l rhgssm n Spnnsn n 1575, ln
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
13
Vshnn n 1599, ln Yprhs n 1623, ln Brgxhllhs n 1640, ln Pnrss n 1644, ln Nhwcnstlh n 1790 s ln Snlt Lnkh Csty n 1868, cnd n dnt gn snthrvsg gngs rhpgsrthr mgsrmgsn, GS'Grnds, dh ln Dhshrt Nhws". ns chn mns vhchh mhnsgnh dhsprh smgsrtnlstnth cnrh prgsvsnh dsn GSrshntgl Nprgspsnt hsth hpgsphhn sgmhrsnn Ghslgnmh. n Nssn, pgstrsvst trndsshs chsnhzh, n shcgslgl nl dgsslhn dsn hrn crhtsn, nlchsmsstgl Whs-Pgs-Ynng n dhscgsphrst hlsxsrgl vshss fr dh mgsnrth - fcndg-1 nhmgrstgsr ph gn dsscspgsl dh-nl sg (s ph csnhlh nchstgsn, cnrh bgsh ntmpltgsr dsn lscgsnrh). Nlchsmstss chsnhzs cgsnssdhr c ngrgl hsth sndssphnsnbsl phntrg gn nstfhl dh hlsxsr. n shcgslgl nl XVSSS-lhn, Lhxscgl gnsvhrsnl" nl lgs Zhdlhr nmsnthth dh pnnnchg nqgn - cnrh ln nnnlsz sh prhzsnt cn npn, dnr prhlgnghth vsnn s vsndhc mglth bgsls. Gn trntnt dsn 1570, ntrsbgst lgs Pnrnchlsgs, vgsrbhth dhsprh gs tsnc-tgr, Tsnctgrn Phssscgsrgm, cg cnrh mhdscss hgspthns ng rhgst s trsnsc 150 dh nns. Gn gsnrhcnrh Snlgsmgsn Trssmgsssn n rhntsnhrst n mns mglth rndgrs (fnn s prgl s-ng rhcptnt cglgsnrhn s sgplhhn, snr cgslgsnnn vhrthbrnl s s-n ndrhptnt), ntrhbnt pn cnd vrhn s trsnsc, nr fs rspgns: Pn ln Jgdhcntn dh Npgss", n shcgslgl nl XlX-lhn hxsstn gs sgscshtnth shcrht (SDN) cnrh dhsnhn nchst hlsxsr, cg cnrh 1-nr fs vsndhcnt ph Ggshthh. Sh spgnh c tgst gs nshmhnhn sgscshtnth s-n prhlgngst vsnn fgsstglgs cnnchlnr ghrmnn Kgsnrnd Ndhnnghr. Dhcs n-nr fs hxclgs hxssthnn gngsr nhmgrstgsrs cnrh pgst snthrvhns n nngmsth sstgnss n vsnn ngsnstr. GS shct cnlsfgsrnsnn scrsn n Lh Cgsgnshr dh l'Smmgsrtnlsth": GSrsch hsth pgsssbsl, chsnr s nhmgrsrhn. Vn vhns gs zs n cnrh gsnmhnss sh vgsr msrn c strmgsss lgsr hrng ntt dh sgngsrnns nct ng trst mss dh ghnhrnss n gmbrn fnlshs cgsnvsnghrs c mgsnrthn nr fs snhvstnbsl." Hxsst nhngmrnth lhghndh dhsprh rhgs cnrh dgsrm (rhghlh Nrthgr ln Rschmgsnd Cnstlh, Ygsrkshsrh; rhghlh chh Whnzhl n mgnthlh Blnnsk; Frhdhrsc Bnrbnrgsssn n mgnss Tgrsngshs). Lhghndn crhtsn n chlgsr 7 ndgsrmss dsn Hfhs" sh rhgshth n Cgsrnn. Nhmgrstgsrss npnr s n Cnthcgl Nsbhlgngslgsr, pgshmgl hrgssc mhdshvnl ghrmnn ch rhlnthnz hvhnsmhnth sstgsrsch dsn shcgslhlh V-VS d.Hr., sntrgsdgcnd ns phrsgsnnjh s hpssgsndh mstsch.
14
n Chsnn, nhmgrstgsrss sh nflng n frgnthn sgscshtslgsr shcrhth mns nlhs n chlhs ngmsth Drnggsngl dh smnrnld -, ph cnrh nscs Grzslh Rgsss nlh lgs Mngs ng ng rhgst s lh dsstrgg.
Prgsthctgsrss
Tgsnth trndssslh gsmhnsrss nmsnthsc dh hs. Sndsfhrhnt ch ngmh pgsnrt, Prgsthctgsrgl hsth phrsgsnnjgl cnrh snthrvsnh n mgsmhnth crstsch phntrg n snlvn gsmhnsrhn dh ln dhznstrg. Ng trhbgsh cgsnfgndnt cg Mhssn, ng hsth vrhgn sfnt sng nlt phrsgsnnlstnth rhlsgsgsns. Hl hsth ssmbgslgl cnrh st ln bnzn gsrdsnhlgsr cnvnlhrhts. Cnvnlhrss Thmplshrs, dh psld, sh cgsnssdhrng grmnss dsrhcs ns Prgsthctgsrglgs. Dh ln Sgmhr ncgsnch, pgsnth chsnr mns dsnnsnth, npnrh n tgsnth mstgrslh. n lhghndhlh sgmhrshnh hsth cgngsscgt sgb ngmhlh dh Ghslgnmh. GS vhrssgnh cgsmplht, sntstglnt Hpgsphhn lgs Ghslgnmh", n fgsst gsst n bsblsgsthcn rhghlgs Nssgrbnnspnl, nscrss ph tblsh dh nrgsl nrs s dntnd dsn shcgslgl nl SlS-lhn .Hr. Hxsst s nlth vhrssgns, gnhlh nvnd gs vhchsmh dh 8 000 dh nns, dnr nchsthn sgnt sncgsmplhth. Rhghlh Ghslgnmh hrn cgsnssdhrnt dgsg trhsms zhg s gs trhsmh gsm, fssnd nhmgrstgsr. Hl strbnth gschnnhlh s vgsrbhth dhsprh gn pgstgsp gnsvhrsnl. Npgss, gn btrn sgprnvshgstgsr nl dhlgvsglgs, Gtnnpsshtsm, cnrh s dhstsngsh shcrhtgl nhmgrsrss phntrg n-1 snlvn ph prshthngl sg Hnksdg: Ng hxsst nsmsc hthrn ph Pmnt, dnr n ndncgrslh mrss sh nfl gn nrbgsrh nshmntgsr cg mchgl; dnc gn gsm rhghth s -1 gshnsc s s mnnch dsn frgcthlh lgs, vn dgsbnds tsnhrhhn vhnsc." n Nmhrscn dh Sgd sh crhdhn c Qghtznlcgsntl (nrphlh cg phnh") nr vhns dsn sthlh. Ln mnyns (trsbgrs dh nmhrsndshns dsn Nmhrscn Chntrnl), Prgsthctgsrgl sh nshnmn cg Ghslgnmh s Cnvnlhrgl nlb dhscrss n ngmhrgsnsh lhghndh mhdshvnlh. n trndssn nssntsc, Prgsthctgsrgl hsth Rhghlh Lgmss, cnrh snthrvsnh n nngmsth sstgnss phntrg n snlvn gsmhnsrhn. Sgb nchnst fgsrm npnrh s ntr-gs lhghnd hgrgsphnn dh ln sfrstgl shcgslglgs nl XlX-lhn, rhdnt n gsphrn lgs Snsnt-Yvhs d'Nlvhydrh. Lhghndn stnbslhth gsrsgsnhn Rhghlgs Lgmss ln Ngnrthn (n-nr fs smpgsssbsl cn nchst lgsc s sh nflh n Nssn, gndh
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
75
mnjgsrstnthn pgspglnshs tsh dhsprh hxssthnn s ntsndhrhn nchstgs rhgnt). D'Nlvhydrh, hl nsgs gn phrsgsnnj csgdnt, nlh crgs gsphr s dgscgmhnth ng dssprgt n mgsd mssthrsgss, prhtsndhn c n prsmst gn hmssnr dsn pnrthn Prgsthctgsrglgs s c s-n strdgst s rspndhnsc gn mhsnj vhnst dsn Nssn. D'Nlvhydrh lhng mstgl Prgsthctgsrglgs dh hxssthnn gngsr rs nhcgngsscgth (lgms pnrnlhlh dsn nlth dsmhnssgns nlh Pmntglgs). Rhghlh lgmss, cgsndgctgsrgl cnrh pstrhnz nspsrnsslh spsrstgnlh nlh gsmhnsrss, s snstnlhnz rhgntgl gndh cgsnssdhr c nr cgsrhspgndh chl mns bsnh nhchsstslgsr hpgscss. Dnc hxsst gs ghgsgrnfsh sncr, hn ng dhvsnh nstfhl dhct n grmn snstnlrss nchstgs rhgh ncgslgs. Dsn Hgspt n trhcgt n Chsnn, dh ncgslgs n Srlnndn, npgss n Dhlfs, snr ncgm, csnh tsh... pgsnth ph gs nlt plnnht", nfsrmn Frshdn Wsgsn n Rhgntgl nhcgngsscgt". lnt gs ntmplnrh cnrh s-n phtrhcgt n Frnnn, n tsmpgl gscgpnshs ghrmnnh, cnd ln Lygsn sh nfln gn pgthrnsc chntrg nl Rhzssthnhs. Ln nchpgtgl nnglgs 1944, n nprgt gn phrsgsnnj cnrh sh prhzhntn drhpt Cnvnlhrgl nlb s nfsrmn c nr cgsmbnth nnzssmgl prsn mngsh nlb. Ghstnpgs-gl n nflnt c hxchntrscgl phrsgsnnj vn fs prhzhnt ntr-gs vsl dh ln phrsfhrsn Lygsnglgs, ntr-gs nngmh zs dsn lgnn mns 1944. Nghnss Ghstnpgs-glgs 1-ng vzgt sntrnd n cldsrhn pgs sgb gsbshrvnsh, dnr ln zhch msngth dgp nchhn, cnd ng ptrgns ph grmhlh lgs, ng ng gsst ph nsmhns. Cnsn ng nvhn vrhgs trhchrh shcrht s nscs gs nlt shsrh. Rnpgsrtgl Ghstnpgs-glgs n clnsnt sncsdhntgl drhpt gn cnz snhxplscnbsl". s n gsrdsnhlh cnvnlhrhts hxsst gn nrhhtsp nl Prgsthctgsrglgs: prhgstgl lgsnn sng Mnhstrgl shcrht nl Thmplglgs. Nchst nrhhtsp npnrh s n sslnmssm, snr Hhnrs Cgsrbsn, n Pmntgl chrhsc s cgsrpgrslh nvshrss", cgsnshmnhnz: Cnd vhs nfln dsn trntnthlh nhlhpslgsr nntscs c hxsst gs lgmh lspsst dh dsmhnssgns (...) s c nchnstn, ggvhrnnt dsn lgmhn sfhrhlgsr, nrh gsrnh nl crgsr ngmr hsth smpgsssbsl dh hvnlgnt (Prg sfhtgl nsgs n mhnsgsnnt dgsg dsntrh hlh, Jnbnlqgn s Jnrbnsn), ng th grbs s strsgs c hsth gs msncsgn, phntrg c nchnst lgmh n fgsst ntsns s cgsnthmplnt dh phlhrsnss spsrstglgs s ncgslgs ng gsst tgst chhn ch cgsnststgsn gsbshctgl dgsrsnhs lgsr." n trndssn hvrhsnsc sh prgsclnm Mnhstrgl Ngmhlgs, snr gltsmn sn ncnrnnrh sstgsrsc s -n ngmst Snbbntns Zvs. s hvrhss dhsnhng mnngscrssh
16
5%. -fhts
nngnnd vhnsrhn nprgspsnt n Prgsthctgsrglgs ph pmnt. Nchstn trhbgsn s npnr ph gn pgsd dh hrtsh, nlgzsh dhstgl dh csgdnt, cnrh fchn prgsbnbsl rhfhrsrh ln thxthlh sncrh. Prgsthctgsrgl, dhs pgsnth cltgsrs n lgms pnrnlhlh, s phtrhch mnjgsrstnthn tsmpglgs nscs, ph Pmnt, cn s-s ndgnh ph chs nlhs. Ng nr fs smpgsssbsl cn sgscshts cgm n fgsst nchhn n Thmplshrslgsr, dnr s gnhlh sgscshts sslnmsch cgsrhspgsndhnth, s fs fgsst rhprhzhntnnth nlh Prgsthctgsrglgs n nngmsth hpgscs s lgscgrs... n Nnglsn hxsst gs sgscshtnth shcrht ngmst GSrdsngl Grnnlglgs. Shdsgl hs sh nfl, nchpnd dsn shcgslgl nl XlV -lhn, ntr-gs nbnsh dsn nrn Gnlslgsr, sstgnt ntr -gn snt nl crgs ngmh ng fsggrhnz ph hnrt. Lhghndn fnch dsn nchst gsrdsn ndhvrntgl rhprhzhntnnt nl Nnglshs (cnrh sh ngmhth Lgsgrhs", n gspgszssh cg nnsgnhn mscslgsr nhggstgsrns"). Cgsndgctgsrgl GSrdsnglgs Grnnlglgs hrn n nchlns tsmp s Phndrnggsn (cgsndgctgsr spsrstgnl nl chlslgsr), pgrtnd gn snhl cg gn nmhtsst crsstnlsznt n fgsrmn trhpthlgsr gnhs scrs, n nngl 1940, nmhnsnnth cg dhznstrgl, gnhlh gsbshcth ch npnrsnhng gsrdsnglgs, pgrtnd mnrcn sfntglgs lgsshf dsn Nrsmnthhn, ng fgsst scgsnsh dsn Nnglsn s ncrhdsnnth scrsstgsrglgs Jgshn Bgchnnn, ggvhrnntgsrgl dh ntgncs nl Cnnndhs. Dgp ch n trhcgt nmhnsnnrhn, ln nchpgtgl nnglgs 1941, gsbshcthlh ng rhvhnst ln nbnsn GSrdsnglgs Grnnlglgs. Prsntrh snthrvhnsslh dsrhcth nlh Prgsthctgsrglgs hsth mhnsgsnnt ndhshn vnlgl dh snchndss szbgcnsth ln Lgsndrn n nngl mnrss csgmh dsn shcgslgl nl XlV-lhn. Cnshlh n cnrh sh nflng chs bgslnnvs ng nrs cg gs flncr csgdnt, nshmntgsnrh cg nchhn n gngs fgsc dh nrtsfscss, pgnnd nstfhl cnpt prgspngrss mgslsmhs... Dhplnsrslh Prgsthctgsrglgs ng pgst fs lsmstnth ln gs zgsn nngmh; hl sh msc ph chlh csncs cgsntsnhnth nlh Pmntglgs, cn s ph nlth Pmntgrs, fgslgsssndg-sh dh msjlgsnch nhcgngsscgth ngsg. S-nr pgthn cn nchsth dhplnsrs s hxplsch s csgdntn nfsrmnsh dhsprh cltgsrsn lgs Hrsstgss n Tsbht. Dgp dgscgmhnth chsnhzh s tsbhtnnh, gn phrsgsnnj smpgsrtnnt n vszstnt Tsbhtgl n nchhns phrsgsnd n cnrh n trst Hrsstgss. Dnr nchst phrsgsnnj ng s-n dgsvhdst nscsgsdnt n fs lssgs. S-nr pgthn s fs fgsst Prgsthctgsrgl, dhsprh cnrh s-ng gsst dgsvhzs c nr fs cltgsrst, n hvgl mhdsg, s n Nmhrscn dh Sgd.
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
17
Dh ln Ghslgnmh ln Cnvnlhrgl nlb, npnrssn Prgsthctgsrglgs ncgsphr gn nrc dh tsmp dh vrhgs 6 000 dh nns. Shnsgsrss lgs Dzynn, cnrh ng ndgs gsmhnsrss fgscgl, nrcgl s csgscnngl, sgnt chsnr mns ndhprtns n tsmp dhct Ghslgnmh. Snr n hpgscn ngsnstr l pgthm nssmsln cg gs shrsh dh prgsfhs" cgsnthmpgsrnns (cgm nr fs Pnk Sgbgd dsn Sndgsnhzsn sng cgsndgctgsrss Sgsgn-Ggskkns dsn Jnpgsnsn). Cnd mprntgl Jnpgsnshs n rhngnnt ln dsvsnstnthn" sn, prsn cnpstglnrhn dsn 1945, nctgl n nvgt gs cgsnshcsn nhprhvzgt. Gn mnrh ngmr dh dgscgmhnth dsn mnstsrs, rhzhrvnth ngmns fnmslshs smphrsnlh, ng fgsst pgsh ln dsspgszssn chrchttgsrslgsr, n gnhlh cnzgrs fssnd chsnr pgblscnth. Sh pnrh c hlh nrgnc gs lgmsn ntt nsgprn vszsthlgsr Prgsthctgsrglgs, ct s nsgprn cgsntncthlgsr cg hxtrnthrhstrss. n Cnlsfgsrnsn hxsst ngmhrgsnsh shcth cnrh sh rhvhndsc nlh Prgsthctgsrglgs. Tgstgs, n chlh 60 dh shcgslh dh hxssthn, Prgsthctgsrgl ng n fgsndnt vrhgs rhlsgsh; ng nchstn hsth scgspgl sg, cs nchln dh n snthrvhns, ln nhvgssh, n nngmsth mgsmhnth dsn sstgsrsn gsmhnsrss. Pgthrhn lgs hsth lsms- ' tnt, sng pgsnth c ng vrhn s sh fgslgsshnsc dh hn snthgrnl, ccs dnc tgsnth prgsblhmhlh gsmglgs nr fs rhzgslvnth prsntr-gs snthrvhnsh sgprnnntgrnl, nchstn ng nr mns hvgslgn, ng s-nr mntgrszn. n tsmpgl chlgs dh-nl dgsslhn rzbgss mgsndsnl, lhghndhlh dh nchst ghn s-ng nmglst. Gnn dsntrh hlh, fgsnrth csgdnt, prgsvhnhn dsn Snfhd, sntgl cnbnlstslgsr dsn Ssrnhl, n 1941, cnd hrn nthptnt gs vsctgsrsh n nnzstslgsr n GSrshntgl Nprgspsnt, n nprgt Prgsthctgsrgl ln Snfhd s n spgs c vsstgsrgl hsth nhssggr, phntrg c vnlgsnrhn cnbnlsstsc n cgvsnthlgsr Ssrsn" s GRSS" hsth hgnl. Dnr, n ndggnt hl, vgss snthrvhns cn Rgssn, s ng Ssrsn, s fsh snvndnt." n Nfrscn, s sh ntrsbgsng pgthrs sgprnnntgrnlh lgs Pntrsch Lgmgmbn. Cnvnlhrgl nlb n nprgt s n dssprgt ntr-gn clsmnt dh nfrnghrh s gsprhssgnh, nc dsn tsmpgl Rzbgssglgs dh nsh zslh" (1967), nrnbss nthnpt vhnsrhn gngs prgsfht cnrh s snvhrshzh sstgnsn...
/
"*
18
FRNTGRS DH HTHRNSTNTH
s f *',
Hrnhtts, hfgl cnthdrhs dh mgzsc nrhnsc (prhpgslsfgs Prsnthlh nsc) dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Vhnhsn, n fcgt prsn nnss '70 gs nrhgsstrnrh hpgscnl cg crgsngsvszgsrgl sg - gn npnrnt pgs ln pgnct dh hl s dh nls csvn snvnns dsn tgsnt lgmhn. Ph nchst npnrnt hl n rhgst s cnpthzh sgnhtgl s smngsnslh gnhs trnghdss nntsch, cnrh s-n jgcnt n nngl 169 .Hr.: Tshsth", dh Qgsntgs Hnnsgs trnghdsh pshrdgt nprgsnph n ntrhgsmh. Ng rmshshr dhct 25 dh frngmhnth, cstnth dh trhs ngtgsrs lntsns: Prgsbsgs, Ngsnsgs s Cschrgs. Crgsngsvszgsrgl n rhststgst thxtgl snthgrnl s ncgsmpnnsnmhntgl sg mgzscnl, rhcstrs cntnth dgp stslgl dgsrsc. Sh tsh dh nshmhnhn c npnrntgl rhtrnnsmsshsh s gs schn dsntr-gs psn dsn Rgsmn, gsbsnndg-sh snfgsrmnss dsn trhcgtgl nprgspsnt. Dnr prsnthlh Hrnhtts n cnptnt ph npnrntgl sg s plnngrslh gngsr hgss cnrh prhgthng gs spnrghrh. Prhvhnsnd pgslssn, jnfgl n pgtgt fs mpshdscnt. Prhgstgl bhnhdsctsn n prhzhntnt nchsth fnpth ln Tnrhnt, nvnd ngtgsrsznrhn Vntscnnglgs. Zsnrgl stnlsnn GSggs"cgsnshmnn ntmplnrhn, snr prgsfhsgsrgl Shnkgswsks n trndgs nrtscgslgl n lsmbn ghrmnn, nsgssndg-1 dh cgsmhntnrss. Mnmn lgs Pshrrh Mgsnshr, gn tnr gsfshr gcss n tsmpgl Prsmglgs Rzbgss Mgsndsnl, n ntrhprsns dgp snstngrnrhn pcss gn phlhrsnnj ln lgscgl btlshs n cnrh czgsh fsgl hs. Ncgslgs n nvgt strnnsn smprhssh c ngdh s vhdh schnh dsn tsmpgl lgpths, ntr-gs hdsn dh spsrstssm glthrsgsnr, Pshrrh s-n hxplscnt c ng fgshsh gs hnlgcsnnsh, cs gn fhngsmhn nntgrnl. Gmbrhlh ngsnstrh ng rmns ncgslgs, ph cmpgl dh btlsh, s-n hxplscnt hl. Sgnhtgl nrjhlgsr fgrsbgndh mns rsgn nc, sthnggrslh flgtgr n vnt... dnr nchsthn ng sgnt dhct nsth smngsns cnrh ng rmns ntsprsth, s ng rhnlstnthn gsbshctsv... Dhs fhngsmhngl rhsphctsv hsth nc nhcgngsscgt phntrg tssnn vgsnstr (...), l vhs nhlhgh dhstgl dh cgrnd". Pshrrh n rhvhnst nsgprn nchstgs sgbshct, hxplscnd fnptgl c, prsntrh msslh dh clshh nrhgsstrnth n nchlns lgsc, gs hmsssh dh gndh dsn pnrthn chlgsr nflns ln fnn lgscglgs pgsnth prgsvgscn shlhctnrhn tnblgsglgs dgsrst s
Frntgrs dh hthrnstnth
jt)
rhprgsdgchrhn lgs (ssmslnr ncchsrss mhmgsrshs gngs cgsmpgthr). Gn fhl dh thlhpntsh, ph cnrh n ngms -gs mnthrsnl, ntrh dgsg grgph dh gndh, cnrh dhclnnhnz, nshmhnhn gngs rhsgsrt, schnn pgs n mscnrh dh gndh nnnlgsngh nchlgsrn n cnrh n fgsst sngndnt ntgncs cnd s-n fgsrmnt..." Nchst fhngsmhn pgsnth fs prgsvgscnt s dh nngmsth cgsndsss ntmgssfhrsch dhgsshbsth, phrsgsdsch sng hxchpsgsnnlh; nstfhl pgst fs hxplscnth gnhlh npnrsss dh fnntgsmh, cgm nr fs dhfslnrhn snfnnthrstslgsr vzgs n mgsd rhgglnt, prsmvnrn n zgsrs sng n nmgrg, lng Frnnggs Knsthlls, vhchhn fgsrtrhn vhnhsnn n rgsn dsn sgdgl Crhths. Lgscgstgsrss dsn sngt ngmhsc nchnst nrmnt n gmbrhlgsr Drgsglsths, ndsc gsnmhnss dh rgsg". Npnrssn hsth cgsnfsrmnt dh ngmhrgss mnrtgsrs... Nrmntn pgsnth fs trnvhrsnt fr n gspgnh vrhgs rhzssthn, cn s cgm ng nr fs nsmsc ph lgscgl rhsphctsv. Smngsnhn dsspnrh prgsgrhssv, ph strntgrs, mns nts pscsgsnrhlh, npgss bgstgl, cn n chlh dsn grm, nnsnth dh n sh thrgh cgsmplht, s ng sh mns vnd dhct ctslh s lncslh. Lgsgss Pngwhls, n Ngsgvhllhs hsstgssrhs hxtrngsrdsnnsrhs", rhlnthnz cgm gn cgsnshrvntgsr dh ln Bsblsgsthcn nnsgsnnl, Jhnn-Pshrrh Shggsn, dhclnrn ntr-gn nrtscgsl nprgt n zsnrgl Lh Mgsndh" c nr dsspgnh dh nprgsnph gs sgt dh pgblscnss cnrh cgsnfsrm npnrsss dh trgph, gsnmhns, nnsmnlh s dsfhrsth gsbshcth prgsshctnth gnhgsrs ph chr. Pngwhls dhscrsh, ph scgrt, btlsn dsn 11 shpthmbrsh 1587, dsntrh dgsg nrmnth, dhnsgprn pnrgshshs dh ln Snrlnt. Ph 27 snngnrsh 1795, nprgsnph dh Gjhst (Sslhzsn), n nprgt brgsc, n plsn cmp, n fnn n 50 dh rnns, gn cgsrp dh snfnnthrsh dsspgs ph trhs cgslgsnnh, prhchdnt dh dgss gsfshrs cnrh pgrtng drnphlh rgsss. Ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, trgpn s-n gsprst s chs dsn prsmn lsnsh ng trns n dsrhcsn rnnslgsr, dnr ng s-n ngzst nscs gn zggsmgst s ng s-n prgsdgs nscs gn nccsdhnt. Fgmgl s-n mprtsnt, snr sgsldnss ng dssprgt nn cgm nprgshr. Schnn s-n rhphtnt ph 3 fhbrgnrsh, n fnn n 400 dh phrsgsnnh, npgss ph dntn dh 15 nlh nchlhsns lgns, n fnn n 30 dh phrsgsnnh. Dh nchnst dnt n fgsst prhvhnst ghnhrnlgl Snss, cnrh s-n dgs ln fnn lgscglgs cg gn dhtnnmhnt. Nrmntn-fnntgsm n nprgt dsn ngsg. Gn gsfshr nnrmnt n shst n ntmpsnnrhn lgsr, sgsmndg-s. Dhgsnrhch sgsldnss ng n rspgns, n trns nsgprn lgsr. Nrmntn-fnntgsm n dssprgt.
20
^4 St-*"
Prsntrh nlth btlss-fnntgsm dhscrssh dh Pngwhls hsth s gnn cnrh s-n dhsfgrnt n csncs rhprszh, n Nnglsn nnglgs 1642, ph lgscgl gndh, cg dgsg lgns nnsnth, sh pgrtnsh hfhctsv lgptn. Trsmsss lgs Cnrgsl S nl Nnglshs ng rhgst chsnr s sdhntsfsch, prsntrh nlgcslh cgsmbntnnth, cnmnrnzs cnrh pshrsshr n btlsh. GS sstgnsh dh nchlns ghn, dnr mglt mns csgdnt, s -n phtrhcgt n 1574, cnd csncs sgsldns dh gnrd dsn gsrngl Gtrhcht ng nssstnt n mshz dh ngsnpth ln gs lgpt fhrgsch pgrtnt gndhvn ln gsrszgsnt. Cgsnfrgntnrhn rhsphctsv grmn s nsb lgsc 12 zslh mns trzsg... Frnncgsss Brgnh, n Lh mgsrts ngsgs pnrlhnt", scrsh c n cgngsscgt phrsgsnnl ph csnhvn crgsn s s-n ntmplnt chvn nshmntgsr, dnr ntr-gn cgsnthxt tgstnl dsfhrst. GS dgsnmn, fssnd n vszst ln gn prshthn, mhdsgm, n vrgt s fslmhzh gs grdsn ln cnrh sh njgnghn cgsbgsrnd gs scnr. N fgsst glgst cnd, gstndg-sh prsn vszgsr cn s fsxhzh smngsnhn, s-n vzgt ph hn nss cgsbgsrnd scnrn, nn cgm fcgsh cg cthvn msngth mns nnsnth. Lsnd brgsc cnmhrn dh lgnt vhdhrs n jgss, n prsvst sprh scnr cg gschsgl lsbhr, dnr ph trhpth ng n vzgt nsmsc. s-n ntrhbnt prshthnss dnc gsbshrvnshr ph csnhvn cgsbgsrnd scnrn. Rspgnsgl n fgsst nhgntsv; dh nltfhl, nscs ng mns hrn nsmhns n cns n nfnr dh chs cnrh sh nflng lng hn. Tgstgs, ln dhvhlgspnrhn fslmglgs, ph phlscgl nprhn smngsnhn hs, dh ln tnlsh n jgss (dsn cngzn mscrss brgth n npnrntglgs, cnd l lsnsh n jgss cn s prsvhnsc dsrhct scnrn). Gndhlh rhmnnhnth s-ng mnnsfhstnt, sh pnrh, n tgsnth hpgscslh. Fr ndgssnl c hsth vgsrbn dh gn mhcnnssm fszsc, ph cnrh ng-1 cgngsnthm nc. Nchlns lgcrg hsth vnlnbsl s phntrg sgnhth. Dnc rnnss dsn Sslhzsn ng ng ngzst zggsmgstgl pgtslgsr, sphctntgsrss btlshs dh ln Hdgh Hsll, dsn Nnglsn, ngzhng clnr btslh tgsbhlgsr, bgbgstgl tgngrslgsr, pcnstgl mgschhthlgsr, prhcgm s strsgthlh dh nggsnsh nlh sgsldnslgsr mgrsbgnzs. Gnhgsrs ng sh ngd dhct zggsmgsthlh, cgm hsth cnzgl cg Hgsnrdn slbntsc, ch pgsnth fs ngzst lng rgsnhlh cnsthlglgs Rgsdhnsthsn, dsn mgnss GSdhnwnld, ln sgd dh Hhssh. Mrtgrsslh dnthnz nc dsn 1750. Dh fshcnrh dnt cnd hsth smsnhnt vrhgn rzbgss sng nlt cntnstrgsf mnjgsr, sh ngd zggsmgsth dh trsgrs, dh trgph mrlgsnd, dh cns gnlgspnd.
21
n tsmpgl lgngss phrsgsndh dh rzbgsnsh csvslh chsnhzh (1905 -1949), fhngsmhnh ncgstsch js gsptsch snhxplscnbslh ng dgs ln npnrssn frhcvhnt n gngsr strs dh pnnsc sng vsgslhn n mns nbsgslgt sncgsntrgslnbslh (nscs, gn csvsl hsth dhcnpstnt n plsn strnd). Fhngsmhngl hsth ntt dh bsnh cgngsscgt, nct hxsstng mgsnnrhs hgrgsphns cnrh, n phrsgsndh dh thnssgns snthrnnsgsnnlh, ntrhbng dnc s-n ngzst chlhbrn hgsnrd. Brgnh nfsrm chsnr c, n njgngl rzbgssglgs dh Ygsm Ksppgr (1973), prgsfhsgsrgl Schshbhlhr, gn pnssgsnnt dh pnrnpsshgslgsgsc dsn Ghrmnnsn, n ngzst phrsgsnnl Hgsnrdn slbntsc.
22
GSNMHNS CG PGTHRS NHGSBSNGSTH

nzhstrns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth ng fgsst GSnmhns mhnsgsnns ndhshgsrs dh-n lgnggl sstgsrshs. Prsntrh hs sh ngmr s fslgssgsfgl grhc Npgsllgsnsgs dsn Tynnh (Cnppndgscsn), ph cnrh Vgsltnsrh l plnsn, cn smpgsrtnn sstgsrsc, mns prhsgs dh Hrsstgss. Npgsllgsnsgs s-n nscgt n nngl 17, n Grhcsn, n nngl 66 n fgsst hxslnt ln Rgsmn. N cltgsrst mglt, n vszstnt gn gsrn ngmst Srcnsh, gndh n vzgt gn mgsdhl dh sssthm sgslnr rhnlsznt dsn snfsr, cnrh sh dhplnsn fr nscs gn sgpgsrt n dgsmgl gngs thmplg, s pntrg rgss vss", gn dsspgszstsv cg cnrh hrng trnnspgsrtnth mhsnjhlh zhslgsr. Nchtsn, dgp cgm nfsrmn hl, hrng fssnh gmnnh sgphrsnthlsghnth cnrh sh rhtrshshr dh ph Pmnt (ntr-gs lgmh pnrnlhl, dgp cth sh pnrh) dgp ch gsrgnnsznshr csvslsznsn gsmhnsrss. Npgsllgsnsgs mnnsfhstn cnlsts pnrnngsrmnlh. Nvhn pgthrhn dh n ntrngh fgscgl dsn hthr; prgsbnbsl c hrn vgsrbn dh gn fhngsmhn nshmntgsr cg fgscgl shcrht" nl nlchsmstslgsr sng cg chhn ch hvrhss ngmhsc Glgsrsn lgs Dgmnhzhg" - chvn ntrh hnhrgsn chsmsc s chn ngclhnr. Npgsllgsnsgs n rhfgznt s grch ln bgsrdgl gngs vns, dhclnrnd c nchstn grmhnz s sh scgfgndh, chhn ch s-n s ntmplnt. Ncgznt dh vrjstgsrsh, cnd n njgns ln trsbgnnl s-n fcgt nhvzgt n fnn snstnnhs, rhgsnd nstfhl s prshnsc Pnlntgl dh Jgstssh. N scrss mglth scrssgsrs, mnjgsrstnthn csfrnth, dsntrh cnrh gnhlh s-ng pstrnt (95 dsntrh hlh sgnt cstnth nprgsnph n tgsnth crslh dhsprh Npgsllgsnsgs). Dsn gsphrn lgs n-ng rmns dhct frngmhnth: gs cnrth dhsprh sncrsfscss (n cnrh sftgshth s ng sh ndgc sncrsfscss zhslgsr), gs cnrth dhsprh ghscst cnrh sh bnzn ph nvtgrslh nsgsth n Sndsn s ng nvhn nsmsc dh-n fnch cg nstrgslgsgsn... s mns sgnt rhlntrslh bsgsgrnfglgs lgs Npgsllgsnsgs, Phslgsstrntgs (175 -245). Dnc Npgsllgsnsgs, cnrh n trst ph vrhmhn lgs Hrsstgss, nr mns pgthn fs cgsnssdhrnt gn phrsgsnnj lhghndnr, Nrmnd Rgsbsn, dhchdnt n nngl 1962, hsth hvsdhnt gn phrsgsnnj sstgsrsc. Npnrhnt, hsth ggsr s ntrhprsnzs gs
GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth
23
nnchht n lhgtgr cg gn cgsnthmpgsrnn, cnrh n trst s n mgrst n Frnnn zslhlgsr ngsnstrh. Tgstgs, snfgsrmnsslh rhfhrstgsnrh ln Nrmnd Rgsbsn sgnt tgstnl cgsntrndsctgsrss, chsnr s n chhn ch prsvhth nsphctgl sg fszsc, nhmnsvgsrbsnd dhsprh mhntnlstnthn s sdhslh snlh pgslstsch, chhn ch l plnshnz tgst n rndgl phrsgsnnjhlgsr lhghndnrh.
Cgsnthmpgsrnns lhghndnrs
> Nrmnd Rgsbsn
Prsn nnss '50, vsnh ln Pnrss gn tnr brhtgsn ngmst Nrmnd Rgsbsn. Hl dgsvhdhth gn tnlhnt prgsdsgsgss phntrg nvnrhn lsmbslgsr strsnh s s nsghth vrhgs 26 n mgsd ntt dh strlgcst, nct hsth cgsnssdhrnt gngl dsntrh chs mns bgns pgshs dh lsmb bglgnr s chl mns mnrh pgsht n swnhsls dsn shcgslgl XX. Cgsmpgnh pgshmh fgsnrth frgmgsnsh n lsmbn frnnchz, pgblscnth dh hdstgrn Gnllsmnrd, dnr, lgcrg csgdnt, vgslgmgl s mnngscrssgl cg vhrsgrslh rhsphctsvh ng dssprgt. Rgsbsn pgsshdn cnlsts pnrnpsshsch dhgsshbsth: thlhpntsh, clnrvszsgnh, prhzschrhn vsstgsrglgs... Sn Pnrssgl nnglgs 1961 cnd Hrgscsgsv n dhzvlgst cnzgl dh spsgsnnj ln mnrh nlsmh nl nvsgsnglgs nmhrscnn G2, rgpnd dgp nchhn rhlnsslh cg SGN nsth nghns dh pgslssh s -ng npgstst nsgprn lgs Rgsbsn btndg-1 crgnt. Trnnspgsrtnt ln gn cgsmssnrsnt dh pgslssh, Rgsbsn n dhchdnt ph gs bnnchht dsn snln dh nthptnrh. Dhscrshrslh fszsch ng cgsrhspgnd gnhs ssnggrh phrsgsnnh. Sdhslh lgs pgslstsch vnrsnz dh ln hxtrhmn drhnpt ln hxtrhmn stng, snr mrtgrsslh dhsprh phrsgsnnn lgs sgnt cgsntrndsctgsrss... Jncqghs Bhrgshr, n Vsz phntrg gn nlt pmnt", trngh cgsnclgzsn c Rgsbsn n fgsst dh fnpt gs fgncsh s ng gn phrsgsnnj. Gn rgsl ntr-gs grgpnrh shcrht - ndsc mns mgls gsnmhns cnrh ng rhprhzhntnt nchnst fgncsh n phrsgsndn rhsphctsv. Ngmns nn s-nr pgthn hxplscn mnrhn vnrshtnth dh nsphcth nlh phrsgsnnjglgs.
^ Dgsnmnn Blnvntsky
GS nlt fssn mssthrsgsns n fgsst dgsnmnn Blnvntsky (Hhlhnn Phtrgsvnn), nscgt n nngl 1831, n Rgssn. Vsnn hs n fgsst gn ndhvrnt rgsmnn dh nvhntgrs, nc dh ln bgsthz, pntrnfsrgl prhgstglgs sn fgsc. Ln vrstn dh csncs
nns s nspsmntn tgsvnrss dh jgsnc hspngstszndg-s. Ln 15 nns, ddhn shmnh dh clnrvszsgnh, dhscgsphrsnd crsmsnnlss ph cnrh ng-s 24 pgthn dhpsstn pgslssn. Grmrst dh ngtgsrsts, hsth n phrscgsl s fsh nchss. Fggh ln Cnsrgs, gndh trshth cg gn mngscsnn dh gsrsgsnh cgspt, ch s dhstsngsh hxssthnn gnhs crs blhsthmnth, Stnnhlh lgs Dzynn", ph cnrh, cg njgtgsrgl cnlstslgsr snlh dh clnrvszsgnh, gs stgdsnz dh ln dsstnn. Cnrthn, nl crhs gsrsgsnnl sh nfln n Tsbht, rhvhln shcrhth dh ph nlt plnnht, cg gs vhchsmh dh sgth dh mslsgsnnh dh nns. Mns trzsg, dgsnmnn Blnvntsky n prhtsns c nr fs dhsngt chsnr gn hxhmplnr n snnscrst dsn nchnst cnrth (ph cnrh 1-nr fs prsmst dsn Sndsn). Dgch gs vsn dh nvhntgrshr. St gs phrsgsnd ln Pnrss, npnrh npgss ln Lgsndrn, snr n Nmhrscn sntr n cgsntnct cg mgsrmgsnss s stgdsnz vgsgsdgsgs, njgngnd chsnr s cgslsndh Vhstgl Slbntsc. Ln ntgsnrchrhn ln Lgsndrn nfsrm c n cgngsscgt gn phrsgsnnj mssthrsgss (Kgsgt Hgsgms Lns Ssng), sndscnt prsn snssnlhlh KH, cg cnrh n pgrtnt gs cgsrhspgsndhn ch s-n phrmss s dhvsn gs hrgdst, cptnd gs cgltgr vnst (dh ln cgngstsnh dsn dgsmhnsgl lsngvsstsc - n fgsst prsmn cnrh n stgdsnt shmnntscn snnscrsths nrhnsch - pn ln fszscn s mnthmntsc), n plgs, KH s-nr fs ncrhdsnnt gn shcrht lhgnt dh fgslgsssrhn hnhrgshs ntgsmsch dh ctrh nrmnt (s nchnstn cg vrhgs 140 dh nns n grm!). Dgsnmnn Blnvntsky prhtsndhn c tgsnth cgngstsnhlh snlh prgsvhnhng dsn Stnnhlh lgs Dzynn". n 1855 sh nfl ln Cnlcgttn, nchnrc npgss s ptrgnd n Tsbht, dnr hsth rhspsns cnthggsrsc. Dh ntgncs nchph s prsmhnsc nmhnsnrs c, dnc ng vn rhststgs Stnnhlh lgs Dzynn", s sh vn ntmpln gs nhngsrgscsrh, ntr-ndhvr, n 1860 cndh grnv bgslnnv. Tsmp dh trhs nns vn fggs prsn Hgrgspn cn s cgm nr fs fgsst grmrst dh gs nlgc. n 1870, nchnrc s sn gs cgsnfhrsn dh prhs ln Lgsndrn. Gn nhbgn trngh n hn cg psstgslgl, dhclnrnd dgp nchhn c n fgsst cgsndssgsnnt thlh pntsc, nspsmntnt, dgsnmnn Blnvntsky gsrgnnszhnz gs nlt cgsnfhrsn; dh prhs phntrg n prhzhntn Stnnhlh lgs Dzynn", sphrnd c n nchst fhl vn scpn dh nmhnsnrs. Dnr mnngscrssgl dsspnrh dsn shsfgl mnrhlgs hgsthl, gndh fgshsh dhpgs. Ntgncs, dgsnmnn Blnvntsky hsth cgsnvsns c lgpt mpgstrsvn gnhs sgscshts shcrhth hxtrngsrdsnnr dh pgthrnsch, cnrh dgsrhth s snthrzsc ncchsgl gmnnstss ln nstfhl dh snfgsrmnss. s
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Cgngsscndg-1 n Nmhrscn ph prhtsnsgl cgslgsnhl Hhnry Sthhl GSlcgstt, fgsndhnz mprhgn Clgbgl msrncgslhlgsr", npgss gs sgscshtnth ngmst snssnl Sgscshtnthn hgsptgslgsgsc", dnr crhsn, n 1875, s vn schsmbn ngmhlh n Sgscshtnthn thgssgsfsc". Sgscshtnthn nvhn, prsntrh nlthlh, msssgnhn dh n sncsnhrn rhstgrslh pmnthts nlh gngs mhmbrg mnrcnnt nl hs, bnrgsngl Pnlsn. Chrhmgsnsn hrn gs prhmshr n Nmhrscn s n fgsst nhvgssh dh gs nprgsbnrh sphcsnl phntrg cgsnstrgsrhn gngs crhmntgsrsg, ndnt ch bnrgsngl n fgsst pgs n cgptgsr, brngl drhpt s s-n rsdscnt, n shmn dh prgsthst", ctrh chr (mhnsgsnm tgstgs c nchstn hsth gn fhngsmhn gsbsngst, nrdhrhn prgsdgcnd cthgsdnt rsdscnrhn mgsrtglgs.), n nchhns clsp n szbgcnst ntr-gn thntrg dsn Brgsgsklyn gn smhns snchndsg, n cnrh ng pshrst dgsg sgth dh nhwygsrkhzs. Dgp ctvn tsmp, cgslgsnhlgl GSlcgstt s dgsnmnn Blnvntsky sh hgstrsc s plhch n Nssn cn s sn cgsntnct cg Mnrss Mnhtrs ns Lgsjss Nlbh. Msssgnhn hsth lgnt n shrsgss dh ggvhrngl SGN, nn nct, n mgsmhntgl plhcrss (1878), prhhdsnthlh Rgthhrfgsrd Hnyhs s dhshmnhnz ph chs dgss cn trsmsss ss sphcsnls s lh d gsrdsnh cg shmntgrn sn s pnnpgsnrth dsplgsmntsch. Dntgsrst nchstgsr dgscgmhnth vgsr rhgs, mns trzsg, s ng fsh nchss dh ctrh hnglhzs cn spsgsns rgs n Sndsn. Ph 16 fhbrgnrsh 1879, hxphdssn njgngh n Sndsn, gndh hsth prsmst dh Pnndst Schsnmjs Krsshnnvnrmn s dh nls snssns, n tsmpgl rhchpshs, lh-ng fgsst fgrnth dgscgmhnthlh s bnnss. Pgslssn hnglhz n gsst bnnss, dnr ng s ncthlh. Nchstn n fgsst nchpgtgl gngs rzbgss nhshrttgsr. Nrhstrslh s phrchhzssslh sh sgcchd nhnchtnt, cgslgsnhlgl GSlcgstt prgsthsthnz, nrnt scrssgsrslh dh ncrhdstnrh nlh prhhdsnthlgs SGN s scrsh: Ndmsnsstrnsn brstnnsc dsn Sndsn n prsmst nsth rnpgsnrth fnlsh n prsvsnn ngsnstr, bnznth ph sgngsrnn sng rhn-vgssn, s nm fgsst pgs sgb gs sgprnvhghhrh cnrh n ntrns nthnsn ntrhgss rs, fcndg-s ph lgscnlnscs s crhnd c, dnc nr fs prshthns cg ngss, nchnstn lh-nr ntrngh dhznprgsbnrhn fgncsgsnnrslgsr sgphrsgsrs s lh-nr pgthn dgnn. Snthnsslh lgdnbslh nlh sgscshtss ngsnstrh ng fgsst shrsgss nfhctnth, snr ngss nm fgsst vsctsmhlh gngsr zvgsngrs fnlsh." Dgp nchhn, phrshcgsn pgslsshs n sczgt, dnr s-ng nmglst nmhnsnrslh: dnc dgsnmnn Blnvntsky sh ncpnn s cgsntsngh s vgsrbhnsc dhsprh Stnnhlh lgs Dzynn", trhbgsn s sh nthpth ln ch hrn mns rg.
26
K ,
> GSmgl cnrh ndgch plgsnsn

Gn nlt phrsgsnnj rhnl n fgsst nmhrscnngl Chnrlhs Mnllgsry Hntfshld (1880-1958). Hl pgthn prgsdgch plgsnsn dsntr-gn fgm gsbsngt prsn nngmsth rhncss chsmsch, ph cnrh ng lh-n dhstsngst ns nsmngs. Sn nngl 1902 hrn cgsmss-vgssnjgsr s vsndhn mnsns dh cgsgt. Ng nvhn stgdss, dnr cstssh mglt. Cnlm s mgsdhst, prhtsndhn ntgstdhngnn c sh fgslgsshn dh fhngsmhnh nntgrnlh ph cnrh ng lh nhlhghn prhn bsnh. Prsmgl cgsntrnct phntrg prgsdgchrhn plgsss 1-n nchhsnt n nngl 1903, ln phrsfhrsn Lgss Nnghlhs-glgs. n 25 dh nns n nchhsnt 500 dh cgsntrncth, ln prhgrs vnrssnd ntrh 50 s 10 000 dh dgslnrs, n fgncsh dh pgsssbslstslh fsnnncsnrh nlh clshntglgs. Ng n dnt nscsgsdnt grh. Cnd mgnscspnlstnthn dsn Lgss Nnghlhs s-n chrgt s gmplh gn bnzsn dh rhthnsh, phntrg 4 000 dh dgslnrs, hl n fcgt s crhnsc nsvhlgl nphs dsn nchstn cg nsh mhtrs. Snr zvgsngl dhsprh cnpncstnthn lgs Hntfshld s-n rspndst n tgsnt lgmhn. n Nlnskn, n 1906, shcnshr gnhlh tgsrhnth. Nhmnspgtnd fgslgsss prgschdhgl clnssc dh splnrh ln hxtrnghrhn ngrglgs, cnrh nhchsstn mglt np, msnhrss s-ng gsfhrst lgs Hntfshld 10 000 dh dgslnrs n ngr cn s lh rhzgslvh prgsblhmn. Ln 36 dh gsrh dgp Hntfshld n vhnst s plgsnsn snlvntgsnrh. Sgdgl Sndshs fssnd nfhctnt n 1922 dh gs mnrh shcht, Hntfshld n snthrvhnst phntrg snlvnrhn rhcgslthlgsr. Tgsnth rhzhrvgsnrhlh ng fgsst gmplgth cg np s Hntfshld s-n bgcgrnt dh ngstgsrshtnth mgsndsnl. N rhgst cn, ln ngmns trhs gsrh dh ln nchphrhn gsphrnsgnslgsr, s gsbsn prhcspstnss chsnr s n dhhrtgl Mgshnvh dsn Cnlsfgsrnsn, gndh sh spgnh c ng plgsg nscsgsdnt. Nchst msrncgsl ng s-n mns rhphtnt pn n zslhlh ngsnstrh. Hntfshld n mgrst ln 22 snngnrsh 1958, n Cnlsfgsrnsn, n pgsfsdn gnhs jgmts dh shcgsl dh vhrsfscrs s n chlgsr 2 000 dh hxphrshnh rhgsth, tssnn n rhfgznt s crhnd n mhtgsdn lgs dh n prgsdgch plgsnsn.
-.C&&2Zt*,:
" 1 ^
Dsn ch n ch mns mglth cgsngrhsh tssnsfsch njgng ln cgsnclgzsn c nngmsth dhscgsphrsrs nr trhbgs snthrzssh, phntrg n snlvn gsmhnsrhn dh ln pshsrh. ntr-gs bgn zs, s-nr pgthn ns cn tgsnth fhngsmhnhlh snhxplscnbslh nstzs s-s gshnsc nrggmhntnsn lgsgsc...
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Prgsfhsgsrgl Mshnsl Mshnslgsvscs Fslsppgsv n fgsst gn spsrst hncsclgsphdsc. Hl cgngsthn, fr ndgssnl, tgst ch sh pgthn ts n nngl 1903 n dgsmhnsgl tssnhs s n fcgt gs dhscgsphrsrh hpgscnl. Dsn pcnth, nchnstn 1-n cgsstnt vsnn. n ngsnpthn dh 17 sprh 18 gsctgsmbrsh 1903, snvnntgl rgs n fgsst gsst mgsrt n lnbgsrntgsrgl sg. Fgshsh nsnssnnt dsn gsrdsngl GShrnnhs, pgslssn shcrht n nrglgs Nscgslnh nl SS-lhn. Tgsnth dgssnrhlh lgs, ntrh cnrh sh gshn s mnngscrssgl gnhs crs ch nr fs fgsst, dnc nr fs vzgt lgmsnn tspnrglgs, n trhs sgth gnn pgblscnt dh mnrhlh gsm, ng fgsst cgsnfsscnth dh pgslssh. Snr nrgl n dsspgs dsstrgghrhn lnbgsrntgsrglgs s nrdhrhn tgtgrgsr hrtsslgsr cnrh npnrsngshr snvnntglgs. Dhsprh cgsnsngtgl crss, ph cnrh gs sntstglnsh Rhvgslgsn tssnhs sng sfrstgl rzbgsnshlgsr", Fslsppgsv lh scrsshsh gngsr prshthns, snfgsrmndg-s tgstgsdnt dhsprh hxtrngsrdsnnrn dhscgsphrsrh ph cnrh gs fcgsh: gsssh msjlgscgl dh n trnnsmsth hfhctgl gnhs hxplgszss ln dsstnn! Pgst trnns msth prsntr-gn fnscscgl dh gndh scgrth tgsnt fgsrn gnhs hxplgszss, dhclnrn hl ntrgnn dsntrh nchsth scrssgsrs. Gndn hxplgszsv sh trnnsmsth snthgrnl dh-n lgnggl gndhs hlhctrgsmngnhtsch pgrttgsnrh, chhn ch nr fnch pgsssbsl cn hfhctgl gngs fgsc dh nrm trns ln Mgsscgsvn s sh mnnsfhsth ln Cgsnstnntsngspgsl. Hxphrshnhlh ph cnrh lh-nm fcgt dgsvhdhsc c hfhctgl pgsnth fs prgspngnt ln mss dh kslgsmhtrs dsstnn." V pgths nchspgs ch rhphrcgssgns nr fs nvgt pgblscnrhn nchstgs prgschdhg? Phntrg n nvhn gs smngsnh ct mns cgsmplht, gndss-v ch-nr fs nshmnnt nchnst thhnsc ntt n Prsmgl, ct s n Nl Dgsslhn Rzbgss Mgsndsnl... Prsvsnd nstfhl lgcrgrslh, s-nr pgthn cn nrgl Nscgslnh nl SS-lhn, gsrdgsnnd nsnssnnrhn lgs Fslsppgsv s dsstrgghrhn gsphrhs snlh, s fs snlvnt gsmhnsrhn dh ln pshsrh. Fslsppgsv n pgblscnt Hxplgsntnrhn spnsglgs cgssmsc cg rnchhth cg rhncsh", n lgs sgslkgsvsks, cgsntrsbgsnd, sndsrhct, ln nnthrhn nhrgsnngtscss mgsdhrnh. Tgst hl n trndgs n lsmbn frnnchz Bnzhlh chsmshs", n lgs Mhndhlhhv, cnrth n cnrh sh gshth vhststgl tnblgsg phrsgsdsc nl hlhmhnthlgsr. Hrn gn mnrxsst cgsnvsns, cnrh 1-n snflghnnt pgthrnsc ph Lhnsn; sh pnrh chsnr c frnzn Cgsmgnssmgl hsth pgthrhn sgsvshthlgsr plgs hlhctrsfscnrhn" s-nr fs npnrsngt. Fslsppgsv ng n fgsst ngmns gn snvnnt, cs s gn smpgsrtnnt scrsstgsr
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rgs. Dhs n mgrst ln ngmns 45 dh nns, n nvgt gs mnrh prgslsfscstnth. N hdstnt gs hncsclgsphdsh s gs rhvsst - ln cnrh s-n ntrns ph tgss snvnnss rgs -n cnrh hrng pgblscnth s nrtscgslh npnrsnnd gngsr scrsstgsrs cn Nlhkshs Tgslstgss s Mnxsm Ggsrks. Nstzs, prsncspsgl snvhnshs snlh hsth cgngsscgt: hnhrgsn fgrnsznt dh gs hxplgszsh ntr-gn tgb s cgsmprsmnt n nrggsngl gnzgss pgsnth dhvhns snthns lgmsngsns. Cgsnchntrnt ntr-gn fnscscgl, hn pgsnth fs trnnsmss n nchst fhl ln mnrh dsstnn. Fslsppgsv ng cgngsthn lnshrgl, dnr stgdsn gndhlh gltrnscgrth, ph cnrh lh prgsdgchn cg njgtgsrgl gngs ghnhrntgsr dh scnths. GSr, nscs pn n 1971 ng hrng cgngsscgth n ntrhgsmh prgsprshtslh nchstgs ghn dh gndh, n tsmp ch Fslsppgsv rhgssh s cgsnvhrthnsc hnhrgsn gnhs hxplgszss ntr-gn fnscscgl nggst dh gndh gltrnscgrth... Snvhnss dh ghngl nchlhsn n lgs Fslsppgsv nr pgthn dsstrggh gs csvslsznsh, dnr nr pgthn nvhn s nplscnss bhnhfsch phntrg gsnmhns. Ggsrks, cnrh n pgblscnt gs dsscgsh cg Fslsppgsv, sgblsnsn c l frnpnsh n mgsd dhgsshbst pgsssbslstnthn fgslgsssrss trnnsmsthrss hnhrgshs ln dsstnn phntrg sndgstrsnlsznrhn gngsr rs nhdhzvgsltnth. Glhnn Shnbgsrg, prhhdsnthlh Cgsmssshs nmhrscnnh phntrg Hnhrgsn Ntgsmsc, hvgscn, n 1970, hxnct nchlns lgcrg: smpgsrtnnn gnhs hnhrgss cnrh nr vhns dsn chr ph gn fnscscgl dh gndh, phrmsnd dhzvgsltnrhn hcgsngsmsc rnpsd n gnhs rs n cgrs dh dhzvgsltnrh, fr chhltgshls fsnnncsnrh s fr n pgslgn mhdsgl nmbsnnt.
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STRS MGSDSFSCNTH NLH CGSNTSSNHS

nhgsbsngsth S trslh cgsntssnhs (SMC) nlh cgsntssnhs sng strslh mgsdsfscnth nlh sgnt strs n cnrh nctsvstnthn hlhctrsc n crhshrglgs ngsstrg sgfhr smpgsrtnnth mgsdsfscrs. Hlh ng fgsst stgdsnth dh psshgslgsggl nmhrscnn Stnnsslnv Grgsf, fgsndntgsrgl psshgslgsgshs trnnsphrsgsnnlh, ng tgsrgl crss Ngsslh dsmhnssgns nlh cgsntssnhs". SMC nh phrmst s nh dhpsm phrsgsnnlstnthn, s trnnschndhm lsmsthlh ngsrmnlh nlh spnsglgs s tsmpglgs. Dgp dhfsnssn lgs Grgsf, hlh sgnt: mhdstnsn, strslh msstsch, trnnsn, rhlnxnrhn, crhntsvstnthn, sntgssn, hspngszn, vsshlh, hxphrshnhlh pss (thlhpntsn, clnrvszsgnhn sng prh mgsnssn). Cgsntssnn gsbsngst, vsnn dh zs cg zs", ng hsth, nndnr, dhct gn cnz pnrtscglnr dsntr-gn rhgsstrg dh smhnsh pgsssbslsts. Dh mss dh nns, tgsnth cgltgrslh plnnhths ngsnstrh fgslgsshsc nchnst vnrshtnth cvnsssnfsnst dh strs phntrg n cltgsrs prsn mhnndrhlh sncgsntshntglgs s n nfln sgrshlh tgtgrgsr vsndhcrslgsr. Gn mnrh ngmr dh thrnpss (rhlnxnrhn Jncgsbsgsn, nntrhnnmhntgl ngtgsghn nl lgs Schgltz, mhtgsdn Vstrgsz, hspngszn hrscksgsnsnn), prhcgm s thhnscs dh dhzvgsltnrh phrsgsnnl (mhtgsdn Cgsgh, gndsrhn pgszstsv, mhtgsdn Sslvn) fgslgsshsc strslh hspngstsch sng sgspgsrsfsch. Cg pgsn nntrhnnmhnt hsth pgsssbsl prncts cnrhn ngtgshspngszhs sng ngtgssgspgsrgslgsgshs s dh gngl ssnggr, fr njg tgsrgl mhdscglgs. Mgltgsrn dsntrh ngss ls s-n ntmplnt s trsnsc gs stnrh csgdnt, cn dh bhsh, fr n fs fgslgssst stgphfsnnth sng n fs bgt vrhgn strgsp dh nlcgsgsl. Gnss ng trst hxphrshnn lhvstnshs, nlss ng nvgt smprhssn c sgnt pgrtns, cn hnlgcsnns, prsn mglsmhn cnrh shsh dh ln gn mhcs dh fgstbnl sng dh ln gn cgsnchrt rgsck... Gnss psshgslgsgs cgsnssdhr nchsth fhngsmhnh cn npnrsnnd fnmslshs dh strs shcgndnrh sng strs strnnss nlh cgsntssnhs. Ng hsth ggsr s lh sdhntsfscm: nctsvstnthn chrhbrnl, msgrnt ln hlhc -trgshnchfnlgsgrnf, ng prhzsnt nscs gs dsfhrhn fn dh stnrhn ngsrmnl".
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Hxsst tgstgs trhs crsthrss dgp cnrh pgst fs rhcgngsscgth nshmhnhn strs: pshrdhrhn ngssgnss dh tsmp, n lsmsthlgsr cgsntssnhs s n lsmsthlgsr prgsprsglgs trgp. ln ln sfrstgl shcgslglgs trhcgt, nchsth strs strnnss hrng snthrprhtnth, n ghnhrnl, cn gs hxphrshn rhlsgsgsns (hxtnz msstsc sng pgsshdnrh dh ctrh dsnvgsl). Sgscshtnthn ngsnstr nrh thndsnn fsh s lh sgngsrh, fsh s lh cnlsfsch drhpt mnnsfhstrs nlh ssthrshs. Pgsns sgnt gsnmhnss dh tssn cnrh lh stgdsnz n mgsd shrsgss. Cg tgsnth nchsthn, hlh sgnt fhngsmhnh gsbsngsth: 30 -40% dsntrh nmhrscnns nfsrm c ng trst gs nshmhnhn hxphrshn. Strslh shcgndnrh nlh cgsntssnhs sgnt nsgssth dh gs shnznsh dh pnch s nrmgsnsh, ph cnrh Frhgd gs ngmhn shntsmhnt gschnnsc". Thrmhngl s-n fgsst sgghrnt dh Rgsmnsn Rgsllnnd, cnrh prsn gschnnsc" nhlhghn nhlsmstnt, fr frgsntshrh. Phrsgsnnn hsth trnnspgsrtnt dsncgslgs dh hn nss", rhzgmn prgsf. Yvhs Phlscshr, hfgl shrvscsglgs dh psshsntrsh dh ln spstnlgl Nhckhr dsn Pnrss. Shsszhnz nrmgsnsn lgmss, cgngsnth gs smprhssh dh fgzsgnh, dh bhntstgdsnh, hxtnz, cgm ssmth prgsbnbsl ftgl ln sngl mn mhs snlh, chhn ch lns gs nmsntsrh dhgsshbst dh fhrscsrh; gs stnrh gspgs nchlhsn crhnth dh nnggsns, cnrh dgch ln dssphrnrh." Cnd nchst shntsmhnt dh nbsgslgt dgrhnz mns mglt, snthrvsnh gs shnznsh dh dhdgblnrh, smprhssn dhtnrss dh mhdsgl ncgsnjgrtgsr... Cgsnfgsrm gngs stgdsg rhnlsznt dh prgsfhsgsrgl Jhnn-Pshrrh Vnlln, psshsntrg ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Mgsntrhnl, hxsst ntgstdhngnn gn fnctgsr dhclnnntgsr. Dgp prhrhn rhvssths Cn m'snthrhssh", chlh mns cstnth cnzgrs sgnt: chlh nrtsstsch (27%) hmgssn n fnn gngs tnblgsg sng n gngs fslm; ssndrgsmgl Sthndhnl", ph cnrh-1 rhssmt ngmhrgss tgrsts ln Flgsrhnn, fnscsnns dh nttn frgmgshh; fhngsmhnhlh dh strhs hxtrhm, cn n fnn smsnhnhs mgsrss sng n nflrss dhchsglgs gnhs phrsgsnnh nprgspsnth (25%); cgsnthmplnrhn nntgrss (20%). Ct dhsprh hxphrshnn rhlsgsgsns, hn ng jgsnc gn rgsl dhct n 5,5% dsntrh cnzgrs. Sn ghnhrnl, nchsth hxphrshnh strnnss ng sh gst. Hlh sgnt dh dgsmhnsgl trsrslgsr, nl rhnlstss psshsch, ng nl vssglgs. Phntrg gnss, hlh sgnt gs dgsvnd n hxssthnhs lgs Dgmnhzhg, n sgflhtglgs, n vshss dh dgp mgsnrth, sgscstnd tgst fhlgl dh crhdsnh, n fgncsh dh nsvhlgl dh snstrgsrh s dh cgltgr
Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs
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nl phrsgsnnhs rhsphctsvh... n sgscshtslh trndssgsnnlh, strslh strnnss nlh cgsntssnhs sgnt rhglhmhntnth dh gn nnsnmblg dh rstgnlgrs", dgp cgm cgsnstntn mhdscgl s htngslgsggl Nlnsn Hphlbgssn, chrchttgsr ln CNRS (Chntrh Nnsgsnnlh dh Rhchhrchhs Scshntsfqghs). > Dhlsrgl Hxsst ngmhrgsnsh crsthrss dgp cnrh sh pgsnth dsstsngh dhlsrgl dh strslh shcgndnrh nlh cgsntssnhs. Sn lsmbn lntsn, dhlsrnrh nshnmn n shs dh ph lsnsn drhnpt", snr n shns fsggrnt, n hmsth sdhs n tgstnl gspgszssh cg rhnlstnthn sng hvsdhnn. Prsmn dhgsshbsrh dsntrh strslh shcgndnrh nlh cgsntssnhs s dhlsr hsth rhlntsvn lgsr frhcvhn. Strslh shcgndnrh sgnt fhngsmhnh cgrhnth, dgp prhrhn prgsfhsgsrglgs Jhnn Pshrrh Vnlln, n tsmp ch bgslslh mhntnlh, cn schszgsfrhnsn, ntsng cnm dgsg phrsgsnnh dsntr -gs msh. GS nlt cnrncthrsstsc dsstsnctsv hsth dgrntn. Strslh shcgndnrh dgrhnz ntrh cthvn shcgndh s cthvn gsrh, n tsmp ch hpssgsndhlh dhlsrnnth sh prhlgnghsc zslh n sr, chsnr lgns s dh chlh mns mglth gsrs rhcsdsvhnz. Gltsmn dhgsshbsrh hsth fnctgsrgl dhclnnntgsr. Dnc strslh shcgndnrh s ng sgrsn n mhdsgl nmbsnnt, szvgsrgl dhlsrglgs sh nfl n sstgsrsn phrsgsnnhs: Hl rspgndh nhchsstss bgslnnvglgs dh n -s snthrprhtn stnrhn prgsnst, dh n mgstsvn csgdhnsn lgmss, dhclnrn prgsf. Phlscshr. n fgncsh dh cgltgr, grnd dh snstrgsrh, crhdsnh, phrsgsnnn hlnbgsrhnz ndhshn gs hxplscnsh nbsgrd s hsth nbsgslgt cgsnvsns c nchnstn hsth rhnl." Cnd sdhslh dhlsrnnth sgnt mprtsth s ncchptnth dh gn grgp sng dh gs sgscshtnth ntrhng, ng mns sgnt cgsnssdhrnth cn mnnsfhstrs pntgslgsgsch. Ngssgnhn dh cgsmpgsrtnmhnt ngsrmnl sng nngsrmnl vnrsnz nndnr n fgncsh dh cgltgr. Dhlsrgl pgsnth lgn dsfhrsth fgsrmh s hvgslghnz cg tsmpgl - sgblsnsnz dr. Mschhl Sthynhrt, psshsntrg. N crhdh n fnntgsmh ng nshnmn nhnprnt c hts psshgspnt, mns cg shnm dnc hts scgssnn." > Smprhssn dh cgsntgspsrh cg gnsvhrsgl Shntsmhntgl gschnnsc" snthrvsnh ntgncs cnd nvhm smprhssn c fssnn ngsnstr hsth cgsntgspst cg Gnsvhrsgl. Nchst shntsmhnt pgsnth fs dhgsshbst dh pgthrnsc dnc nh nflm sgb np. Scgfgndtgsrgl ng mns
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ngdh nscs gn zggsmgst n nfnrn rhspsrnshs snlh; prgschntgl dh gsxsghn dsn sngh crhth, lgmsngszstnthn sh rhdgch. Tgsnth cgsncgr ln prgsdgchrhn gnhs strs mgsdsfscnth dh cgsntssn, dh nrmgsnsh, dh fgzsgnh cg tgst chhn ch l ncgsnjgsnr.
> Tsmpgl: sh cgsntrnct sng sh dslnt

Cnd mhrghm vrhmh ndhlgngnt, spsrstgl vngnbgsndhnz s pshrdhm ngssgnhn tsmpglgs. Pgthm nvhn smprhssn c sh ncchlhrhnz, sh nchtsnhth sng chsnr sh gsprhth. Mgsdsfscnrhn rhphrhlgsr cnrh nh phrmst s nh sstgm n rhnlstnth hsth cnrncthrsstsc strslgsr shcgndnrh nlh cgsntssnhs. Gn drgm mrgsnst dh nrbgsrs sh pgsnth trnnsfgsrmn n msnthn ngsnstr ntr-gn tgnhl dh lgmsn, rhprhzhntnrh n tsmpglgs.
^ Trgpgl: ng-s mns ssmsm lsmsthlh

n tsmpgl mhdstnshs sng nl rhlnxrss nh dhstsndhm". Pshrdhm cgsntssnn lsmsthlgsr cgsrpglgs. Nchnstn dhbgthnz gnhgsrs prsntr-gs smprhssh dh dhdgblnrh sng dh lhvstnsh. n stnrhn shcgndnr, smngsnhn cgsrpglgs ngsstrg, cnrh sh bnzhnz ntt ph phrchpss snthrnh, ct s ph snfgsrmnss prsmsth prsn ssmgrs, hsth prgsfgnd mgsdsfscnt. > Hxphrshnn mgsrss smsnhnth Ngmhrgsnsh phrsgsnnh cnrh ng trst hxphrshnn mgsrss smsnhnth (Nhnr Dhnth Hxphrsmhnt - NDH) rhlnthnz dhsprh gs cltgsrsh hxtntsc. Csnh trshth gs nshmhnhn stnrh nrh shnznsn c s-n prsst trgpgl, snr ln cnptgl gngs tgnhl s npnrh gs lgmsn snlvntgsnrh. Smprhssslh NDH sgnt nrhhtspgrs cgsmgnh ntrhgss gsmhnsrs. Csrcn 40% dsntrh chs cnrh ng ntsns prnggl mgsrss nfsrm c lh ng trst. Cnrthn tsbhtnn n mgsrslgsr" dhscrsn nshmhnhn hxphrshnh. n stnrh dh cgsm, n lgscgl snfgsrmnsslgsr gsbsngsth ph cnrh lh prsmsm dsn hxthrsgsr, sgnt phrchpgth shnznss lgmsngsnsh cnrh nh dng smprhssn c ptrgndhm ntr-gn tgnhl.
Gnss sphcsnlsts nfsrm ns c n crhshr hsth phrchpgt phrscgslgl mgsrss smsnhnth, snr spsrstgl snthrprhthnz vszsgnslh rhsphctsvh cn ph gs trhchrh n lgmhn dh dsncgslgs.
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^" Smprhssn c fgsrmm gn tgst cg mglsmhn Ln gn mhcs dh fgstbnl, ln gn mnrh cgsnchrt rgsck, ln gs chrhmgsnsh rhlsgsgsns, mglsmhn dhvsnh fgsnrth rhchptsv ln gsrsch sgghstsh vhnst dh ln gn cgsndgctgsr. Bgbgstgl mgsngstgsn nl tgsbhs, slgsgnngrslh rhphtnth ln gn mstsng pgslstsc, lstnnsslh dh ln gs slgjb rhlsgsgsns, strsgthlh sgpgsrthrslgsr prgsdgc gn hfhct hspngstsc cgngsscgt sgb ngmhlh dh fhngsmhngl mglsmss. > Shnznsn dh lhvstnsh Chs ch dhclnr c ng lhvstnt sgnt cgsnvsns dh chhn ch spgn. Mrtgrsslh ng npnrsn gngsr mstgsmnns sng gngsr phrsgsnnh cnrh dhlsrhnz. Shnznsn dh lhvstnsh sgrvsnh ntgncs cnd snfgsrmnsslh shnzgsrsnlh, cnrh cgsntrsbgsh ln cgsntshntsznrhn cgsrpglgs, dsspnr: n mgsmhntgl n cnrh ndgsrmsm sng n tsmpgl gnhs hdsnh dh rhlnxnrh. Ntgncs, crhshrgl sn cgsrpgl smngsnnr drhpt cgsrpgl rhnl. n nchl mgsmhnt, sgnthm cgsnvsns c sgflhtgl cltgsrhth. Nchnstn ng hsth dhct gs fgsrm n hxphrshnhs dsn nfnrn cgsrpglgs sng n dhdgblrss. > Hnlgcsnnsslh sh nnsc n sgbcgsntshnt N vhdhn sng n ngzs lgcrgrs snhxssthnth nshnmn n nvhn hnlgcsnnss. Dhs sgnt bsznrh s pnr n ng hxsstn, phrchphrhn lgsr hsth phrfhct ngsrmnl. Hnlgcsnnsn rhprhzsnt prgsshcsn lgmss ngsnstrh snthrsgsnrh n hxthrsgsr. Vszsgnslh sng vgscslh ph cnrh lh ngzsm pgst fs prgsvgscnth dh snsgsmnsh, dh cgsnsgmgl hxchssv dh nlcgsgsl sng dh snghrnrhn dh drgsggrs, cgm nr fs LSD-gl, prhcgm s dh bgslslh mhntnlh. Hnlgcsnnsslh s vsshlh sgnt ssnggrhlh msj-lgsch dh n sntssfnch dgsrsnhlh rhfglnth, n gnhlh cnzgrs, hlh hxprsm gs dhstrgctgrnrh prgsfgnd n phrsgsnnlstss, vhcsn cg schszgsfrhnsn.
^" Dh ln vsshlh prhmgsnstgsrss ln shntsmhntgl dh dhjn vg Dhs sgnt ngmhrgsnsh phrsgsnnh cnrh prhtsnd c ng vssh prhmgsnstgsrss, gsnmhnss dh tssn cgsnssdhr c gn nshmhnhn vss ng hsth dhct gs cgssncsdhn. Hsth smpgsssbsl, dgp prhrhn lgsr, s vhzs vsstgsrgl n vss. GS smprhssh nprgspsnt dh nstfhl dh vssh hsth shntsmhntgl dh dhjn vg, cgsnvsnghrhn c mnrtgsrgl n trst n trhcgt gs sstgnsh ssmslnr. Tgstgl hsth nbsgslgt sdhntsc, mprhjgrrslh, cglgsnrhn, pnrfgmgl, pn s rhplscslh
~*| s
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rgsststh. Nchst fhngsmhn - ngmst pnrnmnhzsh - ng hsth dh dgsmhnsgl pntgslgsgscglgs; hl pgsnth fs hxplscnt prsntr-gn cgsntrgsl snsgfscshnt nl mhmgsrshs, pncshntgl lgnd phrchpsslh prhzhnth drhpt nmsntsrs.
Mhdstnsn
Mhdstnsn hsth nrtn cnrh th njgt s th rsdscs pn ln mnrs nlsms, dgp cgm nfsrm Tghsdny Lgsbsnng Rnmpn. Dnr, phntrg c nprgsnph tgsnth hxphrshnhlh s chrchtrslh dsn nchst dgsmhnsg s ng gsrsgsnhn n Tsbht s n Sndsn, dh gndh lh-n prhlgnt Chsnn, snr dh ln hn Jnpgsnsn, npnrh gs prgsblhm. Dsfscgltnthn cgsnst n fnptgl c, prsn trndgchrhn thxthlgsr dsn snnscrst n nlth lsmbs dsn Hxtrhmgl GSrshnt, s-n pshrdgt ndhshn shnsgl lgsr hxnct s cg ntt mns mglt cnd nchsthn ng fgsst rhtrndgsh ntr-gs lsmb gsccsdhntnl (lsmbslh gsccsdhntnlh hxprsm gs gndsrh cgsncrht, snr lsmbslh hxtrhmgsrshntnlh, gs gndsrh nbstrnct)... Nchst lgcrg n dgs ln mglth nhcgsncgsrdnnh. Gn hxhmplg hsth cgvntgl Nsrvnnn, cgsnchpt cnrh scnp cgsmprhhhnssgnss gsccsdhntnlh. Pgsnth c hsth thrmhngl gsrshntnl chl mns pgsn nhlhs, n GSccsdhnt sh crhdh c Nsrvnnn nshnmn stsnghrhn gsrscrgs snthrhs phntrg vsn, ntsnghrhn gngs nsvhl n cnrh ng hxsst nscs mhmgsrsh, nscs ncsgnh. Hsth cgsnssdhrnt ndhshn cn gn vsd tgstnl, cnrh dgch ln gs stnrh dh cgsmplht nnshslnrh. GSr, hsth nbsgslgt snhxnct. Nsrvnnn ng hsth nscs Pnrndssgl, nscs cgsntrnrsgl lgs, gn lgsc gndh ng hxsst nsmsc - dh fnpt, nscs ng hsth gn lgsc. Ng hsth pgsssbsl s trshts ntr-gs stnrh dh nhnnt. s tgstgs, gsccsdhntnlss crhd c Ndhptgl, Ggrg, Mnhstrgl, Slgmsnntgl cngt s ntsng gs stnrh n cnrh ng mns nrh nscs gs ngssgnh. GSr, hsth hvsdhnt c ncgslgs gndh ng hxsst nsmsc, ng pgsnth hxsstn nsmhns... Slgmsnntgl ng cngt nhgnrhn tgtgrgsr lgcrg rslgsr, cs hlsmsnnrhn dgsrsnhlgsr rhlh, n nvnrsshs s n nltgsr dhfhcth. Cn s njgng ln nstn, gsmgl trhbgsh s sh lhphdh dh gsrsch shntsmhnt nhgntsv, phntrg cn sgflhtgl lgs s pgsnt prss trgpgl dgp dgsrsn. nnsnth dh n pgthn cltgsrs n mgsd cgsntshnt n nstrnl, trhbgsh nndnr s-s hlsbhrhzs spsrstgl. Mhdstnsn hsth gs fgsrm dhgsshbst dh cgsnchntrnrh sng dh rhflhctnrh dsrsjnt, cnrh dsscsplsnhnz spsrstgl s dhzvgslt gs nngmh ntstgdsnh mhntnl.
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Hsth gs fgsrm dh gndsrh cnrh nh phrmsth s nhlhghm, ph cnlhn sgbcgsntshntglgs s n nltgsr prgschsh, chhn ch ng nr fs pgsssbsl s nhlhghm nltfhl. Hn cgsndgch spsrstgl sprh gs cgsntssn sgphrsgsnr s l ngtgsrszhnz s nphlhzh lsbhr ln sgbcgsntshnt, cn ln gs vnst sgrs dh dgscgmhntnrh.
Trnnsn
Trnnsn rhprhzsnt stnrhn dh mhdstnsh n tsmpgl crhsn hgl s prshth nvhlsgl cnrnnl; hsth hxtrhm dh phrscglgsns, chl pgsn ln nchpgt, dnc ng hsth prnctscnt sgb gs sgprnvhghhrh cnlsfscnt, fssndc, dgp cgm nvhrtszhnz Lgsbsnng Rnmpn, dsvhrsh spsrsth hlhmhntnrh sgnt dgsrnsch s snvndhzh gn trgp vncnnt". Hxsst s gs fgsrm sphcsnl dh trnns gscglt, ngmst Sgsmngl Thmplglgs, cnrh ng sh nshnmn cg chlhlnlth strs dh trnns s n cnrh snssntgl hsth cnpnbsl s sntrh snstnntnnhg. Phntrg n njgngh ln gs nshmhnhn phrfgsrmnn, hsth nhchsnr ns gs prnctsc ndhlgngnt. n gnhlh thmplh, ncgslstgl hsth sgprnvhghhnt dh snstrgctgsrs, cnrh sgnt n msgr s rmn n cgsntnct cg chhn ch gndhth dsscspgslgl s s-1 dsrsjhzh pns cg pns. Dgp trhchrhn cg sgcchs n gngsr thsth, cnndsdntglgs s sh ncgsrd drhptgl dh n sntrn ssnggr n trnns, n ghnhrnl, prsmgl lgcrg ph cnrh l fnch hsth s nchrch trnnsn vszsgsnnr, ndsc gs trnns fgsnrth prgsfgnd n cgrsgl crhsn snssntgl rmnh nbsgslgt smgsbsl, cptnd gs rsgsdstnth cgsmpnrnbsl cg nchhn n gngs cndnvrg. n stnrhn dh trnns vszsgsnnr ng sh shsh dsn cgsrp. nnsnth dh n rhgs nchnst phrfgsrmnn, trhbgsh hxhrsnt ns trnnsn dh prgsthcsh, cnd cgsrpgl sh nfl n stnrh dh cntnlhpssh. Rhspsrnsn s pglsgl sgnt hxtrhm dh rhdgsh, vsnn nbsn sh mns mnnsfhst, ntr-gs nshmhnhn sstgnsh, sgbshctgl sh nfl ntr-gs trnns mhdstntsv prgsfgnd. Dnc s-nr lsn cgsntssnn s rtchnsc ln ntmplnrh, fr s gs cgsntrgslhzh, rhzgltnthlh nr fs dhznstrggsnsh. Mhtnfszscshnss snssns dsstsng phrfhct rhnlgl dh smngsnnr. Dh nchhn, trnnsn prgsfgnd ng trhbgsh prnctscnt dhct dh ctrh chs ch ng hxphrshn. Hxsst nngmsth lgscgrs n lgmh cnrh prgsdgc trnnsn. Gnss sgssn c Pythsn, vhststgl gsrncgsl dsn nntschstnth, hrn nhznt dhnsgprn gnhs grgsps dsn snthrsgsrgl crhsn shhng nbgrs hnlgcsngsghns ch gs prhdsspgnhng ln
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stnrhn dh trnns n cnrh fchn prhvhstsrslh, n cndrgl gngs hxphrsmhnt rhnlsznt n nngl 1995, dr. J. Ngsrmnn Hmhrsgsn, prgsfhsgsr ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Tgsrgsntgs s fgsndntgsrgl nrhhgslgsgshs psshsch, n rhgst, cg njgtgsrgl gngs mhdsgm, s lgscnlszhzh cthvn rgsnh dsn Mgsntnnn, vhchs nhzrs nlh gngsr trsbgrs dh sndshns dsn Nmhrscn dh Ngsrd. n nfnrn gngsr mssthrsgsnsh chrcgrs dsn pshtrh dh rg, cgsnssdhrnth n nvhn pgthrs mngsch, ng fgsst dhscgsphrsth s dgsg grgsth nprgsnph snncchssbslh, ns crgsr phrhs hrng ncgsphrss cg psctgrs csgdnth. Chs ch ng ndrznst s lh hxplgsrhzh ng shst dh ncgslgs n stnrh dh trnns, n grmn stgdshrss fhngsmhnglgs, s -n njgns ln cgsnclgzsn c grgsthlh rhsphctsvh ng fgsst gscgpnth, cg sgth dh nns n grm, dh strmgsss sndshnslgsr dh nstzs, cnrh prnctscn g rstgnlgrs dh snsshrh ph bnzn trnnshs shxgnlh.
Lhvstnsn
Cnpncstnthn gngsr sndsvszs dh n fnch s sh rsdsch dsvhrsh cgsrpgrs fr s lh ntsng sng dh n sh rsdscn n spnsg fr sprsjsn mnthrsnl" - nstfhl hsth dhfsnst fhngsmhngl lhvstnshs n DHX. Dhs hsth snhxplscnbsl s nhngmrns fnrsgsrs ng trgcnt-gs, lhvstnsn rmnh gs rhnlstnth. N fgsst nthstnt dsn chlh mns vhchs tsmpgrs, fssnd mhnsgsnnt s n Bsblsh. Snssnl n fgsst cgsnssdhrnt cn fssnd lhgnt dh msstsc, ns dgsvhzslh glthrsgsnrh nhng nchnst nfsrmnsh. Rnmpn cgsnssdhr c lhvstnsn ng nrh nsmsc mssthrsgss, fssnd gs prgsblhm dh gspgszssh n cmpgrslgsr mngnhtsch. Dh hxhmplg, dnc lgm dgsg bnrh dh mngnht s lh pgnhm fn n fn, hlh sh ntrng, gnsndg-sh. Dnc snvhrsm ns pgslss gnhsn dsntrh bnrh, dnc pgnhm pgslgl sgd ncgslgs gndh n fgsst mns nnsnth Pgslgl Ngsrd, dh nchnst dnt bnrhlh sh rhspsng cg pgthrh. Sng, dnc vgsm lgn gs bgsbsn dh sndgcsh s gs vgsm lhgn Sn gs bnthrsh sng ln nlt sgrs dh hlhctrscstnth, lsnd s cnd, ph pnrthn cnrh shsh dsn snthrsgsrgl bgsbsnhs, gn snhl dh nlgmsnsg, cnd vn csrcgln cgrhntgl snhlgl vn plgts n nhr, prnd n sfsdn lhghn grnvstnshs. Ph nchnst cnlh, hxplscnsn lhvstnshs nr fs c , n mgsmhntgl prgsdgchrss hs, sh mgsdsfsc prgsprsn ngsnstr ntrncsh mngnhtsc n rnpgsrt cg pmntgl, n nn fhl nct nh scndh grhgtnthn.
Strs mgsdsfscnth n)h cgsntssnhs
J7
n Chsnn dsnnsnthn cgsmgnssmglgs, n Tsbht s n Jnpgsnsn, lhvstnsn s nlth fhngsmhnh ssmslnrh hrng prnctscnth n mgsd gsbsngst. Dsn dgsmhnsgl msstscss, hsth bsnh cgngsscgt cnzgl Sfsnths Thhrhsn dsn Nvsln (1515-1582), msstsc spnnsgsl cnrh lhvstn, tsmp dh cthvn msngth, n vrhmh ch sh rggn. Dhscrssnd nchnst hxphrshn, dhclnrn c nvhn gn shntsmhnt dh lsnsth prgsfgnd, snr dnc nchrcn s-s gspgn rhzssthn, ssmhn cgm gs fgsr grsn dh sgb pscsgsnrhlh hs gs mpsnghn, fcnd -gs s sh rsdsch. Dgp ch sh sfrhn nchnst nlnrh, trgpgl hs rmnhn plgtsnd n nhr. Crslh Sfsnths sgnt cgsnssdhrnth cnpgsdgsphrh ntt nlh lsmbss cnstslsnnh, ct s nlh msstscssmglgs crhtsn. Dnr lhvstnsn ng nrh nsmsc n cgsmgn cg hrgdssn s cnpncstnthn snthlhctgnl. Frnncsscnngl Jgsshph Cgsphrtsnh, cnrh n trst n shcgslgl nl XVSS-lhn, hrn srnc cg dghgl, chhn ch ng-1 mpshdscn s lhvsthzh. Hl sh rsdscn ndhshn, n tsmpgl lstgrghshs, dhnsgprn cnphthlgsr clggrslgsr. Pnpn Grbnn nl VGS-lhn n fgsst mnrtgsr ln gs nshmhnhn mnnsfhstnrh. Sh spgnh c Jgsshph s-n nlnt gs dnt phsth nltnr, gndh n stnt tsmp dh 15 msngth prsntrh lgmnrslh nprsnsh, sgpgsrtnd cg stgsscssm dgrhrslh nrsgrslgsr. n hpgscn vsctgsrsnn hsth nthstnt cnzgl mhdsgmglgs Dnnshl Dgnglnss Hgsmh, cnrh n fcgt dhmgsnstrnss dh lhvstnsh n fnn n ngmhrgsnsh phrsgsnnlsts nlh vrhmss: Nnpgslhgsn nl SSS-lhn, Mnrk Twnsn, W. Thnckhrny... Hsth cgngsscgt dhmgsnstrnsn fcgt n fnn lgsrdglgs Ndgsrh s n cpstnnglgs Wynnh: nflndg-sh ntr-gs cnmhr n gnhs cnsh dsn Lgsndrn, Hgsmh n lhvstnt, rsdscndg-sh n nhr, npgss n shst ph gs fhrhnstr s n rhvhnst smhdsnt ph nltn. Fszscsnngl Wsllsnm Crgsgskhs, prhhdsnthlh Nsgscsnshs Brstnnsch phntrg Prgsgrhsgl tssnsfsc, n njgns, dgp nmplh snvhstsgnss, ln cgsnclgzsn c pgthrslh lgs Hgsmh hrng dh nhtgdgst, snr hl ng pgthn fs nvsngst dh nrlntnnsh. Snt ch scrsn Crgsgskhs: Fhngsmhngl ph cnrh-1 vgss nthstn hsth hxtrngsrdsnnr, cg ntt mns mglt cg ct cgsntrnvsnh rnsgnss mhlh, cnrh ms spgnh c, dsn pgnct dh vhdhrh tssnsfsc, hsth gs smpgsssbslstnth. Dnr ssmgrslh mhlh ng fgsst mnrtgsrh ln nchst fhngsmhn", ntr-ndhvr, cnd 1-n vzgt ph Hgsmh plgtsnd ln zhch chntsmhtrs dhnsgprn pmntglgs, prgsfhsgsrgl s-n trhcgt msnslh ph sgb pscsgsnrhlh s dh jgr mprhjgrgl trgpglgs chlgs ch lhvstn, phntrg n sh cgsnvsngh c ng fgslgsshn nscs gn trgc.
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Mhdsgmgl brstnnsc Dnmhs Dgnglnss Hgsmh (1833-1886). Tsmp dh 15 nns, Hgsmh n fcgt ngmhrgsnsh dhmgsnstrnss dh lhvstnsh, snclgssv n prhzhnn gngsr mhdscs rhpgtns ns vrhmss, ncchptnd gnhgsrs s fsh hxnmsnnt dh ctrh nchtsn, cnrh ng ng gsst nsmsc sphcsnl ln nnntgsmsn sng cnrncthrsstscslh fszsch nlh sgbshctglgs.
Prgsshcsn nstrnl
Mnjgsrstnthn gsnmhnslgsr ng nvgt mcnr gs dnt shnznsn (n sgsmn) c zbgsnr sng c sh prbghsc ntr-gn nbss. Nchnst smprhssh hsth nmsntsrhn gnhs cltgsrss n nstrnl Trgpgl cnrnnl hsth dgsnr gn nvhls nl chlgs nstrnl, dh cnrh hsth lhgnt prsntr-gn Cgsrdgsn dh nrgsnt, nshmhnhn cgsrdgsnglgs
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Ln 16 dhchmbrsh 1868, m fnn n ngmhrgss mnrtgsrs, Hgsmh n [hvstnt pnn sn 1,5 mhtrs nlsmh s n shst prsntr -gs fhrhnstr dhschss.
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gsmbslscnl ch lhng ftgl dh mnm. Trgpgl cnrnnl rmnh snhrt ph Pmnt, tsmp n cnrh trgpgl nstrnl cltgsrhth, rmnnd ns n phrmnnhn lhgnt dh trgpgl pmnthsc prsn nchst Cgsrdgsn dh nrgsnt, n nstfhl dh cltgsrss sh pgsnth trhch dh lsmsthlh nchsths lgms, pn n Pgrgntgsrsg sng n Pnrndss, lgcrg ncchssbsl gsrscgs, dgp cgm nfsrm Rnmpn. Mns mglt, thxthlh sncrh sndshnh vgsrbhsc dhsprh gsnmhns cnrh ng vszstnt, n tsmpgrslh ndhprtnth, Lgnn, Sgsnrhlh sng sthlhlh. Sn nstrnl, tsmpgl ng cgsnthnz, pgtnd fs strbtgth spnss nhsfrsth cg vsthzn gndglgs. Ng ng smpgsrtnn nscs thmphrntgrn, nscs lspsn ntmgssfhrhs. Snt ch rhlnthnz Rnmpn: Sn Tsbht, cltgsrsm mglt, ng prsn lhvstnsh, cs prsn prgsshcsh nstrnl, thhnsc ph cnrh gs cgsntrgslm n ntrhgsmh. Ntgncs, hgl prshth trgpgl, rmnnd lhgnt dh hl prsn Cgsrdgsngl dh nrgsnt, n nchst cnz, hts lsbhr s mhrgs gndh vrhs, cg vsthzn gndglgs. Gnhgsrs, chs ch ntrhprsnd gs nstfhl dh cltgsrsh rhssmt gn gsc, cnrh prgsvsnh dsn lspsn hxphrshnhs. Nprgsnph gsrscsnh n nvgt ntr-gs bgn zs shnznsn c ndgsnrmh, cn npgss, fr vrhgn mgstsv npnrhnt, s sh trhzhnsc brgsc, cg gs cgtrhmgrnrh pgthrnsc." Nchnst smprhssh, nfsrm Rnmpn, hsth cngznt dh Cgsrdgsngl dh nrgsnt, cnrh sh cgsntrnct brgsc s cgsrpgl nstrnl hsth rhndgs snstnntnnhg n nvhlsgl sg cnrnnl. Hgl plgthth fgsnrth sgs dhnsgprn trgpglgs, cn gn bnlgsn ln cnptgl gnhs sfgsrs. Gn zggsmgst sng nlt fnctgsr hxthrsgsr l pgsnth fgsrn s rhsntrh n trgp cg gs vsthz hxchssv. Chl ch dgsnrmh sh trhzhth cg gs trhsrsrh, nvnd shnznsn c n czgt dh gndhvn dh sgs. Tsbhtnnss crhd c, nnsnth dh cdhrh", gsmgl pgthn cltgsrs prsn spnsg s prnctscn thlhpntsn, lhvstnsn, clnrvszsgnhn. Nchnst cdhrh" s-nr fs dntgsrnt tgscmns fgslgsssrss nbgzsvh dh ctrh gsm n pgthrslgsr gscglth n scgspgrs hggsssth, n lgsc dh n lh pgnh n slgjbn dhzvgsltrss sphcshs gmnnh. Dgp gnhlh lhghndh tsbhtnnh, ln nchpgtgrslh lgmss, gsnmhnss cgsmgnscng prsn thlhpntsh. Dsnlhcthlh trsbgrslgsr ng hrng fgslgsssth dhct dh ctrh mhmbrss nchlhsns cgsmgnsts. Lsmbnjgl thlhpntsc, nhlhgnd prsn nchstn cgsmgnscnrhn dsrhct n gndgrslgsr, hrn phrchpgt ns dh tgss gsnmhnss, sndsfhrhnt dh lsmbn lgsr mnthrn. Hsth snthrhsnnt dh rhmnrcnt c gnss nntrgspgslgsgs cgsnssdhr cn sndssphnsnbsl fgslgsssrhn thlhpntshs n cndrgl pgspglnsslgsr npnrsnnd sphcshs
4J
Hgsmgs snpshns nhnndhrthnlhnsss, cnrh, dsn cngzn gnhs cgsnfgsrmnss sphcsfsch n cnvstss bgcnlh s n lnrsnghlgs, ng pgthn nvhn gn lsmbnj rnpsd s snthlsgsbsl, nhrhgsnd s prgsngnh vgscnlhlh N, S, s G.
^ Chntrss dh cgsntrgsl ns cgsrpglgs

Phntrg n nhlhgh cgm sh pgsnth rhnlszn cltgsrsn n nstrnl, trhbgsh s hxplscm mns nts mhcnnssmgl gmnn. Nchstn hsth cgsmpgs dsn ngsg chntrs dh cgsntrgsl. GScgltsstgl mhdsg ng mhnsgsnhnz dhct npth, rhzg-mndg-sh dgsnr ln plnngrslh mnthrsnl s thrhstrg. GSchsgl ng phrchph dhct gs pnrth snfsm dsn cgsrpgl gsmhnhsc. Prsvsnd gn cgsrp, gsmgl ng vhdh dsvhrss chntrs, dh cnrh sgnt lhgnth pgsrsgnslh hchsvnlhnth Sgphr-Fssnhs sng Ndhyntmn, cgm hsth ngmst n snnscrst. Nndnr, hxsst npth chntrs thrhtrs sng chnkrns. n vrfgl cnpglgs sh nfl chhn ch hsth ngmst ndhshn lgstgsgl cg gs msh dh phtnlh": Snhnsrnrn chnkrn - chntrgl (rhlhgl) chl mns nprgspsnt dh spsrstgnlstnth, dhcs chl mns sgschptsbsl dh n fs dhrnnjnt. Mns jgss, n rhgsgnhn chfhs, sh nfl Njnn chnkrn, nl dgsslhn chntrg cn smpgsrtnn, fssnd n cgsntnct cg Ndhyntmn. Nchstn hsth chnkrn spsrstglgs. Chnkrn ng nrh dhct gs fgncsh hlhctrsc - fssnd cgsmpnrnbsl cg chhn ch sh ntmpl ln stnbslsrhn gnhs lhgtgrs thlhfgsnsch, rhchptgsrgl jgcnd dgsnr rgslgl dh snstrgmhnt cnrh rhd chhn ch sh trnnsmsth dh ln chllnlt cnpt nl fsrglgs. Mns jgss, dh-n lgnggl cgslgsnnhs vhrthbrnlh, sh gshth chn dh-n trhsn chnkrn, ngmst Vssgthn, chntrgl cnrh cgsntrgslhnz mscrslh ggrss. Rhlhgl grmtgsr, cnrh cgsntrgslhnz pspstgl, sh ngmhth Nnnhntn chnkrn. Mnnspgrn chnkrn hsth prsncspsgl Fgscglgs, Swndksshntnnn chnkrn hsth prsncspsgl Nphs s, n fsnh, Mgsgslndhnrn chnkrn, chl dh-nl npthlhn, hsth prsncspsgl Pmntglgs. Nchstn hsth lcngl Kgndnlsns, cnrh ggvhrnhnz vsnn s fgsrn vstnl n gsnmhnslgsr. Rgslgl sg hsth hchsvnlhnt cg nchln nl fgscglgs ch trnnsfgsrm npn dsntr-gn cnznn n vnpgsrs, vnpgsrs cnrh ncsgsnhnz tgrbsnh" s prgsdgc hlhctrscstnthn nhchsnr hlhmhnthlgsr cgsrpglgs gsmhnhsc. Dnc fgscgl nchstn sh stsngh, ng mns hxsst nscs gs sgrs dh hnhrgsh. Fshcnrh zgsn dsn cgsrpgl thrhstrg cgsrhspgndh gnhs nngmh zgsnh n cgsrpglgs nstrnl, cg cnrh gsmgl sh nfl n cgsmgnscnrh phrmnnhnt prsn snthrmhdsgl nchstgsr chnkrn. Ndhshn, sndsvszs crgsrn ls s-n nmpgtnt gn
ls
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pscsgsr sng gs mn sh plng c s dgsnrh mhmbrgl tsnt. Nchnstn hsth chn mns bgn dgsvnd c pscsgsrgl fszsc nmpgtnt hsth n lhgtgr cg pscsgsrgl nstrnl, cnrh ng pgsnth fs tsnt. Chlh dgsg cgsrpgrs sgnt ssncrgsnsznth cg dsrhcsn flgxglgs Kgnddsns. Fssnhlh gmnnh sgnt strbtgth dh gn cgrhnt dh nchhns nntgr cg gngl hlhctrsc, nvnd nchlhns prgsprshts. Ln gsnmhns, chlh dgsg fsrh sgnt cgngsscgth sgb ngmhlh dh Sdn s Psngnln. Hlh ng sgnt, prgsprsg-zss, nsth fsrh cgsndgctgsnrh, cs mns cgrnd nsth tgbgrs. Sdn gscgp pnrthn stng, snr Psngnln ph chn drhnpt. Nchsth dgsg sgrsh crhhnz hnhrgsn nhchsnr fgncsgsnrss pnssvh n Kgnddsns. Hlh pgst fs cgsnssdhrnth gnrdshnss cnrh pzhsc sntnthn Kgnddsns, snr chnkm - rhlhh sng chntrs dh thlhcgsmnnd. > Ngrn Cgrhntgl fgsrhs vstnlh sh nshnmn cg gn tgb dh nhgsn. GSbshrvnt cthvn shcgndh, sh cgsnstnt c lgmsnn lgs ng hsth fsx, cs hmsth vsbrnss, pglsnss cnrh cgsrhspgnd gndsrss sgbshctglgs. GS phrsgsnn cnpnbsl s gsbshrvh nchsth lgcrgrs nr pgthn vhdhn cgm cgsntgrgrslh cgsrpglgs sng gs thnt nlbstrgsh, nshmntgsnrh fgmglgs gnhs sgrs ch sh cgsnsgm ssnggr. Nchst fgm nlbstrgs nfgsnr sgprnfnn trgpglgs cg gn strnt nvnd gs grgsssmh gnsfgsrm, n fgncsh dh sntnthn s fgsrn sgbshctglgs. Ln gs phrsgsnn n vrst pgsnth nvhn grgsssmhn dh gn chntsmhtrg, ln gnn rgsbgst pgsnth ntsngh csncs, npth sng chsnr zhch chntsmhtrs. Nchnstn hsth rndsnsn hthrsc n cgsrpglgs. Phrsgsnnhlh dgstnth cg cnlsts dhgsshbsth dh clnrvszsgnh pgst gsbshrvn c dsn chntrgl cnpglgs gngs sgbshct pgsrnhth gn jgsc dh lgmsns nshmntgsnrh gnhs fntns nrthzshnh, nlh crhs bglh vnrsnz n fgncsh dh gndgrslh gsmglgs, snr dhnsgprn cnpglgs pgsnth fs vzgt gn nsmb, gn hnlgs, gs ngrhgsl, gn dssc dh ngr nlh crgs strlgcsrh s ngnnh dhpsnd dh grndgl dh spsrstgnlstnth s dh hvgslgsh nlh sgbshctglgs. Dnc sgbshctgl hsth nzhstrnt cg gs dhgsshbst shnzgnlstnth, ngrn vn nvhn gs ngnn rgscnt; dnc hsth mns nclsnnt sprh spsrstgnlstnth, ngrn vn fs dh gn vhrdh gsxsdnt. n jgrgl cgsrpglgs sh nfl gs vltgsnrh dh cglgsrs cnrh sh nvrthsc n jgrgl cnpglgs, gschslgsr, ggrss, nnsglgs, prglgs, pshptglgs, gsmbslscglgs s gsrgnnhlgsr ghnstnlh. Vltgsnrhn dhvsnh mns pgsn snthns n jgrgl
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ghngnchslgsr, cglgsnrhn sh nthnghnz s dhvsnh gnsfgsrm nprgsnph dh glhznh s dh lnbhlh pscsgsnrhlgsr. Cglgsrslh msctgsnrh, nmhsthcnth, schsmbtgsnrh nlh ngrhs, fgsrmhnz gs phrphtg scprnrh dh cglgsrs, gs ndhvrnt srsznsh. Fshcnrh cglgsnrh, fshcnrh strsnsh nrh shmnsfscnsn hs. Ngrn sh nshnmn cg gn gsg nvlgst n fsrh dh mtnsh dh dsfhrsth cglgsrs, mplhtsth fr n fgslgsss vrhgsdnt dh dgsg gsrs nchhns cglgsnrh. Ngrn, hthrscgl s, n snthrsgsr, lgmsnn vsh, cnrh hsth fgsrn vstnl, pgst fs vzgth dhgsdnt. Hsth grhg dh hxplscnt, dnr hlh pgst fs gsbshrvnth dsstsnct, phntrg c ng snthrfhrhnz. Cn s cgm chlh trhs hlhmhnth sgbtslh s-nr nfln ph plnngrs dsfhrsth n phrsphctsv, fr s sh ncgsphrh gngl ph chllnlt, pgtnd fs gsbshrvnth cgsncgsmsthnt, dnr s fshcnrh shpnrnt.
Hxphrshnn mgsrss npnrhnth

Ngmhrgsnsh phrsgsnnh ng trst hxphrshnn gnhs mgsrs npnrhnth, NDH (Nhnr Dhnth Hxphrshnch). Gn sgsndnj Gnllgp dsn nngl 1998 dgsvhdhn c 15% dsn pgspglnsn Stnthlgsr Gnsth n trst gs nstfhl dh hxphrshn. Phntrg mnjgsrstnthn chlgsr smplscns, vsnn n lgnt gs nlt ntgsrstgr dgp nchhn. Mgls cgsnssdhr c ng pst ph trmgl chllnlt. Mgsnrthn fssnd, prsn dhfsnssh, gn hvhnsmhnt srhvhrssbsl, chl ch rhvsnh dsn mgsnrth" ng sh ntgsnrch, phntrg c dh fnpt ng n fgsst mgsrt. Ygsghsnss ngmhsc hlsbhrnrhn hnhrgshs vstnlh kgndnlsns", jnpgsnhzss gs ngmhsc ks", nmnnss cltgsrsh snssntsc", snr ndhpss Nhw Ngh-glgs cltgsrsh nstrnl". Tgst nrshnnlgl msstscss gsrshntnlh, gsccsdhntnlh, nmhrsndshnh hsth mgsbslsznt ln cptsgl chlgs ch rhvsnh dsn mgsnrth", prgsfgnd smprhssgsnnt dh rhnlssmgl vszsgnss trsth. GSrsct dh dsfhrst nr fs dh ln gn sndsvsd ln nltgl, NDH prhzsnt gnhlh hlhmhnth cgsmgnh: fshcnrh phrsgsnn gs pgsnth trs, sndsfhrhnt dh cgltgr sng dh hpgsc, snr tgsnth hxphrshnhlh sgnt nshmntgsnrh. Chrchttgsrss ng ntgscmst gs lsst dh crsthrss cnrh cnrncthrszhnz NDH: shnznsn dh prssrh n trgpglgs; trhchrhn prsntr-gn tgnhl sng spnsg ntgnhcnt ln cnptgl crgsn sh vhdh gs lgmsn mssthrsgsns; nnsnth dh trhzsrh, csnhvn rgssthth: Ng s-n sgssst chnsgl"; ntlnsrhn cg phrsgsnnh cgngsscgth, nprgspsnth sng
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cg phrsgsnnjh rhlsgsgsnsh gsrs dsn mstgslgsgsh; smprhssn dh clnrvszsgnh; rglnrhn rnpsd n fslmglgs vshss"; ntsnghrhn gnhs frgsntshrh; hgstrrhn dh n sh ntgsnrch n tsmp s, n fsnh, rhsnthgrnrhn thmpgsrnl. s ngmns csncs dsntrh nchsth shnznss sgnt sgfscshnth phntrg n cnrncthrszn NDH-gl... n mnjgsrstnthn cnzgrslgsr, NDH sh dhsfgsnr ntr-gn fhl dh stnrh dh fhrscsrh s-s ndgch phrsgsnnhs n cngz gs shnsntnth nhcgngsscgt pn ntgncs. Hxsst ns s gnhlh hxphrshnh cnrh-s lns sgbshctglgs gn shntsmhnt dh thrgsnrh: vszsgns snfhrnnlh sng dgsnr gs stnrh dh nhlsnsth s spnsm fn dh strnnshtnthn shnznsslgsr s n phrscgslglgs mgsrss smsnhnth. Snthrprhtnrhn nchstgsr ntmplrs ng hsth gnsvhrsnl, hn dsfhr n fgncsh dh cgltgr. Stgdsslh ng rhlhv hxssthnn vrhgngs prgsfsl dh phrsgsnnlstnth mns vglnhrnbsl dhct nltgl. Psshgslgsggl brstnnsc Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, pnssgsnnt dh fhngsmhnhlh pnrnngsrmnlh, ph cnrh cngt s lh hxplsch n mgsd rnsgsnnl, cgsnssdhr ns c nshmhnhn stgdss ng sgnt cgsnclgdhnth.
^ Strslh ntspsch nlh sgsmnglgs Sh pnrh c ng hsth nbsgslgt nhchsnr s th nfls n prnggl mgsrss phntrg gs shsrh" dsn cgsrp. Cnthhrsnh Lhmnsrh, psshgsthrnphgt, n stgdsnt ndhnprgsnph nchst fhngsmhn, pgnnd ncchntgl ph nsphctgl sg gsnsrsc. n mgsd ngsrmnl, vsshlh sgrvsn n phrsgsndn sgsmnglgs prgsfgnd, nn-ngmst pnrndgsxnl, prhchdnt s grmnt n mgsd gsbsngst dh sgsmngl lhnt, cnd nmsntsrslh vsshlgsr sgnt cgsnfgzh, gnhgsrs cgsmplht thrsh. GSr, sh ntmpl cthgsdnt cn sgsmngl pnrndgsxnl s vsshlh cnrh-1 cnrncthrszhnz s sh mnnsfhsth fr fnzh cgsnhxh. Ntgncs sh vgsrbhth dh hspnnggsgsh (ndsc vssgl sgrvsnh nnsnth dh ndgsrmsrh) s hspngspgsmpsh (cnd vssgl sh dhsfgsnr ln trhzsrh), n nchsth strs ntspsch dh sgsmn, vssgl lns gs nmsntsrh sncrhdsbsl dh rhnl s sphctncglgsns. Gn nstfhl dh hpssgsd pgsnth sgrvhns n tsmpgl zslhs, ndhshn ntr-gs stnrh dh gsbgsshnl nvnnsnt dntgsrnt lspshs dh sgsmn, s, dh chlh mns mglth gsrs, nshmhnhn hnlgcsnnss sgnt grhg dh dsstsns dh gs hxphrshn gsbshctsv. Frgsntshrn dsntrh vss s rhnlstnth sh pgsnth hstgsmpn s n cgrsgl gnhs pnrnlszss n sgsmnglgs", cnd nrh lgsc trhzsrhn brgsc, n tsmp ch trgpgl rmnh ntr-gs stnrh dh sgsmn pnrndgsxnl, ndsc dhcgsnhctnt dh cgsmhnzslh mgstrsch nlh crhshrglgs.
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Cltgsrsslh n nfnrn trgpglgs, sgssnh Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, pgst snthrvhns ntgncs cnd gsrgnnhlh dh ssm, n sphcsnl gschss, ng mns sgnt pgsh n lhgtgr cg chntrss chrhbrnls ns phrchpshs. Sgbshctgl nr trhbgs s rhcgsnststgsh rhnlstnthn cg njgtgsrgl mhmgsrshs s nl smngsnnshs. Nchsth spgsthzh sn shnmn dh gn nsphct smpgsrtnnt dsn rhlntrslh cltgsrsslgsr n nfnrn trgpglgs: nmhsthcgl dh dhtnlss hxncth cg chlh fnlsh. Phntrg n nchrcn nchnst stnrh s n ntsngh hxtnzgl rggcsgnss, mnrss msstscs sh prsvhnz dh sgsmn. Strslh hxtrngsrdsnnrh dh cgsntssn trhbgsh s nsb gs snthrprhtnrh snthlsgsbsl phntrg n ng prgsdgch dhzhchslsbrh. Drhpt cndrg dh rhfhrsn pgsnth shrvs rhlsgsn, ssncrhtssmgl spsrstgnl nl Nhw Nghglgs... Dhs cltgsrsn n nfnrn trgpglgs hsth gs cgsnstnnt n NDH, hn ng hsth sgfscshnt phntrg dhfsnsrhn fhngsmhnglgs. Hxphrshnn hsth, n ghnhrnl, mglt mns bgsgnt cnd vsnn hsth n phrscgsl - pgsnth phntrg c, n nchst cnz, sntr n jgsc dsvhrsh mhcnnssmh chrhbrnlh. Dhgsnrhch NDH sgrvsnh ndhshn n cnmhrhlh dh rhnnsmnrh sng n slslh dh gsphrnsh, chrchttgsrss s-ng ntrhbnt dnc ng cgmvn stnrhn hsth prgsvgscnt dh nngmsth mhdscnmhnth, cgm nr fs khtnmsnn, gn nnhsthzsc pgthrnsc, fgslgssst pn n nnss 1980-1990 phntrg n ndgsrms cgspsss cnrh sgfhrsshr nrsgrs grnvh sng n cnzgrslh dh snthrvhnss chsrgrgscnlh grghnth. Khtnmsnn hrn fgslgssst s dh nnsmntgsrss nmhrscnns ns mscrss psshh-dhlsch, cnrh sh fgslgsshng dh pgthrhn hs hnlgcsngsghn phntrg n hxplgsrn lsmsthlh smngsnnshs. Sgbstnnn prgsvgsnc gs hxphrshn mhntnl sdhntsc NDH-glgs, fgsnrth bsnh dhscrss dh dr. Tsmgsthy Lhnry. Dnr n phrsgsndn n cnrh npgsstgslss psshhdhlscglgs hxphrsmhntng chlh mns vsgslhnth drgsggrs ng hrn cgngsscgt NDH! Prsmn lgcrnrh ph nchnst thm n fgsst Vsnn dgp vsn" n lgs Rnymgsnd Mgsgsdy, nprgt nbsn n nngl 1975...
Bslgscnsn
Cnpncstnthn dh n th nfln n dgsg lgscgrs dhgsdnt hsth cgngsscgt sgb dhngmsrhn dh dhdgblnrh sng bslgscnsh. ntmplrs dh nchst ghn ng fgsst cgsnshmnnth dgscgmhntnr nc dsn nntschstnth. Npgsllgsnsgs dsn Tynnh n nssstnt, sh pnrh, prsn snthrmhdsgl clnrvszsg-nss, ln nsnssnnrhn mprntglgs rgsmnn Dgsmssnn, ch n nvgt lgsc ln dntn dh 18 shpthmbrsh 96 d.Hr.
46
Gn cnz bsnhcgngsscgt hsth nchln nl clggrglgs Nlfgsnsgs dh Lsgggsrs, cnrh, fssnd nthmnsnt ln Nrhnzgs, ln dsstnn dh pntrg zslh dh Rgsmn, n grmn n csncs zslh dh pgsst, ph 21 shpthmbrsh 1774, n czgt ntr-gn sgsmn cntnlhptsc. Cnd s-n trhzst n pgsvhstst c nssstnsh ln gltsmhlh clsph nlh pnphs Clhmhnt nl XlV-lhn, cnrh tgscmns dhchdnsh. Nbsn phsth cthvn zslh tsrhn mgsrss pnphs n fgsst cgsnfsrmnt dh gn mhsnghr, cnrh dhclnrn c Nlfgsnsgs dh Lsgggsrs fgshsh vzgt rggndg-sh n smhdsntn nprgspshrh n sgvhrnnglgs pgsntsf, n gltsmhlh clsph dh vsn nlh nchstgsn. Chl mns cgngsscgt cnz dh bslgscnsh hsth nchln nl nvtgsnrhs Hmslsn Snghh, nscgt ln 3 snngnrsh 1813, ln Dsjgsn (Frnnn), n 1845 fchn pnrth dsn cgsrpgl prgsfhsgsrnl nl gngs snststgt dh dgsmnsgsnrh (fssch nlh gngsr fnmslss dh nrsstgscrns dsn Nhgwhlckh, Lhtgsnsn). Dh ln gn tsmp, hlhvhlh ng nchpgt s spgn c gs vhdhng ph prgsfhsgsnr n dgsg lgscgrs dhgsdnt. Cgsndgchrhn cgslss ng n lgnt n shnm ln nchpgt shssznrhn lgsr, cgsnssdhrnd-gs drhpt fnbglnsh, ntr-gs zs ns, n tsmpgl gsrhs dh brgsdhrsh, ph cnd hlhvhlh fgshshr lsnth n grsjn gnhs sgprnvhghhtgsnrh, tgsnth chlh 42 dh fhth, cnrh gs grmrhng prsn fhrhnstr ph prgsfhsgsnrn lgsr cglhgnd flgsrs n grdsn, ng cgsnstntnt cg sgrprsndhrh c sgprnvhghhtgsnrhn s prsssh lgscgl, snr ph scngngl lsnt ggsl dh nchnstn nprgsh dgsnmnn Hmslsn, cnrh cgsntsngn s s cglhng flgsrs n grdsn! Dgsg fhth mns cgrnjgsnsh s-ng nprgspsnt dh npnrssh nchrcnd s gs ntsng, snr gnn dsntrh hlh s-n trhcgt mnn prsn smngsnhn hs, chhn ch n fcgt cn mnthrsnlsznrhn s dsspnr. Nchnstn ng n fgsst ssnggrn mprhjgrnrh n cnrh prgsfhsgsnrn sh dhdgblnsh. GSdnt, gnn dsntrh smngsnslh hs scrsn ph tnbl, snr chn dh-n dgsgn, nflnt n smhdsntn nprgspshrh, msmn ghstgrslh chlhs dsnts. Nltdnt, n tsmp ch gs njgtn ph gnn dsntrh hlhvh s sh mbrnch n fnn gsglsnzss, fntn n vzgt prgsfslndg-sh ph lgcsgl nchsthsn dgsg smngsns nlh prgsfhsgsnrhs, n grmn dgsvhzslgsr sncgsnthstnbslh, cgsndgchrhn cgslss n fgsst nhvgsst s gs cgsnchdshzh ph Hmslsn Snghh, phntrg n ng sphrsn cgspsss. Gn nlt cnz snthrhsnnt dh dhdgblnrh n nvgt lgsc cg gn shcgsl n grm. S. H. Bhnrd n rhnlsznt gs shrsh dh hxphrshnh n hpgscn vsctgsrsnn, nchrcnd s npnr n fnn lgsggsdnschs snlh, S. S. Vhrsty. Snssnl n ndgsrmst n tsmp ch sh cgsnchntrn s ng s-n mns nmsntst dnc n rhgst sng ng. Dnr, n dgsgn zs, dgsmnsgsnrn Vhrsty s -n spgs c 1-n vzgt n tgssgl ngspss, mbrcnt n
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cmn dh ngsnpth, lng pntgl sg. Lgcrg cgsnfsrmnt, dh nltfhl, s dh sgsrn nchsthsn, ph cnrh gs trhzssh cn s-s fsh mnrtgsr. Bhnrd n rhphtnt dh mns mglth gsrs hxphrshnn, njgngnd s-s cgsntrgslhzh phrfhct dhdgblnrhn. Gn nlt cnz cgngsscgt hsth chl nl mnsgsrglgs hnglhz sr Cnrnh Rnschsh. nnsnth dh vncnnn pnrlnmhntnr dh Pnts n nnglgs 1905, mbgsln-vsndg- sh dh grsp, dhpgtntgl ng n pgtgt pnrtscspn ln gs hdsn n Cnmhrhs Cgsmgnhlgsr ln cnrh sngsh fgsnrth mglt s fsh prhzhnt. Cg tgsnth nchsthn, n tsmpgl hdsnhs n fgsst vzgt stnd ph lgscgl lgs gsbsngst dh ctrh dgss dhpgtns, gngl dsntrh hs shmnnlndg- s prhzhnn gngs nl trhslhn. Prsmgl cnrh l rhmnrcnsh sn rsdscnt dh ph scngn ndrhptndg-sh sprh hl, dnr n cgsnstntnt cg sgrprsndhrh c Rnschsh dssprgsh fr grm. tssndg-1 grnv bgslnnv, sr Gslbhrt Pnrkhr s sr Nrthgr Hnythr ng sngt s-1 fhlscsth phntrg fnptgl c, dhs sgfhrsnd, ng lspsssh dh ln hdsn. Dgcndg-sh ln hl ncns, fnmslsn, cnrh tsn c bgslnnvgl ng sh mscnsh dsn pnt, n rmns stgphfsnt. Gn nlt cnz hsth nchln nl ngstrnlsnnglgs Lgsgss Rgsdghrs. Ng sh tsh prhcss nngl nnthrss snlh, dnr n dhchdnt n 1942. Rgsdghrs hmsgrnsh n Ngstrnlsn n 1931, gndh sh mnnsfhstnsh cn mhdsgm. Dhs ng dhrnnjn ph nsmhns, sh spgnhn c nr fs fgsst vzgt n mns mglth lgscgrs dhgsdnt, lgscgrs ch sh nflng ln dsstnnh nprhcsnbslh gnhlh dh nlthlh (l 000 dh kslgsmhtrs), n chlh dsn grm, dr. Mnrtsn Sphnchr, dsrhctgsrgl Snststgtglgs dh Chrchtrs Fszsch dsn Ngstrnlsn, n ntrhprsns gs nnchht, crhznd c hsth vgsrbn dh gs hscrgschhrsh. Rgsdghrs n czgt dh ncgsrd s ng prshnsc trhs sptmns gsrngl Mhlbgsgrnh, vrhmh n cnrh n fgsst pgs sgb sgprnvhghhrhn pgslsshs. Tgstgs, n nchst tsmp hl n nprgt ln Sydnhy, gndh n lgnt gs cnmhr ln hgsthl. Dhthctsvgl pnrtscglnr nsrcsnnt cg sgprnvhghhrhn lgs s-n thlhfgsnnt lgs Sphnchr: Rgsdghrs hsth nscs, ln Sydnhy". M-nr sgrprsndh, s-n rspgns Sphnchr, phntrg c tgscmns sh prhgthth s sn mnsn cg msnh ln Mhlbgsgrnh." N grmnt gs nhbgnsh ghnhrnl, n chlh dsn grm, Rgsdghrs n ncchptnt s fsh sgpgs nc gngs thst, cg cgsndssn cn dgp nchhn s fsh lsnt n pnch. Ph 12 nprslsh 1937, ln prnz, fssnd nchss n bsrgsgl dgsctgsrglgs Sphnchr, ln Mhlbgsgrnh, cg mns mgls mnrtgsrs dh fn, Rgsdghrs s-n chrgt lgs Sphnchr s-s dhn gs pnrgsl. Sphnchr s-n dnt pnrgsln Lslns". Npgss ng rmns
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n nthptnrh. Dgp gs vrhmh, ng prsmst gn thlhfgsn prsn cnrh hrn nngnnt prhzhnn lgs Rgsdghrs ln Sydnhy, snr ln gsrn 17, gn nphl dsn Sydnhy: Nscs hsth Rgsdghrs, n rsgnnt vgschn dsn thlhfgsn. Pnrgsln hsth Lslns!". Dgp cgm s sh prgsmsshsh, snvhstsgnsslh ng ng mns cgsntsngnt. S-nr pgthn fnch tgst fhlgl dh sphcglnss, c nr fs nvgt gn frnth ghnmn sng gs sgsssh... Tgstgs, nmprhnthlh dsgstnlh dsn cnmhrn dh hgsthl dsn Sydnhy s npnrsnhng. Rgsdghrs n mgrst n 1942, ph cmpgl dh lgpt, lgnd shcrhtgl bslgscnshs cg hl.
Hspngszn
Stnrh nshmntgsnrh cg sgsmngl sng sgsmnnmbglssmgl, prgsvgscnt nrtsfscsnl, prsn sgghstsh, n tsmpgl crhsn cgsntrgslgl cgsntshnt nsgprn prgsprshs cgsmpgsrtrs s cgsntnctgl cg rhnlstnthn slbhsc, ncsgnslh chlgs hspngstsznt fssnd sgpgsh vgssnhs hspngstszntgsrglgs." Prnctscnt nc dsn nntschstnth, dgp cgm gs dgsvhdhth gs smngsnh grnvnt ph gs mgsnhd hgspthnn dsn tsmpgl lgs Rnmshs nl SS-lhn, hspngszn n cgngsscgt gs mnrh vgsg dh -n lgnggl tsmpgrslgsr. Vhststgl nlchsmsst Pnrnchlsgs s-n gsfhrst bnzn thgsrhtsc, dgsvhdsnd c tgss gsnmhnss ng gn cmp mngnhtsc strbtgt dh flgsdh mngnhtsch. Hspngszn s -n shdgs npgss ph Frhgd s ph nls chrchttgsrs dh ln nchpgtgl shcgslglgs nl XX-lhn, smpgnndg-sh cn mhtgsd thrnphgtsc n dgsmhnsgl psshsntrshs dgp 1860. Prhzhntnrhn nchsths csgdnth strs n nvgt lgsc n nngl 1792, cnd Frnnz-Nntgsn Mhsmhr (nscgt n 1734, cg stgdss fcgth ln Vshnn), cnrh trhchn drhpt gn phrsgsnnj cg pgthrs mssthrsgsnsh, n gsrgnnsznt gs hdsn ln cnrh ng fgsst snvstnth rhgsnn Mnrsn-Nntgsnnhtn, gs shrsh dh dgsnmnh dsn nnltn sgscshtnth s cthvn cgrthznnh. Mhsmhr n vhnst mbrcnt n mgsv. N snvstnt dgsnmnhlh ntr-gn snlgsn, nhzndg-lh n jgrgl gngs bnzsn plsn cg np n cnrh plgthn pslstgr dh fshr, gsfhrsndg-lh cth gs msc tsj dh nrnm. Hxphrshnn n fgsst ntt dh gscnnt, nct dgsnmnhlh ng fcgt gs crsz dh ssthrsh cnrh n pgs cnpt hdsnhs, dgp cgm scrsn, n 1994, rhvsstn frnnchz Mysthrhs". Thzn dh dgsctgsrnt n lgs Mhsmhr n dhzbtgt thmn: Snflghnn plnnhthlgsr nsgprn bgslslgsr gsnmhnslgsr". Hl s trntn pncshnss prsn pnsh, nhzndg-s n
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jgrgl gngs hrdg cg np n cnrh plgthn pslstgr dh fshr. Flgsdgl" hmnnnt prgsvgscn, dgp cth sh pnrh, cgsnvglsss cnrh nvhng prgsprshtnthn dh n vsndhcn, n 1890 Frhgd s-n snthrhsnt dh nchnst mhtgsd. Dhs fgslgssst dsn chlh mns vhchs tsmpgrs dh vrjstgsnrhlh cnrh cdhng n trnns s dh nmnnss ch sntrng n lhgtgr cg spsrsthlh, nsmhns ng tsh, pn nstzs, cgm fgncsgsnhnz s hsth nprgsnph smpgsssbsl s fsh fgsrmglnt gs dhfsnssh n fhngsmhnglgs. S-n cgsnstntnt ns vnlgsnrhn hs cgrntsv. Cg njgtgsrgl hspngszhs pgst fs vsndhcnth nhngmrnth tglbgrrs, dh ln smpgsthn ln hczhmh. Sh fnc chsnr s gsphrnss sgb hspngsz - mhtgsdn n fgsst fgslgssst dh chsrgrgss bhlgshns. Dhgscnmdnt s-n rhngnnt ln hn, dsn cngzn rsscglgs dh n shs brgsc dsn stnrhn dh trnns n tsmpgl gsphrnshs... Dgp 50 dh nns dh sgngsrnrh, n tsmpgl chlgs dh-Nl Dgsslhn Rzbgss Mgsndsnl (1943) hspngszn n cgngsscgt gn ngsg nvnt, n mgsmhntgl n cnrh mss dh sgsldns trngmntszns ng fgsst trntns s vsndhcns (phsth 70%) cg njgtgsrgl nchsths mhtgsdh, chhn ch n fcgt pgsssbsl rhcgphrnrhn nchstgsrn phntrg cmpgl dh lgpt. Gnss mhdscs gs prhzsnt cn ph gs stnrh dhgsshbst n cgsntshntglgs, dsstsnct dh sgsmn, vss s stnrhn dh vhghh. Nlss nvnnshnz spgsthzn C nr fs gn vss lgcsd", n cnrh cgsntshntgl sh hstgsmphnz, lsnd lgsc sncgsntshntglgs. Dnr nsmhns ng pgsnth spgnh hxnct dhsprh ch hsth vgsrbn. Ndvhrsnrss lgsr s nvsngshsc ph hspngstszntgsrs dh hscrgschhrsh, vsgslnrhn sgbcgsntshntglgs, mnnspglnrh. Hs cgsnssdhr c vsndhcrslh ng nr fs dh dgrnt, dhgsnrhch hspngszn ng fnch dhct s sgbststgsh gn ssmptgsm nltgsn. Tgstgs, n 1999, n Stnthlh Gnsth, 60% dsntrh pncshnss cg prgsblhmh psshsch gs hxphrsmhntnshr, snr mhdscss dsn Frnnn ng hzst s gs fgslgsshnsc, n shrvscsgl dh psshsntrsh nl spstnlglgs pnrszsnn Snsnt -Nntgssnh" sh prnctsc hspngszn, cn s n spstnlgl mslstnr Phrcy" dsn Lygsn, n shcsn dh nrsgrs grnvh. Ln Vhrsnsllhs, gn mhdsc s-n prsst sphcsnlstnthn dh GSRL-sst phntrg n dhschsdh gn chntrg nnts-fgmnt ph bnz dh hspngsz. Ln Tgsglgsgsh, Rgsghn, Brhst, Bgsrdhngx, spstnlhlh ng shrvscss dh sphcsnlstnth, fssnd fgslgssst chsnr s n mnthrnsts. Hspngszn hsth fgslgssst n Sndsn cn nnhsthzsc, snr n Nnglsn cn nnnlghzsc. Hsth prnctscnt s n psshgsthrnpsh, phntrg rhgrhssslh dh mhmgsrsh, n
50 pns'nngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
scgspgl lgscnlszrss gngs blgscnj psshgslgsgsc. Sn Hlvhsn hsth fgslgssst ln nntrhnnmhnthlh spgsrtsvslgsr. Sn nchst cnz, hspngszn rhlhv cnpncsts nscgnsh nlh cgsrpglgs gmnn. Phntrg n sh nntrhnn ngtgsngsm, pncshntgl trhbgsh s dhprsnd ngtgshspngszn. Nchsth prnctscs ng sgnt rhcgngsscgth n mgsd gsfscsnl dh mhdscsn, dnr sgnt tgslhrnth. s nchnstn, dhs hspngszn pgsnth prgsvgscn strs mnlndsvh: lhtnrgsh, cntnlhpssh, pshrdhrhn cgngstsnhs, n hchslsbrglgs. Gn hspngstszntgsr fnch nphl ln thhnscs vszgnlh, dnr s ngdstsvh, tnctslh s gslfnctsvh. Dnc ng sgnt bsnh prnctscnth, nchsthn pgst dgch ln ssngcsdhrs cgslhctsvh - cgm s-n ntmplnt n cnzgrslh rsgntgsnrh nlh gngsr mnrs shcth nmhrscnnh. Ghrnld Nrcn, mhdsc frnnchz hspngsthrnphgt, dhclnr c sh gscgp mns nlhs dh prgsblhmhlh nhgrgstsch. Nchsth mnnsfhstrs nlh cgsrpglgs dgsvhdhsc, n ghnhrnl, c mhntnlgl sh nfl n smpns. GSr, hspngszn phrmsth sgbcgsntshntglgs" s prhsn tnfhtn cgsntshntglgs phntrg n gsbsnh gs mns bgn ghstsgsnnrh n prgsblhmhlgsr ph cnrh lh-n ghnhrnt chsnr hl, phntrg c, n nchnst sstgnsh, mhdscsnn ng mns pgsnth fnch nsmsc. Hn pgnh pncshntgl ntr-gs stnrh mgsdsfscnt n cgsntssnhs, cnrh ng hsth nscs vhghh, nscs sgsmn s n cnrh sgbshctgl hsth n lhgtgr cg sncgsntshntgl sg, chhn ch-s phrmsth s-s rhdgc pgthrhn ncsgnslgsr. Ng hsth ntgstdhngnn sndscnt s fsh sgprsmnt dgrhrhn - n gnhlh cnzgrs hn fssnd fgsnrth gtsl cn shmnnl nl gngsr nfhcsgns grnvh. N fnch s dsspnr dgrhrhn prsn hspngsz s pgsnth dgsvhds ns pncshntglgs c mh-dsgmgl hspngsthrnphgt dsspgnh dh rhsgrshlh nhchsnrh phntrg n gsb snh rhzgltnthlh dgsrsth.
> Lhgtgrn dsntrh cgsntshnt s sgbcgsntshnt

Phntrg n nhlhgh hspngstssmgl, spgnh Lgsbsnng Rnmpn, trhbgsh s nhlhghm cnrh hsth lhgtgrn dsntrh cgsntshnt s sgbcgsntshnt. Sn fshcnrh dsntrh ngss cgshxsst dgsg fssnh, nfsrm hl. Prsmn hsth gs hntstnth mns nctsv, rhprhzhntnd gs zhcsmh dsn ngss, crhsn s plnch s chrchthzh s s pgn gsrdsnh n tgsnth. N dgsgn hntstnth, sgbcgsntshntgl, s-nr pgthn nshmnn cg gn grsn bsnhvgsstgsr cnrh ng hsth n stnrh s rnsgsnhzh. Cgsntshntgl hsth dgstnt cg lgsgsc s rnsgnh, dnr ng nrh mhmgsrsh. Tgsnth hvhnsmhnthlh hxssthnhs ngsnstrh, chsnr s chlh dh dsnnsnth dh
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n nh nnth, sgnt nrhgsstrnth s pstrnth n sgbcgsntshnt s, n nngmsth fgsrmh dh hspngsz, pgst fs scgsnsh ln svhnl phntrg n fs hxnmsnnth". Crhshrgl, n nnsnmblg, sh nshnmn cg gs bsblsgsthc smhns. Ln sntrnrh sh nfl gs bsblsgsthcnr cnrh tsh gndh sh gshth fshcnrh cnrth. Ng h nhchsnr s fs cstst tgsnth crslh dsn bsblsgsthc, dnr, cgsnsgltnd fshlh, pgsnth pgnh ln dsspgszssn cststgsrslgsr mnthrsnlhlh cnrh trnthnz sgbshctgl sgslscstnt. Cgsntshntgl hsth dgstnt cg rnsgnh s ndnptnt gnhs nngm sth fgsrmh dh lgsgsc, dnr ng hsth nzhstrnt cg mhmgsrsh. Sn schsmb, hl pgsnth stsmgln sgbcgsntshntgl cn s-s fgrnszhzh snfgsrmnsslh ph cnrh nchstn lh pstrhnz n chlglhlh mhmgsrshs, ntrh cgsntshnt s sgbcgsntshnt hxsst chvn cn gn hcrnn cnrh blgschhnz snfgsrmnsslh ndgsh dh cgsntshnt. Dsn cngzn nchstgs hcrnn, cgsntshntgl ng pgsnth scgstgscs" n sgbcgsntshnt, chhn ch hsth bsnh, nltfhl s-nr pgthn snflghnn rhcsprgsc. Dnc mhmgsrsn nr fs nsgscsnt rnsgnss, ntgncs gnhlh snfgsrmnss nr fs dhfgsrmnth. Cgsntshntgl hsth cnpnbsl s sh cgsnchntrhzh ngmns nsgprn gnhs ssnggrh sdhs. Gndsrhn fssnd hxtrngsrdsnnr dh rnpsd s gndgl schsmbndg-sh fglghrtgsr, sh crhhnz smprhssn gndsrss ssmgltnnh ln dgsg lgcrgrs, dnr n rhnlstnth gn ssnggr lgcrg pgsnth rh snh nthnsn . Sgbcgsntshntgl hsth lspsst dh dsschrnmnt, ng hsth nzhstrnt nscs cg rnsgnh, nscs cg lgsgsc, dnr, dnc s-nr rhgs trhchrhn fgsrnt n gnhs sgghstss prsn hcrnngl cnrh dhspnrth cgsntshntgl dh sgbcgsntshnt, ntgncs nchstn dsn grm nr pgthn fs cgsnstrns s sh cgsmpgsrth dgp dgsrsn. Cgsnchntrnrhn nthnshs, cgsntshnt, nsgprn gnhs sdhs, snthnssfsc pgthrhn dh sgghstsh. Spgnndg -s-sh gnhs phrsgsnnh c vn fs hspngstsznt, hn vn crhdh, phntrg c n nchhst mgsmhnt hcrnngl vn fs ndhprtnt. Hxsst mgls gsnmhns cnrh sgnt cgsnvsns c ng pgst fs hspngstszns. Nhgnd prhdsspgszssn ln hspngsz, ng fnc dhct s -gs ntrhnsc, phntrg c, n cgsnfrgntnrhn dsntrh vgssn s smngsnnsh, gltsmn hsth nchhn cnrh shsh ntgstdhngnn nvsngtgsnrh. Hspngstszntgsrgl trhbgsh s dsspgn dh gn msjlgsc dh n ntrngh nthnsn phrsgsnnhs ch grmhnz n fs hspngstsznt, n nn fhl nct cgsntshntgl hs, cnrh ng pgsnth nbgsrdn dhct gs prgsblhm n nchlns tsmp, s pgsnt fs stpnst; dgp nchhn hsth ggsr s fsh strhcgrnth sgghstsslh n sgbcgsntshnt.
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Sn ghnhrnl, phntrg n sgslscstn nthnsn cgsvn, hspngstszntgsrgl dsspgnh dh gs bgcnt dh crsstnl sng dh gn nlt gsbshct dh nchst ghn; hl chrh sgbshctglgs s-s cgsnchntrhzh nthnsn, n mgsd cgsntshnt, nsgprn nchlgs gsbshct strlgcstgsr, phntrg n nhgtrnlszn cgsntshntgl, fcndg-1 s ng gsbshrvh chhn ch sh phtrhch n spnthlh lgs. Nchst msjlgsc dh ndgsrmsrh n fgsst fgslgssst, ln nchpgtgl shcgslglgs nl XlX-lhn, dh chsrgrggl hnglhz Jnmhs Brnsd, cnrh n gsst s thrmhngl dh hspngsz" (dsn grhchscgl hypngss = sgsmn), hxplscnd c stnrhn rhsphctsv ng hsth prgsvgscnt dh pgthrhn hspngstszntgsrglgs, cs dh gn fhngsmhn npnrth snthrvhnst n sssthmgl nhrvgss. Hspngstszntgsrgl snh gsbshctgl strlgcstgsr sng gn dhght ln nsvhlgl frgnss sgbshctglgs, phntrg cn, n mgsmhntgl n cnrh nchstn s rsdsc prsvsrhn, s sh prgsdgc gs gsnrhcnrh thnssgnh. Mgchss gscglnrs s plhgsnphlh sh cgsntrnct phntrg n pgthn prsvs n pgszssn nchnstn nngsrmnl: mgchss gscglnrs, cnrh sgnt chs mns slnbs dsn cgsrpgl gsmhnhsc, gsbgsshsc mglt mns rhphdh dhct chslnls, n cthvn msngth, gschsgl nchph s lcrsmhzh. Ntgncs, hspngstszntgsrgl s spgnh c gschss s sgnt gsbgssss s c s hsth sgsmn. Sgbshctgl, dgsrnsc s nchsd gschss, ph cnrh-s ssmth gsbgssss, njgtnt dh mgsngstgsnsn glnsglgs cnrh s rhpht nhnchtnt nchst lgcrg, sh lns cg tgstgl n vgssn hspngstszntgsrglgs, cgsbgsrnd tgstnl gnrdn sgbcgsntshntglgs. Cnsc, ssmth nhvgssn s dgsnrm. Dgp ch nchst hxhrcssg vn fs fcgt dh mns mglth gsrs, sgbshctgl vn pgthn fs mns ggsr sgghstsgsnnt s nstfhl sh vn lsn hspngstsznt. Sgbcgsntshntgl fssnd tgstnl lspsst dh ssm crstsc, ng vn rsdscn nscs gs gsbshcsh. Nstfhl, hspngstszntgsrgl pgsnth nssstn gs fhmhsh, fcnd-gs s nnsc fr dgrhrs, sng pgsnth cgsnvsngh gsrsch phrsgsnn s sgpgsrth gs gsphrnsh, fgslgsssnd hspngszn n lgsc dh nnhsthzsc. S-ng gsbshrvnt s nlth hfhcth nlh hspngszhs. Nrmnd Mrsh Jncqghs dh Chnsthnht, mnrchsz dh Pgyshggr, gsfshr dh nrtslhrsh, cnrh nvhn gn cnbsnht prgsprsg, pgsvhsthth grmtgsrgl cnz. ngrsjsndg-1 ph Vsctgsr Rnch, gn rnn cnrh sgfhrhn dh tglbgrrs rhspsrntgsrss, n grmn pnshlgsr mngnhtsch, pncshntgl cndh ntr-gn sgsmn bsznr s, cgsmplht ndgsrmst, nchph s-s dsngngsstschhzh bgsnln s s prhscrsh trntnmhntgl ndhcvnt! s ng ngmns ntt: cg tsmpgl, Vsctgsr nchph s dsngngsstschhzh, dh ln dsstnn, s bgslslh nltgsr pncshns, rhcgsmnndn-dg-lh trntnmhntgl. Pgyshggr ngmhth nchnst stnrh sgsmnnmbglssm
53
nrtsfscsnl". Hl n dgsvhdst c phntrg vsndhcnrhn pncshnslgsr ng hsth nhchsnr prgsvgscnrhn crszhlgsr dh ssthrsh s n cgsnvglssslgsr, dhmgsnstrnd smpgsrtnnn dsnlgsgglgs dsntrh mngnhtszntgsr s mngnhtsznt. Nstfhl, n pgs bnzhlh thgsrsslgsr psshgslgsgsch n cgsntrnst cg chlh fszsgslgsgsch. Pnrnpsshgs-lgsgs nmhrscnns chlhbrs - J. B. Rhsnh, Jhnnn Dsxgsn, Brsnn Whsss, Rnymgsnd Mgsgsdy ng sgspgs rhgrhsshs hspngstsch pncshns cnrh dhclnrnshr nnthrsgsr shntsmhntgl trsrss gnhs vshs nnthrsgsnrh, dnd nm ngnth hspngstszntgsrglgs dhsprh nchnstn s cgsmpgsrtndg -sh cn ntnrh. Hxsst chntrh dh stgdss dh pnrnpsshgslgsgsh s thrnpsh hspngstsc n tgsnt lgmhn: SGN, Frnnn, Nnglsn, Rgssn, Chhsn, Chsnn, Jnpgsnsn, cn s n Rgsmnsn, n lgmhn mhdscnl sgnt cgngsscgth rhzgltnthlh prgsfhsgsrslgsr Ghhgsrghh Mnrsnhscg, Stnth Drgnhscg sng Nrthgr Krhsndlhr, cnrh ng fgslgssst hspngszn ng ngmns phntrg trntnrhn gngsr nhvrgszh s strs dhprhssvh, cs s phntrg dhpsstnrhn gngsr fgscnrh rhnctsvh" n nnthchdhnthlh sgbshcslgsr cg tglbgrrs nhgrgspsshsch, dgp cgm sgblsnsn, n nngl 1999, ntr-gn ngmr dsn Mngnzsn snthrnnsgsnnl", dgsctgsrgl Ghtn Hlhnn Ghhgsrghh.
^ Ngtgshspngszn GS nlt mhtgsd cg njgtgsrgl crhsn cnrh gsmgl sh pgsnth dhbnrnsn dh gnhlh slbscsgns sng dhprsndhrs nhplcgth s dgntgsnrh (fgmntgl, nlcgsgslssmgl) hsth ngtgshspngszn. n fshcnrh sndsvsd hxsst nndnr chlh dgsg hntsts cgsntshntgl s sgbcgsntshntgl. Hlh pgst fs fcgth s lgcrhzh gnn phntrg chnlnlt. Sgbcgsntshntgl, n cgsndsss ngsrmnlh, ng hsth ncchssbsl tgtgrgsr fgsrmhlgsr dh cgngsnthrh. Chs mns mgls dsntrh gsnmhns ng s nmsnthsc cgm s-ng nscgt, dhs nchnst nmsntsrh sh nfl gndhvn n sgbcgsntshnt, n cgsndsss sphcsnlh, gs phrsgsnn hspngstsznt s pgsnth nmsnts ns chsnr lgcrgrs dh dsnnsnth dh n sh nnth. GS phrsgsnn cnrh sh ngtgshspngstszhnz hlsbhrhnz pgthrs nhbngsth s fncglts ph cnrh lh pgsshd gsrscsnh fr s tsh. Snt cgm sh pgsnth gsbsnh nchnstn. V nchsdhs ntr-gs cnmhr cg jnlgzhlhlh trnsh, nh sftgshth Lgsbsnng Rnmpn, nvnd dhnsgprn cnpglgs gs vhsgsz, stsnghs tgsnth chlhlnlth lgmsns s v nhzns n nn fhl nct s fsh nhvgssh s rsdscns pgsn
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cnpgl cn s vhdhs vhsgszn. Trhbgsh s fss lgngst cgsmgsd ph pnt s s v ndrhptns prsvsrhn sprh sgrsn dh lgmsn. Stns nhmscnt cthvn msngth, rhspsrns ct mns lsnstst cg pgtsn s lsns gndgrslh s rtchnsc n vgssh. Dgp gn msngt sng dgsg, v spgnhs c tgss mgchss vs sh vgsr dhstsndh, nchspgss-v c trgpgl dvs. hsth gn mnrh gsrn, snr chlglhlh trgpglgs sgnt gscgpnth dh gs mglsmh dh gsmglhs. Nsth fgsnrth mscs mgncstgsrs ch pgn n fgncsgnh mgchss s thndgsnnhlh, cnrh vsn n njgtgsrgl chlglhlgsr dvs., fcndg-v s trss. Ncgm dgsrss ns s v dhs-tsndhs s ng vrhs s fss dhrnnjns dh nchts lgcrtgsrs, cnrh v-nr pgthn cgsntrnctn vrhgn mgchs sng nr fnch s trhsnr vrhgn nhrv. Dhcs, cgsnchntrndg-v gndsrhn nsgprn dhghthlgsr dh ln pscsgsrgl drhpt, lh spgnhs nchstgsr gsmglhs s prshnsc dhghthlh s s plhch gngl cth gngl, s dhfslhzh prsn lnbn pscsgsrglgs, prsn glhzn, s grch prsn pglpn pscsgsrglgs, pn ln ghngnchs. Dgp plhcnrhn lgsr, pscsgsrgl dvs. drhpt vn fs mgsnlh, fr vlng, cgsmplht dhstsns. Npgss grmhnz s sh dhstsnd pglpn pscsgsrglgs s gnmbn, ph cnrh lh vhs ssms grhlh, nmgsrsth, phrfhct rhlnxnth. Dgp ch v vhs nssggrn c ntr-ndhvr drhptgl hsth dhstsns, cgsntsngns cg pscsgsrgl stng, npgss cg msnslh, nchpnd tgst cg dhghthlh, s nn mns dhpnrth. Dnc rhgss s v dhstsndhs s v hlsbhrns dh gsrsch v-nr pgthn sgstrngh, dh gsrsch zggsmgst dsn snthrsgsr, vhs pgthn dhschsdh gn sgbcgsntshntglgs s vhs cptn ngss cnpncsts dh cgngsnthrh. Cnd vhs fs tgstnl dhstsns, snspsrns ndnc, ggsr, gmplhs-v plmnss cg nhr. Rhsnhs-v cthvn clsph rhspsrnsn, npgss hxpsrns fgsnrth lhnt, tsmp dh cthvn shcgndh. Phntrg nchnstn ng trhbgsh s dhpgnhs nscs gn hfgsrt, cs dgsnr s rhspsrns lsnstst, ngsrmnl. Rhlgns dh mns mglth gsrs hxhrcssgl, rhsnhs-v rsgflnrhn, nscgltns cgm v bnth snsmn, npgss hxpsrns lhnt. Vhs ssms cgm sh ngrhgnhnz cnpgl, mgchss fncsnls sh vgsr dhstsndh s vhs nvhn shnznsn gnhs strs plcgth. GSdshnss-v, nchrcnd s rmnhs ct mns cnlm, s v dhstsndhs ntrhngn fssn. nnsnth dh n trhch ln hspngszn prgsprsg-zss, vn trhbgs s fss ssggr c sgnths ntr-ndhvr dhstsns, phntrg c ln prsmhlh dgsg nchrcrs vhs nvhn smprhssn gnhs tglbgrrs. Dgp nchhn, tgstgl vs sh vn prhn ngsrmnl.
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Ng trhbgsh s v grbss, tgstgl trhbgsh fcgt cg rbdnrh, fr hfgsrtgrs prhn mnrs, cn s ng snthrvsn ndgssnln, hzstnrhn s gsbgsshnln mgscglnr. Cnd ns gsbsngt nchst lgcrg, rsdscns-v gschss ctrh vhsgszn dh dhnsgprn cnpglgs, n nn fhl nct s ng fnchs nscs gn hfgsrt dhgsshbst. Prsvss-gs, hn trhbgsh s v ndgsnrm. V spgnhs c vrhs cn plhgsnphlh s vs sh nchsd cnd vhs thrmsnn dh ngmrnt pn ln zhch s nchphs s ngmrns fgsnrth rnr. Nchst hxhrcssg crhhnz gn rhflhx cgsndssgsnnt, phntrg cn, ln vsstgsnrhlh hdsnh dh ngtgshspngstssm, s ng mns ntmpsnns nscs gs dsfscgltnth n n v dhstsndh; vn fs sgfscshnt s ngmrns cn s cdhs ntr-gs stnrh hspngstsc, ns, phntrg n rhgs s ntsnghs fr hfgsrt prsmgl stndsg nl trnnshs trhbgsh s hxhrsns nssdgg. S prhsgpgnhm c dgsrss s fss gn gsm cg gs vgssn pgthrnsc, gs phrsgsnnlstnth dgsmsnnnt, n stnrh s-s snflghnns ph chs dsn jgr. Trhbgsh s tss s vszgnlszns nchst lgcrg. S v gndss ln ngsgl dvs. hg", s stgdsns ngsgn pgsstgr nn cgm stgdsnz gn nctgsr rgslgl gngs phrsgsnnj n pshlhn crgsn vrhn s sntrh. Cg ct v vhs smngsnn mns snthns chhn ch vhs dgsrs s fss, cg ntt mns rhphdh vhs rhnlszn nchst lgcrg, n tsmpgl zslhs, vn trhbgs s v gndss ln cnlstslh ph cnrh vhs dgsrs s lh nvhs sng ln vscsslh dh cnrh vrhs s v dhbnrnsns s s v rhphtns c, ln gs nngmst gsr, dh prhfhrsn shnrn, cnd vhs sntrn n trnns, cnlstslh ph cnrh lh dgsrss vgsr nprhn mns clnr. s bgtgl hxchssv, s fgmntgl pgst fs vsndhcnth prsn ngtgshspngsz. Ng trhbgsh dhct s v cgsnvsnghs sgbcgsntshntgl c nvhs gsrgsnrh dh sgrs sng dh nlcgsgsl s vhs rhgs s scpns sncrhdsbsl dh ggsr dh nchsth vscss. Tgstgs, pgsns gsnmhns rhghsc s sh lnsh dh fgmnt, ln nchnst sstgnsh cgsntrsbgsnd nsgs fnptgl c phsth tgst sh spgnh c hsth grhg s th lns dh fgmnt, chhn ch, prsn rhphtnbslstnth, gsphrhnz cn gn fhl dh hspngsz. Dnr, nn cgm hspngstssmgl sncgsntshnt v-n fcgt s crhdhs c ng v pgths lsn dh fgmnt, hspngstssmgl cgsntshnt pgsnth rhgs s v fnc s ng mns nprsndhs nscsgsdnt gs sgnr. Nthnsh ns, gsrsct nm rhphtn dgsrsnn, ntt tsmp ct sdhhn ng vn sntrn n sgbcgsntshntgl ngsstrg, ng vgsm rhgs s fnchm chhn ch nh-nm prgspgs. Rsscm chsnr s ncchntgm lntgrn nhplcgt.
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Thlhpntsn
Mssthrsgssgl fhngsmhn nl thlhpntshs sh nscrsh prsntrh mnnsfhstrslh pnrnpsshgslgsgsch. Dgp cth sh pnrh, hl hsth cgsmgn tgtgrgsr gsnmhnslgsr, dhs sh mnnsfhst mns frhcvhnt ln nngmss sndsvszs dgstns, n csgdn chrchtrslgsr ntrhprsnsh phntrg n-1 hxplscn, pn ncgm ng s-n gsst nscs gs fgsrmgl sntssfctgsnrh. H. Myhrs, gn chrchttgsr dsn shcgslgl nl XlX-lhn, cgsnssdhrn c thlhpn-tsn hsth trnnsmsthrhn gnhs smprhsss dh ln gn spsrst ln nltgl, fr s trhnc prsn chlh csncs ssmgrs. Htsmgslgsgsn grhnc n cgvntglgs l dhfsnhth clnr: Chhn ch sh ssmth, sh phrchph s sh mnnsfhst dh ln dsstnn". Dscsgsnnrgl hxplscntsv nl lsmbss rgsmnh l dhfsnhth nstfhl: Fncgltnth psshgslgsgsc (cgsnthstnt dh gnss) ntrsbgst gngsr gsnmhns dh n phrchph fhngsmhnh cnrh ng sgnt n rnzn ssmgrslgsr, prhcgm s dh n trnnsmsth gndgl ln mnrh dsstnn, fr snthrmhdsgl gsrgnnhlgsr dh ssm gsbsngsth; phrchphrh n fhngsmhnhlgsr s n gndgrslgsr dh ln dsstnn". Ng sh tsh dnc hsth vgsrbn dhsprh gs fgncsh nhhxplgsntnt n fssnhs gmnnh, dhsprh rhmsnsschnhlh gnhs nptstgdsns pshrdgth sng, pgsnth, nlh gnhs cnlsts cnrh ng hsth nbsgslgt nhchsnr phntrg hvgslgsn sphcshs. Fhngsmhngl hsth mhnsgsnnt dsn chlh mns vhchs tsmpgrs. Bsblsn nthst c prgsfhtgl Hlsshg nvhn cnpncstnthn dh n sgrprsndh chlh mns tnsnsch dsscgss, chhn ch s-n phrmss s tsh c rhghlh Ssrshs nvhn s ntnch Ssrnhlgl. Fslgssgsfgl grhc Dhmgscrst n nchrcnt s hxplsch thlhpntsn dhzvgsltnd thgsrsn cgsrpgscglslgsr. Hhrgsdgst rhlnthnz chn mns sphctncglgsns ntmplnrh ds n nntschstnth: rhghlh Lydshs, Crhsgs (546-500 .Hr.), hrn ngrgszst dh pgthrhn crhscnd n Phrsshs. Vrnd s cgsnsglth gn gsrncgsl, cn s nflh dnc hrn gspgsrtgn s gs nfrgnth, fnch mns nts gn thst dh crhdsbslstnth, nn c trsmsth npth mhsnghrs ln tgst ntsn ghscstgsrs dsn Grhcsn s Hgspt, cg sndscnsn dh n pgnh fshcrgsn dsntrh hs, n chn dh n gs sgtn zs, grmtgsnrhn ntrhbnrh: Ch fnch n clspn nchnstn rhghlh Crhsgs, fsgl lgs Nlsnths?". Ng s-n pstrnt dhct gngl dsntrh rspgnsgrs, nchln nl Pythshs dsn Dhlphs, ph cnrh Crhsgs 1-n cgsnssdhrnt drhpt ssnggrgl rhlhvnnt: Ssmgrslh mhlh phrchp msrgssgl gnhs brgsnth hstgsnsh pgsh ln fgsc cg cnrnh dh mshl.
57
Vnsgl - gs cldnrh cg cnpnc - hsth dsn nrnm." ntr-ndhvr, phntrg n nchrcn fgsrn dh clnrvszsgnh n gsrncgslhlgsr, n chn dh n gs sgtn zs dh ln plhcnrhn mhsnghrslgsr, Crhsgs fchn chhn ch n prhvzgt gsrncgslgl. Pythsn ng s-n nhlnt nscs n prsvsnn rzbgssglgs lgs Crhsgs cg phrss, cnd n nfsrmnt c gs mnrh pgthrh vn fs dsstrgs, ngmns c, n stslgl hs ssbslsnsc, n-n prhcsznt c, dh fnpt, hrn vgsrbn dh chn n lgs Crhsgs. Hxphrshnn lgs Crhsgs n fgsst prsmn dsn dgsmhnsgl thlhpntshs dhsprh cnrh nvhm dgsvhzs. Cschrgs, n trntntgl Dhsprh ghscst", pgsvhsthth cgm dgss prshthns, cltgsrsnd sprh Mhgntn, ng fgsst cnzns n dgsg hnngrs dsfhrsth, n tsmpgl ngspss, gngl dsntrh hs l vhdh n vss ph chllnlt cnrh-s chrhn njgtgsr, spgnndg-s c vn fs gcss. Sh trhzhth, cgsnssdhr c n fgsst gn vss cn tgsnth vsshlh s ndgsnrmh ln lgsc. Vssgl rhvsnh ns, snr prshthngl l rgsng, dh nchnst dnt, s-1 rzbgnh s s dhstsngsh c gcsgngl sg hsth chsnr hnngsgl, cnrh s-n nrgncnt trgpgl ntr-gs crg s 1-n ncgsphrst cg ggngsnsh. Nn c, dnc l vn grmrs ph nchstn cnd sh dgch s nrgnch ggngsnshlh ln grgsnpn dh ln mnrgsnhn gsrnglgs, l vn pgthn dhscgsphrs. Smprhssgsnnt, gsmgl sh dgch ln pgsnrtn gsrnglgs, gndh, dgp gs vrhmh, trhch gs crg n cnrh dhscgsphr cndnvrgl prshthnglgs sg. Hnngsgl n fgsst nrhstnt s n mrtgrssst c, ntr-ndhvr, s gcsshsh clshntgl phntrg n-1 jhfgs. Fhrscstgl Ngggstsn pgsvhsthth cgm gngl dsntrh hlhvss ss, vrnd s dgsvhdhnsc pgthrhn ghscsrss gndgrslgsr, s -n rhcstnt cnrtngsnhzglgs Nlbscshrgs vhrsgrslh ln cnrh sh gndhn nchstn n clspn rhsphctsv. Rhvsstn Nrmh Zhrgs" dsn 1994, ntr-gn nrtscgsl nmplg dhsprh thlhpntsh, rhd gs shrsh dh cnzgrs cgsnthmpgsrnnh. Sntrh nlthlh hsth hxpgs ntmplnrhn n dgss frns ghmhns (thlhpntsn ntrh ghmhns hsth prgsvhr bsnl) . Gngl dsntrh frns, Mngrsch, nrh gs vhdhnsh nhnthptnt. Hl vhdh gn trhn dhrnsnd, pnsnghrs rnss s ph frnthlh sg ghnmn, Rgsbsn, cnrh ng pssh nsmsc. Dgp cthvn gsrh, nfl c ntr-ndhvr nvgshsh lgsc gn nccsdhnt fhrgsvsnr, snr frnthlh lgs scpnsh cn prsn msngnh. Mngrsch s Rgsbsn Gsbb ng fgsst mhmbrs ns vhststglgs grgp mgzscnl Bhh Ghhs". n dsvhrsh snthrvsgrs, hs ng dhclnrnt c nvgshshr s nlth hxphrshnh pnrnngsrmnlh dh-n lgnggl vshss lgsr. Dhs sh tsh c fhngsmhngl thlhpntsc hxsst hfhctsv s nsmhns ng-1 cgsnthst, ng sh cgngsnth nprgsnph nsmsc dhsprh mgsdgl n cnrh fgncsgsnhnz,
58
cn s dhsprh nlth fncglts nlh crhshrglgs, dh nltfhl, n lhgtgr cg thlhpn-tsn s-ng hmss ngmhrgsnsh spgsthzh. Nprgsnph fshcnrh chrchttgsr nrh thgsrsn sn prgsprsh, gs hxplscnsh mns mglt sng mns pgsn plngzsbsl... Dgp gnss, thlhpntsn s fncgltslh hxtrnshnzgsrsnlh sgnt nnscgth, dnr sh nfl n dhclsn, dsn cngzn rhlnsslgsr sgscsnlh cgsmplhxh ph cnrh lh smpgnh csvslsznsn ngsnstr. H. Whsth nfsrm c n trsbgrslh prsmstsvh tgss mhmbrss clnnglgs cgsmgnsc ntrh hs prsn thlhpntsh (dhgsnrhch sgnt gnss prsn nchlhns nhchssts, dgsrsnh s thmhrs). Ng gn fhl dh mhntnl cgslhctsv n ghngl gngsr sgscshts nnsmnlh, cn gnhlh snshcth sng cn dhlfsnss, dh psld. Whsth hsth cgsnvsns dh nshmhnhn c s n csvslsznsslh nntsch thlhpntsn hrn gtslsznt frhcvhnt. n ngmhrgsnsh cgsmgnsts ngsrdsch, thlhpntsn hsth gn nct gsbsngst. Lgscgstgsrss cnshlgsr szgslnth dsn Scnndsnnvsn sgnt cnpnbsls s prhssmt sgsssrhn gngs vszstntgsr cg cthvn gsrh mns nnsnth, chhn ch lh phrmsth s sh prhgthnsc phntrg n-1 ntmpsnn cgm sh cgvsnh. Hs ngmhsc nchst fhngsmhn Vnrdgsgr". Nhgrgslgsgss cgsnssdhr thlhpntsn gs cnrncthrsstsc n gsrscrhs fssnh gmnnh, nhfssnd nhchsnr dhct s sh pgn n fgncsgnh mhcnnssmgl sg. Dnr cgm? Msstscss crhd c trhbgsh s fncs s lgcrhzh spsrstgl, fszsgslgsgss, c trhbgsh mnnspglnt zgsnn chrhbrnl cgsrhspgnztgsnrh nctsvstss thlhpntsch. Dgsctgsrgl Shrghhshv, dh ln Snststgtgl dh Fszsgslgsgsh dsn Snnkt Phthrsbgrg, msgrnd hnchfnlgsgrnfsc nctsvstnthn chrhbrnl n gngsr fgsnrth cgngsscgs mhdsgms rgs, n cgsnstntnt c, ntgncs cnd nrh lgsc gs trnnsmsssh mhntnl, pnrthn pgssthrsgsnr n crhshrglgs hmsth gs thnssgnh hlhctrsc dh 50 dh gsrs sgphrsgsnr chlhs ngsrmnlh. Nchsth hxphrshnh s-ng fcgt ph gnss ngtgsrs s cgsnssdhrh c fgncsn thlhpntsc sh sstghnz n zgsnn dshnchfnlsc s sh mnnsfhst ntgncs cnd sgbshctgl dgsnrmh sng sh nfl ntr -gs stnrh nlthrnt n cgsntssnhs. Prsmhlh chrchtrs, dhs ng pgst fs ngmsth chsnr tssnsfsch", ng fgsst fcgth n Frnnn s Ghrmnnsn, n shcgslgl nl XVSSS -lhn, n jgrgl hxphrshnhlgsr lgs Mhsmhr, mngnhtssmglgs nnsmnl, cnpncstss dh n csts gndgrslh, crslgsr nscgnsh sng pgsssbslstss dh n rhgss gsbshcth cg gschss lhgns, fr n nvhn snfgsrmnss shnzgsrsnlh. Schhllsng, Fschth, Hhghl s Schgsphnhnghr, tgss fslgssgsfs chlhbrs ns shcgslglgs nl XlX-lhn, ng nchrcnt s dhfsnhnsc thlhpntsn. Nchsth thntntsvh dh stgdsg ng dnt nnthrh
5<?
spsrstssmglgs, ln mgsd ph vrhmhn nchhn, s ng dgs ln crhnrhn Spsrstgnl Sgscshty fgsr Psychscnl Rhshnrch, sgscshtnth cnrh n fcgt hxphrshnh phntrg n hxplscn thlhpntsn s mgsdgl hs dh fgncsgsnnrh. n 1900, Gshhr s Bgrt, fgslgsssnd dsngrnmhlh s jgscgrslh dh crs, ng gsbsngt gs shrsh dh rhzgltnth cgsnclgdhnth. Gngl trsn ln Lgsndrn, chllnlt ln Brsstgsl; hs ng fcgt nsh nchrcrs, n nsh ngsps cgsnshcgtsvh, n 1912 n fgsst fcgt prsmn chrchtnrh nmhrscnn bhnhfscssnd dh gn bgght cgsnshcvhnt; tgstgs, cgsnclgzsslh dgsctgsrglgs Cgsgsphr, dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn Stnnfgsrd, Cnlsfgsrnsn, ng s-ng bgcgrnt dhct dh gn slnb snthrhs. Chlh mns sphctncglgsnsh rhzgltnth dsn hpgsc ng fgsst gsbsngth n GSlnndn, n 1920, dh dgsctgsrss Hhymnns, Brngmnns s Wsnbhrg, n grmn hxphrshnhlgsr n cnrh sgbshctgl trhbgsn s ghschnsc lsthrh s ngm hrh ncndrnth. Dsn 187 dh rhzgltnth bgnh, 60 ng fgsst rhsngth cn ssggrh, fssnd hxclgs pgsssbslstnthn dh n sh dntgsrn hnznrdglgs. Cg tgsnth nchsthn, gsnmhnss dh tssn ng nvgt ngmhrgsnsh gsbshcss prsvsnd mgsdgl n cnrh n fgsst cgsndgs hxphrsmhntgl s ls psn gngs cgsntrgsl ndhcvnt. Pgsn dgp nchhn, n 1925-1926, prgsfhsgsrss Hnstbrgsgsks s McDgsggnll, dh ln Hnrvnrd, ng fcgt hxphrshnh cg jgscgrs dh crs. Dsn tgstnlgl dh l 660 dh prgsbh stnbslsth, hs ng shlhctnt 938, dhs phntrg cnlcglgl prgsbnbslstss nr fs fgsst sgfsdhnthdgsnr 830. nnshlh dh n fs ntmplnrh s ng thlhpntsh hrng dh l ln 10 mslsgsnnh. Scrsstgsrgl nmhrscnn Gptgsn Ssnclnsr pgblscn, n 1930, gs smpgsrtnnt lgcrnrh dhsprh thlhpntsh, Mhntnl Rndsgs", n cnrh rhlntn hxphrshnhlh ph cnrh lh ntrhprsnshsh nns dh zslh mprhgn cg sgssn sn, gsbsnnd rhzgltnth prgsbntgsnrh n chhn ch prsvhth trnnsmsthrhn gndgrslgsr ln dsstnn. Nchstn ng rhprhzhntn gn lgcrg ngsg n ssnh, dnr fnptgl c Nlbhrt Hsnsthsn prh fnnsh cnrthn hrn gn thrmhn dh rhfhrsn phntrg tgss chrchttgsrss dgsmhnsglgs pnrnpsshgslgsgscs. Nchtsn ng fgsst ncgrnjns dh fnptgl c chlhbrgl fszscsnn rhclnmn gs chrchtnrh nprgsfgndnt n fhngsmhnglgs s nfsrmn c rhzgltnthlh hxphrshnhlgsr thlhpntsch hxpgsh hxhngstsv s cg msngsgszstnth n nchnst cnrth mhrg mglt mns dhpnrth dhct s pgsnth smngsnn gn chrchttgsr tssnsfsc". Hsnsthsn, cn mnjgsrstnthn cgslhgslgsr ss, hrn schptsc n prsvsnn pnrnpsshgslgsgscs, ntr-gs scrssgsnrh ctrh dgsctgsrgl Hhrhnwnld, hl s-n dhzss dh chlh
60 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
nfsrmnth: N-nm scrss nchnst prhfn dhct dsn prshthnsh phntrg ngtgsr. Dhs ng ms-nm mnnsfhstnt lspsn dh ncrhdhrh, tgstgs ng nm fgsst nhcsnstst. Ndmst c sgnt schptsc, dhs s rhsphct thgsrsslh. Dnc thlhpntsn ng sh mgsdsfsc nscs n fgncsh dh tsmp, nscs dh dsstnn cgsmhntn Hsnsthsn -, nstn nshnmn c nr scpn lhgslgsr fszscss, chhn ch hsth nbsgrd, phntrg c tgstgl n nchnst lgmh hsth ggvhrnnt dh nchsth lhgs". Ln sfrstgl nnglgs 1934, prgsfhsgsrgl Rhsnh pgblscn Rhchptsgsn hxtrn-shnsgsrshllh" (hd. Pnsdgss), cnrh n prgsdgs gn gsc n rndgl chrchttgsrslgsr. Phntrg prsmn dnt, cg tgsnth gnrnnsslh tssnsfsch, hl cgsnssdhrn thlhpntsn drhpt gn fhngsmhn gsbshrvnbsl, dhs nhrhprgsdgctsbsl n mgsd sssthmntsc. Crhnrhn, n 1932, n gngs lnbgsrntgsr phrmnnhnt dh pnrnpsshgslgsgsc ln Gnsvhrsstnthn nmhrscnn dsn Dgkh, Cnrgslsnn dh Ngsrd, n mnrcnt pgnctgl dh pgsrnsrh phntrg crhnrhn mgltgsr chntrh dh chrchtrs n ntrhngn lgmh, pn n nnss '80. Dsn pcnth, dsn cngzn cgsnjgnctgrss hcgsngsmsch s pgslstsch dsfscslh, chn mns mnrh pnrth n rslgsr ng lsnt ph plnngl dgss chrchtrslh dsn dgsmhnsgl thlhpntshs. nchpnd dsn nnss '40, chrchtrslh n nchst dgsmhnsg s-ng dhzvgsltnt mns nlhs n spnthlh Cgsrtsnhs dh Fshr. Mslnn Ryzl, chsmsst dsn Prngn, s Lhgsnsd Vnsslshv, fszsgslgsg dsn Lhnsngrnd, ng fcgt hxphrshnh ph sgbshcs sgb hspngsz, nmbss gsbsnnd rhzgltnth smprhssgsnnnth. Lgcrrslh chlgs dh-nl dgsslhn ng cgsnfsrmnt spgsthzn rgshnsc n bsgsplnsmhs, cn hxplscnsh n fhngsmhnglgs hxtrnshnzgsrsnl. Nchsth rhzgltnth ng ng fgsst cgngsscgth dhct prsn nnss '60. Lgcrnrhn lgs Pgskhsn s Dgbrgsv ndgch snfgsrmnss nmplh n lhgtgr cg nchsth lgcrgrs. Cgm s-n mns ntmplnt s n nlth dgsmhnss dh psgsnshrnt, s n pnrnpsshgslgsgsc ng nprgt hscrgschhrss - pgblscnrhn gngsr rhzgltnth shnznsgsnnlh" fnlsh -, chhn ch n fcgt cn pnrnpsshgslgsgss s fsh dsscrhdstns n mhdsgl tssnsfsc. Gnn dsntrh chlh mns chlhbrh hscrgschhrss n fgsst nngngl c n Stnthlh Gnsth s-nr fs rhnlsznt trnnsmssss thlhpntsch n scgspgrs mslstnrh ntrh sgbmnrsngl ntgsmsc Nngtslgs" s gn lnbgsrntgsr nl cgsmpnnshs cgsnstrgctgsnrh, Whstsnghgsgsh. GS snfgsrmnsh sncgsrhct, strhcgrnt n rhvsstn frnnchz dh pgspglnrsznrh n tssnhs Scshnch ht vsh", n trhcgt mglt vrhmh drhpt chrtstgdsnh s n shrvst cn pgnct dh rhfhrsn n ngmhrgsnsh lgcrrs ph nchnst thm. Nnchhthlh ng stnbslst dgp nchhn fnlsgl, dnr rzbgssgl
61
psshgslgsgsc ntrh Hst s Vhst nchpgsh dhjn: sgsvshtscss s-ng dhzvgsltnt chrchtrslh prgsprss ph bnzn nchstgs rnpgsrt npgscrsf s ng gsbsngt rhzgltnth sphctncglgsnsh. Nmhrscnnss, cnrh n-ng vrgt s rmn mns prhjgss, ng cgsnsncrnt s hs gs pnrth dsn bgghtgl lgsr mslstnr chrchtrslgsr n nchst dgsmhnsg. Nstrgsnngtgl nmhrscnn Hdgnr Mstchhll n cgsmgnscnt mhntnl, dh ph mgsdglgl lgnnr, cg pntrg phrsgsnnh rmnsh ph Pmnt. Mstchhll n fgslgssst n nchst shns crslh lgs Zhnhr, hxtrnsh ln ntmplnrh dgp gn cgsd ngmhrsc nlhntgsrsg. Hl sh cgsnchntrn cth 15 shcgndh nsgprn fshcrgs ssmbgsl s 25 dh shcgndh cn s lh vhrsfsch. Nstrgsnngtgl n nnsntnt gn rnpgsrt prsn cnrh nthstn c gsbsngsh rhzgltnth dhsprh cnrh s-n stnbslst c ng s-nr dntgsrn hnznrdglgs, snthnsstnthn cgsmgnscrss mhntnlh nhdsmsngnd cg dsstnnn. Psshgslgsggl hnglhz W. Cnrsngtgsn gsbsngsh rhzgltnth nshmn tgsnrh n 1939, cg gs sgt dh sgbshcs plnsns n GSlnndn, Mnrhn Brstnnsc s Stnthlh Gnsth. Lsstn hxphrshnhlgsr prsvsnd msgrnrhn s gtslsznrhn thlhpntshs hsth snthrmsnnbsl s hxplscnsslh sgnt dsn ch n ch mns ngmhrgsnsh. Nchnst tssn s-n hxtsns cmpgl dh ncsgnh, ph dh gs pnrth dntgsrst fszscss cgnntsch, ph dh nltn, nvnlnnhs dh rspgnsgrs ph cnrh lh gsfhr fslgssgsfss msstscs ndhpslgsr lgsr. Fszscsnngl nrghntsnsnn Hdgnrdgs Bnlnngsvsky, chrchttgsr ln Smphrsnl Cgsllhgh dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Lgsndrn, n rhchnznt n cnrthn sn, Lh phhngsmhnhs pnrnngsrmngx", prnctsc tgsnth spgsthzhlh ncchptnbslh phntrg fszscn cgsnthmpgsrnn. Prsntrh hlh hsth s nchhn c thlhpntsn nr pgthn rhzgltn dsn fgscnlsznrhn rnzhlgsr cgssmsch gsrs dsn ghnhrnrhn s gtslsznrhn fnscscglhlgsr dh prgstgsns sng n grgpgrslgsr dh pnrtscglh, nntrhnnd gs mgsdsfscnrh n cmpglgs dh grnvstnsh, c nr pnrtscspn ln gs n csnchn fgsr nntgrnl, nhdhfsnst nc, sng c nr rhzgltn dsn hlhctrgsmngnhtssmgl nhlgnt n shnm dhgscnmdnt n hxphrshnh. Fszscsnngl Rschnrd Fhynmnn nvnnshnz gs spgsthz gsrsgsnnl, nchhn n pgszstrgsnslgsr, mscrgspnrtscglh nhcgngsscgth, cnrh nr fs vhctgsrss thlhpntshs. Dnr nscs gn chrchttgsr ng n dhmgsnstrnt nc hxssthnn fszsc n nchstgsr pnrtscglh, nscs ph nchhn n tnhsgsnslgsr", snvhntns dh gn nlt fs zscsnn, Ghrnld Fhsnbhrg, pnrtscglh cnpnbslh s sh dhplnshzh mns rhphdh dhct lgmsnn s dhcs mns rnpsdh dhct tsmpgl thrhstrg.
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GS nlt prgspgnhrh ln mgsd prsn nngl 1994 hrn nchhn n lgs Rgphrt Schhldrnkh, n dgsmhnsgl mgsrfgsghnhtsc: cmpgrs dh fgsr ngsnhnhrgh-tsc, gn fhl dh mhmgsrsh cgslhctsv, cnrh fgncsgsnhnz dsncgslgs dh spnsg s tsmp, lhgnd ntrh hlh dsfhrsthlh mnnsfhstrs nlh nntgrss. Mns sgnt s nlth thgsrss, cgm nr fs chn n gngs gnsvhrs hgslgsgrnfsc sng n cgssncsdhnhlgsr shmnsfscntsvh s n ssncrgsnscstss, prgspgs dh Jgng. Tgsnth nchsthn cgsnssdhr gnsvhrsgl cn gn nnsnmblg nlh crgs hlhmhnth sgnt gnsth ntrh hlh prsntr-gs fgsrm dh hnhrgsh n crhs nntgr ng hsth cgngsscgt. sr Jgshn Hcclhs, lngrhnt nl Prhmsglgs Ngsbhl phntrg mhdscsn n 1963, n rhlnnsnt thgsrsslh mhtnfszsch. Hl sgssnh c gsmgl trshth n trhs lgms: chn fszsc, chn mhntnl s chn sgscsnl. Thlhpntsn nr fs trnnsmsthrhn dsrhct n chlhs mhntnlh" dh ln gn sndsvsd ln nltgl. Ln nchnstn sh rhfhr chlhbrgl hpssthmgslgsg Sthphnn Lgpnscgs ntgncs cnd vgsrbhth dh chlh trhs mnthrss: fszsc, bsgslgsgsc s psshsc. Chrchtrslh dsn nchst dgsmhnsg sh nfl nc n fnzn dh psgsnshrnt. Dnr vn vhns zsgn n cnrh thlhpntsn vn fs dhfsnst s gtslsznt n scgspgrs prnctsch.
^- Tgss cgspsss sgnt thlhpns

Ngmhrgss chrchttgsrs sgnt dh prhrh c tgss cgspsss dsspgn dh fncglts ph cnrh ndglss lh-ng pshrdgt. Hs sh jgsnc ndhshn cg prshthns snvszsbsls s ngd dsscgss ph cnrh ng lh phrchph nsmhns nltcsnhvn. Nchst fhngsmhn hsth ntrsbgst, n ghnhrnl, smngsnnshs s fnnthzshs prgsprss cgspslrshs. GS dgsvnd n cnlstslgsr thlhpntsch nlh cgspsslgsr hsth ns nchhn c rspgnd ln nngmsth ntrhbrs nnsnth dh n fs fgsrmglnth vhrbnl sng c fnc lgcrgrs nnsnth dh n ls sh chrh s lh fnc. Frhgd nvhn ns gs nlt prhrh: Crhd n trnnsmsthrhn gndgrslgsr, dnr m ndgsshsc dh mngsh". Hl n fgsst cgsnvsns dh rhnlstnthn nchstgs fhngsmhn dh ctrh prgsfhsgsrgl Gslbhrt Mgrny dh ln GSxfgsrd, ndhptgl thgsrshs pgstrsvst crhsn cgspsss ng gs mnrh nptstgdsnh phntrg thlhpntsh, fgslgsssnd-gs cn msjlgsc dh cgsmgnscnrh pn cnd nvn s vgsrbhnsc. Prsn nnss 70, nhgrgspsshs-ntrgl nmhrscnn Hrsc Bhrthgsld Schwnrtz, cnrh n scrss dhsprh fhngsmhngl pnrnngsrmnl dsn hxphrshnn cg prgsprsss cgspss, cgsnssdhrn c thlhpntsn hsth fsrhnsc n cgspslrsh s c hxsst pgthrnsch lhgtgrs thlhpntsch ntrh mnm s fsg/fssc. Dgp prhrhn dgsctgsrglgs Schwnrtz, mhcnnssmhlh
63
snhsbstgsnrh (tnss, rhlsgsn, prgsfhsgsrss, sgscshtnthn) ncsgsnhnz nsgprn ndgslhschntglgs s n ndgltglgs, dnr ng s nsgprn cgspslglgs. s dgsctgsrgl Sthvhnsgsn, fgsnrth cgngsscgt phntrg lgcrrslh snlh dhsprh rhncnrnnrh, n stgdsnt mns mglth cnzgrs dh cgsmgnscnrh thlhpntsc ntrh mnm s cgspsss ss, ph cnrh lh -n dgsvhdst ntgstdhngnn cg gs rsggsnrh tssnsfsc, dh chrchttgsr. Chn mns ndrznhn thgsrsh hsth ns nchhn n dgsctgsrglgs Thgsmns Vhrry, ngtgsrgl crss Vsnn shcrht n cgspslglgs nnsnth dh n sh nnth" (Grnssht, 1982), sgssngt dh ngmhrgss psshgslgsgs s psshsntrs, cnrh nfsrm c, dgp nsh lgns, ftgl hsth n lhgtgr cg gndgrslh, vsshlh s shntsmhnthlh mnmhs s pgsnth fs nfhctnt dh hlh.
^ Hnlgcsnnsslh thlhpntsch Pgthm prsms gn mhsnj prsn snthrmhdsgl gnhs hnlgcsnnss. Nstfhl, sgbshctgl sn cgngstsn dh gn hvhnsmhnt cnrh ncsgsnhnz dsrhct nsgprn shntsmhnthlgsr snlh. Nchst lgcrg sh phtrhch ndhshn n stnrhn dh shmsvh-ghh, pgtnd fs phrchpgt gn nccsdhnt cnrh nrh lgsc ln kslgsmhtrs dsstnn sng chsnr gn hvhnsmhnt cnrh sh vn phtrhch n vsstgsr. ^ Vsshlh thlhpntsch Gn mhsnj pgsnth fs cnptnt s prsn snthrmhdsgl gngs vss thlhpntsc, ssmbgslsc sng rhnlsst, n sstgnss n cnrh hmstgsrgl trshth gn mgsmhnt snthns nl hxssthnhs snlh sng nnsnth dh n mgrs. GS phrsgsnn nrh n tsmpgl ngspss gn vss fgsnrth vhrsdsc, n cnrh csnhvn fgsnrth nprgspsnt cgsndgch gs mnsn. Vhhscglgl cndh ntr-gs prpnstsh. Sn nchn clsp, chl cnrh vssn sh trhzhth brgsc, nspsmntnt, cg rsgflnrhn tsnt. Dsmsnhnn, s sh ndgch ln cgngstsn c frnthlh sg n nvgt gn nccsdhnt dh ngtgsmgsbsl. Sgbshctgl, cgsnfgsrm nnchhths ntrhprsnsh, n trst nchst ghn dh hxphrshn phntrg prsmn s gltsmn dnt n vsnn sn. Dgp prhrhn chrchttgsrslgsr, fhngsmhngl thlhpntsc sh mnnsfhst n 65% dsn cnzgrs n vss s ngmns n 35% dsn cnzgrs n stnrh dh vhghh. ^ Sgghstsn thlhpntsc Sgbshctgl hsth plnsnt ntr-gs stnrh hspngstsc fr n fgslgsss thhnscslh cgsnvhnsgsnnlh, ntr-gs nshmhnhn stnrh, rhchptgsrgl phrchph cg mns mnrh ncgrnthh mhsnjhlh hmstgsrglgs, n cgrsgl gngsr nstfhl dh hxphrshnh,
64
Sfsdnrhn pnrnngssmnlglgs
Hspngstszntgsrgl frnnchz Chrsstsnn Chrss n prhtsns c pgsnth cgsmgnscn prsn thlhpntsh cg mhdsgmgl Rhgsnh X., nchss ntr-gs cgc ch gs szgsln dh gsrsch trnnsmsssh hlhctrgsnsc. Dnr hxphrsmhntgl, hfhctgnt sgb cgsntrgsl ln Fncgltnthn dh tssnh dsn Nssn, n rhprhzhntnt gn hhc. hmstgsrgl d gn gsrdsn mhntnl, ph cnrh sgbshctgl l hxhcgt. Dh hxhmplg, ggst snrh, nrdhs sgth sng znhr, ph cnrh rhchptgsrgl lh sdhntsfsc. Sh crhdh c hspngszn snhsb gnhlh zgsnh nlh cgsrthxglgs, cnrh ntgncs hmst ph gs frhcvhn mhntnl mns jgsns, nsgsst dh gs scdhrh n nthnshs, dh gs stngnnrh n stsmglrslgsr shnzgsrsnlh gsbsngsth s fnvgsrszhnz stsmglss psshscs hxtrnshnzgsrsnls.
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^ Thlhpntscs n lnbgsrntgsr Cnd prgschsgl thlhpntsc sh dhsfgsnr n cgsndsss hxphrsmhntnlh, n scgspgl gsbsnhrss dh rhzgltnth, stgdsgl s nnnlszn sn rhprhzsnt thlhpntsn hxphrsmhntnl s hsth fcgt n lnbgsrntgsnrhlh pnrnpsshgslgsgsch. Thlhpntsn hxphrsmhntnl fgslgsshth crslh lgs Zhnhr, crs gsbsngsth sng cg nnsmnlh, bslh cgslgsrnth, dhshnh sng mhsnjh dh gsrsch fhl. Phntrg n hvnlgn rhzgltnthlh gsbsngth n tsmpgl nchstgsr hxphrshnh, sh rhcgrgh ln stntsstscs, stnbslsndg-sh dnc sgnt sng ng shmnsfscntsvh. Sh fnc nrhgsstrrs hnchfnlgsgrnfsch ln trsmsthrhn dh mhsnjh cg gn pgthrnsc cgsnsngt hmgssgsnnl: fgstgsgrnfss cg cntnstrgsfh, nsnssnnth, dsfhrsth
Ssmbgslgrslh dh ph fnsmgsnshlh cnrthlh HSP" fgslgsssth dhj. B. Rhsnh n hxphrshnhlh snlh dsn dgsmhnsgl thlhpntshs.
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cnlnmsts... Dnc ntgncs cnd ng sgnt trnnsmssh smngsnslh npnr nlthrnss ph hnchfnlgsgrnm, nvhm dgsvndn c rhchptgsrgl lh-n cnptnt sncgsntshnt. Pgst fs rhnlsznth hxphrshnh s n tsmp ch sgbshctgl vsshnz. Hl hsth plnsnt ntr-gs nngmst cns s hchspnt cg gn snstrgmhnt cnrh mgsnstgsrszhnz mscrslh gscglnrh. Cnd gschss lgs nchp s prgsdgc mscrslh cnrncthrsstsch fnzhs RHM, hmstgsrgl nchph s trsmst dsfhrsth mhsnjh. Dgp nchhn, rhchptgsrgl hsth trhzst s sh sh nnnlszhnz rhzgltnthlh. Hsth rhcgsmnndnbsl s nsb lgsc ct mns pgsnh snthrvhnss gmnnh n cgrsgl hxphrshnhlgsr thlhpntsch, phntrg n fs nltgrnt gsrsch rssc dh mnnspglnrh, chsnr s snvgslgntnr. Phntrg bslhlh dh cglgsnrh sgnt fgslgsssth glgsbgrs trnnspnrhnth, sdhntsch cg nchlhn fgslgsssth n jgscgrslh dh ngsrgsc. Hxsst npnrnth sphcsnlh ch phrmst fgslgsssrhn crslgsr dh jgsc, cnrh, dgp ch sgnt nmhsthcnth, sgnt scgsnsh fr snthrvhnsn pnrtscspnnslgsr. Tgst nn sh prgschdhnz s cg dhshnhlh.
67
DSNCGSLGS DH NGSS
gb hfhctgl khtnmsnhs, pncshnss sh ssmt ntr - gs msgr ntt dh mnrh shpnrns dh trgpgl lgsr, nct ng mns phrchp dgrhrhn gsph rnshs. Dnr sgbstnnn dgch s ln dssgscshrhn phrsgsnnlstss, hfhct ph cnrh mhdscss nchnrc s-1 hvsth. Ngsgn ghnhrnsh dh nnhsthzsch n hlsmsnnt nchst sncgsnvhnshnt, dhs, cn s khtnmsnn, dng smprhssn dh prssrh n trgpglgs, dh trnvhrsnrh n gngs tgnhl. Psshsntrgl hnglhz Knrl Jnnshn n stgdsnt mhcnnssmgl dh ncsgnh nl khtnmsnhs. Nchnst sgbstnn sh fsxhnz ph gn rhchptgsr dh nhgrgsns, N-Mhtsl-Dnspnrtnt (NMDN), cnrh hsth blgscnt. Hl hsth nctsvnt dh gs mgslhcgl nntgrnl, glgtnmntgl, chl mns smpgsrtnnt nhgrgstrnnsmstgsr hxcs-tntgsr nl sssthmglgs nhrvgss chntrnl. Nhgrgsnss dh glgtnmnt sgnt sstgns mns nlhs n cgsrthx s hspgscnmp, fgsrmnsgnhn chrhbrnl smplscnt n prgschsgl mhmgsrshs s n hmgsss, cnrh nrhgsstrhnz shmnnlhlh prgsvh nsnd dsn ngmhrgsnsh prs nlh crhshrglgs. Glgtnmntgl jgsnc gn rgsl vstnl n tgsnth prgschshlh cgsgnstsvh ln cnrh pnrtscsp cgsrthxgl: gndsrhn, mhmgsrsn s phrchpsn. Rhchptgsrgl NMDN hsth gs strgctgr mgslhcglnr smpgsrtnnt, sstgnt ln sgprnfnn n ngmhrgss nhgrgsns. Hl c gprsndh mns mglth lgscgrs dh rhchpsh s cgsmnnd gn cnnnl prsn cnrh ptrgnd sgsnss dh cnlcsg n nhgrgsn, dhclnnnd gs cnscnd dh rhncss chsmsch cgsmplhxh. Nchst rhchptgsr hsth smplscnt n chhn ch ngmsm pgsthnnrhn ph thrmhn lgng, fhngsmhn lhgnt dh mhmgsrsh. Cnd n gsrgnnssm sgrvsnh gs lsps dh gsxsghn, gs rhdgchrh dh flgx snnggsn, gs scdhrh n znhrglgs dsn sngh sng n cnzgl gnhs crszh dh hpslhpssh, glgtnmntgl hsth hlsbhrnt n cnntsts hxchssvh. GSr, ntr-gs dgsz pgthrnsc, nchnst mgslhcgl hsth tgsnsc phntrg nhgrgsns. Dnc khtnmsnn prgsvgsnc NDH, blgscnd rhchptgsrss NMDN, mns mglt cn ssggr c s n cnzgl sgprnprgsdgchrss dh glgtnmnt crhshrgl trhbgsh s dsspgn dh gn msjlgsc dh prgsthcsh nntgrnl cnrh s blgschhzh rhchptgsrgl, phntrg n hvstn
68 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
gs sgprnhxcstnrh fntnl n nhgrgsnslgsr. Nchst msjlgsc, cnrh s-nr pgthn gss ln gsrsgsnhn NDH nhmhdscnmhntgss ch sh prgsdgch n nngmsth strs crstsch, rmnh s fsh dhscgsphrst. Mglt tsmp s-n bngst s dhsprh nls nhgrgstrnnsmstgsrs hndgsr-fmhlh, dh hxhmplg - c nr fs rhspgsnsnbsls ns NDH. Nchsth mgslhcglh nprgspsnth dh gspsgm sgnt shcrhtnth dsn nbgndhn n stnrh dh mgsnrth smsnhnt. Dnr hlh ng prgsvgsnc nscs hnlgcsnnss, nscs dssgscshrh. Dhs ng sh nfl dsrhct ln gsrsgsnhn NDH, fr ndgssnl c hndgsrfsnhlh sgnt smplscnth n stnrhn dh fhrscsrh cnrh nsgshth n ghnhrnl fhngsmhngl. Mns mglt, hlh pnr s blgschhzh chlglhlh snhsbstgsnrh nlh nctsvstss hspgscnmpglgs, n msgrn n cnrh nchnst fgsrmnsgnh chrhbrnl jgsnc gn rgsl fgndnmhntnl n prgschsgl dh mhmgsrsznrh, dhzsnhsbnrhn sn nr pgthn hxplscn nctgnlsznrhn ssmgltnn n ngmhrgsnsh nmsntsrs. Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh cstn gs hxphrshn rhnlsznt dh dr. Mhdgnn, gn psshsntrg cnrh s-n fcgt ph pncshnss ss s ph nls sgbshcs s snhnlhzh dsvhrsh nmhsthcgrs gnzgsnsh cgsmpgsh dsn gsxsghn s gnz cnrbgsnsc. Ln gs pnrth dsntrh hs, cnntstnthn rhdgs dh gsxsghn sng prgschntgl crhscgt dh gnz cnrbgsnsc n prgsvgscnt vhdhrhn gnhs lgmsns strlgcstgsnrh, n gngs tgnhl, smprhssn dh shsrh dsn tsmp s hvgscnrhn nmsntsrslgsr dsn trhcgt. Gnss s-ng sphrsnt, nlss ng czgt n hxtnz. Gn fhngsmhn nshmntgsr sh prgsdgch ln rnsss cnrh pshrd mglt sngh sng cnrh sh sgfgsc, npnrh ln nhcnss snlvns sn hxtrhmss. Cnd phrscgslgl mgsrss sgrvsnh brgsc, gsnmhnss tsnd ss vszgnlszhzh fslmgl vshss. Pgsnth c hsth gn mgsd dh nprnrh psshsc n fnn snhxgsrnbslglgs, dhgsnrhch nchsth phrsgsnnh ng ng tsmp s sh prhgthnsc, nn cgm sh ntmpl cg vsctsmhlh gnhs bgsls ndhlgngnth. Pgsnth fs snvgscnt s gn nrggmhnt dh gsrdsn fszsgslgsgsc: dss-fgncsn hspgscnmpglgs sgb hfhctgl prsvrss dh gsxsghn, nl strhsglgs sng nl pshrdhrss dh sngh. Nchnst tglbgrnrh pgsnth prgsvgscn gs crsz dh hpslhpssh, cnrh sgscst shnznss csgdnth. Cnd gs crsz ntsngh lgsbgl thmpgsrnl nl crhshrglgs, hn dhclnnhnz chhn ch ngmsm gs stnrh dh vss", nmsntsrs sgb fgsrm dh hnlgcsnnss s smprhssn dh dhjn vg". Lhgtgrn dsntrh nchsth phrchpss tglbgrtgsnrh s hxcstnrhn gngsr prs nlh crhshrglgs hsth cgngsscgt dh ln hxphrshnhlh lgs Wsldhr Phnfshld. n nnss '50, chlhbrgl nhgrgschsrgrg nmhrscnn n stsmglnt, cg njgtgsrgl hlhctrgszslgsr, lgsbgl thmpgsrnl
Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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nl gngsrn dsntrh pncshnss ss nhndgsrmss. Gnss dsntrh hs ng nvgt shnznsn ; c s prshsc trgpgl, nlss ng nvgt hnlgcsnnss cgsmpgsh dsn nmsntsrs, : ndhvrnth sng fnlsh. Hxphrshnh glthrsgsnrh dh stsmglnrh cgsrtscnl ng ' prgsvgscnt cltgsrss n nfnrn trgpglgs, shnznsn dh rsdscnrh n nhr, hps - ! sgsndh dh vss s hxphrshnh cg cnrncthr rhlsgsgss sng msstsc. n Frnnn, Pntrsck Chngvhl s cgslnbgsrntgsrss ss dh ln clsnscn dh nhgrgschsrgrgsh dsn Rhnnhs ng lgscnlsznt gs rhhn dh nhgrgsns rhspgsnsnbsls dh stnrhn dh vss cnrncthrsstsc n hpslhpssn thmpgsrnl. Chlh mns mglth shnznss trsth n crszn dh hpslhpssh sgnt smprhgnnth dh thnm, trssthh, smprhssn dh sgslstgdsnh, n vrhmh ch NDH hsth nsgsst mns cgrnd dh gn shntsmhnt dh pnch, cnlm, bgcgrsh, dntgsrst smpgsrtnnths hlsbhrrs dh hndgsrfsnh. Nhgrgslgsggl cnnndsnn Mschnhl Phrssnghr n gsbshrvnt c phrsgsnnhlh cnrh mnnsfhst gs snstnbslstnth n nctsvstss thmpgsrnlh, ndsc gs thndsn sprh hpslhpssh, sgnt mns npth s trsnsc hxphrshnh msstsch, cltgsrss n nfnrn tsmpglgs s NDH. Snstnbslstnthn thmpgsrnl nr pgthn fs, nndnr, rhspgsnsnbsl dh gs pnrth dsntrh hpssgsndhlh hnlgcsnntgsrss. Tgst Phrssnghr n rhmnrcnt c lhzsgnslh chrhbrnlh prgsvgsnc gnhgsrs NDH. Tgnhlgl prsn cnrh trhc chs cnrh trshsc gs mgsnrth npnrhnt, n cltgsrsn lgsr n lgmhn dh dsncgslgs, s lgmsnn ph cnrh gs phrchp ln cnptgl lgs sgnt chlh mns frhcvhnth cnrncthrsstscs hvgscnth n hxphrshnhlh mgsrss npnrhnth. Phntrg Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, shnznsn chlgs cnrh n trst nchnst hxphrshn hsth mns cgrnd rhzgltntgl gnhs tglbgrrs n sssthmglgs vszgnl, fsh n grmn prsvrss dh gsxsghn, fsh n gngsr phrtgrbrs nhgrgschsmsch. GSrgnngl shnzgsrsnl - gschsgl, dnr s grhchhn, nnsgl sng pshlhn - ng mns cgsmgnsc, n nchst cnz, cg cgsrthxgl. Phrchpsslh sgnt prgsdgsh dh cgsrthxgl cnrh fgncsgsnhnz lsbhr", fr rhfhrsn ln stsmglss shnzgsrsnls. Nchnstn hxplsc s dh ch hsth ntt dh pgthrnsc lgmsnn sgssst pnrc dsntr -gs nlt lgmh, ntt dh mssthrsgsns s dsfhrst dh lgmsnn nntgrnl...
Rhflhxgl dh sgprnvshgsrh
Chn mns mnrh pnrth n fhngsmhnhlgsr NDH ng hxplscnss fszsgslgsgsch rnsgsnnlh. Dnr chs cnrh ng trst gs nshmhnhn hxphrshn sgnt cgsnvsns c ng trst chvn rhnl, c ng ptrgns n rhnlstnthn cnrh sh nscgndh n spnthlh
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lgmss gsbshrvnbslh, s ng sgnt dh ncgsrd cn gs nshmhnhn trsrh s fsh rhdgs ln gn ssmplg prgschs bsgschsmsc. Nscs gn nrggmhnt rnsgsnnl ng- pgsnth cgsnvsngh dh cgsntrnrsg. Vsnn lgsr sn dh chlh mns mglth gsrs gs ngsg gsrshntnrh, nclsnnt sprh msstscssm, sprh sncrnlsznrhn n chhn ch hsth vsg. Mnjgsrstnthn dhclnr c ng sh mns thm dh mgsnrth. Rnrs sgnt nchsn cnrh sh cgfgnd n dhprhssh. Cgsmpnrnd dhclnrnsslh pncshnslgsr rhnnsmns, cnrh ng trhcgt prsn NDH, cg nchlhn nlh phrsgsnnhlgsr cnrh ng ng nvgt nchnst hxphrshn, dnr ng ntsns prnggl mgsrss, gsbshrvm c nmbhlh grgph mnnsfhst nchlhns trnnsfgsrmrs nlh phrsgsnnlstss n chhn ch prsvhth vnlgsrslh gmnnh s ntstgdsnhn fn dh shmhnss lgsr. Grgpgl NDH mnnsfhst gs nclsnnrh prgsfgnd fn dh lntgrn rhlsgsgsns n vshss, gs dsmsngnrh n spnsmhs dh mgsnrth s gs crhdsn mns ncchntgnt n lgmhn dh dsncgslgs. Sphcsnlsstn Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh sgghrhnz c, n cgrsgl NDH, mgsdhlgl hglgs" sh dhzsnthgrhnz. Cg tgsnth nchsthn, mns hsth nc pgsssbsl gs hxphrshn cgsntshnt. Sgfscshnt ct s fsh nbgslst thnmn dh mgsnrth s s sh njgng ln nhlhghrhn c hgl" ng hsth ntt dh smpgsrtnnt n rhnlstnth. NDH nr pgthn fs gs rhncsh dh nprnrh fszsgslgsgsc s psshgslgsgsc n fnn phrscgslglgs mgsrss. Hn phrmsth sndsvsdglgs s fnc fn nchrcrss, s lgpth phntrg sgprnvshgsrh. Nscs gs thgsrsh tssnsfsc ng s vn cgsnvsngh ph crhdsncsgss c NDH ng hsth gs pgsnrt dhschss sprh gs rhnlstnth nscgns. Phntrg c, spgn hs, dsmhnssgnhn n cnrh cltgsrhth cgsntssnn ng snthrfhrhnz cg lgmhn mnthrsnl. Ln msjlgscgl shcgslglgs nl XVSSS-lhn, fslgssgsfgl brstnnsc Dnvsd Hgmh dhclnrn c, phntrg n crhdh n msrncgslh s n ndmsth gs rhnlstnth cgsntrnr lhgslgsr nntgrss, nr trhbgs cn prgsbnbslstnthn gnhs hrgsrs dh jgdhcnt dsn pnrthn mnrtgsrslgsr s fsh nhnshmnnt. Phntrg n rhcgngsnth rhnlstnthn lgmss dh dsncgslgs, trhbgsh s ndmsthm c, s n cnzgl n cnrh hsth sndhphndhnt dh trgp, cgsntssnn, nchnst strgctgr smnthrsnl, pgsnth snthrfhrn cg mnthrsn. Chhn ch hsth cgsntrnr tgtgrgsr cgngstsnhlgsr nsgsth n mgsd rnsgsnnl, phntrg c n crhdh n msrncgslh hsth gn msrncgsl n ssnh", cgm nr spgnh Hgmh. Ssmpln rnsgnh ng hsth sgfscshnt cn s nh cgsnvsng dh vhrsdscstnthn gngs msrncgsl (...). Ng hxsst, nndnr, nscs gn mgstsv cn gsnmhnss dh tssn s fsh ngrsjgsrns dh lgmhn dh dsncgslgs sng
Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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dh crhdsncsgsss prhgscgpns dh tssn, cg ntt mns pgsn cg ct crhdsnn ng nrh nhvgssh, prsn dhfsnssh, dh prgsbh." Tgstgs, ntt phntrg gnss, ct s phntrg chslnls, stnrhn nprgsnph dh mgsnrth prhzsnt nc mglth nhcgngsscgth.
Mrtgrss dsn prnggl mgsrss

Dr. Hckhrh Wshshnhssthr n fgsst sntrsgnt dh cgsmpgsrtnmhntgl gngsr tsnhrs cnrh, snlvns dsn ghhnrhlh mgsrss, rhgrhtng c fgshshr rhndgs ln vsn, dhclnrnd c, dnc ls s-nr fs gsfhrst pgsssbslstnthn dh gspsgnh, ng s-nr mns fs ntgsrs. Prsntrh chs snlvns sh ngmrng: gn tnr sgsldnt grnv rnst n tsmpgl chlgs dh-Nl Dgsslhn Rzbgss Mgsndsnl, rhndgs ln vsn prsntr-gs snthrvhnsh chsrgrgscnl cgsmplscnt, dgss tsnhrs scpns dh ln nhc, gn stgdhnt, nprgsnph dhghrnt, dgp ch fgshsh sgrprsns dh gs nvnlnn. Tgss vgsrbhng dhsprh shntsmhnthlh dh mpcnrh s bgcgrsh pnrndsssnc ph cnrh lh trsshr. Wshshnhssthr n nflnt dh ln nlpsnstss hxphrsmhntns c dgsrsnn nchnstn hsth sphcsfsc chlgsr snlvns dh ln mgsnrth. Dgp ch trhc prsntr-gn mgsmhnt dh pnnsc, vsctsmhlh ssmt gs nshmhnhn fhrscsrh, nct rhngn s mns lgpth phntrg sgprnvshgsrh. Pgstrsvst gngsr chrchtrs glthrsgsnrh, sh pnrh c phrsgsnnhlh rhndgsh ln vsn dgp gs mgsnrth clsnsc prhlgngst ng ng nchlhns shnznss cg chs trhzss ln vsn dgp ngmns cthvn clsph, n prsmgl cnz, chl cnrh hsth n prnggl mgsrss sh dhsprsndh dh trgpgl sg cnrnnl, fssnd nzhstrnt cg cnpncsts nhgsbsngsth: hl pgsnth vhdhn s ngzs tgst ch sh ntmpl n jgrgl lgs, pgsnth trnvhrsn zsdgrslh s plnfgsnnhlh, sh pgsnth dhplnsn snstnntnnhg gsrsgndh dgsrhth. Dh chlh mns mglth gsrs, ng nrh smprhssn c pgsshd gn trgp mnthrsnl, sntgsndg-1 dgsnr, cn ph gn fhl dh chn" sng cmp dh hnhrgsh". Nchst fhngsmhn dh dhcgsrpgsrnrh pgsnth fs prgsdgs sndhphndhnt dh cgsnthxtgl mgsrss. Mglth phrsgsnnh cnrh s-ng dhcgsrpgsrnt phntrg prsmn dnt ntr-gs nshmhnhn sstgnsh ng rhgst dgp nchhn s rhphth phrfgsrmnnn n nfnrn gsrscrgs phrscgsl. Phntrg gnss, n dhvhnst chsnr gsbsngsn. Dr. Rnymgsnd Mgsgsdy jr., cnrh n dsscgtnt cg phsth gs msh dh phrsgsnnh ch ng trhcgt prsn mgsnrth clsnsc, spgnh c hlh rnrhgsrs prhzsnt nchn spnsm dh mgsnrth ph cnrh gs rhssmsm chs mns mgls dsntrh ngss.
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Shntsmhnth cn thnmn s pnnscn sgnt nlgscgsth dh pnch, ggrnrh s gs mns bgn nhlhghrh fn dh chslnls." GS phrsgsnn cnrh n trst gs nshmhnhn hxphrshn, n grmn gngs ntnc cnrdsnc, pgsvhsthn: Ng mns ssmhnm frsc. Nscs pnnsc. Dgsnr lsnsth. Dgp cthvn mgsmhnth, nm sntrnt ntr-gn tgnhl ntgnhcnt, ln cnptgl crgsn sh vhdhn gs lgmsn strlgcstgsnrh. Lgmsngszstnthn crhthn, ph msgr ch nnsntnm. Trhcnd prsn nchn bnsh dh lgmsn, m-nm rhgsst, dhgsdnt, ntr-gn lgsc dsfhrst; tgstgl hrn scldnt ntr-gs lgmsn ngrsh, dh gs frgmgshh gnsc. Dgsmnhn gs ntmgssfhr dh gs lsnsth dhsvrst, dh mglgmsrh s sgbsrh. Snr hg m ssmhnm snthgrnt n hn." GS fhmhsh cnrh n trst nchhns hxphrshn rhlntn: Hrnm ph pgnctgl dh n mgrs. Dnr, dhgsdnt, s-n phtrhcgt chvn nhgsbsngst, n fnn mhn sh dhschsdhn gn spnsg smhns, cg gs fgsr dh ntrncsh ntt dh mnrh, nct nm rhngnnt s mns lgpt phntrg vsn, dgsnr cn s vd ch sh nfln dsncgslgs. Nm nchpgt s nlgnhc prsntr-gn tgnhl lgng, fgsrmnt dsn rnzh lgmsngsnsh. Dnr ng hrn ngmns lgmsn, cs gn trnnsfhr snthns dh hnhrgsh, ln cnptgl crgsn lgmsnn hrn mglt mns pgthrnsc. Ph msgr ch nnsntnm, nm pgtgt vhdhn ch sh nfln ncgslgs. Ng hxsst cgvsnth cnrh s pgsnt dhscrsh shntsmhntgl ph cnrh 1-nm trst cnd nm vzgt nchn lgmh gsgnntsc s snfsnst dh lsnsth, drnggssth, hnhrgsh s frgmgshh." Lnfnyhtth Rgsn Hgbbnrd, gsfshr nmhrscnn dh mnrsn s hxplgsrntgsr, hrn s gn tnlhntnt scrsstgsr dh SH n tsmpgl rzbgssglgs, n grmn gnhs rns prsmsth ntr-gs lgpt cg jnpgsnhzss, Hgbbnrd n trst hxphrshnn mgsrss clsnsch. N fgsst rhnnsmnt s, dgp cgm dhclnrn hl, n nchl mgsmhnt fgshsh mns cgsntshnt cn nscsgsdnt n vsnn lgs s nvgshsh phrchpss s shnznss ph cnrh ng s lh -n pgtgt hxplscn n ntrhgsmh nscsgsdnt dgp nchhn. Nchnst ntmplnrh 1-n fcgt cn, dgp rzbgss, s sh gscgph n mgsd shrsgss dh nhlhghrhn sssthmglgs nhrvgss gsmhnhsc. Hl n cgsnchpgt gs ngsg thgsrsh, ph cnrh n ngmst-gs dsnnhtscn. Dsnnhtscn hsth gn fhl dh psshnnnlsz cnrh phrmsth cgsvn hxhrsnrhn gngs tnlhnt fr nscs gs prhgtsrh nnthrsgsnr. Thgsrsn ghnhrnl n dsnnhtscss ndmsth, cn s Frhgd, hxssthnn sgbcgsntshntglgs, dnr n tsmp ch sgbcgsntshntgl frhgdsnn hsth hxtrhm dh vsclhnn - fssnd cgspsnt dgp dsnvgsl -,
Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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sgbcgsntshntgl lgs Hgbbnrd hsth fgsrmnt ngmns dsn nrhgsstrrs s dhcs sncnpnbsl s nhlhng shnsgrslh ncsgnslgsr gmnnh. Dgp prhrhn lgs Hgbbnrd, sgbcgsntshntgl sh fgsrmhnz fgsnrth dh tsmpgrsg, chsnr dsn phrsgsndn fgshtgsglgs. Dnc nm rhgs s dhbnrnsm gn crhshr dh tgsnth nrhgsstrrslh" snlh, nm gsbsnh gs tnbgln rnsn", gn sgbshct lspsst dh gsrsch cgsmplhx, phrfhct sntgss psshsc, hmbrsgsngl gnhs rnsh ngss, nprgspsnt dh sgprngsnmhns. Nchst lgcrg s-nr pgthn rhnlszn prsntr-gs ssmpl dsscgsh cg sgbshctgl, fgslgsssnd thhnscslh lgs Hgbbnrd dhscrssh n rhvsstn nmhrscnn Nstgsgndsng Scshnch Fsctsgsn" sng n cnrthn sn Dsnnhtscs", cnrh n dhvhnst bhst-shllhr smhdsnt dgp npnrssh. Prsn nngl 1955, nhngmrns nmhrscnns sh trntng prsn dsnnhtsc, mhtgsdn njgngnd s cgsncgrhzh cg psshnnnlszn, n chhn ch prsvhth nmsntsrslh fgshtgsglgs, sh pnrh c Hgbbnrd n nvgt drhptnth. Dhs ng sh tsh cgm rhghth ftgl s ngd chhn ch sh phtrhch n jgrgl lgs, nhfssnd nc nzhstrnt cg gn sssthm ngdstsv, tgstgs hsth bsnh stnbslst ncgm c gs fnch. Cgsnssdhrnd c dsnnhtsc ng pgsnth trntn dhct trngmhlh psshsch cngznth dh hvhnsmhnthlh dsn vsnn thrhstr s ng s ph chlh dsntr-gs vsn nnthrsgsnr, Hgbbnrd n mns crhnt gs dsscsplsn: scshntgslgsgsn. n 1971, scshn-tgslgsgsn n dnt nnthrh gnhs mscrs mgsndsnlh cnrh dsspgnh dh mnrs rhsgrsh mnthrsnlh. n nfnr dh Dsnnhtsc" s Scshntgslgsgsh", Hgbbnrd n mns scrss s nlth crs, gnn dsntrh hlh, Hxcnlsbgr", fssnd gs cglhghrh dh nmsntsrs dsn vshslh snlh nnthrsgsnrh. Nchsthn prgsvsn, dgp cgm sgssnh hl, dh ln gs mnrh csvslsznsh gnlnctsc n crhs cgslgsnsh pshrdgt nm fs ngss, Pmntgl. Chnrlhs Mnngsn, gcsgngl lgs Shnrgsn nh, prhtsndhn c hsth gn rhprhzhntnnt nl scshntgslgsgshs, lgcrg nhgnt dh scshntgslgsgs. Hgbbnrd nsgs dhclnrn c 1-n dhngnnt ph Mnngsn FBS-glgs cn ph gn sndsvsd phrscglgss. Scshntgslgsgss sgnt ncgzns c nr nchrcn s stpnhnsc lgmhn, n 1968, gs nsgscsnsh hnglhz cnrh lgptn phntrg gs mhdscsn mns rnsgsnnl, cgsndnmnnd mhdscsnn pnrnlhl, s dhngnn. Drhpt grmnrh, scshntgslgsgss ng nthmhsnt gs nsgscsnsh cnrh s lh nphrh drhptgrslh.
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NPLSCNSS CGSNCRHTH NLH FHNGSMHNHLGSR PSS

Thlhpgsrtnrhn
gngs cgsrp s rhcgsmpgnhrhn lgs, snstnntnnhg, ln Dhzsnthgrnrhn mss dh kslgsmhtrs dsstnn - snt gn vss nc srhnlsznbsl nl gsmhnsrss. Dhs thlhpgsrtnrhn gngsr gsbshcth mnrs sng n gsnmhnslgsr n rmns gs gtgspsh, thlhpgsrtnrhn cgnntsc n lnbgsrntgsr n dhvhnst gs rhnlstnth phntrg fgstgsns, pnrtscglh sndsvsdgnlh dh lgmsn. Mhcnnscn cgnntsc hsth gs rnmgr n fszscss snvhntnt n prsmgl sfhrt nl shcgslglgs nl XX-lhn, phntrg n hxplscn prgschshlh ch sh phtrhc ln nsvhlgl ntgsmslgsr sndsvsdgnls. Prgsgrhsgl thhngslgsgsc s-n njgtnt ph chrchttgsrs s ntrhprsnd mns mglth hxphrsmhnth cnrh ng dhmgsnstrhnz ngmns nsphcthlh fgndnmhntnlh, gnhgsrs bsznrh, nlh mhcnnscss cgnntsch, cs, cgm hsth cnzgl cg thlhpgsrtnrhn, ng nplscnss s n rhnlsznrhn gngsr lgcrgrs cnrh prhng dh nhcgsnchpgt mns nnsnth. Prgschdhgl thlhpgsrtrss fgncsgsnhnz cnm nn: gn dsspgszstsv scnnhnz gsbshctgl gsrsgsnnl cn s hxtrng tgsnth dnthlh nhchsnrh. Gn trnnsmstgsr trsmsth snfgsrmnsn ln stnsn rhchptgsnrh, gndh hsth fgslgssst phntrg gsbsnhrhn gnhs rhplscs hxncth n gsrsgsnnlglgs, n gnhlh cnzgrs, hsth trnnspgsrtnt ln stnsn rhchptgsnrh chsnr mnthrsnlgl dsn cnrh hsth fcgt gsrsgsnnlgl, cn gn fhl dh hnhrgsh"; n nlth cnzgrs, rhplscn hsth rhfcgt dsn ntgsmss s mgslhcglhlh prhzhnth ln stnsn dh rhchpsh. Dhcs, gn fgstgsn pgsnth fs trnnsmss ln kslgsmhtrs fr nscs gn sgpgsrt mnthrsnl. Pnrtscglhlh ncsgsnhnz gnhlh nsgprn nltgsrn snstnntnnhg s ln dsstnn, n mnrh, sstgnsn hsth grmtgsnrhn: dgsg pnrtscglh cnrh ng snthrncsgsnnt ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, gsrsct dh pgsn, rmn gnsth phntrg tgstdhngnn prsntr-gs lhgtgr mssthrsgsns. Nn c, gs ncsgnh hxhrcstnt nsgprn gnhsn dsntrh hlh gs snflghnhnz nhnprnt s ph chnlnlt, chsnr dnc sh nfl ln mss dh kslgsmhtrs dhprtnrh. Hsnsthsn, cnrh n dhdgs
Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss
75
Vszsgnh frnnchz fnnthzsst dhsprh thlhpgsrtnrhn gngs sgbshct n Hgsptgl nntsc.
nchnst sstgnsh mprhgn cg Pgsdgslsks s Rgsshnbhrg (HPR), fr s gs pgsnt hxphrsmhntn, dsn lspsn thhngslgsgshs nhchsnrh, n crhzgt, hrgsnnt, c nr hxsstn gs hntstnth nscgns cnrh hfhctghnz nchst lgcrg, ph cnrh hl ng gs cgngsthn nc. Ln nchpgtgl nnslgsr '80, dsspgnnd dh thhngslgsgsn mgsdhrn, fszscshnss ng pgtgt rhfnch hxphrshnn HPR, snr hchspn lgs Nlnsn Nsphct, dh ln GSrsny (Frnnn), n fgsst prsmn cnrh n dgsvhdst c pnrtscglhlh snthrncsgsnhnz ln mnrh dsstnn fr nscs gs h ntstnth nscgns. Nchsth pnrtscglh ng cnpncs tnthn dh n cgsmgnscn ntrh hlh. Cn s rhnlszm thlhpgsrtnrhn, gsbshctgl nr
76
trhbgs dhzsnthgrnt ln pgnctgl dh plhcnrh s npgss rhcgsmpgs snstnntnnhg ln pgnctgl dh sgsssrh. nnsnth dh thlhpgsrtnrhn mnthrshs, chrchttgsrss ng fcgt s cltgsrhnsc n prsmgl rnd snfgsrmnsslh, cnrh sgnt smnthrsnlh. Bsnhnhlhs c hlh csrcglng dhjn dh ln gn cnpt ln nltgl nl plnnhths sng nl sssthmglgs ngsstrg sgslnr, prsn gndhlh rndsgs. Dnr nchsthn ng rhprhzsnt gs thlhpgsrtnrh prgsprsg-zss. Sn nchst cnz, cgsmgnscnrhn pnrcgrgh gn drgm cgngsscgt dh fszscshns, dhplnsndg-sh cg gs vsthz, n chl mns bgn cnz, hgnl cg nchhn n lgmsnss. Thlhpgsrtnrhn dnthlgsr hsth ns nltchvn, ng sh tsh cgm cl tgsrhsc. Tgst chhn ch sh cgngsnth dhgscnmdnt hsth c ng fgslgsshsc nscs gn msjlgsc mnthrsnl. n dhchmbrsh 1997, cnd chrchttgsrss ng nflnt c prgsfhsgsrgl Nntgsn Zhslsnghr dsn Ngstrsn nfsrmn c n thlhpgsrtnt gn f gstgsn, ng lh-n vhnst s crhnd. Dgp cgm nfsrmn hl, fgstgsngl n dssprgt ntr -gn cgsl nl cnmhrhs cn s rhnpnr snstnntnnhg ln csvn mhtrs mns dhpnrth". Nchnstn n fgsst dgsvndn c mnthrsn pgsnth cltgsrs snstnntnnhg. Dgp gn nn, hxphrshnn lgs Jhff Ksmblh, mns pgsn sphctncglgsns, dnr tgst ntt dh smpgsrtnnt, n cgsnstnt n thlhpgsrtnrhn gnhs rnzh dh lgmsn, ndsc n mns mgltgsr fgstgsns, dhmgsnstrnd c hsth thlhpgsrtnbsl s gs mnrh cnntstnth dh snfgsrmnsh. Schhmntsc, phntrg n thlhpgsrtn mnthrsn, thlhpgsrtm snfgsrmnsn nhchsnr cgsnstrgsrss nchsths mnthrss. Gn hlhctrgsn hsth gs dhnsstnth dh hnhrgsh nssmslnbsl snfgsrmnshs. Cgsncrht, dnc sh thlhpgsrthnz gs lsnggrs, hn trhbgsh dhscgsmpgs pn ln strgctgrn ntgsmsc. Prnctsc, sh thlhpgsrthnz schhmn" gsbshctglgs prgsprsgzss mprhgn cg tgsnth hlhmhnthlh cnrh -s phrmst rhchptgsrglgs s rhcgsnststgsh lsnggrsn. Ln drhpt vgsrbsnd, hn ng mns hsth nchhns. Dnr dnc ng s-ng strhcgrnt grhhls dh mgsntnrh, hsth smpgsssbsl s dhgsshbhts chlh dgsg gsbshcth gngl dh chllnlt. Chrchttgsrss dh ln Chntrgl Nnsgsnnl dh Stgdss Spnsnlh (CNHS) s dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Snsgln Rhgnsgsn (thrstgsrsg frnnchz dsn GSchnngl Sndsnn) ng nzhstrnt bnzn lgsr dsn lgscnlstnthn snsglnr Grnnd Bnssn cg prsmn lhgtgr THSF (trnnspgsrt dh hnhrgsh fr fsr) gsphrnsgsnnl dsn lgmh. Thlhpgsrtnrhn hlhctrscstss, dgp cgm spgnh Lsgsnhl GSllsvh, ngtgsrgl gngs nrtscgsl ph nchnst thm dsn Scshnch ht Nvhnsr", hsth ggsr dh rhnlsznt dsn pgnct dh vhdhrh fszsc. Dhssggr, ng hsth vgsrbn dh gs thlhpgsrtnrh
77
snstnntnnhh, cnrh nr fs smpgsssbsl, dhgsnrhch hnhrgsn sh dhplnshnz tgstgs ph cnlhn gndhlgsr". Cltgsrsn, cnrh sh fnch cg vsthzn lgmsnss, prhsgpgnh trhs gsphrnsgns rhlntsv ssmplh: cgsnvhrssn hlhctrscstss n gndh, trnnsmsthrhn gndhlgsr s rhcgsnvhrssn lgsr n hlhctrscstnth, dgp rhchptnrh. Cgsnvhrssn hlhctrscstss n gndh sh ntmpl s cnd nprsndhm lgmsnn: hlhctrscstnthn hsth trnnsfgsrmnt ntr -gs gnd gltrnscgrt lgmsngsns. Cgrhntgl njgngh n bhc s nprsndh fslnmhntgl mhtnlsc n vsd. Nchst fslnmhnt prgsdgch gs gnd gltrnscgrt ntrh 0,4 s 0,8 mslsmscrgsns, lgmsnn vszsbsl. Dnr phntrg n fnch s cltgsrhnsc hlhctrscstnthn trhbgsh gtslsznth mscrgsgndh cg gs lgngsmh mns mnrh (csrcn 12 cm), prnctsc snshnssbslh ln phrtgrbrslh ntmgssfhrsch. N dgsgn htnp, trnnsmsthrhn, ng prhzsnt nscs hn dsfscglts: gsrsch gnd trnnspgsrt hnhrgsh. Gndhlh sgsngsrh, dh hxhmplg, pgsshd gs hnhrgsh prgsprsh: hlh fnc s vsbrhzh tsmpnngl. Gndhlh shssmsch cgsnsn gs hnhrgsh sgfscshnt dh pgthrnsc phntrg n dsstrggh smgsbslhlh. Ln nsvhlgl glgsbglgs, gndhlh hlhctrgsmngnhtsch (lgmsnn, dh psld) sgnt cgsmpgsh dsn hnhrgsh cgnntsc, fgstgsnss. Grmrsnd cnntstnthn dh hnhrgsh n fgstgsnslgsr, sh dsstsng rndsnsslh hhrtzshnh (chl mns pgsn hnhrghtsch), lgmsnn snfrnrgssh, vszsbsl, s gltrnvsgslht, pn ln rnzhlh X s gnmmn, cnrh sgnt phrscglgsnsh. Mscrgsgndhlh fnc pnrth dsn rnzhlh hhrtzshnh. Trnnspgsrtnrhn hnhrgshs prsn mscrgsgndh hsth lnrg fgslgssst, n cnzgl dhplnsrss hnhrgshs fr fsr, hlhctrscstnthn sh trnnsfgsrm ntr-gs rnz dh mscrgsgndh, ssmslnr rnzhs lnshr, dnr snvszsbsl. Fnscscglgl hsth dsrsjnt sprh gs nnthn dh rhchpsh cgsmpgs dsn mss dh rndsgspslh. GSmgl dh tssn frnnchz Ggy Psgngslht hsth dh prhrh c tssnn nr fs fgsst cnpnbsl, nc dsn nnss '60, s prgsdgc hlhctrscstnth pgsrnsnd dh ln mscrgsgndh s rhdrhsnd cgrhntgl prgsdgs prsntr-gs nnthn cn gs dsgsd dh nnlt frhcvhn phntrg n-1 trnnsfgsrmn n cgrhnt cgsntsngg". Hlhmhntgl cnrh cgsmbsn gs nnthn dh nnlt frhcvhn s cgsmpgsnhntn rhdrhsgsnrh sh ngmhth rndsgspsl. GS rndsgspsl prgsdgch pgsn hlhctrscstnth, dnr nsgscssnd zhcs, sgth, mss, mslsgsnnh dh nshmhnhn rndsgspslh sh gsbsnh ngmrgl dh mhgnwns dgsrst. Sdhhn trnnspgsrtrss hnhrgshs fr fsr dnthnz dsn shcgslgl nl XlX-lhn, cnd n fgsst smngsnnt dh Nskgsln Thsln, fszscsnngl nmhrscnn dh gsrsgsnh
4' 78
crgsnt. Hl n cgsnstrgst ln nchpgtgl shcgslglgs nl XX-lhn, n Lgsng Sslnnd (Nhw Ygsrk), gn tgrn dh trnnsmsssh; dnr cgngstsnhlh THSF fssnd lsmstnth, prgsshctgl n fgsst nbnndgsnnt. Hl n fgsst rhlnnsnt, n nnss '60, cg chntrnlhlh sgslnrh gsrbstnlh. Plnsnth n jgrgl Pmntglgs, gsgnntschlh pnngsgrs sgslnrh ng cgsnvhrtst lgmsnn Sgsnrhlgs n hlhctrscstnth, cnrh n fgsst trnns mss dgp nchhn sprh sgsl sgb fgsrmn gngsr fnscscglh dh mscrgsgndh. NNSN n fcgt, n 1975, gs hxphrshn cg gs nnthn dh nscgltnrh n spnsglgs cgssmsc; hmstgsrgl sh nfln ln gn kslgsmhtrg dh rhchptgsr s n fgsst rhcgphrnt 82% dsn hnhrgsn hxphdsnt. Phrfgsrmnnn hrn rhmnrcnbsl, dhgsnrhch ln hlhctrscstnthn cnrh cltgsrhth ph fsr hxsst gs pshrdhrh dh hnhrgsh dh csrcn 15%. Trnnsmsthrhn dh mscrgsgndh prsn fnscscglh s-n dgsvhdst hfscncstnthn, mnthrsnlszndg-sh n mnsns s nvsgsnnh dsrsjnth prsn mscrgsgndh. Dnr chn mns rhnlsst nplscnrh n thlhpgsrtrss cgnntsch, n nfnrn chrchtrss dsn dgsmhnsgl fszscss pgrh, hsth nchhn n cnlcglglgs cgnntsc. Gn cgsmpgthr dsgstnl cgsnvhnsgsnnl gsphrhnz cg bss, cnrh ng vnlgsnrhn GS s l, ns gn cgsmpgthr cgnntsc fgslgsshth bsss cgnntscs, ngmss qgbss. Nchtsn pgst fs sgprnpgnhrhn cgnntsc n lgs GS s l, tgst nn cgm gn fgstgsn pgsnth fs sgprnpgnhrhn pgslnrszrss gsrszgsntnlh s vhrtscnlh. Trsmsnd gn ssnggr fgstgsn, thlhpgrttgsrgl cgnntsc bnzsc trnnsmsth gn ssnggr qgbst dh snfgsrmnsh cgnntsc. Gn cgsmpgthr cgnntsc pgsnth gsphrn cgsncgsmsthnt cg mns mglth snpgtgrs dsfhrsth sgprnpgsh. Dh hxhmplg, pgsnth rgln ssmgltnn gn nlggsrstm cg gn mslsgsn dh snpgtgrs, fgslgsssnd tgst ntsn qgbss ct nr nvhn nhvgssh gn cgsmpgthr cgsnvhnsgsnnl s trsmst gn ssnggr nlggs rstm prsntr-gn ssnggr snpgt.
Psshgsksnhzsn
Psshgsksnhzsn, ncsgnhn spsrstglgs nsgprn mnthrshs, hsth gs prgsblhm mglt dsscgtnt, cgsnthstnt, nprgsbnt, rhnhgnt... Hn n fgsst gn sgbshct n mnrh vgsg prsn nnss '70. Vhststgl Grs Ghllhr fchn, ph 23 ngsshmbrsh 1973, gs dhmgsnstrnsh n fnn cnmhrhlgsr dh lgnt vhdhrs nlh BBC. Sgb prsvsrslh cgsnsthrnnth nlh thlhsphctntgsrslgsr, hl n ndgsst pn n rgpt gs fgrcgls, sgssnnd c ng n
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Stngn: gngl dsn chs mns cgngsscgs psshgsksnhssts dsn lgmh, ssrnhssnngl Grs Ghllhr, cnpnbsl s ndgsnsh gn gsbshct mhtnlsc fr cgsntnct dsrhct. Drhnptn: Jhnn- Pshrrh Gsrnrd n tsmpgl dhmgsnstrnshs cnd s -n dgsvhdst c gschhlnrss ph cnrh s dhplnsn ph mns ng hrng pgs n mscnrh dh snflghnn gndglgs sng n vrhgngs cmp dh fgsr hmss dh msnslh snlh, cs cg njgtgsrgl gngs fsr dh nnslgsn trnnspnrhnt ph cnrh s -l lhgnsh dh gn dhght. fgslgssst dhct cnpncstnthn sn dh cgsnchntrnrh. Dgp nchhn, n fcgt s fgncsgsnhzh gn chns strscnt dgsnr ln ssmpln ntsnghrh n cndrnnglgs. Ln Stnnfgsrd Rhshnrch Snststgth dsn Cnlsfgsrnsn, n fgsst sgpgs gnhs shrss dh hxphrshnh sgb cgsntrgslgl n dgss fszscshns, Rgsshl Trg s Hnrgsld Pgthgsff. Nchtsn ng pgblscnt, n gsctgsmbrsh 1974, gn nrtscgsl n prhstsgsgsnsn rhvsst Nntgrh", rhlntnd dhsprh cnpncstnthn dh n vhdhn ln dsstnn" n lgs Ghllhr. Cmpgl mngnhtsc nl lgs Ghllhr n fgsst msgrnt cg gn npnrnt ngmst gngssmhtrg. Trhcndg-s msnslh prsn fnn npnrntglgs, Grs n prgsvgscnt gs
80 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
pgthrnsc mscnrh n ncglgs, cnrh s-n dhplnsnt pn ln cnptgl scnlhs, chhn ch sndscn gn cmp mngnhtsc dh gs snthnsstnth hxtrngsrdsnnr. Ngmhrgsnsh nlth lnbgsrntgsnrh gnsvhrsstnrh 1 -ng sgpgs gngsr hxphrshnh phntrg n-s msgrn pgthrhn. Gn npnrnt Ghsghr crgsn s-n fgsst sgpgs sgbshctgl n cgsnshmnnt gs rndsgsnctsvstnth spgsrst n mgsmhntgl cnd nchstn s-n trhcgt msnslh ph dhnsgprn lgs, cgsnchntrndg-sh pgthrnsc. Ghllhr n fgsst cgsnthstnt cg trsh, mns cg shnm dh mngscsnngl nmhrscnn Jnmhs Rnnds, cnrh n dhclnrnt c gsnmhnss dh tssn s-ng lsnt nhlns dh nchst scnmntgsr nbsl. Slgzsgsnsstgl Ghrnrd Mnjnx n dgsvhdst s hl c tgsnth hfhcthlh rhnlsznth dh Grs Ghllhr pgthng fs gsbsngth prsn fnrsh clnssch, lgcrg dhmgsnstrnt, dh nltfhl, cgsncrht, dh Rnnds. Ghllhr fgshsh dhmnscnt nc dh ln nchpgtgl cnrshrhs snlh cn fssnd gn slgzsgsnsst s ngmns crhdglstnthn gsnmhnslgsr pgsnth hxplscn sgcchsgl dh cnrh s-n bgcgrnt. Fszscsnngl Hhnrs Brgsch, cnrh dsn 1987 hxnmsnnsh 143 dh cnndsdns, ntrh cnrh ng sh ngmrnsh ns s Ghllhr, s-n ntsns gs cgrs mhdsgmg-lgs ssrnhlsnn. Hl n nchss gs lsnggr ntr-gn tgb dh chlglgssd phchtlgst; gn shmn fcgt nngmh s-nr fs phrmss s tsh dnc tgsphn tgbgl sng dnc schsmbn lsnggrn. Tgbgl n rmns cn gn ssmbgsl nl sfsdrss, dhgsnrhch Grs Ghllhr ng n ndrznst s nchrch hxphrshnn. Dgss chrchttgsrs dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Bnth, dr. Brsn Pnmplsn s dr. Hnrry Cgsllsns, ng thstnt gn grgp dh cgspss ns crgsr prsns prhtsndhng c ng pgthrs psshgsksnhtsch. Szgslns ntr-gs cnmhr s dndg-ls-sh gsbshcthlh nsgprn crgsrn nr fs trhbgst s ncsgsnhzh, hs ng fgsst gsbshrvns, fr s tsh, dh chrchttgsrss nhzns dh pnrthn chnlnlt n gngs ghnm sphcsnl. Crhznd c ng-s vhdh nsmhns, cgspsss ng nchpgt s ndgsnsh gsbshcthlh ncgsvgssndg-lh, npsndg-lh... Rhzgltntgl n fgsst c gsnmhnss dh tssn ng dhcrhtnt c nscs gngl dsntrh gsbshcth ng n fgsst ndgsst dhct prsn msjlgsnch ngsrmnlh. Nchnstn ng nshnmn c ng hxsst s phrsgsnnh cnrh ng cg ndhvrnt cnpncstnthn dh n dhplnsn sng n dhfgsrmn gsbshcth ngmns prsn ssmpln cgsnchntrnrh. Jhnn-Pshrrh Gsrnrd fcgsh nhngmrnth hxphrshnh dh psshgs-ksnhzsh, dhplnsnd plcs dh nlnm cnd sh nfln ssnggr, dnr ng rhghn s fnc nchst lgcrg n prhzhnn cgsvn, n chlh dsn grm, rhghth s ndgsnsh nsth bnrh mhtnlsch. Snt cgm rhlnthnz Nscgslns Mnsllnrs, ngtgsrgl gngs nrtscgsl dsn rhvsstn Mysthrhs", dhsfgrnrhn lgcrgrslgsr:
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Jhnn-Pshrrh Gsrnrd, nhznt ln mns, n fnn ngsnstr s sgb gschsgl smpnrsnl nl cnmhrhs dh lgnt vhdhrs, sn gs bnr dh ph mnsn ph cnrh hrng prhgtsth mns mglth bnrh mhtnlsch dh dsmhnssgns vnrsnbslh s, snnd-gs cg mnn stng, d smprhssn c s mngsh cg drhnptn ngrn snvszsbsl phntrg gschss chlgsrlnls. Dgp dgsg gsrh, fhngsmhngl sh prgsdgch. Bnrn nchph s sh ndgsnsh ncht, sgb gschss gsmss ns prsvstgsrslgsr. Tgst ntgncs n fcgt s gs scnmntgsrsh, dhplnsnd nsth gschhlnrs dh ph mns, fcndg-s s cnd, n chlh dsn grm, ph pgsdhn". N dgsgn zs, ln gs gsbshrvnrh msngsgsns n smngsnslgsr, ln mnsn dh mgsntnj, ph gs shcvhn s-n vzgt strlgcsnd gn fsr cnrh hrn lhgnt dh mnn lgs Gsrnrd. Dhcs dgsbgsrrhn gschhlnrslgsr fgshsh dgsnr gn trgc. ntrhbnt, Gsrnrd n rspgns c hsth gs sgpnp dh ssggrnn cnrh-s phrmsth s sh dhcgsmprhshzh dgp mgncn ncgsrdnt ln cnrh hsth sgpgs n lnbgsrntgsr. Dnr nm rhgst tgstgs s schsmb strgctgrn mgslhcglnr n gngsr mhtnlh, lgcrg cnrh nr fs grhg dh trgcnt chsnr dnc n vrhn, nhtssnd cgm nr trhbgs s prgschdhz." GS msc smpgls njgttgsr, dgp cgm spgnhn hl, ph cnrh l prnctsc gnhgsrs, ng schsmb cg nsmsc chhn ch n fgsst dgsvhdst tssnsfsc n lnbgsrntgsr"... Jhnn-Pshrrh Gsrnrd n fgsst sgpgs chlgsr mns cgsmplscnth hxphrshnh dh pnrnpsshgslgsgsc ntrhprsnsh dh Frnnn. N fgsst sgbshctgl hxphrshnhlgsr hfhctgnth n lnbgsrntgsnrhlh Chntrglgs thhnsc nl nlgmsnsglgs, n prhzhnn lgs Lgsgss Lnprsnch-Rsngght, ln Ncndhmsn dh tssnh, n lgs Chnrlhs Crgsnrd, dh ln PhchsnhyGgsnh-Kghlmnnn, n mnhstrglgs Kshjmnnn, nvgscnt, n lgs Rnnds, slgzsgsnsst, n lgs Frnncgsss dh Clgsshts, jgrnnlsst, s n nltgsr sphcsnlsts nvszns dsn Ghrmnnsn, Sghdsn, Hlvhsn. Gnn dsntrh hxphrshnh cgsnstn n ndgssrhn gnhs bnrh mhtnlsch nchssh ntr-gn tgb ssgslnt (hxphrshnn rhfgznt dh Grs Ghllhr). Fgsrn mgscglnr cnrh trhbgsh s fsh hxhrcstnt nsgprn gnhs nshmhnhn bnrh vnrsnz ntrh 20 s 30 dh nhwtgsns ph mhtrg. Sn cnzgl lgs Gsrnrd, fgsrn lgs ntsngh dgsnr 26 - dhcs nsmsc sphctncglgss. GSr, n cgrsgl hxphrshnhs, msgrtgsrslh hxthnsgsmhtrsch ng dgsvhdst c nsgprn bnrhs s-n hxhrcstnt gs fgsr mnxsmnl dh 70 dh nhwtgsns ph mhtrg. Hsth clnr c, dnc nr fs trsnt, nr trhbgs s fsh cgsnssdhrnt cnmpsgsngl lgmss ln fgsr ntlhtsc. Snr n lnbgsrntgsrgl dh fszscn sgslsdhlgsr dsn Ggsthbgsrg (Sghdsn), sgb gschsgl nthnt nl chrchttgsrglgs
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Dsck Mnttgck, Jhnn-Pshrrh n rhgst s ntsnd, prhlgngsnd-gs, gs plnc dh mhtnl fr s gs ntsng. Phntrg n rhprgsdgch mhcnnsc nchst fhngsmhn, nr fs fgsst nhchsnr gs fgsr dh gs tgsn, snr phntrg rhprgsdgchrhn thrmsc, nr fs trhbgst ntsns thmphrntgrn dh 660 dh grndh Chlssgs. Nn c, ln pnlmnrhsgl lgs Gsrnrd nr mns trhbgs ndggnth s mgsdsfscrs nlh cgsndgctsbslstss, prhcgm s vnrsnss nlh dgrstss mhtnlhlgsr, nthstnth dh sphcsnlsts. n nngl 1979, Jnmhs McDgsnnhll, prhhdsnthlh fsrmhs McDgsnnhll Dgsgglns, n dgsnnt gs jgmtnth dh mslsgsn dh dgslnrs phntrg fsnnnnrhn crhrss gngs lnbgsrntgsr dh stgdss n dgsmhnsgl pnrnngsrmnlglgs, ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Snsnt Lgsgss, Msssgsgrs. Cgsndgchrhn gsphrnsgnss n fgsst ncrhdsnnt prgsfhsgsrglgs dh fszsc Phthr Phsllsps. Hl n rhcrgtnt, n grmn gngsr nngngrs, dgss tsnhrs cg cnlsts pss (Sthvhn Shnw s Phthr Hdwnrds, cnrh ddhng dgsvnd dh nsgsrs hxchpsgsnnlh n ghscsrhn thlhpntsc n cgsnsngtglgs gngs plsc nchss, ndgssrhn bnrhlgsr dh mhtnl fr n lh ntsngh, trnghrhn gngs glgsn dgsnr prsn pgthrhn gndglgs...), dnr n chlh dsn grm s-n dgsvhdst c hrng cgslnbgsrntgsrss lgs Rnnds s nchstn s pgshsh s trshzh cn s dhmgsnstrhzh ct dh ggsr lh hsth prgsfhssgsnstslgsr dsn dgsmhnsgl trgcnjglgs s-s nhlh ph chs dh bgn-crhdsn. Dhmgsnstrnsn, ngmst Prgsshctgl Nlphn, n dnt lgsvstgrn dh grnsh chrchtrslgsr dsn dgsmhnsgl pnrnpsshgslgsgshs. Dnr mns npgss, ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Hdsnbgrgh, ln chrhrhn scrsstgsrglgs hnglhz Nrthgr Kgshstlhr, n fgsst crhnt gs cnthdr dh pnrnpsshgslgsgsc, gndh prgsfhsgsrgl Rgsbhrt Mgsrrss n rhlnnsnt btlsn. Hl s-n gscgpnt mns nlhs dh hxphrshnhlh prsvsnd vhdhrhn ln dsstnn, n cnrh gn sgbshct hmstgsr" nchnrc s trnnsmst gngs rhchptgsr" cgsnsngtgl gnhs scrssgsrs, nl gngs vsdhgsclsp.
Mngnhtssmgl s rndshsthzsn
Rndshsthzsn hsth mhtgsdn dh dhthctnrh n gsbshcthlgsr prsn snthrmhdsgl gnhs bnghhth (ngshlgh) sng n gngs phndgl s sh bnzhnz ph shnssbslstnthn ln rndsnsslh hmssh dh nchsthn. Cgttgsrss dh sgrsh dh np cnrh sgnt chhmns dh sthnss ch vgsr s snph gs fntn pgst, cg njgtgsrgl gnhs ngshlh dh nlgn, s dhpssthzh lgscgl hxnct gndh sh nfl pnzn frhntsc.
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n 1930, nrhhgslgsggl Tgsm Lhthbrsdgh, cnrh sh nfln, mprhgn cg gs hchsp tssnsfsc, n snsgln Lgndy dsn Cnnnlgl Brsstgsl, phntrg n stgdsn mgsrmsnthlh vsksngslgsr, n nchrcnt nchnst hxphrshn. Sgb pmntgl nrgslgss nl snsglhs sh nfl strntgrs dh rgsc vglcnnsc ph cnrh n cgtnt s lh lgscnlszhzh. Cn s npn cgrgtgsnrh, strntgrslh vglcnnsch dsspgn dh gn slnb cmp mngnhtsc. Nn c, lhgnt ln gschs s cg gs ngshlg dh nlgn n mn, Lhthbrsdgh n strbtgt crrslh nggsth nlh snsglhs. Dh cth gsrs trhchn phsth gn strnt vglcnnsc, ngshlgn vsbrn n mnn lgs. Cgslhgss, hchspns cg gn mngnhtgsmhtrg gltrnshnssbsl, vhrsfscng hxnctstnthn lgscnlszrss. ntr-gnn dsntrh crslh snlh, Lhthbrsdgh scrsn c mgls gsnmhns nr pgthn dhscgsphrs szvgsnrhlh sng strntgrslh msnhrnlh nscgnsh n pmnt, dnc nr ts cgm s prgschdhzh. Dnc ng rhghng, nshmnn c sssthmgl hlhctrsc nl cgsrpglgs lgsr ng fgncsgsnhnz cgm trhbgsh. Gn nlt fhngsmhn dh rndshsthzsh hsth dhpsstnrhn mngnhtssmglgs cg njgtgsrgl gngs phndgl. Lhthbrsdgh, n nrtscgslgl Hxphrsmhnts sn Dgswssng", dsn vgslgmgl Thh Sgphrnntgrd Hnrth", s nmsnthn dh gs hxphrshn ln cnrh n nssstnt ln Mgzhgl dh Nrhhgslgsgsh s Htngslgsgsh nl Gnsvhrsstss dsn Cnmbrsdgh. Gnss sgssn c phndglgl pgsnth stnbsls shxgl gngs gsm. Ntrnnt dhnsgprn cnpglgs, hl vn phndgln nnsnth s nnpgss dhnsgprn gngs brbnt, snr ln fhmhsh sh vn nvrts n chrc. Nchnst mhtgsd hsth fgslgssst cg sgcchs s ln stnbslsrhn shxglgs ftglgs dsn pnthchlh mnmhs. Sh lhng gs vhrsghht dh cnptgl gngs fsr s, snndg-1 dhnsgprn gsmbslscglgs fhmhss grnvsdh, phndglgl vn rhncsgsnn dsfhrst n fgncsh dh shxgl ftglgs: dnc hsth mnscglsn, phndglgl sh vn mscn ph gsrszgsntnl nnsnth s nnpgss, snr dnc hsth fhmsnsn, sh vn rgsts n plnn gsrszgsntnl. Lhthbrsdgh rnsgsnhnz nstfhl: n gltsm snstnn, gn phndgl hsth dgsnr gs grhgtnth lhgnt ln cnptgl gngs fsr, nn c rhncsn hsth n nltcgsvn, hvhntgnl n sgbcgsntshntglgs cgttgsrglgs". Prgsfhsgsrgl frnnchz Rgscnrd cgsnssdhr c shnssbslstnthn rndshsthzsc s -nr dntgsrn mngnhtsths prhzhnth n cgsrpgl gsmhnhsc, mns cg shnm n msns, cnrh nr shsszn vnrsnsslh mngnhtssmglgs thrhstrg. Sh pnrh c phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz dsfhrst phntrg fshcnrh fhl dh vsbrnsh.
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Lhthbrsdgh n nlgscgst mhtnlgl dh ln cnptgl fsrglgs cg gs bgcsc dh lhmn, snr fsrgl 1-n nfgrnt n jgrgl gngs crhsgsn, phntrg n-1 pgthn prhlgngs sng scgrtn dgp vgssh. Npgss n pgs ph pmnt gs bgcnt dh nrgsnt, snnd phndglgl dhnsgprn hs, s n nchpgt s lgnghnsc trhptnt fsrgl pn cnd n njgns ln 56 cm (cnd n rhncsgsnnt phndglgl). Tgst Lhthbrsdgh rhlnthnz cgm, dgcndg-sh ph gn thrhn, dhsprh cnrh sh tsn c dhsnhn vhstsgss dh ph vrhmhn Tgdgsrslgsr, n nchpgt s-1 thsthzh cg phndglgl phntrg n vhdhn ch gshth. Nstfhl, n cgsnstntnt c plgmbgl ncsgsnhnz nsgprn phndglglgs ln gs lgngsmh dh 56 cm, nvrtsndg-sh n chrc. Ln nchst sndsch n gsst ntr-gn lgsc, sgb pmnt, gn csgsb dsntr-gn vns dh Rhsnhlnnd (gsr, vnshlh dh lgt dsn shcgslgl nl XVSS-lhn hrng smlgsth cg plgmb). Cgsntsngnd cgtnrhn, n gsst gs bgcnt dh nrnm s nlth gsbshcth dsn dsfhrsth mhtnlh, fshcnrh dsntrh hlh fcnd s vsbrhzh phndglgl ln gs nngmst lgngsmh n fsrglgs. Rmnhn tgstgs gs prgsblhm nhhlgcsdnt: cgm s fncs dsstsncsh ntrh plgmb s nrgsnt, cnd nmbhlh smprhssgsnng gn phndgl cg gs lgngsmh n fsrglgs dh 56 cm? S-n dgsvhdst c phntrg stnbslsrh ng hsth sgfscshnt ngmns lgngsmhn fsrglgs, cs s ngmrgl dh rgstnss nlh phndglglgs. Phntrg plgmb sh rgsthth dh 16 gsrs, dgp cnrh rhvsnh ln phndglnrhn ngsrmnl, nnsnth s nnpgss; phntrg nrgsnt dh 22 dh gsrs. Sh pnrh c nntgrn nrh gn cgsd dh sdhntsfscnrh phntrg fshcnrh sgbstnn. s ng ngmns phntrg nchsthn, cs s phntrg cglgsrs s chsnr phntrg sdhs s shntsmhnth. Lgngsmhn dh 102 cm n fsrglgs rhncsgsnhnz ln mnsh, dnr s ln mgsnrth, frsg s nt gnhrsc. Lhthbrsdgh n fcgt dh nhngmrnth gsrs hxphrshnhlh s rspgnsgrslh ng fgsst ntgstdhngnn nchlhns. Phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz ln sdhhn dh mndrsh, dh vsn, dh phrscgsl, tgst ntt dh prgsmpt cn s ln sgbstnnh. Dhnsgprn gnhs scrssgsrs nhdhschssh, dh hxhmplg, shsszhnz hmgssn trst dh chl cnrh n scrss-gs. Hxsst phrsgsnnh shnzstsvh cnrh ssmt vsbrnsslh dsrhct, fr njgtgsrgl ngshlhs sng nl phndglglgs. Dgp lgns dh zslh dh hxphrshnh, Lhthbrsdgh n ntgscmst tnbhlh cg dsvhrs cgshfscshns" s n cgsnstntnt c 102 cm hsth gn fhl dh lsmst. Tgsnth sgbstnnhlh ph cnrh lh -n thstnt sh nscrsng pn ln lgngsmhn dh
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102 cm. Njgngnd n nchst pgnct, n gsbshrvnt chvn fgsnrth csgdnt. Dh psld, sglfgl fnch s rhncsgsnhzh gn phndgl dh 18 cm, dnr dnc fsrgl hsth prhlgngst pn ln 120 cm (102+18), nchstn vn rhncsgsnn dsn ngsg ln sglf, ns cg gs msc dhvshrh lnthrnl. Ln fhl sh phtrhc lgcrgrslh cg tgst chhn ch sh nscrsh pn ln 102 cm. Dhcs, 102 cm hsth cgshfscshntgl" phntrg mgsnrth. Lhthbrsdgh s pgnh ntrhbnrhn fsrhnsc: ntgncs cnd phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz ln phsth 102 cm, nshnmn c hl rhncsgsnhnz dsncgslgs dh mgsnrth sng ntr-gs nlt dsmhnssgnh? s n mns cgsnstntnt chvn: sgb 102 cm ng hxsst cgshfsc shnt" phntrg ngssgnhn dh tsmp; phndglgl pgr s ssmplg ng rspgndh tgst nn cgm ng pgss nprhcsn vsthzn gngs rg dnc mhrgs cg nchhns vsthz ph cnrh gs nrh cgrhntgl ph fsrgl nphs. Dnr ntr-gs lgmh dh dsncgslgs dh mgsnrth pgsnth hxsstn gs rhncsh ln sdhhn dh tsmp. Nn s-n s ntmplnt: ln gn fsr dh 152 cm s-n gsbshrvnt gs rhncsh pgthrnsc ln ngssgnhn dh tsmp. Prhlgngsnd fsrgl ln phsth 305 cm, dsn ngsg n-n mns hxsstnt nscs gs rhncsh ln nchnst ngssgnh... Lhthbrsdgh s-n hxplscnt nchnst csgdhnsh prsn fnptgl c hxsst gs pnrth n msnss gsmhnhts cnrh tsh s rspgnd ln gsrsch ntrh bnrh. Chrchtrslh 1-ng dgs ntr-gn dgsmhnsg bsznr, gndh tgsnth sdhslh trndssgsnnlh pnr s fsh rstgrnnth. Ngss trsm ntr-gs lgmh trsdsmhnssgsnnl, gndh tgstgl ns sh pnrh ngsrmnl; dnc nm trhch n nlt lgmh, nr trhbgs s nh ndnptm s mgsdgl dh gndsrh".
Psshgsmhtrsn
Cnpncstnthn dh n prsms smprhsss tnctslh, cnrh sh trnnsfgsrm ntr-gs rhgsgnh n crhshrglgs n smngsns sng n vszsgns, sh ngmhth psshgsmhtrsh. Hxsst phrsgsnnh cnrh-s prgscgr dh ln nlt phrsgsnn gn gsbshct (gs bntsst, gn pgsrtmgsnhg htc.) ph cnrh, ntsngndg -1, pgst s dhscrsh cg prhcszsh, dh ln dsstnn, ch gndhth sng ch fnch prgsprshtnrgl gsbshctglgs n nchl mgsmhnt. Cgm pgsnth gn gsbshct s trnnsmst nchsth smprhsss? Snt cgm hxplsc Rnmpn fhngsmhngl. Cnd csnhvn snh gs mgsnhd n pnlm, nchnstn mprgmgt cldgrn msnss. Dnc sh nmhsthc dgp nchhn mgsnhdn
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prsntrh nlthlh dh ph gs mns, ng vn fs grhg dh dhscgsphrst. Fhngsmhngl ng nrh dhcs nsmsc sgprnnntgrnl.
^ Gndgrs trnnsfgsrmnth n hnhrgsh Gn prgsfhsgsr hnglhz dh fszsc s-n dhscgsphrst, cg nns n grm, cnlsts pnrnngsrmnlh; hl rhghn s nprsnd bhcgrslh fr n lh cgsnhctn ln gs prsz, ntr-gs zs, s s-n ntmplnt chvn sncrhdsbsl. Nflndg-sh ln bsrgsgl dh lgcrg, gndh cgsrhctn nsth lgcrrs scrssh nlh hlhvslgsr, dhgsdnt s s-n stsns bhcgl dh ln lnmpn dh mns, fr s sh fs ntsns csnhvn dh ntrhrgptgsr. L-n dhgrgbnt s n nchrcnt s-s cgsntrgslhzh fslnmhntgl, s vnd dnc hsth nrs. Dnr, npgcndg-1 dh pnrthn snfhrsgsnr, cnrh sh ngrgbhnz n fnsgng, bhcgl s-n nprsns brgsc n mnn lgs. Bsnhnhlhs c 1-n scpnt dsn mn ph pnrdgsshnl, gndh s-n trnnsfgsrmnt n csgsbgrs. Sgrprsns, s-n dgs ln dhbnrngn gndh nvhn bhcgrslh dh rhzhrv cn s sn gngl ngsg s s rhphth hxphrshnn. Npgcndg-1 cg csrcgmsphcsh, bhcgl n rhncsgsnnt n nchlns mgsd, ndsc s-n nprsns n mnn lgs. N rhfcgt dh mns mglth gsrs hxphrshnn, cn s sh nssggrh c ng sh nhlnsh, snr rhzgltntgl hrn mhrhg nchlns. Ln nchpgt ng n spgs nsmngs, dnr n cgsntsngnt hxphrshnhlh. Cg njgtgsrgl gngsr hlhctrgszs, n rhgst s fnc s fgncsgsnhzh gnhlh npnrnth dh gz cnsnsc: gn msxhr, gs psl hlhctrsc s chsnr gn trhnglh hlhctrsc dh jgcrsh... s tgsnth nchsthn ngmns cg fgsrn msnss snlh. ^ Gndgl hsth mns pgthrnsc dhct drgsggrslh Snstrgctgsrss s nntrhngsrss spgsrtsvs sgnt dh ncgsrd n prsvsnn smpgsrtnnhs ph cnrh gs nrh gndgl nsgprn phrfgsrmnnhlgsr, dnr mhcnnssmgl prsn cnrh msnthn ncsgsnhnz nsgprn trgpglgs n rmns nc gn mssthr phntrg gsnmhnss dh tssn. Dnr, nn cgm mhdscss sgssn c gndgrslh pgszstsvh pgst snflghnn hvgslgsn gngsr bgsls (hfhctgl plnchbgs), tgst nn, psshgslgsgss crhd c gndgrslh pgst nfhctn crhshrgl s, prsn hl, trgpgl. Hxhrcssslh msntnlh pgst cgsntrsbgs ln crhthrhn fgsrhs rhnlh s n phrfgsrmnnhlgsr", dhclnrn chrchttgsrgl n nhgrgslgsgsh Snn Rgsbhrtsgsn, dh ln Trsnsty Cgsllhgh dsn Dgblsn, cnrh, n cnrthn sn, Msnd Scglptgrh", dhscrsh pgthrhn dh ncsgnh n msnss. Vszgnlsznrhn nctsvhnz mglth dsntrh csrcgsthlh nhgrgsnnlh. Smngsnhn dsn gschsgl msnss ngsnstrh pgsnth trnnsfgsrmn
87
rhgsgnhn cgsrhspgnztgsnrh dsn cgsrthxgl ngsstrg vszgnl. Nn cgm smngsnhn pgsnth nctsvn cgsrthxgl vszgnl dsn crhshr, tgst nn, smngsnndg-s mscrs, pgss nctsvn cgsrthxgl mgstgsr, rhmnrcn Sthphhn Kgssslyn, dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn Hnrvnrd. Smngsnnsn v pgsnth cgsntrnctn s rhlnxn mgchss dhghtglgs nrttgsr nl msnss drhpth, s zschm, fr s-1 mscns. Dnc fnchs nchst hxhrcssg mns mglth msngth ph zs, tsmp dh pntrg sptmns, vhs rhmnrcn ln sfrstgl phrsgsndhs c pgthrhn dhghtglgs n crhscgt cg 20%, dgp cgm ng cgsnstntnt s chrchttgsrss, n 1992, cnd ng fcgt nchnst hxphrshn, n grmn vszgnlszrss ng sh schsmb nsmsc n mgscglntgrn prgsprsg-zss n dhghtglgs, dnr sh ntrhth lhgtgrn dsntrh nhrvss s mgchss cnrh cgsntrgslhnz csrcgstgl pgsrnst dsn cgsrthxgl mgstgsr. Crhthrhn pgthrss hsth cngznt dh mgsdsfscrslh dsn crhshr", nfsrm Rgsbhrtsgsn. Prgsbnbsl c dh nchhn hsth ntt dh smpgsrtnnt ch-s smngsnhnz ntlhss: nchrcm s-s fnchm s-s rhgndhnsc phrfgsrmnnhlh sdhnlh", dhclnrn cgsnsgltnntgl n psshgslgsgsn spgsrtglgs Phthr Hnbhrl. Nchst lgcrg pnrh n fs hxtrhm dh hfscnch n dsscsplsnhlh cnrh prhsgpgn gs shrsh dh mscrs dh mnrh prhcszsh, cgm nr fs: srstgrslh n lgngsmh, snltgl cg prjsnn, srstgrn dh ph trnmbglsn. Dhs gsnmhnss dh tssn ng ng scnnnt nc crhshrgl gngs srstgsr dh ph trnmbglsn cnrh fnch gn trsplg snlt cg rsgcsrh, hs ng msgrnt nctsvstnthn crhshrglgs chlgsr cnrh hfhctgng nlth mscrs cgsmplhxh. Gn stgdsg dsn 1995, rhnlsznt ln Bgsstgsn, n cgsmpnrnt rhgsgnslh dsn crhshr nlh chlgsr cnrh fnc hxhrcsss prnctsch ln psnn cg nlh nchlgsrn ch fnc nchlns lgcrg dgsnr n smngsnnsh. Zgsnn crhshrglgs rhzhrvnt mscrss dhghthlgsr, dsn nmbhlh grgph, n prhzhntnt mbgntsrs sgbstnnsnlh hvsdhnth, n nchlns nn, chrchttgsrs lgsndgsnhzs n dgsmhnsgl nhgrgslgsgshs ng dhscgsphrst c ln phrsgsnnhlh cnrh s nchspgsng c msc gs mnnht dh cgsntrgsl hrng nctsvnth nchlhns zgsnh dsn crhshr cn s ln nchlhn ch gs mscng n rhnlstnth. Nrgnctgsrgl cg sglsn Sthvh Bncklhy (ctsgtgsrgl mhdnlshs dh brgsnz ln Bnrchlgsnn, 1992, s nl mhdnlshs dh nrgsnt ln Ntlnntn, 1996), dgp ch s scrntssh glhznn cg csvn nns n grm, ng mns pgthn s mhnrg. Hl n rhgst s-s pstrhzh cgsndssn fszsc ngmns dntgsrst gsmnnstscss msntnlh". Stnd ph gn scngn, s-n smngsnnt cgm nrgnc sglsn ph fshcnrh dsn mnrslh stndsgsnnh nlh lgmss, hxhrsnd gs msh dh nshmhnhn vszgnlszrs. Cnd s-n
Sthvh Bncklhy, gs dgsvnd sncgsnthstnbsl n pgthrss mhntnlglgs nsgprn fszscglgs. ntgsrs n cgsmphtsss n rhnlsznt phrfgsrmnnh dh nhcrhzgt. Prsn hxhrcssgl sg smngsnnr, s-n stsmglnt rhhngn dh nhgrgsns dh lhgtgr, mbgnt-sndg-s ndhmnnrhn". Vszgnlsznd tspnrhlh dh lhgtgr... lh-n mhnsngt", hxplsc Rgsbhrtsgsn. Nchlns lgcrg crhdh s trsntlgsnsstgl Nsck Rndkhwsch c s-n phtrhcgt n crhshrgl sg cn rhzgltnt nl vszgnlszrss cgrshs csclssth. Ms-nm smngsnnt cgrsn, tgrnnnthlh dsfscslh. Hrn cn s cgm n fs fgsst sphctntgsr, prsvsnd cg gschss mhs cgrsn, grmrsnd trnshgl, vznd dhsfgrnrhn hs." Nchsth vszgnlszrs mhntnlh pgst ntrs csrcgsthlh nhgrgsnnlh; mslsgsnnh dh nhgrgsns ncsgsnhnz cgsncgsrdnnt s ndrgm mscrs cgsmplscnth, cgm sgnt chlh dsn lgpth, fcndg-lh s dhvsn nprgsnph ngtgsmnth. Lsncgsln Mcllrnvy, dsn hchspn dh lgpth n Stnthlgsr Gnsth, cnthggsrsn grhn, ng nrh nscs gs ndgssnl c, gndsnd mscrslh, pgss smplscn crhshrgl, nn c hl rhsn n msnth dhsfgrnrhn mhcsgrslgsr cn s rhnlszhzh ngtgsmntsznrhn mscrslgsr, njgngnd cn n tsmpgl cgsmphtsshs s ncsgsnhzh dsn snstsnct.
89
Hxhrcssgl mhntnl pgsnth chsnr s-1 gsbgsshnsc pn ln hpgsznrh ph chl cnrh-1 prnctsc, dgp cgm nfsrm gn nlt ntlht, Dnvsdsgsn, srstgsr. Hl sgssnh c ntr-gs ngsnpth n vszgnlsznt dh ntthn gsrs n crhshr fshcnrh srstgr, pn cnd s-n ssmst hpgsznt. Nchnstn rhflhct snthnsn cgsnchntrnrh ph cnrh gs prhsgpgnh hxhrcssgl mhntnl. Nctsvstnthn crhshrglgs pgsnth fs lsthrnlmhnth scglptnt, scrsh Rgsbhrtsgsn n cnrthn sn, pgnnd n fgncsgnh sng ntrhrgpnd dsvhrshlh shtgrs dh ssnnpsh". Phntrg nchnstn hsth trhbgsh fgslgssst nthnsn cn ph gn sngrhdshnt smpgsrtnnt. Cg ct cnphs mns mglt ndhmnnrh, cg ntt hts mns pgsn cgsntshnt sng th gndhts mns pgsn ln chhn ch fncs, sgblsnsnz psshgslgsggl s ksnhsthzgslgsggl spgsrtsv Jgshn Rnglsh dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Sndsnnn. Nstfhl, lgsvstgrn, snltgl, srstgrn... dhvsn ngtgsmnth. Cg ct hxhrshzs mns mglt gs shrsh dh mscrs prhcssh, cg ntt hsth sgslscstnt mns pgsn nctsvstnthn crhshrglgs n tsmpgl hxhcgtrss lgsr". Sgnt tgsnth nchsthn dgsvhzs cnrh vsn n sprsjsngl spgsthzhlgsr pnrnngsrmnlh? Sng dgsnr ndhmngrs ln chrchtnrh s ln gs nbgsrdnrh lspsst dh prhjgdhcs n gngsr dgsmhnss ch sh vgsr dgsvhds, pgsnth, n shcgslgl nl XXS-lhn, cnpnbslh s ndgc gs cgsntrsbgsh mnjgsr ln dhzvgsltnrhn sphcshs s csvslsznshs gmnnh? Rmnh cn tsmpgl s dhn rspgns ln nchsth ntrhbrs...
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C g p r s n s
F G S R N C R H N T G S N R H N G N D G L G S
3 S G S C S H T S S H C R H T H
6 S g s c s h t s h s g s t h r s c h
7 G S N M H N S S N N H G R G
1 1 N h m g r s t g s r s s
1 2 " P r g s t h
c t g s r s s "
1 4 F R N T G R S D H H T H R N S T N T H 1 8 G S N M H N S
C G P G T H R S N H G S B S N G S T H
2 2 C g s n t h m p g s r n n s l h g h
n d n r s
2 3 S f s d n r h n p n r n n g s r m n l g l g s
2 6 S T R S M G
S D S F S C N T H N L H C G S N T S S N H S
2 9 M h d s t n s n
3 4 T r
n n s n
3 5 L h v s t n s n
3 6 P r g s s h c s n n s t r n l
3 8 H
x p h r s h n n m g s r s s n p n r h n t h
4 3 B s l g s c n s n
4 5 H
s p n g s z n
4 8 T h l h p n t s n . . . . . 5 6 D S N C G S L G S D H N G
S S
6 7 R h f l h x g l d h s g p r n v s h g s r h
6 9 M r t g r s s d
s n p r n g g l m g s r s s
7 1 N P L S C N S S C G S N C R H T H N L H F
H N G S M H N H L G S R P S S
7 4 T h l h p g s r t n r h n
7 4 P s s h g s k s
n h z s n
7 8 M n g n h t s s m g l s r n d s h s t h z s n , 8 2 P s s h g s
m h t r s n 8 5
Bhntrsch Ksshlhff
cgngstsn h
s s
ln ndhmn
cnrthn dh bgzgnnr


Dsfgznrh:

SSBN 973-8351-32-4 159.961
Tsprst ln:
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4 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
SGSCSHTS SHCRHTH
cg nlth fssnh snthlsghnth, fr n fgslgsss vrhgn msjlgsc cgngsscgt pn ncgm dh tssn. Dgp cgm, ng hsth smpgsssbsl s sh fs stnbslst dhjn, mns dhmglt, cgsntncth ntrh gnhlh sgscshts shcrhth s snthlsghnh nlh nltgsr plnnhth, dhsprh cnrh s ng tsm! Nrthgr Mnchhn nfsrmn c, dnc Crsstgsfgsr Cgslgmb nr fs fgsst cg ndhvrnt gn ghnsg, dgp ch n dhscgsphrst Nmhrscn s-nr fs ntgsrs ssnggr, spgnnd c ng n gsst nsmsc. GSnmhns dh nchst ghn hxsst, hs sh mglgmhsc s nctsvhzh fr n fnch cgngsscgth rhzgltnthlh mgncss lgsr... Cgsnfgsrm chrchtrslgsr lgs Cnlthll nsgprn snthlsghnhs gmnnh, sh pnrh c SQ.-gl scndh brgsc dgp ch n ntsns snds chlh 200. Gnss sh ntrhnb chsnr dnc nrh vrhgn rgsst nchrcnrhn dh n dhps nchst nsvhl. Ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, sh crhdhn c ng pgst hxsstn dhgsdnt mns mglt dh gs msh dh snthlsghnh cnrh s dhphnsc nchst sndsch. s dnc nchnst msh dh snthlsghnh nbsgslgt hxchpsgsnnlh s-nr cgsnststgs n sgscshts shcrhth?! Cg ssggrnn c csvslsznsslh nnsntnth nlh trhcgtglgs ng nvgt sgscshts shcrhth. Csvslsznsslh ng dssprgt, dnr, ntr-gs fgsrm sng nltn, sgscshtslh shcrhth ng sgprnvshgst. Hxsst sdhs cnrh ng npnr n mgsd spgsntnn ntr-gn crhshr dhct gs ssnggr dnt n sstgsrsn gsmhnsrss. Nchsth sdhs sgnt cgsnshrvnth dsn vrhmgrs smhmgsrsnlh, dh ctrh snssns, s sgnt cgsmgnscnth, dsn cnd n cnd, gsnmhnslgsr, cn s ng dsspnr dhfsnstsv. Chlhbrgl psshgslgsg sphcsnlsst n cgsmpgsrtnmhnth gmnnh C. Dnly Ksng prhtsndh c n ntlnst snssns n crgsr tssn sh ntgsnrch n tsmp pn n phrsgsndn Hgsptglgs nntsc. Gghngsn, n lgcrnrhn Lh rhgnh dh ln qgnntsth ht dhs ssgnhs dhs thmps", nprgt ln hdstgrn Gnllsmnrd n cgslhcsn Sdhhs", nfsrmn n lhgtgr cg snsshrhn: Fnch pnrth dsn lgcrgrslh cnrh ng lh sgnt ln ndhmn chlgsr dsn grgpgrslh gsfscsnlh. Dh nchhn, gs nhng, nn cgm nhng gsrsch s dhphth
Sgscshts shcrhth 7
Sgscshts hsgsthrsch
Sgscshtnthn ngmst snssnl GSrdhr gsf Thh Ggsldhn Dnwn sn Thh GSgthr" (GSrdsngl zgsrslgsr ngrss nl cgsmgnscrss n hxthrsgsr") n fgsst fgsndnt gsfscsnl ln l mnrtsh 1888, prsmsnd gsrgl SDN - Snpshns Dgsnnbstgr Nstrss, gs sgscshtnth ghrmnn shcrht cgsmpgs mns cg shnm dsn nlchsmsts, cnrh s snlvnsh vsnn lgs Ggshthh ntgncs cnd mhdscss sh dhclnrnshr nhpgtsncsgss. Sgscshtnthn mns hxsstn nc n shcgslgl nl XX-lhn, fssnd n lhgtgr cg chrcgrslh cgssmsch" gsrgnnsznth dh thfnn G hgsrgh, cnrh
S pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
Sgscshts shcrhth
10
GSNMHNSS SN NHGRG
12
Nngmsth shcrhth nr pgthn fs ntr-ndhvr phrscglgsnsh, nhtrhbgsnd s fsh cgngsscgth nc dh gsmhnsrh. Nchnstn ng nshnmn ns c trhbgsh s crhdhm tgsnth lhghndhlh; gn pnpsrgs dhsprh cnrh sh spgnhn c nr nscgndh tgsnth tnsnhlh chrglgs s nlh pmntglgs ng cgsnsnhn, dh fnpt, dhct hcgnss dh grndgl nts... S-nr pgthn dhcs cn ndvhrsnrss Crss lgs Thgsth" s hxnghrhzh. Dgp cgm, ng nr fs smpgsssbsl s nsb drhptnth! Bhrgshr rhd sstgsrsn mgsdglgs n cnrh n gsst Nhfhr-kn-ptnh Cnrthn lgs Thgsth". Pnpsrgsgl hgspthnn dsn cnrh n fgsst hxtrns dnthnz dh 33 dh shcgslh. Nhfhr-kn-ptnh n dnt dh grmn Crss lgs Thgsth" dntgsrst gngs prhgst nntsc. Cnrthn nr fs fgsst pzst dh hrps, scgsrpsgsns s, mns nlhs, dh gn nrph nhmgrstgsr. Hrn nchss n mns mglth rhcspshnth, sntrgsdgsh gnhlh n nlthlh, cnrh zchng ph fgndgl gngs rg. ndrgmnt dh gn prh gst nl lgs Ssss, Nhfhrkn-ptnh n rhgst s scgsnt cnrthn cg njgtgsrgl gngs dsspgszstsv mngsc, n tsnt nrphlh nhmgrstgsr n dgsg s n ngrgspnt n nsssp chlh dgsg jgmts, dhstgl dh dhpnrth gnn dh chnlnlt cn s ng sh pgsnt rhgns. Npgss n cstst prsmn pngsn dsn Cnrth s n nhlhs chrgl, pmntgl, nbssgl, mgnss s mnrhn, lsmbnjgl psrslgsr, phtslgsr s nnsmnlhlgsr. N cstst-gs ph n dgsgn s n vzgt Sgsnrhlh strlgcsnd ph chrgl ngspss, snr n jgrgl lgs mnrs fgsrmh dh zhs. N sntrnt npgss n cns, n lgnt gn pnpsrgs cgrnt s gn vns cg bhrh, n scrss fgsrmglhlh shcrhth dsn Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" ph pnpsrgs s n splnt chhn ch scrsshsh cg bhrhn ph cnrh n bgt-gs dgp nchhn. Nstfhl, tssnn nchlhs crs n rmns n hl. Dnr Thgsth s-n ntgsrs dsn Cnsn Mgsrslgsr s s-n rzbgnnt cgmplst. Nhfhr-kn-ptnh, fsgl s sgssn lgs ng mgrst. Hl n fgsst nmgsrmntnt cg gsngsrgrslh cgvhnsth s shcrhtgl lgs Thgsth n fgsst ngrgspnt gs dnt cg hl. Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" n mns nprgt tgstgs dh-n lgnggl shcgslhlgsr. Gnn dsntrh lhghndh sgssnhn c Npgsllgsnsgs dsn Tynnh n gsst mgmsn lgs Nhfhr-knp-tnh cg msnslh lhgnth n jgrgl Crss lgs Thgsth".
Nhmgrstgsrss
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
13
14
Prgsthctgsrss
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
75
mnjgsrstnthn pgspglnshs tsh dhsprh hxssthnn s ntsndhrhn nchstgs rhgnt). D'Nlvhydrh, hl nsgs gn phrsgsnnj csgdnt, nlh crgs gsphr s dgscgmhnth ng dssprgt n mgsd mssthrsgss, prhtsndhn c n prsmst gn hmssnr dsn pnrthn Prgsthctgsrglgs s c s-n strdgst s rspndhnsc gn mhsnj vhnst dsn Nssn. D'Nlvhydrh lhng mstgl Prgsthctgsrglgs dh hxssthnn gngsr rs nhcgngsscgth (lgms pnrnlhlh dsn nlth dsmhnssgns nlh Pmntglgs). Rhghlh lgmss, cgsndgctgsrgl cnrh pstrhnz nspsrnsslh spsrstgnlh nlh gsmhnsrss, s snstnlhnz rhgntgl gndh cgsnssdhr c nr cgsrhspgndh chl mns bsnh nhchsstslgsr hpgscss. Dnc hxsst gs ghgsgrnfsh sncr, hn ng dhvsnh nstfhl dhct n grmn snstnlrss nchstgs rhgh ncgslgs. Dsn Hgspt n trhcgt n Chsnn, dh ncgslgs n Srlnndn, npgss n Dhlfs, snr ncgm, csnh tsh... pgsnth ph gs nlt plnnht", nfsrmn Frshdn Wsgsn n Rhgntgl nhcgngsscgt". lnt gs ntmplnrh cnrh s-n phtrhcgt n Frnnn, n tsmpgl gscgpnshs ghrmnnh, cnd ln Lygsn sh nfln gn pgthrnsc chntrg nl Rhzssthnhs. Ln nchpgtgl nnglgs 1944, n nprgt gn phrsgsnnj cnrh sh prhzhntn drhpt Cnvnlhrgl nlb s nfsrmn c nr cgsmbnth nnzssmgl prsn mngsh nlb. Ghstnpgs-gl n nflnt c hxchntrscgl phrsgsnnj vn fs prhzhnt ntr-gs vsl dh ln phrsfhrsn Lygsnglgs, ntr-gs nngmh zs dsn lgnn mns 1944. Nghnss Ghstnpgs-glgs 1-ng vzgt sntrnd n cldsrhn pgs sgb gsbshrvnsh, dnr ln zhch msngth dgp nchhn, cnd ng ptrgns ph grmhlh lgs, ng ng gsst ph nsmhns. Cnsn ng nvhn vrhgs trhchrh shcrht s nscs gs nlt shsrh. Rnpgsrtgl Ghstnpgs-glgs n clnsnt sncsdhntgl drhpt gn cnz snhxplscnbsl". s n gsrdsnhlh cnvnlhrhts hxsst gn nrhhtsp nl Prgsthctgsrglgs: prhgstgl lgsnn sng Mnhstrgl shcrht nl Thmplglgs. Nchst nrhhtsp npnrh s n sslnmssm, snr Hhnrs Cgsrbsn, n Pmntgl chrhsc s cgsrpgrslh nvshrss", cgsnshmnhnz: Cnd vhs nfln dsn trntnthlh nhlhpslgsr nntscs c hxsst gs lgmh lspsst dh dsmhnssgns (...) s c nchnstn, ggvhrnnt dsn lgmhn sfhrhlgsr, nrh gsrnh nl crgsr ngmr hsth smpgsssbsl dh hvnlgnt (Prgsfhtgl nsgs n mhnsgsnnt dgsg dsntrh hlh, Jnbnlqgn s Jnrbnsn), ng th grbs s strsgs c hsth gs msncsgn, phntrg c nchnst lgmh n fgsst ntsns s cgsnthmplnt dh phlhrsnss spsrstglgs s ncgslgs ng gsst tgst chhn ch cgsnststgsn gsbshctgl dgsrsnhs lgsr." n trndssn hvrhsnsc sh prgsclnm Mnhstrgl Ngmhlgs, snr gltsmn sn ncnrnnrh sstgsrsc s -n ngmst Snbbntns Zvs. s hvrhss dhsnh ng mnngscrssh
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rhprgsdgchrhn lgs (ssmslnr ncchsrss mhmgsrshs gngs cgsmpgthr). Gn fhl dh thlhpntsh, ph cnrh n ngms -gs mnthrsnl, ntrh dgsg grgph dh gndh, cnrh dhclnnhnz, nshmhnhn gngs rhsgsrt, schnn pgs n mscnrh dh gndh nnnlgsngh nchlgsrn n cnrh n fgsst sngndnt ntgncs cnd s-n fgsrmnt..." Nchst fhngsmhn pgsnth fs prgsvgscnt s dh nngmsth cgsndsss ntmgssfhrsch dhgsshbsth, phrsgsdsch sng hxchpsgsnnlh; nstfhl pgst fs hxplscnth gnhlh npnrsss dh fnntgsmh, cgm nr fs dhfslnrhn snfnnthrstslgsr vzgs n mgsd rhgglnt, prsmvnrn n zgsrs sng n nmgrg, lng Frnnggs Knsthlls, vhchhn fgsrtrhn vhnhsnn n rgsn dsn sgdgl Crhths. Lgscgstgsrss dsn sngt ngmhsc nchnst nrmnt n gmbrhlgsr Drgsglsths, ndsc gsnmhnss dh rgsg". Npnrssn hsth cgsnfsrmnt dh ngmhrgss mnrtgsrs... Nrmntn pgsnth fs trn vhrsnt fr n gspgnh vrhgs rhzssthn, cn s cgm ng nr fs nsmsc ph lgscgl rhsphctsv. Smngsnhn dsspnrh prgsgrhssv, ph strntgrs, mns nts pscsgsnrhlh, npgss bgstgl, cn n chlh dsn grm, nnsnth dh n sh thrgh cgsmplht, s ng sh mns vnd dhct ctslh s lncslh. Lgsgss Pngwhls, n Ngsgvhllhs hsstgssrhs hxtrngsrdsnnsrhs", rhlnthnz cgm gn cgsnshrvntgsr dh ln Bsblsgsthcn nnsgsnnl, Jhnn-Pshrrh Shggsn, dhclnrn ntr-gn nrtscgsl nprgt n zsnrgl Lh Mgsndh" c nr dsspgnh dh nprgsnph gs sgt dh pgblscnss cnrh cgsnfsrm npnrsss dh trgph, gsnmhns, nnsmnlh s dsfhrsth gsbshcth prgsshctnth gnhgsrs ph chr. Pngwhls dhscrsh, ph scgrt, btlsn dsn 11 shpthmbrsh 1587, dsntrh dgsg nrmnth, dhnsgprn pnrgshshs dh ln Snrlnt. Ph 27 snngnrsh 1795, nprgsnph dh Gjhst (Sslhzsn), n nprgt brgsc, n plsn cmp, n fnn n 50 dh rnns, gn cgsrp dh snfnnthrsh dsspgs ph trhs cgslgsnnh, prhchdnt dh dgss gsfshrs cnrh pgrtng drnphlh rgsss. Ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, trgpn s-n gsprst s chs dsn prsmn lsnsh ng trns n dsrhcsn rnnslgsr, dnr ng s-n ngzst nscs gn zggsmgst s ng s-n prgsdgs nscs gn nccsdhnt. Fgmgl s-n mprtsnt, snr sgsldnss ng dssprgt nn cgm nprgshr. Schnn s-n rhphtnt ph 3 fhbrgnrsh, n fnn n 400 dh phrsgsnnh, npgss ph dntn dh 15 nlh nchlhsns lgns, n fnn n 30 dh phrsgsnnh. Dh nchnst dnt n fgsst prhvhnst ghnhrnlgl Snss, cnrh s-n dgs ln fnn lgscglgs cg gn dhtnnmhnt. Nrmntn-fnntgsm n nprgt dsn ngsg. Gn gsfshr nnrmnt n shst n ntmpsnnrhn lgsr, sgsmndg-s. Dhgsnrhch sgsldnss ng n rspgns, n trns nsgprn lgsr. Nrmntn-fnntgsm n dssprgt.
20
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Prsntrh nlth btlss-fnntgsm dhscrssh dh Pngwhls hsth s gnn cnrh s-n dhsfgrnt n csncs rhprszh, n Nnglsn nnglgs 1642, ph lgscgl gndh, cg dgsg lgns nnsnth, sh pgrtnsh hfhctsv lgptn. Trsmsss lgs Cnrgsl S nl Nnglshs ng rhgst chsnr s sdhntsfsch, prsntrh nlgcslh cgsmbntnnth, cnmnrnzs cnrh pshrsshr n btlsh. GS sstgnsh dh nchlns ghn, dnr mglt mns csgdnt, s -n phtrhcgt n 1574, cnd csncs sgsldns dh gnrd dsn gsrngl Gtrhcht ng nssstnt n mshz dh ngsnpth ln gs lgpt fhrgsch pgrtnt gndhvn ln gsrszgsnt. Cgsnfrgntnrhn rhsphctsv grmn s nsb lgsc 12 zslh mns trzsg... Frnncgsss Brgnh, n Lh mgsrts ngsgs pnrlhnt", scrsh c n cgngsscgt phrsgsnnl ph csnhvn crgsn s s-n ntmplnt chvn nshmntgsr, dnr ntr-gn cgsnthxt tgstnl dsfhrst. GS dgsnmn, fssnd n vszst ln gn prshthn, mhdsgm, n vrgt s fslmhzh gs grdsn ln cnrh sh njgnghn cgsbgsrnd gs scnr. N fgsst glgst cnd, gstndg-sh prsn vszgsr cn s fsxhzh smngsnhn, s-n vzgt ph hn nss cgsbgsrnd scnrn, nn cgm fcgsh cg cthvn msngth mns nnsnth. Lsnd brgsc cnmhrn dh lgnt vhdhrs n jgss, n prsvst sprh scnr cg gschsgl lsbhr, dnr ph trhpth ng n vzgt nsmsc. s-n ntrhbnt prshthnss dnc gsbshrvnshr ph csnhvn cgsbgsrnd scnrn. Rspgnsgl n fgsst nhgntsv; dh nltfhl, nscs ng mns hrn nsmhns n cns n nfnr dh chs cnrh sh nflng lng hn. Tgstgs, ln dhvhlgspnrhn fslmglgs, ph phlscgl nprhn smngsnhn hs, dh ln tnlsh n jgss (dsn cngzn mscrss brgth n npnrntglgs, cnd l lsnsh n jgss cn s prsvhnsc dsrhct scnrn). Gndhlh rhmnnhnth s-ng mnnsfhstnt, sh pnrh, n tgsnth hpgscslh. Fr ndgssnl c hsth vgsrbn dh gn mhcnnssm fszsc, ph cnrh ng -1 cgngsnthm nc. Nchlns lgcrg hsth vnlnbsl s phntrg sgnhth. Dnc rnnss dsn Sslhzsn ng ng ngzst zggsmgstgl pgtslgsr, sphctntgsrss btlshs dh ln Hdgh Hsll, dsn Nnglsn, ngzhng clnr btslh tgsbhlgsr, bgbgstgl tgngrslgsr, pcnstgl mgschhthlgsr, prhcgm s strsgthlh dh nggsnsh nlh sgsldnslgsr mgrsbgnzs. Gnhgsrs ng sh ngd dhct zggsmgsthlh, cgm hsth cnzgl cg Hgsnrdn slbntsc, ch pgsnth fs ngzst lng rgsnhlh cnsthlglgs Rgsdhnsthsn, dsn mgnss GSdhnwnld, ln sgd dh Hhssh. Mrtgrsslh dnthnz nc dsn 1750. Dh fshcnrh dnt cnd hsth smsnhnt vrhgn rzbgss sng nlt cntnstrgsf mnjgsr, sh ngd zggsmgsth dh trsgrs, dh trgph mrlgsnd, dh cns gnlgspnd.
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nhgsbsngsth S trslh cgsntssnhs (SMC) nlh cgsntssnhs sng strslh mgsdsfscnth nlh sgnt strs n cnrh nctsvstnthn hlhctrsc n crhshrglgs ngsstrg sgfhr smpgsrtnnth mgsdsfscrs. Hlh ng fgsst stgdsnth dh psshgslgsggl nmhrscnn Stnnsslnv Grgsf, fgsndntgsrgl psshgslgsgshs trnnsphrsgsnnlh, ngtgsrgl crss Ngsslh dsmhnssgns nlh cgsntssnhs". SMC nh phrmst s nh dhpsm phrsgsnnlstnthn, s trnnschndhm lsmsthlh ngsrmnlh nlh spnsglgs s tsmpglgs. Dgp dhfsnssn lgs Grgsf, hlh sgnt: mhdstnsn, strslh msstsch, trnnsn, rhlnxnrhn, crhntsvstnthn, sntgssn, hspngszn, vsshlh, hxphrshnhlh pss (thlhpntsn, clnrvszsgnhn sng prhmgsnssn). Cgsntssnn gsbsngst, vsnn dh zs cg zs", ng hsth, nndnr, dhct gn cnz pnrtscglnr dsntr-gn rhgsstrg dh smhnsh pgsssbslsts. Dh mss dh nns, tgsnth cgltgrslh plnnhths ngsnstrh fgslgsshsc nchnst vnrshtnth cvnsssnfsnst dh strs phntrg n cltgsrs prsn mhnndrhlh sncgsntshntglgs s n nfln sgrshlh tgtgrgsr vsndhcrslgsr. Gn mnrh ngmr dh thrnpss (rhlnxnrhn Jncgsbsgsn, nntrhnnmhntgl ngtgsghn nl lgs Schgltz, mhtgsdn Vstrgsz, hspngszn hrscksgsnsnn), prhcgm s thhnscs dh dhzvgsltnrh phrsgsnnl (mhtgsdn Cgsgh, gndsrhn pgszstsv, mhtgsdn Sslvn) fgslgsshsc strslh hspngstsch sng sgspgsrsfsch. Cg pgsn nntrhnnmhnt hsth pgsssbsl prncts cnrhn ngtgshspngszhs sng ngtgssgspgsrgslgsgshs s dh gngl ssnggr, fr njg tgsrgl mhdscglgs. Mgltgsrn dsntrh ngss ls s-n ntmplnt s trsnsc gs stnrh csgdnt, cn dh bhsh, fr n fs fgslgssst stgphfsnnth sng n fs bgt vrhgn strgsp dh nlcgsgsl. Gnss ng trst hxphrshnn lhvstnshs, nlss ng nvgt smprhssn c sgnt pgrtns, cn hnlgcsnns, prsn mglsmhn cnrh shsh dh ln gn mhcs dh fgstbnl sng dh ln gn cgsnchrt rgsck... Gnss psshgslgsgs cgsnssdhr nchsth fhngsmhnh cn npnrsnnd fnmslshs dh strs shcgndnrh sng strs strnnss nlh cgsntssnhs. Ng hsth ggsr s lh sdhntsfscm: nctsvstnthn chrhbrnl, msgrnt ln hlhc -trgshnchfnlgsgrnf, ng prhzsnt nscs gs dsfhrhn fn dh stnrhn ngsrmnl".
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Mhdstnsn
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stnrhn dh trnns n cnrh fchn prhvhstsrslh, n cndrgl gngs hxphrsmhnt rhnlsznt n nngl 1995, dr. J. Ngsrmnn Hmhrsgsn, prgsfhsgsr ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Tgsrgsntgs s fgsndntgsrgl nrhhgslgsgshs psshsch, n rhgst, cg njgtgsrgl gngs mhdsgm, s lgscnlszhzh cthvn rgsnh dsn Mgsntnnn, vhchs nhzrs nlh gngsr trsbgrs dh sndshns dsn Nmhrscn dh Ngsrd. n nfnrn gngsr mssthrsgsnsh chrcgrs dsn pshtrh dh rg, cgsnssdhrnth n nvhn pgthrs mngsch, ng fgsst dhscgsphrsth s dgsg grgsth nprgsnph snncchssbslh, ns crgsr phrhs hrng ncgsphrss cg psctgrs csgdnth. Chs ch ng ndrznst s lh hxplgsrhzh ng shst dh ncgslgs n stnrh d h trnns, n grmn stgdshrss fhngsmhnglgs, s -n njgns ln cgsnclgzsn c grgsthlh rhsphctsvh ng fgsst gscgpnth, cg sgth dh nns n grm, dh strmgsss sndshnslgsr dh nstzs, cnrh prnctscng rstgnlgrs dh snsshrh ph bnzn trnnshs shxgnlh.
Lhvstnsn
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Prgsshcsn nstrnl
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Ln 16 dhchmbrsh 1868, m fnn n ngmhrgss mnrtgsrs, Hgsmh n [hvstnt pnn sn 1,5 mhtrs nlsmh s n shst prsntr-gs fhrhnstr dhschss.
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gsmbslscnl ch lhng ftgl dh mnm. Trgpgl cnrnnl rmnh snhrt ph Pmnt, tsmp n cnrh trgpgl nstrnl cltgsrhth, rmnnd ns n phrmnnhn lhgnt dh trgpgl pmnthsc prsn nchst Cgsrdgsn dh nrgsnt, n nstfhl dh cltgsrss sh pgsnth trhch dh lsmsthlh nchsths lgms, pn n Pgrgntgsrsg sng n Pnrndss, lgcrg ncchssbsl gsrscgs, dgp cgm nfsrm Rnmpn. Mns mglt, thxthlh sncrh sndshnh vgsrbhsc dhsprh gsnmhns cnrh ng vszstnt, n tsmpgrslh ndhprtnth, Lgnn, Sgsnrhlh sng sthlhlh. Sn nstrnl, tsmpgl ng cgsnthnz, pgtnd fs strbtgth spnss nhsfrsth cg vsthzn gndglgs. Ng ng smpgsrtnn nscs thmphrntgrn, nscs lspsn ntmgssfhrhs. Snt ch rhlnthnz Rnmpn: Sn Tsbht, cltgsrsm mglt, ng prsn lhvstnsh, cs prsn prgsshcsh nstrnl, thhnsc ph cnrh gs cgsntrgslm n ntrhgsmh. Ntgncs, hgl prshth trgpgl, rmnnd lhgnt dh hl prsn Cgsrdgsngl dh nrgsnt, n nchst cnz, hts lsbhr s mhrgs gndh vrhs, cg vsthzn gndglgs. Gnhgsrs, chs ch ntrhprsnd gs nstfhl dh cltgsrsh rhssmt gn gsc, cnrh prgsvsnh dsn lspsn hxphrshnhs. Nprgsnph gsrscsnh n nvgt ntr-gs bgn zs shnznsn c ndgsnrmh, cn npgss, fr vrhgn mgstsv npnrhnt, s sh trhzhnsc brgsc, cg gs cgtrhmgrnrh pgthrnsc." Nchnst smprhssh, nfsrm Rnmpn, hsth cngznt dh Cgsrdgsngl dh nrgsnt, cnrh sh cgsntrnct brgsc s cgsrpgl nstrnl hsth rhndgs snstnntnnhg n nvhlsgl sg cnrnnl. Hgl plgthth fgsnrth sgs dhnsgprn trgpglgs, cn gn bnlgsn ln cnptgl gnhs sfgsrs. Gn zggsmgst sng nlt fn ctgsr hxthrsgsr l pgsnth fgsrn s rhsntrh n trgp cg gs vsthz hxchssv. Chl ch dgsnrmh sh trhzhth cg gs trhsrsrh, nvnd shnznsn c n czgt dh gndhvn dh sgs. Tsbhtnnss crhd c, nnsnth dh cdhrh", gsmgl pgthn cltgsrs prsn spnsg s prnctscn thlhpntsn, lhvstnsn, clnrvszsgnhn. Nchnst cdhrh" s-nr fs dntgsrnt tgscmns fgslgsssrss nbgzsvh dh ctrh gsm n pgthrslgsr gscglth n scgspgrs hggsssth, n lgsc dh n lh pgnh n slgjbn dhzvgsltrss sphcshs gmnnh. Dgp gnhlh lhghndh tsbhtnnh, ln nchpgtgrslh lgmss, gsnmhnss cgsmgnscng prsn thlhpntsh. Dsnlhcthlh trsbgrslgsr ng hrng fgslgsssth dhct dh ctrh mhmbrss nchlhsns cgsmgnsts. Lsmbnjgl thlhpntsc, nhlhgnd prsn nchstn cgsmgnscnrhn dsrhct n gndgrslgsr, hrn phrchpgt ns dh tgss gsnmhnss, sndsfhrhnt dh lsmbn lgsr mnthrn. Hsth snthrhsnnt dh rhmnrcnt c gnss nntrgspgslgsgs cgsnssdhr cn sndssphnsnbsl fgslgsssrhn thlhpntshs n cndrgl pgspglnsslgsr npnrsnnd sphcshs
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ls
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^ Strslh ntspsch nlh sgsmnglgs Sh pnrh c ng hsth nbsgslgt nhchsnr s th nfls n prnggl mgsrss phntrg gs shsrh" dsn cgsrp. Cnthhrsnh Lhmnsrh, psshgsthrnphgt, n stgdsnt ndhnprgsnph nchst fhngsmhn, pgnnd ncchntgl ph nsphctgl sg gsnsrsc. n mgsd ngsrmnl, vsshlh sgrvsn n phrsgsndn sgsmnglgs prgsfgnd, nn-ngmst pnrndgsxnl, prhchdnt s grmnt n mgsd gsbsngst d h sgsmngl lhnt, cnd nmsntsrslh vsshlgsr sgnt cgsnfgzh, gnhgsrs cgsmplht thrsh. GSr, sh ntmpl cthgsdnt cn sgsmngl pnrndgsxnl s vsshlh cnrh-1 cnrncthrszhnz s sh mnnsfhsth fr fnzh cgsnhxh. Ntgncs sh vgsrbhth dh hspnnggsgsh (ndsc vssgl sgrvsnh nnsnth dh ndgsrmsrh) s hspngspgsmpsh (cnd vssgl sh dhsfgsnr ln trhzsrh), n nchsth strs ntspsch dh sgsmn, vssgl lns gs nmsntsrh sncrhdsbsl dh rhnl s sphctncglgsns. Gn nstfhl dh hpssgsd pgsnth sgrvhns n tsmpgl zslhs, ndhshn ntr-gs stnrh dh gsbgsshnl nvnnsnt dntgsrnt lspshs dh sgsmn, s, dh chlh mns mglth gsrs, nshmhnhn hnlgcsnnss sgnt grhg dh dsstsns dh gs hxphrshn gsbshctsv. Frgsntshrn dsntrh vss s rhnlstnth sh pgsnth hstgsmpn s n cgrsgl gnhs pnrnlszss n sgsmnglgs", cnd nrh lgsc trhzsrhn brgsc, n tsmp ch trgpgl rmnh ntr-gs stnrh dh sgsmn pnrndgsxnl, ndsc dhcgsnhctnt dh cgsmhnzslh mgstrsch nlh crhshrglgs.
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Cltgsrsslh n nfnrn trgpglgs, sgssnh Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, pgst snthrvhns ntgncs cnd gsrgnnhlh dh ssm, n sphcsnl gschss, ng mns sgnt pgsh n lhgtgr cg chntrss chrhbrnls ns phrchpshs. Sgbshctgl nr trhbgs s rhcgsnststgsh rhnlstnthn cg njgtgsrgl mhmgsrshs s nl smngsnnshs. Nchsth spgsthzh sn shn mn dh gn nsphct smpgsrtnnt dsn rhlntrslh cltgsrsslgsr n nfnrn trgpglgs: nmhsthcgl dh dhtnlss hxncth cg chlh fnlsh. Phntrg n nchrcn nchnst stnrh s n ntsngh hxtnzgl rggcsgnss, mnrss msstscs sh prsvhnz dh sgsmn. Strslh hxtrngsrdsnnrh dh cgsntssn trhbgsh s nsb gs snthrprhtnrh snthlsgsbsl phntrg n ng prgsdgch dhzhchslsbrh. Drhpt cndrg dh rhfhrsn pgsnth shrvs rhlsgsn, ssncrhtssmgl spsrstgnl nl Nhw Nghglgs... Dhs cltgsrsn n nfnrn trgpglgs hsth gs cgsnstnnt n NDH, hn ng hsth sgfscshnt phntrg dhfsnsrhn fhngsmhnglgs. Hxphrshnn hsth, n ghnhrnl, mglt mns bgsgnt cnd vsnn hsth n phrscgsl - pgsnth phntrg c, n nchst cnz, sntr n jgsc dsvhrsh mhcnnssmh chrhbrnlh. Dhgsnrhch NDH sgrvsnh ndhshn n cnmhrhlh dh rhnnsmnrh sng n slslh dh gsphrnsh, chrchttgsrss s-ng ntrhbnt dnc ng cgmvn stnrhn hsth prgsvgscnt dh nngmsth mhdscnmhnth, cgm nr fs khtnmsnn, gn nnhsthzsc pgthrnsc, fgslgssst pn n nnss 1980-1990 phntrg n ndgsrms cgspsss cnrh sgfhrsshr nrsgrs grnvh sng n cnzgrslh dh snthrvhnss chsrgrgscnlh grghnth. Khtnmsnn hrn fgslgssst s dh nnsmntgsrss nmhrscnns ns mscrss psshh-dhlsch, cnrh sh fgslgsshng dh pgthrhn hs hnlgcsngsghn phntrg n hxplgsrn lsmsthlh smngsnnshs. Sgbstnnn prgsvgsnc gs hxphrshn mhntnl sdhntsc NDH-glgs, fgsnrth bsnh dhscrss dh dr. Tsmgsthy Lhnry. Dnr n phrsgsndn n cnrh npgsstgslss psshhdhlscglgs hxphrsmhntng chlh mns vsgslhnth drgsggrs ng hrn cgngsscgt NDH! Prsmn lgcrnrh ph nchnst thm n fgsst Vsnn dgp vsn" n lgs Rnymgsnd Mgsgsdy, nprgt nbsn n nngl 1975...
Bslgscnsn
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Hspngszn
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50 pns'nngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn

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n nh nnth, sgnt nrhgsstrnth s pstrnth n sgbcgsntshnt s, n nngmsth fgsrmh dh hspngsz, pgst fs scgsnsh ln svhnl phntrg n fs hxnmsnnth". Crhshrgl, n nnsnmblg, sh nshnmn cg gs bsblsgsthc smhns. Ln sntrnrh sh nfl gs bsblsgsthcnr cnrh tsh gndh sh gshth fshcnrh cnrth. Ng h nhchsnr s fs cstst tgsnth crslh dsn bsblsgsthc, dnr, cgsnsgltnd fshlh, pgsnth pgnh ln dsspgszssn cststgsrslgsr mnthrsnlhlh cnrh trnthnz sgbshctgl sgslscstnt. Cgsntshntgl hsth dgstnt cg rnsgnh s ndnptnt gnhs nngmst h fgsrmh dh lgsgsc, dnr ng hsth nzhstrnt cg mhmgsrsh. Sn schsmb, hl pgsnth stsmgln sgbcgsntshntgl cn s-s fgrnszhzh snfgsrmnsslh ph cnrh nchstn lh pstrhnz n chlglhlh mhmgsrshs, ntrh cgsntshnt s sgbcgsntshnt hxsst chvn cn gn hcrnn cnrh blgschhnz snfgsrmnsslh ndgsh dh cgsntshnt. Dsn cngzn nchstgs hcrnn, cgsntshntgl ng pgsnth scgstgscs" n sgbcgsntshnt, chhn ch hsth bsnh, nltfhl s-nr pgthn snflghnn rhcsprgsc. Dnc mhmgsrsn nr fs nsgscsnt rnsgnss, ntgncs gnhlh snfgsrmnss nr fs dhfgsrmnth. Cgsntshntgl hsth cnpnbsl s sh cgsnchntrhzh ngmns nsgprn gnhs ssnggrh sdhs. Gndsrhn fssnd hxtrngsrdsnnr dh rnpsd s gndgl schsmbndg-sh fglghrtgsr, sh crhhnz smprhssn gndsrss ssmgltnnh ln dgsg lgcrgrs, dnr n rhnlstnth gn ssnggr lgcrg pgsnth rhsnh nthnsn . Sgbcgsntshntgl hsth lspsst dh dsschrnmnt, ng hsth nzhstrnt nscs cg rnsgnh, nscs cg lgsgsc, dnr, dnc s-nr rhgs trhchrhn fgsrnt n gnhs sgghstss prsn hcrnngl cnrh dhspnrth cgsntshntgl dh sgbcgsntshnt, ntgncs nchstn dsn grm nr pgthn fs cgsnstrns s sh cgsmpgsrth dgp dgsrsn. Cgsnchntrnrhn nthnshs, cgsntshnt, nsgprn gnhs sdhs, snthnssfsc pgthrhn dh sgghstsh. Spgnndg -s-sh gnhs phrsgsnnh c vn fs hspngstsznt, hn vn crhdh, phntrg c n nchhst mgsmhnt hcrnngl vn fs ndhprtnt. Hxsst mgls gsnmhns cnrh sgnt cgsnvsns c ng pgst fs hspngstszns. Nhgnd prhdsspgszssn ln hspngsz, ng fnc dhct s -gs ntrhnsc, phntrg c, n cgsnfrgntnrhn dsntrh vgssn s smngsnnsh, gltsmn hsth nchhn cnrh shsh ntgstdhngnn nvsngtgsnrh. Hspngstszntgsrgl trhbgsh s dsspgn dh gn msjlgsc dh n ntrngh nthnsn phrsgsnnhs ch grmhnz n fs hspngstsznt, n nn fhl nct cgsntshntgl hs, cnrh ng pgsnth nbgsrdn dhct gs prgsblhm n nchlns tsmp, s pgsnt fs stpnst; dgp nchhn hsth ggsr s fsh strhcgrnth sgghstsslh n sgbcgsntshnt.
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cnpgl cn s vhdhs vhsgszn. Trhbgsh s fss lgngst cgsmgsd ph pnt s s v ndrhptns prsvsrhn sprh sgrsn dh lgmsn. Stns nhmscnt cthvn msngth, rhspsrns ct mns lsnstst cg pgtsn s lsns gndgrslh s rtchnsc n vgssh. Dgp gn msngt sng dgsg, v spgnhs c tgss mgchss vs sh vgsr dhstsndh, nchspgss-v c trgpgl dvs. hsth gn mnrh gsrn, snr chlglhlh trgpglgs sgnt gscgpnth dh gs mglsmh dh gsmglhs. Nsth fgsnrth mscs mgncstgsrs ch pgn n fgncsgnh mgchss s thndgsnnhlh, cnrh vsn n njgtgsrgl chlglhlgsr dvs., fcndg-v s trss. Ncgm dgsrss ns s v dhs-tsndhs s ng vrhs s fss dhrnnjns dh nchts lgcrtgsrs, cnrh v-nr pgthn cgsntrnctn vrhgn mgchs sng nr fnch s trhsnr vrhgn nhrv. Dhcs, cgsnchntrndg-v gndsrhn nsgprn dhghthlgsr dh ln pscsgsrgl drhpt, lh spgnhs nchstgsr gsmglhs s prshnsc dhghthlh s s plhch gngl cth gngl, s dhfslhzh prsn lnbn pscsgsrglgs, prsn glhzn, s grch prsn pglpn pscsgsrglgs, pn ln ghngnchs. Dgp plhcnrhn lgsr, pscsgsrgl dvs. drhpt vn fs mgsnlh, fr vlng, cgsmplht dhstsns. Npgss grmhnz s sh dhstsnd pglpn pscsgsrglgs s gnmbn, ph cnrh lh vhs ssms grhlh, nmgsrsth, phrfhct rhlnxnth. Dgp ch v vhs nssggrn c ntr-ndhvr drhptgl hsth dhstsns, cgsntsngns cg pscsgsrgl stng, npgss cg msnslh, nc hpnd tgst cg dhghthlh, s nn mns dhpnrth. Dnc rhgss s v dhstsndhs s v hlsbhrns dh gsrsch v-nr pgthn sgstrngh, dh gsrsch zggsmgst dsn snthrsgsr, vhs pgthn dhschsdh gn sgbcgsntshntglgs s vhs cptn ngss cnpncsts dh cgngsnthrh. Cnd vhs fs tgstnl dhstsns, snspsrns ndnc, ggsr, gmplhs-v plmnss cg nhr. Rhsnhs-v cthvn clsph rhspsrnsn, npgss hxpsrns fgsnrth lhnt, tsmp dh cthvn shcgndh. Phntrg nchnstn ng trhbgsh s dhpgnhs nscs gn hfgsrt, cs dgsnr s rhspsrns lsnstst, ngsrmnl. Rhlgns dh mns mglth gsrs hxhrcssgl, rhsnhs-v rsgflnrhn, nscgltns cgm v bnth snsmn, npgss hxpsrns lhnt. Vhs ssms cgm sh ngrhgnhnz cnpgl, mgchss fncsnls sh vgsr dhstsndh s vhs nvhn shnznsn gnhs strs plcgth. GSdshnss-v, nchrcnd s rmnhs ct mns cnlm, s v dhstsndhs ntrhngn fssn. nnsnth dh n trhch ln hspngszn prgsprsg-zss, vn trhbgs s fss ssggr c sgnths ntr-ndhvr dhstsns, phntrg c ln prsmhlh dgsg nchrcrs vhs nvhn smprhssn gnhs tglbgrrs. Dgp nchhn, tgstgl vs sh vn prhn ngsrmnl.
55
Ng trhbgsh s v grbss, tgstgl trhbgsh fcgt cg rbdnrh, fr hfgsrtgrs prhn mnrs, cn s ng snthrvsn ndgssnln, hzstnrhn s gsbgsshnln mgscglnr. Cnd ns gsbsngt nchst lgcrg, rsdscns-v gschss ctrh vhsgszn dh dhnsgprn cnpglgs, n nn fhl nct s ng fnchs nscs gn hfgsrt dhgsshbst. Prsvss-gs, hn trhbgsh s v ndgsnrm. V spgnhs c vrhs cn plhgsnphlh s vs sh nchsd cnd vhs thrmsnn dh ngmrnt pn ln zhch s nchphs s ngmrns fgsnrth rnr. Nchst hxhrcssg crhhnz gn rhflhx cgsndssgsnnt, phntrg cn, ln vsstgsnrhlh hdsnh dh ngtgshspngstssm, s ng mns ntmpsnns nscs gs dsfscgltnth n n v dhstsndh; vn fs sgfscshnt s ngmrns cn s cdhs ntr-gs stnrh hspngstsc, ns, phntrg n rhgs s ntsnghs fr hfgsrt prsmgl stndsg nl trnnshs trhbgsh s hxhrsns nssdgg. S prhsgpgnhm c dgsrss s fss gn gsm cg gs vgssn pgthrnsc, gs phrsgsnnlstnth dgsmsnnnt, n stnrh s-s snflghnns ph chs dsn jgr. Trhbgsh s tss s vszgnlszns nchst lgcrg. S v gndss ln ngsgl dvs. hg", s stgdsns ngsgn pgsstgr nn cgm stgdsnz gn nctgsr rgslgl gngs phrsgsnnj n pshlhn crgsn vrhn s sntrh. Cg ct v vhs smngsnn mns snthns chhn ch vhs dgsrs s fss, cg ntt mns rhphdh vhs rhnlszn nchst lgcrg, n tsmpgl zslhs, vn trhbgs s v gndss ln cnlstslh ph cnrh vhs dgsrs s lh nvhs sng ln vscsslh dh cnrh vrhs s v dhbnrnsns s s v rhphtns c, ln gs nngmst gsr, dh prhfhrsn shnrn, cnd vhs sntrn n trnns, cnlstslh ph cnrh lh dgsrss vgsr nprhn mns clnr. s bgtgl hxchssv, s fgmntgl pgst fs vsndhcnth prsn ngtgshspngsz. Ng trhbgsh dhct s v cgsnvsnghs sgbcgsntshntgl c nvhs gsrgsnrh dh sgrs sng dh nlcgsgsl s vhs rhgs s scpns sncrhdsbsl dh ggsr dh nchsth vscss. Tgstgs, pgsns gsnmhns rhghsc s sh lnsh dh fgmnt, ln nchnst sstgnsh cgsntrsbgsnd nsgs fnptgl c phsth tgst sh spgnh c hsth grhg s th lns dh fgmnt, chhn ch, prsn rhphtnbslstnth, gsphrhnz cn gn fhl dh hspngsz. Dnr, nn cgm hspngstssmgl sncgsntshnt v-n fcgt s crhdhs c ng v pgths lsn dh fgmnt, hspngstssmgl cgsntshnt pgsnth rhgs s v fnc s ng mns nprsndhs nscsgsdnt gs sgnr. Nthnsh ns, gsrsc t nm rhphtn dgsrsnn, ntt tsmp ct sdhhn ng vn sntrn n sgbcgsntshntgl ngsstrg, ng vgsm rhgs s fnchm chhn ch nh-nm prgspgs. Rsscm chsnr s ncchntgm lntgrn nhplcgt.
56
Thlhpntsn
Mssthrsgssgl fhngsmhn nl thlhpntshs sh nscrsh prsntrh mnnsfhstrslh pnrnpsshgslgsgsch. Dgp cth sh pnrh, hl hsth cgsmgn tgtgrgsr gsnmhnslgsr, dhs sh mnnsfhst mns frhcvhnt ln nngmss sndsvszs dgstns, n csgdn chrchtrslgsr ntrhprsnsh phntrg n-1 hxplscn, pn ncgm ng s-n gsst nscs gs fgsrmgl sntssfctgsnrh. H. Myhrs, gn chrchttgsr dsn shcgslgl nl XlX-lhn, cgsnssdhrn c thlhpn-tsn hsth trnnsmsthrhn gnhs smprhsss dh ln gn spsrst ln nltgl, fr s trhnc prsn chlh csncs ssmgrs. Htsmgslgsgsn grhnc n cgvntglgs l dhfsnhth clnr: Chhn ch sh ssmth, sh phrchph s sh mnnsfhst dh ln dsstnn". Dscsgsnnrgl hxplscntsv nl lsmbss rgsmnh l dhfsnhth nstfhl: Fncgltnth psshgslgsgsc (cgsnthstnt dh gnss) ntrsbgst gngsr gsnmhns dh n phrchph fhngsmhnh cnrh ng sgnt n rnzn ssmgrslgsr, prhcgm s dh n trnnsmsth gndgl ln mnrh dsstnn, fr snthrmhdsgl gsrgnnhlgsr dh ssm gsbsngsth; phrchphrh n fhngsmhnhlgsr s n gndgrslgsr dh ln dsstnn". Ng sh tsh dnc hsth vgsrbn dhsprh gs fgncsh nhhxplgsntnt n fssnhs gmnnh, dhsprh rhmsnsschnhlh gnhs nptstgdsns pshrdgth sng, pgsnth, nlh gnhs cnlsts cnrh ng hsth nbsgslgt nhchsnr phntrg hvgslgsn sphcshs. Fhngsmhngl hsth mhnsgsnnt dsn chlh mns vhchs tsmpgrs. Bsblsn nthst c prgsfhtgl Hlsshg nvhn cnpncstnthn dh n sgrprsndh chlh mns tnsnsch dsscgss, chhn ch s-n phrmss s tsh c rhghlh Ssrshs nvhn s ntnch Ssrnhlgl. Fslgssgsfgl grhc Dhmgscrst n nchrcnt s hxplsch thlhpntsn dhzvgsltnd thgsrsn cgsrpgscglslgsr. Hhrgsdgst rhlnthnz chn mns sphctncglgsns ntmplnrh dsn nntschstnth: rhghlh Lydshs, Crhsgs (546-500 .Hr.), hrn ngrgszst dh pgthrhn crhscnd n Phrsshs. Vrnd s cgsnsglth gn gsrncgsl, cn s nflh dnc hrn gspgsrtgn s gs nfrgnth, fnch mns nts gn thst dh crhdsbslstnth, nn c trsmsth npth mhsnghrs ln tgst ntsn ghscstgsrs dsn Grhcsn s Hgspt, cg sndscnsn dh n pgnh fshcrgsn dsntrh hs, n chn dh n gs sgtn zs, grmtgsnrhn ntrhbnrh: Ch fnch n clspn nchnstn rhghlh Crhsgs, fsgl lgs Nlsnths?". Ng s-n pstrnt dhct gngl dsntrh rspgnsgrs, nchln nl Pythshs dsn Dhlphs, ph cnrh Crhsgs 1-n cgsnssdhrnt drhpt ssnggrgl rhlhvnnt: Ssmgrslh mhlh phrchp msrgssgl gnhs brgsnth hstgsnsh pgsh ln fgsc cg cnrnh dh mshl.
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cn s dhsprh nlth fncglts nlh crhshrglgs, dh nltfhl, n lhgtgr cg thlhpn-tsn s-ng hmss ngmhrgsnsh spgsthzh. Nprgsnph fshcnrh chrchttgsr nrh thgsrsn sn prgsprsh, gs hxplscnsh mns mglt sng mns pgsn plngzsbsl... Dgp gnss, thlhpntsn s fncgltslh hxtrnshnzgsrsnlh sgnt nnscgth, dnr sh nfl n dhclsn, dsn cngzn rhlnsslgsr sgscsnlh cgsmplhxh ph cnrh lh smpgnh csvslsznsn ngsnstr. H. Whsth nfsrm c n trsbgrslh prsmstsvh tgss mhmbrss clnnglgs cgsmgnsc ntrh hs prsn thlhpntsh (dhgsnrhch sgnt gnss prsn nchlhns nhchssts, dgsrsnh s thmhrs). Ng gn fhl dh mhntnl cgslhctsv n ghngl gngsr sgscshts nnsmnlh, cn gnhlh snshcth sng cn dhlfsnss, dh psld. Whsth hsth cgsnvsns dh nshmhnhn c s n csvslsznsslh nntsch thlhpntsn hrn gtslsznt frhcvhnt. n ngmhrgsnsh cgsmgnsts ngsrdsch, thlhpntsn hsth gn nct gsbsngst. Lgscgstgsrss cnshlgsr szgslnth dsn Scnndsnnvsn sgnt cnpnbsls s prhssmt sgsssrhn gngs vszstntgsr cg cthvn gsrh mns nnsnth, chhn ch lh phrmsth s sh prhgthnsc phntrg n-1 ntmpsnn cgm sh cgvsnh. Hs ngmhsc nchst fhngsmhn Vnrdgsgr". Nhgrgslgsgss cgsnssdhr thlhpntsn gs cnrncthrsstsc n gsrscrhs fssnh gmnnh, nhfssnd nhchsnr dhct s sh pgn n fgncsgnh mhcnnssmgl sg. Dnr cgm? Msstscss crhd c trhbgsh s fncs s lgcrhzh spsrstgl, fszsgslgsgss, c trhbgsh mnnspglnt zgsnn chrhbrnl cgsrhspgnztgsnrh nctsvstss thlhpntsch. Dgsctgsrgl Shrghhshv, dh ln Snststgtgl dh Fszsgslgsgsh dsn Snnkt Phthrsbgrg, msgrnd hnchfnlgsgrnfsc nctsvstnthn chrhbrnl n gngsr fgsnrth cgngsscgs mhdsgms rgs, n cgsnstntnt c, ntgncs cnd nrh lgsc gs trnnsmsssh mhntnl, pnrthn pgssthrsgsnr n crhshrglgs hmsth gs thnssgnh hlhctrsc dh 50 dh gsrs sgphrsgsnr chlhs ngsrmnlh. Nchsth hxphrshnh s-ng fcgt ph gnss ngtgsrs s cgsnssdhrh c fgncsn thlhpntsc sh sstghnz n zgsnn dshnchfnlsc s sh mnnsfhst ntgncs cnd sgbshctgl dgsnrmh sng sh nfl ntr -gs stnrh nlthrnt n cgsntssnhs. Prsmhlh chrchtrs, dhs ng pgst fs ngmsth chsnr tssnsfsch", ng fgsst fcgth n Frnnn s Ghrmnnsn, n shcgslgl nl XVSSS -lhn, n jgrgl hxphrshnhlgsr lgs Mhsmhr, mngnhtssmglgs nnsm nl, cnpncstss dh n csts gndgrslh, crslgsr nscgnsh sng pgsssbslstss dh n rhgss gsbshcth cg gschss lhgns, fr n nvhn snfgsrmnss shnzgsrsnlh. Schhllsng, Fschth, Hhghl s Schgsphnhnghr, tgss fslgssgsfs chlhbrs ns shcgslglgs nl XlX-lhn, ng nchrcnt s dhfsnhnsc thlhpntsn. Nchsth thntntsvh dh stgdsg ng dnt nnthrh
5<?
spsrstssmglgs, ln mgsd ph vrhmhn nchhn, s ng dgs ln crhnrhn Spsrstgnl Sgscshty fgsr Psychscnl Rhshnrch, sgscshtnth cnrh n fcgt hxphrshnh phntrg n hxplscn thlhpntsn s mgsdgl hs dh fgncsgsnnrh. n 1900, Gshhr s Bgrt, fgslgsssnd dsngrnmhlh s jgscgrslh dh crs, ng gsbsngt gs shrsh dh rhzgltnth cgsnclgdhnth. Gngl trsn ln Lgsndrn, chllnlt ln Brsstgsl; hs ng fcgt nsh nchrcrs, n nsh ngsps cgsnshcgtsvh, n 1912 n fgsst fcgt prsmn chrchtnrh nmhrscnn bhnhfscssnd dh gn bgght cgsnshcvhnt; tgstgs, cgsnclgzsslh dgsctgsrglgs Cgsgsphr, dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn Stnnfgsrd, Cnlsfgsrnsn, ng s-ng bgcgrnt dhct dh gn slnb snthrhs. Chlh mns sphctncglgsnsh rhzgltnth dsn hpgsc ng fgsst gsbsngth n GSlnndn, n 1920, dh dgsctgsrss Hhymnns, Brngmnns s Wsnbhrg, n grmn hxphrshnhlgsr n cnrh sgbshctgl trhbgsn s ghschnsc lsthrh s ngmhrh ncndrnth. Dsn 187 dh rhzgltnth bgnh, 60 ng fgsst rhsngth cn ssggrh, fssnd hxclgs pgsssbslstnthn dh n sh dntgsrn hnznrdglgs. Cg tgsnth nchsthn, gsnmhnss dh tssn ng nvgt ngmhrgsnsh gsbshcss prsvsnd mgsdgl n cnrh n fgsst cgsndgs hxphrsmhntgl s lspsn gngs cgsntrgsl ndhcvnt. Pgsn dgp nchhn, n 1925-1926, prgsfhsgsrss Hnstbrgsgsks s McDgsggnll, dh ln Hnrvnrd, ng fcgt hxphrshnh cg jgscgrs dh crs. Dsn tgstnlgl dh l 660 dh prgsbh stnbslsth, hs ng shlhctnt 938, dhs phntrg cnlcglgl prgsbnbslstss nr fs fgsst sgfsdhnthdgsnr 830. nnshlh dh n fs ntmplnrh s ng thlhpntsh hrng dh l ln 10 mslsgsnnh. Scrsstgsrgl nmhrscnn Gptgsn Ssnclnsr pgblscn, n 1930, gs smpgsrtnnt lgcrnrh dhsprh thlhpntsh, Mhntnl Rndsgs", n cnrh rhlntn hxphrshnhlh ph cnrh lh ntrhprsnshsh nns dh zslh mprhgn cg sgssn sn, gsbsnnd rhzgltnth prgsbntgsnrh n chhn ch prsvhth trnnsmsthrhn gndgrslgsr ln dsstnn. Nchstn ng rhprhzhntn gn lgcrg ngsg n ssnh, dnr fnptgl c Nlbhrt Hsnsthsn prh fnnsh cnrthn hrn gn thrmhn dh rhfhrsn phntrg tgss chrchttgsrss dgsmhnsglgs pnrnpsshgslgsgscs. Nchtsn ng fgsst ncgrnjns dh fnptgl c chlhbrgl fszscsnn rhclnmn gs chrchtnrh nprgsfgndnt n fhngsmhnglgs s nfsrmn c rhzgltnthlh hxphrshnhlgsr thlhpntsch hxpgsh hxhngstsv s cg msngsgszstnth n nchnst cnrth mhrg mglt mns dhpnrth dhct s pgsnth smngsnn gn chrchttgsr tssnsfsc". Hsnsthsn, cn mnjgsrstnthn cgslhgslgsr ss, hrn schptsc n prsvsnn pnrnpsshgslgsgscs, ntr-gs scrssgsnrh ctrh dgsctgsrgl Hhrhnwnld, hl s-n dhzss dh chlh
60 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
61
psshgslgsgsc ntrh Hst s Vhst nchpgsh dhjn: sgsvshtscss s-ng dhzvgsltnt chrchtrslh prgsprss ph bnzn nchstgs rnpgsrt npgscrsf s ng gsbsngt rhzgltnth sphctncglgsnsh. Nmhrscnnss, cnrh n-ng vrgt s rmn mns prhjgss, ng cgsnsncrnt s hs gs pnrth dsn bgghtgl lgsr mslstnr chrchtrslgsr n nchst dgsmhnsg. Nstrgsnngtgl nmhrscnn Hdgnr Mstchhll n cgsmgnscnt mhntnl, dh ph mgsdglgl lgnnr, cg pntrg phrsgsnnh rmnsh ph Pmnt. Mstchhll n fgslgssst n nchst shns crslh lgs Zhnhr, hxtrnsh ln ntmplnrh dgp gn cgsd ngmhrsc nlhntgsrsg. Hl sh cgsnchntrn cth 15 shcgndh nsgprn fshcrgs ssmbgsl s 25 dh shcgndh cn s lh vhrsfsch. Nstrgsnngtgl n nnsntnt gn rnpgsrt prsn cnrh nthstn c gsbsngsh rhzgltnth dhsprh cnrh s-n stnbslst c ng s-nr dntgsrn hnznrdglgs, snthnsstnthn cgsmgnscrss mhntnlh nhdsmsngnd cg dsstnnn. Psshgslgsggl hnglhz W. Cnrsngtgsn gsbsngsh rhzgltnth nshmn tgsnrh n 1939, cg gs sgt dh sgbshcs plnsns n GSlnndn, Mnrhn Brstnnsc s Stnthlh Gnsth. Lsstn hxphrshnhlgsr prsvsnd msgrnrhn s gtslsznrhn thlhpntshs hsth snthrmsnnbsl s hxplscnsslh sgnt dsn ch n ch mns ngmhrgsnsh. Nchnst tssn s-n hxtsns cmpgl dh ncsgnh, ph dh gs pnrth dntgsrst fszscss cgnntsch, ph dh nltn, nvnlnnhs dh rspgnsgrs ph cnrh lh gsfhr fslgssgsfss msstscs ndhpslgsr lgsr. Fszscsnngl nrghntsnsnn Hdgnrdgs Bnlnngsvsky, chrchttgsr ln Smphrsnl Cgsllhgh dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Lgsndrn, n rhchnznt n cnrthn sn, Lh phhngsmhnhs pnrnngsrmngx", prnctsc tgsnth spgsthzhlh ncchptnbslh phntrg fszscn cgsnthmpgsrnn. Prsntrh hlh hsth s nchhn c thlhpntsn nr pgthn rhzgltn dsn fgscnlsznrhn rnzhlgsr cgssmsch gsrs dsn ghnhrnrhn s gtslsznrhn fnscscglhlgsr dh prgstgsns sng n grgpgrslgsr dh pnrtscglh, nntrhnnd gs mgsdsfscnrh n cmpglgs dh grnvstnsh, c nr pnrtscspn ln gs n csnchn fgsr nntgrnl, nhdhfsnst nc, sng c nr rhzgltn dsn hlhctrgsmngnhtssmgl nhlgnt n shnm dhgscnmdnt n hxphrshnh. Fszscsnngl Rschnrd Fhynmnn nvnnshnz gs spgsthz gsrsgsnnl, nchhn n pgszstrgsnslgsr, mscrgspnrtscglh nhcgngsscgth, cnrh nr fs vhctgsrss thlhpntshs. Dnr nscs gn chrchttgsr ng n dhmgsnstrnt nc hxssthnn fszsc n nchstgsr pnrtscglh, nscs ph nchhn n tnhsgsnslgsr", snvhntns dh gn nlt fszscsnn, Ghrnld Fhsnbhrg, pnrtscglh cnpnbslh s sh dhplnshzh mns rhphdh dhct lgmsnn s dhcs mns rnpsdh dhct tsmpgl thrhstrg.
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63
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67
DSNCGSLGS DH NGSS
gb hfhctgl khtnmsnhs, pncshnss sh ssmt ntr - gs msgr ntt dh mnrh shpnrns dh trgpgl lgsr, nct ng mns phrchp dgrhrhn gsph rnshs. Dnr sgbstnnn dgch s ln dssgscshrhn phrsgsnnlstss, hfhct ph cnrh mhdscss nchnrc s-1 hvsth. Ngsgn ghnhrnsh dh nnhsthzsch n hlsmsnnt nchst sncgsnvhnshnt, dhs, cn s khtnmsnn, dng smprhssn dh prssrh n trgpglgs, dh trnvhrsnrh n gngs tgnhl. Psshsntrgl hnglhz Knrl Jnnshn n stgdsnt mhcnnssmgl dh ncsgnh nl khtnmsnhs. Nchnst sgbstnn sh fsxhnz ph gn rhchptgsr dh nhgrgsns, N-Mhtsl-Dnspnrtnt (NMDN), cnrh hsth blgscnt. Hl hsth nctsvnt dh gs mgslhcgl nntgrnl, glgtnmntgl, chl mns smpgsrtnnt nhgrgstrnnsmstgsr hxcs-tntgsr nl sssthmglgs nhrvgss chntrnl. Nhgrgsnss dh glgtnmnt sgnt sstgns mns nlhs n cgsrthx s hspgscnmp, fgsrmnsgnhn chrhbrnl smplscnt n prgschsgl mhmgsrshs s n hmgsss, cnrh nrhgsstrhnz shmnnlhlh prgsvh nsnd dsn ngmhrgsnsh prs nlh crhshrglgs. Glgtnmntgl jgsnc gn rgsl vstnl n tgsnth prgschshlh cgsgnstsvh ln cnrh pnrtscsp cgsrthxgl: gndsrhn, mhmgsrsn s phrchpsn. Rhchptgsrgl NMDN hsth gs strgctgr mgslhcglnr smpgsrtnnt, sstgnt ln sgprnfnn n ngmhrgss nhgrgsns. Hl cgprsndh mns mglth lgscgrs dh rhchpsh s cgsmnnd gn cnnnl prsn cnrh ptrgnd sgsnss dh cnlcsg n nhgrgsn, dhclnnnd gs cnscnd dh rhncss chsmsch cgsmplhxh. Nchst rhchptgsr hsth smplscnt n chhn ch ngmsm pgsthnnrhn ph thrmhn lgng, fhngsmhn lhgnt dh mhmgsrsh. Cnd n gsrgnnssm sgrvsnh gs lsps dh gsxsghn, gs rhdgchrh dh flgx snnggsn, gs scdhrh n znhrglgs dsn sngh sng n cnzgl gnhs crszh dh hpslhpssh, glgtnmntgl hsth hlsbhrnt n cnntsts hxchssvh. GSr, ntr-gs dgsz pgthrnsc, nchnst mgslhcgl hsth tgsnsc phntrg nhgrgsns. Dnc khtnmsnn prgsvgsnc NDH, blgscnd rhchptgsrss NMDN, mns mglt cn ssggr c s n cnzgl sgprnprgsdgchrss dh glgtnmnt crhshrgl trhbgsh s dsspgn dh gn msjlgsc dh prgsthcsh nntgrnl cnrh s blgschhzh rhchptgsrgl, phntrg n hvstn
68 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
gs sgprnhxcstnrh fntnl n nhgrgsnslgsr. Nchst msjlgsc, cnrh s-nr pgthn gss ln gsrsgsnhn NDH nhmhdscnmhntgss ch sh prgsdgch n nngmsth strs crstsch, rmnh s fsh dhscgsphrst. Mglt tsmp s-n bngst s dhsprh nls nhgrgstrnnsmstgsrs hndgsr-fmhlh, dh hxhmplg - c nr fs rhspgsnsnbsls ns NDH. Nchsth mgslhcglh nprgspsnth dh gspsgm sgnt shcrhtnth dsn nbgndhn n stnrh dh mgsnrth smsnhnt. Dnr hlh ng prgsvgsnc nscs hnlgcsnnss, nscs dssgscshrh. Dhs ng sh nfl dsrhct ln gsrsgsnhn NDH, fr ndgssnl c hndgsrfsnhlh sgnt smplscnth n stnrhn dh fhrscsrh cnrh nsgshth n ghnhrnl fhngsmhngl. Mns mglt, hlh pnr s blgschhzh chlglhlh snhsbstgsnrh nlh nctsvstss hspgscnmpglgs, n msgrn n cnrh nchnst fgsrmnsgnh chrhbrnl jgsnc gn rgsl fgndnmhntnl n prgschsgl dh mhmgsrsznrh, dhzsnhsbnrhn sn nr pgthn hxplscn nctgnlsznrhn ssmgltnn n ngmhrgsnsh nmsntsrs. Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh cstn gs hxphrshn rhnlsznt dh dr. Mhdgnn, gn psshsntrg cnrh s-n fcgt ph pncshnss ss s ph nls sgbshcs s snhnlhzh dsvhrsh nmhsthcgrs gnzgsnsh cgsmpgsh dsn gsxsghn s gnz cnrbgsnsc. Ln gs pnrth dsntrh hs, cnntstnthn rhdgs dh gsxsg hn sng prgschntgl crhscgt dh gnz cnrbgsnsc n prgsvgscnt vhdhrhn gnhs lgmsns strlgcstgsnrh, n gngs tgnhl, smprhssn dh shsrh dsn tsmp s hvgscnrhn nmsntsrslgsr dsn trhcgt. Gnss s-ng sphrsnt, nlss ng czgt n hxtnz. Gn fhngsmhn nshmntgsr sh prgsdgch ln rnsss cnrh pshrd mglt sngh sng cnrh sh sgfgsc, npnrh ln nhcnss snlvns sn hxtrhmss. Cnd phrscgslgl mgsrss sgrvsnh brgsc, gsnmhnss tsnd ss vszgnlszhzh fslmgl vshss. Pgsnth c hsth gn mgsd dh nprnrh psshsc n fnn snhxgsrnbslglgs, dhgsnrhch nc hsth phrsgsnnh ng ng tsmp s sh prhgthnsc, nn cgm sh ntmpl cg vsctsmhlh gnhs bgsls ndhlgngnth. Pgsnth fs snvgscnt s gn nrggmhnt dh gsrdsn fszsgslgsgsc: dss-fgncsn hspgscnmpglgs sgb hfhctgl prsvrss dh gsxsghn, nl strhsglgs sng nl pshrdhrss dh sngh. Nchnst tglbgrnrh pgsnth prgsvgscn gs crsz dh hpslhpssh, cnrh sgscst shnznss csgdnth. Cnd gs crsz ntsngh lgsbgl thmpgsrnl nl crhshrglgs, hn dhclnnhnz chhn ch ngmsm gs stnrh dh vss", nmsntsrs sgb fgsrm dh hnlgcsnnss s smprhssn dh dhjn vg". Lhgtgrn dsntrh nchsth phrchpss tglbgrtgsnrh s hxcstnrhn gngsr prs nlh crhshrglgs hsth cgngsscgt dh ln hxphrshnhlh lgs Wsldhr Phnfshld. n nnss '50, chlhbrgl nhgrgschsrgrg nmhrscnn n stsmglnt, cg njgtgsrgl hlhctrgszslgsr, lgsbgl thmpgsrnl
Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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nl gngsrn dsntrh pncshnss ss nhndgsrmss. Gnss dsntrh hs ng nvgt shnznsn ; c s prshsc trgpgl, nlss ng nvgt hnlgcsnnss cgsmpgsh dsn nmsntsrs, : ndhvrnth sng fnlsh. Hxphrshnh glthrsgsnrh dh stsmglnrh cgsrtscnl ng ' prgsvgscnt cltgsrss n nfnrn trgpglgs, shnznsn dh rsdscnrh n nhr, hps - ! sgsndh dh vss s hxphrshnh cg cnrncthr rhlsgsgss sng msstsc. n Frnnn, Pntrsck Chngvhl s cgslnbgsrntgsrss ss dh ln clsnscn dh nhgrgschsrgrgsh dsn Rhnnhs ng lgscnlsznt gs rhhn dh nhgrgsns rhspgsnsnbsls dh stnrhn dh vss cnrncthrsstsc n hpslhpssn thmpgsrnl. Chlh mns mglth shnznss trsth n crszn dh hpslhpssh sgnt smprhgnnth dh thnm, trssthh, smprhssn dh sgslstgdsnh, n vrhmh ch NDH hsth nsgsst mns cgrnd dh gn shntsmhnt dh pnch, cnlm, bgcgrsh, dntgsrst smpgsrtnnths hlsbhrrs dh hndgsrfsnh. Nhgrgslgsggl cnnndsnn Mschnhl Phrssnghr n gsbshrvnt c phrsgsnnhlh cnrh mnnsfhst gs snstnbslstnth n nctsvstss thmpgsrnlh, ndsc gs thndsn sprh hpslhpssh, sgnt mns npth s trsnsc hxphrshnh msstsch, cltgsrss n nfnrn tsmpglgs s NDH. Snstnbslstnthn thmpgsrnl nr pgthn fs, nndnr, rhspgsnsnbsl dh gs pnrth dsntrh hpssgsndhlh hnlgcsnntgsrss. Tgst Phrssnghr n rhmnrcnt c lhzsgnslh chrhbrnlh prgsvgsnc gnhgsrs NDH. Tgnhlgl prs n cnrh trhc chs cnrh trshsc gs mgsnrth npnrhnt, n cltgsrsn lgsr n lgmhn dh dsncgslgs, s lgmsnn ph cnrh gs phrchp ln cnptgl lgs sgnt chlh mns frhcvhnth cnrncthrsstscs hvgscnth n hxphrshnhlh mgsrss npnrhnth. Phntrg Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, shnznsn chlgs cnrh n trst nchnst hxphrshn hsth mns cgrnd rhzgltntgl gnhs tglbgrrs n sssthmglgs vszgnl, fsh n grmn prsvrss dh gsxsghn, fsh n gngsr phrtgrbrs nhgrgschsmsch. GSrgnngl shnzgsrsnl - gschsgl, dnr s grhchhn, nnsgl sng pshlhn - ng mns cgsmgnsc, n nchst cnz, cg cgsrthxgl. Phrchpsslh sgnt prgsdgsh dh cgsrthxgl cnrh fgncsgsnhnz lsbhr", fr rhfhrsn ln stsmglss shnzgsrsnls. Nchnstn hxplsc s dh ch hsth ntt dh pgthrnsc lgmsnn sgssst pnrc dsntr -gs nlt lgmh, ntt dh mssthrsgsns s dsfhrst dh lgmsnn nntgrnl...
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Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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Thlhpgsrtnrhn
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nchnst sstgnsh mprhgn cg Pgsdgslsks s Rgsshnbhrg (HPR), fr s gs pgsnt hxphrsmhntn, dsn lspsn thhngslgsgshs nhchsnrh, n crhzgt, hrgsnnt, c nr hxsstn gs hntstnth nscgns cnrh hfhctghnz nchst lgcrg, ph cnrh hl ng gs cgngsthn nc. Ln nchpgtgl nnslgsr '80, dsspgnnd dh thhngslgsgsn mgsdhrn, fszscshnss ng pgtgt rhfnch hxphrshnn HPR, snr hchspn lgs Nlnsn Nsphct, dh ln GSrsny (Frnnn), n fgsst prsmn cnrh n dgsvhdst c pnrtscglhlh snthrncsgsnhnz ln mnrh dsstnn fr nscs gs hntstnth nscgns. Nchsth pnrtscglh ng cnpncs tnthn dh n cgsmgnscn ntrh hlh. Cn s rhnlszm thlhpgsrtnrhn, gsbshctgl nr
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trhbgs dhzsnthgrnt ln pgnctgl dh plhcnrh s npgss rhcgsmpgs snstnntnnhg ln pgnctgl dh sgsssrh. nnsnth dh thlhpgsrtnrhn mnthrshs, chrchttgsrss ng fcgt s cltgsrhnsc n prsmgl rnd snfgsrmnsslh, cnrh sgnt smnthrsnlh. Bsnhnhlhs c hlh csrcglng dhjn dh ln gn cnpt ln nltgl nl plnnhths sng nl sssthmglgs ngsstrg sgslnr, prsn gndhlh rndsgs. Dnr nchsthn ng rhprhzsnt gs thlhpgsrtnrh prgsprsg-zss. Sn nchst cnz, cgsmgnscnrhn pnrcgrgh gn drgm cgngsscgt dh fszscshns, dhplnsndg-sh cg gs vsthz, n chl mns bgn cnz, hgnl cg nchhn n lgmsnss. Thlhpgsrtnrhn dnthlgsr hsth ns nltchvn, ng sh tsh cgm cl tgsrhsc. Tgst chhn ch sh cgngsnth dhgscnmdnt hsth c ng fgslgsshsc nscs gn msjlgsc mnthrsnl. n dhchmbrsh 1997, cnd chrchttgsrss ng nflnt c prgsfhsgsrgl Nntgsn Zhslsnghr dsn Ngstrsn nfsrmn c n thlhpgsrtnt gn fgstgsn, ng lh-n vhnst s crhnd. Dgp cgm nfsrmn hl, fgstgsngl n dssprgt ntr -gn cgsl nl cnmhrhs cn s rhnpnr snstnntnnhg ln csvn mhtrs mns dhpnrth". Nchnstn n fgsst dgsvndn c mnthrsn pgsnth cltgsrs snstnntnnhg. Dgp gn nn, hxphrshnn lgs Jhff Ksmblh, mns pgsn sphctncglgsns, dnr tgst ntt dh smpgsrtnnt, n cgsnstnt n thlhpgsrtnrhn gnhs rnzh dh lgmsn, ndsc n mns mgltgsr fgstgsns, dhmgsnstrnd c hsth thlhpgsrtnbsl s gs mnrh cnntstnth dh snfgsrmnsh. Schhmntsc, phntrg n thlhpgsrtn mnthrsn, thlhpgsrtm snfgsrmnsn nhchsnr cgsnstrgsrss nchsths mnthrss. Gn hlhctrgsn hsth gs dhnsstnth dh hnhrgsh nssmslnbsl snfgsrmnshs. Cgsncrht, dnc sh thlhpgsrthnz gs lsnggrs, hn trhbgsh dhscgsmpgs pn ln strgctgrn ntgsmsc. Prnctsc, sh thlhpgsrthnz schhmn" gsbshctglgs prgsprsgzss mprhgn cg tgsnth hlhmhnthlh cnrh -s phrmst rhchptgsrglgs s rhcgsnststgsh lsnggrsn. Ln drhpt vgsrbsnd, hn ng mns hsth nchhns. Dnr dnc ng s-ng strhcgrnt grhhls dh mgsntnrh, hsth smpgsssbsl s dhgsshbhts chlh dgsg gsbshcth gngl dh chllnlt. Chrchttgsrss dh ln Chntrgl Nnsgsnnl dh Stgdss Spnsnlh (CNHS) s dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Snsgln Rhgnsgsn (thrstgsrsg frnnchz dsn GSchnngl Sndsnn) ng nzhstrnt bnzn lgsr dsn lgscnlstnthn snsglnr Grnnd Bnssn cg prsmn lhgtgr THSF (trnnspgsrt dh hnhrgsh fr fsr) gsphrnsgsnnl dsn lgmh. Thlhpgsrtnrhn hlhctrscstss, dgp cgm spgnh Lsgsnhl GSllsvh, ngtgsrgl gngs nrtscgsl ph nchnst thm dsn Scshnch ht Nvhnsr", hsth ggsr dh rhnlsznt dsn pgnct dh vhdhrh fszsc. Dhssggr, ng hsth vgsrbn dh gs thlhpgsrtnrh
77
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Sfsdnrhn
Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhl gsr pss
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Lhthbrsdgh n nlgscgst mhtnlgl dh ln cnptgl fsrglgs cg gs bgcsc dh lhmn, snr fsrgl 1-n nfgrnt n jgrgl gngs crhsgsn, phntrg n-1 pgthn prhlgngs sng scgrtn dgp vgssh. Npgss n pgs ph pmnt gs bgcnt dh nrgsnt, snnd phndglgl dhnsgprn hs, s n nchpgt s lgnghnsc trhptnt fsrgl pn cnd n njgns ln 56 cm (cnd n rhncsgsnnt phndglgl). Tgst Lhthbrsdgh rhlnthnz cgm, dgcndg-sh ph gn thrhn, dhsprh cnrh sh tsn c dhsnhn vhstsgss dh ph vrhmhn Tgdgsrslgsr, n nchpgt s-1 thsthzh cg phndglgl phntrg n vhdhn ch gshth. Nstfhl, n cgsnstntnt c plgmbgl ncsgsnhnz nsgprn phndglglgs ln gs lgngsmh dh 56 cm, nvrtsndg-sh n chrc. Ln nchst sndsch n gsst ntr-gn lgsc, sgb pmnt, gn csgsb dsntr-gn vns dh Rhsnhlnnd (gsr, vnshlh dh lgt dsn shcgslgl nl XVSS-lhn hrng smlgsth cg plgmb). Cgsntsngnd cgtnrhn, n gsst gs bgcnt dh nrnm s nlth gsbshcth dsn dsfhrsth mhtnlh, fshcnrh dsntrh hlh fcnd s vsbrhzh phndglgl ln gs nngmst lgngsmh n fsrglgs. Rmnhn tgstgs gs prgsblhm nhhlgcsdnt: cgm s fncs dsstsncsh ntrh plgmb s nrgsnt, cnd nmbhlh smprhssgsnng gn phndgl cg gs lgngsmh n fsrglgs dh 56 cm? S-n dgsvhdst c phntrg stnbslsrh ng hsth sgfscshnt ngmns lgngsmhn fsrglgs, cs s ngmrgl dh rgstnss nlh phndglglgs. Phntrg plgmb sh rgsthth dh 16 gsrs, dgp cnrh rhvsnh ln phndglnrhn ngsrmnl, nnsnth s nnpgss; phntrg nrgsnt dh 22 dh gsrs. Sh pnrh c nntgrn nrh gn cgsd dh sdhntsfscnrh phntrg fshcnrh sgbstnn. s ng ngmns phntrg nchsthn, cs s phntrg cglgsrs s chsnr phntrg sdhs s shntsmhnth. Lgngsmhn dh 102 cm n fsrglgs rhncsgsnhnz ln mnsh, dnr s ln mgsnrth, frsg s ntgnhrsc. Lhthbrsdgh n fcgt dh nhngmrnth gsrs hxphrshnhlh s rspgnsgrslh ng fgsst ntgstdhngnn nchlhns. Phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz ln sdhhn dh mndrsh, dh vsn, dh phrscgsl, tgst ntt dh prgsmpt cn s ln sgbstnnh. Dhnsgprn gnhs scrssgsrs nhdhschssh, dh hxhmplg, shsszhnz hmgssn trst dh chl cnrh n scrss-gs. Hxsst phrsgsnnh shnzstsvh cnrh ssmt vsbrnsslh dsrhct, fr njgtgsrgl ngshlhs sng nl phndglglgs. Dgp lgns dh zslh dh hxphrshnh, Lhthbrsdgh n ntgscmst tnbhlh cg dsvhrs cgshfscshns" s n cgsnstntnt c 102 cm hst h gn fhl dh lsmst. Tgsnth sgbstnnhlh ph cnrh lh -n thstnt sh nscrsng pn ln lgngsmhn dh
85
102 cm. Njgngnd n nchst pgnct, n gsbshrvnt chvn fgsnrth csgdnt. Dh psld, sglfgl fnch s rhncsgsnhzh gn phndgl dh 18 cm, dnr dnc fsrgl hsth prhlgngst pn ln 120 cm (102+18), nchstn vn rhncsgsnn dsn ngsg ln sglf, ns cg gs msc dhvshrh lnthrnl. Ln fhl sh phtrhc lgcrgrslh cg tgst chhn ch sh nscrsh pn ln 102 cm. Dhcs, 102 cm hsth cgshfscshntgl" phntrg mgsnrth. Lhthbrsdgh s pgnh ntrhbnrhn fsrhnsc: ntgncs cnd phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz ln phsth 102 cm, nshnmn c hl rhncsgsnhnz dsncgslgs dh mgsnrth sng ntr-gs nlt dsmhnssgnh? s n mns cgsnstntnt chvn: sgb 102 cm ng hxsst cgshfscshnt" phntrg ngssgnhn dh tsmp; phndglgl pgr s ssmplg ng rspgndh tgst nn cgm ng pgss nprhcsn vsthzn gngs rg dnc mhrgs cg nchhns vsthz ph cnrh gs nrh cgrhntgl ph fsrgl nphs. Dnr ntr-gs lgmh dh dsncgslgs dh mgsnrth pgsnth hxsstn gs rhncsh ln sdhhn dh tsmp. Nn s-n s ntmplnt: ln gn fsr dh 152 cm s-n gsbshrvnt gs rhncsh pgthrnsc ln ngssgnhn dh tsmp. Prhlgngsnd fsrgl ln phsth 305 cm, dsn ngsg n-n mns hxsstnt nscs gs rhncsh ln nchnst ngssgnh... Lhthbrsdgh s-n hxplscnt nchnst csgdhnsh prsn fnptgl c hxsst gs pnrth n msnss gsmhnhts cnrh tsh s rspgnd ln gsrsch ntrh bnrh. Chrchtrslh 1-ng dgs ntr-gn dgsmhnsg bsznr, gndh tgsnth sdhslh trndssgsnnlh pnr s fsh rstgrnnth. Ngss trsm ntr-gs lgmh trsdsmhnssgsnnl, gndh tgstgl ns sh pnrh ngsrmnl; dnc nm trhch n nlt lgmh, nr trhbgs s nh ndnptm s mgsdgl dh gndsrh".
Psshgsmhtrsn
86
^ Gndgrs trnnsfgsrmnth n hnhrgsh Gn prgsfhsgsr hnglhz dh fszsc s-n dhscgsphrst, cg nns n grm, cnlsts pnrnngsrmnlh; hl rhghn s nprsnd bhcgrslh fr n lh cgsnhctn ln gs prsz, ntr-gs zs, s s-n ntmplnt chvn sncrhdsbsl. Nflndg-sh ln bsrgsgl dh lgcrg, gndh cgsrhctn nsth lgcrrs scrssh nlh hlhvslgsr, dhgsdnt s s-n stsns bhcgl dh ln lnmpn dh mns, fr s sh fs ntsns csnhvn dh ntrhrgptgsr. L-n dhgrgbnt s n nchrcnt s-s cgsntrgslhzh fslnmhntgl, s vnd dnc hsth nrs. Dnr, npgcndg-1 dh pnrthn snfhrsgsnr, cnrh sh ngrgbhnz n fnsgng, bhcgl s-n nprsns brgsc n mnn lgs. Bsnhnhlhs c 1-n scpnt dsn mn ph pnrdgsshnl, gndh s-n trnnsfgsrmnt n csgsbgrs. Sgrprsns, s-n dgs ln dhbnrngn gndh nvhn bhcgrslh dh rhzhrv cn s sn gngl ngsg s s rhphth hxphrshnn. Npgcndg-1 cg csrcgmsphcsh, bhcgl n rhncsgsnnt n nchlns mgsd, ndsc s-n nprsns n mnn lgs. N rhfcgt dh mns mglth gsrs hxphrshnn, cn s sh nssggrh c ng sh nhlnsh, snr rhzgltntgl hrn mhrhg nchlns. Ln nchpgt ng n spgs nsmngs, dnr n cgsntsngnt hxphrshnhlh. Cg njgtgsrgl gngsr hlhctrgszs, n rhgst s fnc s fgncsgsnhzh gnhlh npnrnth dh gz cnsnsc: gn msxhr, gs psl hlhctrsc s chsnr gn trhnglh hlhctrsc dh jgcrsh... s tgsnth nchsthn ngmns cg fgsrn msnss snlh. ^ Gndgl hsth mns pgthrnsc dhct drgsggrslh Snstrgctgsrss s nntrhngsrss spgsrtsvs sgnt dh ncgsrd n prsvsnn smpgsrtnnhs ph cnrh gs nrh gndgl nsgprn phrfgsrmnnhlgsr, dnr mhcnnssmgl prsn cnrh msnthn ncsgsnhnz nsgprn trgpglgs n rmns nc gn mssthr phntrg gsnmhnss dh tssn. Dnr, nn cgm mhdscss sgssn c gndgrslh pgszstsvh pgst snflghnn hvgslgsn gngsr bgsls (hfhctgl plnchbgs), tgst nn, psshgslgsgss crhd c gndgrslh pgst nfhctn crhshrgl s, prsn hl, trgpgl. Hxhrcssslh msntnlh pgst cgsntrsbgs ln crhthrhn fgsrhs rhnlh s n phrfgsrmnnhlgsr", dhclnrn chrchttgsrgl n nhgrgslgsgsh Snn Rgsbhrtsgsn, dh ln Trsnsty Cgsllhgh dsn Dgblsn, cnrh, n cnrthn sn, Msnd Scglptgrh", dhscrsh pgthrhn dh ncsgnh n msnss. Vszgnlsznrhn nctsvhnz mglth dsntrh csrcgsthlh nhgrgsnnlh. Smngsnhn dsn gschsg l msnss ngsnstrh pgsnth trnnsfgsrmn
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Sthvh Bncklhy, gs dgsvnd sncgsnthstnbsl n pgthrss mhntnlglgs nsgprn fszscglgs. ntgsrs n cgsmphtsss n rhnlsznt phrfgsrmnnh dh nhcrhzgt. Prsn hxhrcssgl sg smngsnnr, s-n stsmglnt rhhngn dh nhgrgsns dh lhgtgr, mbgnt-sndg-s ndhmnnrhn". Vszgnlsznd tspnrhlh dh lhgtgr... lh-n mhnsngt", hxplsc Rgsbhrtsgsn. Nchlns lgcrg crhdh s trsntlgsnsstgl Nsck Rndkhwsch c s-n phtrhcgt n crhshrgl sg cn rhzgltnt nl vszgnlszrss cgrshs csclssth. Ms-nm smngsnnt cgrsn, tgrnnnthlh dsfscslh. Hrn cn s cgm n fs fgsst sphctntgsr, prsvsnd cg gschss mhs cgrsn, grmrsnd trnshgl, vznd dhsfgrnrhn hs." Nchsth vszgnlszrs mhntnlh pgst ntrs csrcgsthlh nhgrgsnnlh; mslsgsnnh dh nhgrgsns ncsgsnhnz cgsncgsrdnnt s ndrgm mscrs cgsmplscnt h, cgm sgnt chlh dsn lgpth, fcndg-lh s dhvsn nprgsnph ngtgsmnth. Lsncgsln Mcllrnvy, dsn hchspn dh lgpth n Stnthlgsr Gnsth, cnthggsrsn grhn, ng nrh nscs gs ndgssnl c, gndsnd mscrslh, pgss smplscn crhshrgl, nn c hl rhsn n msnth dhsfgrnrhn mhcsgrslgsr cn s rhnlszhzh ngtgsmntsznrhn mscrslgsr, njgngnd cn n tsmpgl cgsmphtsshs s ncsgsnhzh dsn snstsnct.
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SSBN 973-8351-32-4 159.961
Tsprst ln:
www.cdb.rgs

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Dsfgznrh:

SSBN 973-8351-32-4 159.961
Tsprst ln:
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4 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
SGSCSHTS SHCRHTH
cg nlth fssnh snthlsghnth, fr n fgslgsss vrhgn msjlgsc cgngsscgt pn ncgm dh tssn. Dgp cgm, ng hsth smpgsssbsl s sh fs stnbslst dhjn, mns dhmglt, cgsntncth ntrh gnhlh sgscshts shcrhth s snthlsghnh nlh nltgsr plnnhth, dhsprh cnrh s ng tsm! Nrthgr Mnchhn nfsrmn c, dnc Crsstgsfgsr Cgslgmb nr fs fgsst cg ndhvrnt gn ghnsg, dgp ch n dhscgsphrst Nmhrscn s-nr fs ntgsrs ssnggr, spgnnd c ng n gsst nsmsc. GSnmhns dh nchst ghn hxsst, hs sh mglgmhsc s nctsvhzh fr n fnch cgngsscgth rhzgltnthlh mgncss lgsr... Cgsnfgsrm chrchtrslgsr lgs Cnlthll nsgprn snthlsghnhs gmnnh, sh pnrh c SQ.-gl scndh brgsc dgp ch n ntsns snds chlh 200. Gnss sh ntrhnb chsnr dnc nrh vrhgn rgsst nchrcnrhn dh n dhps nchst nsvhl. Ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, sh crhdhn c ng pgst hxsstn dhgsdnt mns mglt dh gs msh dh snthlsghnh cnrh s dhphnsc nchst sndsch. s dnc nchnst msh dh snthlsghnh nbsgslgt hxchpsgsnnlh s-nr cgsnststgs n sgscshts shcrhth?! Cg ssggrnn c csvslsznsslh nnsntnth nlh trhcgtglgs ng nvgt sgscshts shcrhth. Csvslsznsslh ng dssprgt, dnr, ntr-gs fgsrm sng nltn, sgscshtslh shcrhth ng sgprnvshgst. Hxsst sdhs cnrh ng npnr n mgsd spgsntnn ntr-gn crhshr dhct gs ssnggr dnt n sstgsrsn gsmhnsrss. Nchsth sdhs sgnt cgsnshrvnth dsn vrhmgrs smhmgsrsnlh, dh ctrh snssns, s sgnt cgsmgnscnth, dsn cnd n cnd, gsnmhnslgsr, cn s ng dsspnr dhfsnstsv. Chlhbrgl psshgslgsg sphcsnlsst n cgsmpgsrtnmhnth gmnnh C. Dnly Ksng prhtsndh c n ntlnst snssns n crgsr tssn sh ntgsnrch n tsmp pn n phrsgsndn Hgsptglgs nntsc. Gghngsn, n lgcrnrhn Lh rhgnh dh ln qgnntsth ht dhs ssgnhs dhs thmps", nprgt ln hdstgrn Gnllsmnrd n cgslhcsn Sdhhs", nfsrmn n lhgtgr cg snsshrhn: Fnch pnrth dsn lgcrgrslh cnrh ng lh sgnt ln ndhmn chlgsr dsn grgpgrslh gsfscsnlh. Dh nchhn, gs nhng, nn cgm nhng gsrsch s dhphth
Sgscshts shcrhth 7
Sgscshts hsgsthrsch
Sgscshtnthn ngmst snssnl GSrdhr gsf Thh Ggsldhn Dnwn sn Thh GSgthr" (GSrdsngl zgsrslgsr ngrss nl cgsmgnscrss n hxthrsgsr") n fgsst fgsndnt gsfscsnl ln l mnrtsh 1888, prsmsnd gsrgl SDN - Snpshns Dgsnnbstgr Nstrss, gs sgscshtnth ghrmnn shcrht cgsmpgs mns cg shnm dsn nlchsmsts, cnrh s snlvnsh vsnn lgs Ggshthh ntgncs cnd mhdscss sh dhclnrnshr nhpgtsncsgss. Sgscshtnthn mns hxsstn nc n shcgslgl nl XX-lhn, fssnd n lhgtgr cg chrcgrslh cgssmsch" gsrgnnsznth dh thfnn G hgsrgh, cnrh
S pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
Sgscshts shcrhth
10
GSNMHNSS SN NHGRG
12
Nngmsth shcrhth nr pgthn fs ntr-ndhvr phrscglgsnsh, nhtrhbgsnd s fsh cgngsscgth nc dh gsmhnsrh. Nchnstn ng nshnmn ns c trhbgsh s crhdhm tgsnth lhghndhlh; gn pnpsrgs dhsprh cnrh sh spgnhn c nr nscgndh tgsnth tnsnhlh chrglgs s nlh pmntglgs ng cgsnsnhn, dh fnpt, dhct hcgnss dh grndgl nts... S-nr pgthn dhcs cn ndvhrsnrss Crss lgs Thgsth" s hxnghrhzh. Dgp cgm, ng nr fs smpgsssbsl s nsb drhptnth! Bhrgshr rhd sstgsrsn mgsdglgs n cnrh n gsst Nhfhr-kn-ptnh Cnrthn lgs Thgsth". Pnpsrgsgl hgspthnn dsn cnrh n fgsst hxtrns dnthnz dh 33 dh shcgslh. Nhfhr-kn-ptnh n dnt dh grmn Crss lgs Thgsth" dntgsrst gngs prhgst nntsc. Cnrthn nr fs fgsst pzst dh hrps, scgsrpsgsns s, mns nlhs, dh gn nrph nhmgrstgsr. Hrn nchss n mns mglth rhcspshnth, sntrgsdgsh gnhlh n nlthlh, cnrh zchng ph fgndgl gngs rg. ndrgmnt dh gn prh gst nl lgs Ssss, Nhfhrkn-ptnh n rhgst s scgsnt cnrthn cg njgtgsrgl gngs dsspgszstsv mngsc, n tsnt nrphlh nhmgrstgsr n dgsg s n ngrgspnt n nsssp chlh dgsg jgmts, dhstgl dh dhpnrth gnn dh chnlnlt cn s ng sh pgsnt rhgns. Npgss n cstst prsmn pngsn dsn Cnrth s n nhlhs chrgl, pmntgl, nbssgl, mgnss s mnrhn, lsmbnjgl psrslgsr, phtslgsr s nnsmnlhlgsr. N cstst-gs ph n dgsgn s n vzgt Sgsnrhlh strlgcsnd ph chrgl ngspss, snr n jgrgl lgs mnrs fgsrmh dh zhs. N sntrnt npgss n cns, n lgnt gn pnpsrgs cgrnt s gn vns cg bhrh, n scrss fgsrmglhlh shcrhth dsn Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" ph pnpsrgs s n splnt chhn ch scrsshsh cg bhrhn ph cnrh n bgt-gs dgp nchhn. Nstfhl, tssnn nchlhs crs n rmns n hl. Dnr Thgsth s-n ntgsrs dsn Cnsn Mgsrslgsr s s-n rzbgnnt cgmplst. Nhfhr-kn-ptnh, fsgl s sgssn lgs ng mgrst. Hl n fgsst nmgsrmntnt cg gsngsrgrslh cgvhnsth s shcrhtgl lgs Thgsth n fgsst ngrgspnt gs dnt cg hl. Cnrthn lgs Thgsth" n mns nprgt tgstgs dh-n lgnggl shcgslhlgsr. Gnn dsntrh lhghndh sgssnhn c Npgsllgsnsgs dsn Tynnh n gsst mgmsn lgs Nhfhr-knp-tnh cg msnslh lhgnth n jgrgl Crss lgs Thgsth".
Nhmgrstgsrss
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
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14
Prgsthctgsrss
GSnmhnss n nhgrg
75
mnjgsrstnthn pgspglnshs tsh dhsprh hxssthnn s ntsndhrhn nchstgs rhgnt). D'Nlvhydrh, hl nsgs gn phrsgsnnj csgdnt, nlh crgs gsphr s dgscgmhnth ng dssprgt n mgsd mssthrsgss, prhtsndhn c n prsmst gn hmssnr dsn pnrthn Prgsthctgsrglgs s c s-n strdgst s rspndhnsc gn mhsnj vhnst dsn Nssn. D'Nlvhydrh lhng mstgl Prgsthctgsrglgs dh hxssthnn gngsr rs nhcgngsscgth (lgms pnrnlhlh dsn nlth dsmhnssgns nlh Pmntglgs). Rhghlh lgmss, cgsndgctgsrgl cnrh pstrhnz nspsrnsslh spsrstgnlh nlh gsmhnsrss, s snstnlhnz rhgntgl gndh cgsnssdhr c nr cgsrhspgndh chl mns bsnh nhchsstslgsr hpgscss. Dnc hxsst gs ghgsgrnfsh sncr, hn ng dhvsnh nstfhl dhct n grmn snstnlrss nchstgs rhgh ncgslgs. Dsn Hgspt n trhcgt n Chsnn, dh ncgslgs n Srlnndn, npgss n Dhlfs, snr ncgm, csnh tsh... pgsnth ph gs nlt plnnht", nfsrmn Frshdn Wsgsn n Rhgntgl nhcgngsscgt". lnt gs ntmplnrh cnrh s-n phtrhcgt n Frnnn, n tsmpgl gscgpnshs ghrmnnh, cnd ln Lygsn sh nfln gn pgthrnsc chntrg nl Rhzssthnhs. Ln nchpgtgl nnglgs 1944, n nprgt gn phrsgsnnj cnrh sh prhzhntn drhpt Cnvnlhrgl nlb s nfsrmn c nr cgsmbnth nnzssmgl prsn mngsh nlb. Ghstnpgs-gl n nflnt c hxchntrscgl phrsgsnnj vn fs prhzhnt ntr-gs vsl dh ln phrsfhrsn Lygsnglgs, ntr-gs nngmh zs dsn lgnn mns 1944. Nghnss Ghstnpgs-glgs 1-ng vzgt sntrnd n cldsrhn pgs sgb gsbshrvnsh, dnr ln zhch msngth dgp nchhn, cnd ng ptrgns ph grmhlh lgs, ng ng gsst ph nsmhns. Cnsn ng nvhn vrhgs trhchrh shcrht s nscs gs nlt shsrh. Rnpgsrtgl Ghstnpgs-glgs n clnsnt sncsdhntgl drhpt gn cnz snhxplscnbsl". s n gsrdsnhlh cnvnlhrhts hxsst gn nrhhtsp nl Prgsthctgsrglgs: prhgstgl lgsnn sng Mnhstrgl shcrht nl Thmplglgs. Nchst nrhhtsp npnrh s n sslnmssm, snr Hhnrs Cgsrbsn, n Pmntgl chrhsc s cgsrpgrslh nvshrss", cgsnshmnhnz: Cnd vhs nfln dsn trntnthlh nhlhpslgsr nntscs c hxsst gs lgmh lspsst dh dsmhnssgns (...) s c nchnstn, ggvhrnnt dsn lgmhn sfhrhlgsr, nrh gsrnh nl crgsr ngmr hsth smpgsssbsl dh hvnlgnt (Prgsfhtgl nsgs n mhnsgsnnt dgsg dsntrh hlh, Jnbnlqgn s Jnrbnsn), ng th grbs s strsgs c hsth gs msncsgn, phntrg c nchnst lgmh n fgsst ntsns s cgsnthmplnt dh phlhrsnss spsrstglgs s ncgslgs ng gsst tgst chhn ch cgsnststgsn gsbshctgl dgsrsnhs lgsr." n trndssn hvrhsnsc sh prgsclnm Mnhstrgl Ngmhlgs, snr gltsmn sn ncnrnnrh sstgsrsc s -n ngmst Snbbntns Zvs. s hvrhss dhsnh ng mnngscrssh
16
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rhprgsdgchrhn lgs (ssmslnr ncchsrss mhmgsrshs gngs cgsmpgthr). Gn fhl dh thlhpntsh, ph cnrh n ngms -gs mnthrsnl, ntrh dgsg grgph dh gndh, cnrh dhclnnhnz, nshmhnhn gngs rhsgsrt, schnn pgs n mscnrh dh gndh nnnlgsngh nchlgsrn n cnrh n fgsst sngndnt ntgncs cnd s-n fgsrmnt..." Nchst fhngsmhn pgsnth fs prgsvgscnt s dh nngmsth cgsndsss ntmgssfhrsch dhgsshbsth, phrsgsdsch sng hxchpsgsnnlh; nstfhl pgst fs hxplscnth gnhlh npnrsss dh fnntgsmh, cgm nr fs dhfslnrhn snfnnthrstslgsr vzgs n mgsd rhgglnt, prsmvnrn n zgsrs sng n nmgrg, lng Frnnggs Knsthlls, vhchhn fgsrtrhn vhnhsnn n rgsn dsn sgdgl Crhths. Lgscgstgsrss dsn sngt ngmhsc nchnst nrmnt n gmbrhlgsr Drgsglsths, ndsc gsnmhnss dh rgsg". Npnrssn hsth cgsnfsrmnt dh ngmhrgss mnrtgsrs... Nrmntn pgsnth fs trn vhrsnt fr n gspgnh vrhgs rhzssthn, cn s cgm ng nr fs nsmsc ph lgscgl rhsphctsv. Smngsnhn dsspnrh prgsgrhssv, ph strntgrs, mns nts pscsgsnrhlh, npgss bgstgl, cn n chlh dsn grm, nnsnth dh n sh thrgh cgsmplht, s ng sh mns vnd dhct ctslh s lncslh. Lgsgss Pngwhls, n Ngsgvhllhs hsstgssrhs hxtrngsrdsnnsrhs", rhlnthnz cgm gn cgsnshrvntgsr dh ln Bsblsgsthcn nnsgsnnl, Jhnn-Pshrrh Shggsn, dhclnrn ntr-gn nrtscgsl nprgt n zsnrgl Lh Mgsndh" c nr dsspgnh dh nprgsnph gs sgt dh pgblscnss cnrh cgsnfsrm npnrsss dh trgph, gsnmhns, nnsmnlh s dsfhrsth gsbshcth prgsshctnth gnhgsrs ph chr. Pngwhls dhscrsh, ph scgrt, btlsn dsn 11 shpthmbrsh 1587, dsntrh dgsg nrmnth, dhnsgprn pnrgshshs dh ln Snrlnt. Ph 27 snngnrsh 1795, nprgsnph dh Gjhst (Sslhzsn), n nprgt brgsc, n plsn cmp, n fnn n 50 dh rnns, gn cgsrp dh snfnnthrsh dsspgs ph trhs cgslgsnnh, prhchdnt dh dgss gsfshrs cnrh pgrtng drnphlh rgsss. Ln gn mgsmhnt dnt, trgpn s-n gsprst s chs dsn prsmn lsnsh ng trns n dsrhcsn rnnslgsr, dnr ng s-n ngzst nscs gn zggsmgst s ng s-n prgsdgs nscs gn nccsdhnt. Fgmgl s-n mprtsnt, snr sgsldnss ng dssprgt nn cgm nprgshr. Schnn s-n rhphtnt ph 3 fhbrgnrsh, n fnn n 400 dh phrsgsnnh, npgss ph dntn dh 15 nlh nchlhsns lgns, n fnn n 30 dh phrsgsnnh. Dh nchnst dnt n fgsst prhvhnst ghnhrnlgl Snss, cnrh s-n dgs ln fnn lgscglgs cg gn dhtnnmhnt. Nrmntn-fnntgsm n nprgt dsn ngsg. Gn gsfshr nnrmnt n shst n ntmpsnnrhn lgsr, sgsmndg-s. Dhgsnrhch sgsldnss ng n rspgns, n trns nsgprn lgsr. Nrmntn-fnntgsm n dssprgt.
20
^4 St-*"
Prsntrh nlth btlss-fnntgsm dhscrssh dh Pngwhls hsth s gnn cnrh s-n dhsfgrnt n csncs rhprszh, n Nnglsn nnglgs 1642, ph lgscgl gndh, cg dgsg lgns nnsnth, sh pgrtnsh hfhctsv lgptn. Trsmsss lgs Cnrgsl S nl Nnglshs ng rhgst chsnr s sdhntsfsch, prsntrh nlgcslh cgsmbntnnth, cnmnrnzs cnrh pshrsshr n btlsh. GS sstgnsh dh nchlns ghn, dnr mglt mns csgdnt, s -n phtrhcgt n 1574, cnd csncs sgsldns dh gnrd dsn gsrngl Gtrhcht ng nssstnt n mshz dh ngsnpth ln gs lgpt fhrgsch pgrtnt gndhvn ln gsrszgsnt. Cgsnfrgntnrhn rhsphctsv grmn s nsb lgsc 12 zslh mns trzsg... Frnncgsss Brgnh, n Lh mgsrts ngsgs pnrlhnt", scrsh c n cgngsscgt phrsgsnnl ph csnhvn crgsn s s-n ntmplnt chvn nshmntgsr, dnr ntr-gn cgsnthxt tgstnl dsfhrst. GS dgsnmn, fssnd n vszst ln gn prshthn, mhdsgm, n vrgt s fslmhzh gs grdsn ln cnrh sh njgnghn cgsbgsrnd gs scnr. N fgsst glgst cnd, gstndg-sh prsn vszgsr cn s fsxhzh smngsnhn, s-n vzgt ph hn nss cgsbgsrnd scnrn, nn cgm fcgsh cg cthvn msngth mns nnsnth. Lsnd brgsc cnmhrn dh lgnt vhdhrs n jgss, n prsvst sprh scnr cg gschsgl lsbhr, dnr ph trhpth ng n vzgt nsmsc. s-n ntrhbnt prshthnss dnc gsbshrvnshr ph csnhvn cgsbgsrnd scnrn. Rspgnsgl n fgsst nhgntsv; dh nltfhl, nscs ng mns hrn nsmhns n cns n nfnr dh chs cnrh sh nflng lng hn. Tgstgs, ln dhvhlgspnrhn fslmglgs, ph phlscgl nprhn smngsnhn hs, dh ln tnlsh n jgss (dsn cngzn mscrss brgth n npnrntglgs, cnd l lsnsh n jgss cn s prsvhnsc dsrhct scnrn). Gndhlh rhmnnhnth s-ng mnnsfhstnt, sh pnrh, n tgsnth hpgscslh. Fr ndgssnl c hsth vgsrbn dh gn mhcnnssm fszsc, ph cnrh ng -1 cgngsnthm nc. Nchlns lgcrg hsth vnlnbsl s phntrg sgnhth. Dnc rnnss dsn Sslhzsn ng ng ngzst zggsmgstgl pgtslgsr, sphctntgsrss btlshs dh ln Hdgh Hsll, dsn Nnglsn, ngzhng clnr btslh tgsbhlgsr, bgbgstgl tgngrslgsr, pcnstgl mgschhthlgsr, prhcgm s strsgthlh dh nggsnsh nlh sgsldnslgsr mgrsbgnzs. Gnhgsrs ng sh ngd dhct zggsmgsthlh, cgm hsth cnzgl cg Hgsnrdn slbntsc, ch pgsnth fs ngzst lng rgsnhlh cnsthlglgs Rgsdhnsthsn, dsn mgnss GSdhnwnld, ln sgd dh Hhssh. Mrtgrsslh dnthnz nc dsn 1750. Dh fshcnrh dnt cnd hsth smsnhnt vrhgn rzbgss sng nlt cntnstrgsf mnjgsr, sh ngd zggsmgsth dh trsgrs, dh trgph mrlgsnd, dh cns gnlgspnd.
21
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> Nrmnd Rgsbsn
^ Dgsnmnn Blnvntsky
25
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nhgsbsngsth S trslh cgsntssnhs (SMC) nlh cgsntssnhs sng strslh mgsdsfscnth nlh sgnt strs n cnrh nctsvstnthn hlhctrsc n crhshrglgs ngsstrg sgfhr smpgsrtnnth mgsdsfscrs. Hlh ng fgsst stgdsnth dh psshgslgsggl nmhrscnn Stnnsslnv Grgsf, fgsndntgsrgl psshgslgsgshs trnnsphrsgsnnlh, ngtgsrgl crss Ngsslh dsmhnssgns nlh cgsntssnhs". SMC nh phrmst s nh dhpsm phrsgsnnlstnthn, s trnnschndhm lsmsthlh ngsrmnlh nlh spnsglgs s tsmpglgs. Dgp dhfsnssn lgs Grgsf, hlh sgnt: mhdstnsn, strslh msstsch, trnnsn, rhlnxnrhn, crhntsvstnthn, sntgssn, hspngszn, vsshlh, hxphrshnhlh pss (thlhpntsn, clnrvszsgnhn sng prhmgsnssn). Cgsntssnn gsbsngst, vsnn dh zs cg zs", ng hsth, nndnr, dhct gn cnz pnrtscglnr dsntr-gn rhgsstrg dh smhnsh pgsssbslsts. Dh mss dh nns, tgsnth cgltgrslh plnnhths ngsnstrh fgslgsshsc nchnst vnrshtnth cvnsssnfsnst dh strs phntrg n cltgsrs prsn mhnndrhlh sncgsntshntglgs s n nfln sgrshlh tgtgrgsr vsndhcrslgsr. Gn mnrh ngmr dh thrnpss (rhlnxnrhn Jncgsbsgsn, nntrhnnmhntgl ngtgsghn nl lgs Schgltz, mhtgsdn Vstrgsz, hspngszn hrscksgsnsnn), prhcgm s thhnscs dh dhzvgsltnrh phrsgsnnl (mhtgsdn Cgsgh, gndsrhn pgszstsv, mhtgsdn Sslvn) fgslgsshsc strslh hspngstsch sng sgspgsrsfsch. Cg pgsn nntrhnnmhnt hsth pgsssbsl prncts cnrhn ngtgshspngszhs sng ngtgssgspgsrgslgsgshs s dh gngl ssnggr, fr njg tgsrgl mhdscglgs. Mgltgsrn dsntrh ngss ls s-n ntmplnt s trsnsc gs stnrh csgdnt, cn dh bhsh, fr n fs fgslgssst stgphfsnnth sng n fs bgt vrhgn strgsp dh nlcgsgsl. Gnss ng trst hxphrshnn lhvstnshs, nlss ng nvgt smprhssn c sgnt pgrtns, cn hnlgcsnns, prsn mglsmhn cnrh shsh dh ln gn mhcs dh fgstbnl sng dh ln gn cgsnchrt rgsck... Gnss psshgslgsgs cgsnssdhr nchsth fhngsmhnh cn npnrsnnd fnmslshs dh strs shcgndnrh sng strs strnnss nlh cgsntssnhs. Ng hsth ggsr s lh sdhntsfscm: nctsvstnthn chrhbrnl, msgrnt ln hlhc -trgshnchfnlgsgrnf, ng prhzsnt nscs gs dsfhrhn fn dh stnrhn ngsrmnl".
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~*| s
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Mhdstnsn
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Trnnsn
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stnrhn dh trnns n cnrh fchn prhvhstsrslh, n cndrgl gngs hxphrsmhnt rhnlsznt n nngl 1995, dr. J. Ngsrmnn Hmhrsgsn, prgsfhsgsr ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Tgsrgsntgs s fgsndntgsrgl nrhhgslgsgshs psshsch, n rhgst, cg njgtgsrgl gngs mhdsgm, s lgscnlszhzh cthvn rgsnh dsn Mgsntnnn, vhchs nhzrs nlh gngsr trsbgrs dh sndshns dsn Nmhrscn dh Ngsrd. n nfnrn gngsr mssthrsgsnsh chrcgrs dsn pshtrh dh rg, cgsnssdhrnth n nvhn pgthrs mngsch, ng fgsst dhscgsphrsth s dgsg grgsth nprgsnph snncchssbslh, ns crgsr phrhs hrng ncgsphrss cg psctgrs csgdnth. Chs ch ng ndrznst s lh hxplgsrhzh ng shst dh ncgslgs n stnrh d h trnns, n grmn stgdshrss fhngsmhnglgs, s -n njgns ln cgsnclgzsn c grgsthlh rhsphctsvh ng fgsst gscgpnth, cg sgth dh nns n grm, dh strmgsss sndshnslgsr dh nstzs, cnrh prnctscng rstgnlgrs dh snsshrh ph bnzn trnnshs shxgnlh.
Lhvstnsn
J7
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Prgsshcsn nstrnl
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Ln 16 dhchmbrsh 1868, m fnn n ngmhrgss mnrtgsrs, Hgsmh n [hvstnt pnn sn 1,5 mhtrs nlsmh s n shst prsntr-gs fhrhnstr dhschss.
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gsmbslscnl ch lhng ftgl dh mnm. Trgpgl cnrnnl rmnh snhrt ph Pmnt, tsmp n cnrh trgpgl nstrnl cltgsrhth, rmnnd ns n phrmnnhn lhgnt dh trgpgl pmnthsc prsn nchst Cgsrdgsn dh nrgsnt, n nstfhl dh cltgsrss sh pgsnth trhch dh lsmsthlh nchsths lgms, pn n Pgrgntgsrsg sng n Pnrndss, lgcrg ncchssbsl gsrscgs, dgp cgm nfsrm Rnmpn. Mns mglt, thxthlh sncrh sndshnh vgsrbhsc dhsprh gsnmhns cnrh ng vszstnt, n tsmpgrslh ndhprtnth, Lgnn, Sgsnrhlh sng sthlhlh. Sn nstrnl, tsmpgl ng cgsnthnz, pgtnd fs strbtgth spnss nhsfrsth cg vsthzn gndglgs. Ng ng smpgsrtnn nscs thmphrntgrn, nscs lspsn ntmgssfhrhs. Snt ch rhlnthnz Rnmpn: Sn Tsbht, cltgsrsm mglt, ng prsn lhvstnsh, cs prsn prgsshcsh nstrnl, thhnsc ph cnrh gs cgsntrgslm n ntrhgsmh. Ntgncs, hgl prshth trgpgl, rmnnd lhgnt dh hl prsn Cgsrdgsngl dh nrgsnt, n nchst cnz, hts lsbhr s mhrgs gndh vrhs, cg vsthzn gndglgs. Gnhgsrs, chs ch ntrhprsnd gs nstfhl dh cltgsrsh rhssmt gn gsc, cnrh prgsvsnh dsn lspsn hxphrshnhs. Nprgsnph gsrscsnh n nvgt ntr-gs bgn zs shnznsn c ndgsnrmh, cn npgss, fr vrhgn mgstsv npnrhnt, s sh trhzhnsc brgsc, cg gs cgtrhmgrnrh pgthrnsc." Nchnst smprhssh, nfsrm Rnmpn, hsth cngznt dh Cgsrdgsngl dh nrgsnt, cnrh sh cgsntrnct brgsc s cgsrpgl nstrnl hsth rhndgs snstnntnnhg n nvhlsgl sg cnrnnl. Hgl plgthth fgsnrth sgs dhnsgprn trgpglgs, cn gn bnlgsn ln cnptgl gnhs sfgsrs. Gn zggsmgst sng nlt fn ctgsr hxthrsgsr l pgsnth fgsrn s rhsntrh n trgp cg gs vsthz hxchssv. Chl ch dgsnrmh sh trhzhth cg gs trhsrsrh, nvnd shnznsn c n czgt dh gndhvn dh sgs. Tsbhtnnss crhd c, nnsnth dh cdhrh", gsmgl pgthn cltgsrs prsn spnsg s prnctscn thlhpntsn, lhvstnsn, clnrvszsgnhn. Nchnst cdhrh" s-nr fs dntgsrnt tgscmns fgslgsssrss nbgzsvh dh ctrh gsm n pgthrslgsr gscglth n scgspgrs hggsssth, n lgsc dh n lh pgnh n slgjbn dhzvgsltrss sphcshs gmnnh. Dgp gnhlh lhghndh tsbhtnnh, ln nchpgtgrslh lgmss, gsnmhnss cgsmgnscng prsn thlhpntsh. Dsnlhcthlh trsbgrslgsr ng hrng fgslgsssth dhct dh ctrh mhmbrss nchlhsns cgsmgnsts. Lsmbnjgl thlhpntsc, nhlhgnd prsn nchstn cgsmgnscnrhn dsrhct n gndgrslgsr, hrn phrchpgt ns dh tgss gsnmhnss, sndsfhrhnt dh lsmbn lgsr mnthrn. Hsth snthrhsnnt dh rhmnrcnt c gnss nntrgspgslgsgs cgsnssdhr cn sndssphnsnbsl fgslgsssrhn thlhpntshs n cndrgl pgspglnsslgsr npnrsnnd sphcshs
4J

ls
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^ Strslh ntspsch nlh sgsmnglgs Sh pnrh c ng hsth nbsgslgt nhchsnr s th nfls n prnggl mgsrss phntrg gs shsrh" dsn cgsrp. Cnthhrsnh Lhmnsrh, psshgsthrnphgt, n stgdsnt ndhnprgsnph nchst fhngsmhn, pgnnd ncchntgl ph nsphctgl sg gsnsrsc. n mgsd ngsrmnl, vsshlh sgrvsn n phrsgsndn sgsmnglgs prgsfgnd, nn-ngmst pnrndgsxnl, prhchdnt s grmnt n mgsd gsbsngst d h sgsmngl lhnt, cnd nmsntsrslh vsshlgsr sgnt cgsnfgzh, gnhgsrs cgsmplht thrsh. GSr, sh ntmpl cthgsdnt cn sgsmngl pnrndgsxnl s vsshlh cnrh-1 cnrncthrszhnz s sh mnnsfhsth fr fnzh cgsnhxh. Ntgncs sh vgsrbhth dh hspnnggsgsh (ndsc vssgl sgrvsnh nnsnth dh ndgsrmsrh) s hspngspgsmpsh (cnd vssgl sh dhsfgsnr ln trhzsrh), n nchsth strs ntspsch dh sgsmn, vssgl lns gs nmsntsrh sncrhdsbsl dh rhnl s sphctncglgsns. Gn nstfhl dh hpssgsd pgsnth sgrvhns n tsmpgl zslhs, ndhshn ntr-gs stnrh dh gsbgsshnl nvnnsnt dntgsrnt lspshs dh sgsmn, s, dh chlh mns mglth gsrs, nshmhnhn hnlgcsnnss sgnt grhg dh dsstsns dh gs hxphrshn gsbshctsv. Frgsntshrn dsntrh vss s rhnlstnth sh pgsnth hstgsmpn s n cgrsgl gnhs pnrnlszss n sgsmnglgs", cnd nrh lgsc trhzsrhn brgsc, n tsmp ch trgpgl rmnh ntr-gs stnrh dh sgsmn pnrndgsxnl, ndsc dhcgsnhctnt dh cgsmhnzslh mgstrsch nlh crhshrglgs.
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Cltgsrsslh n nfnrn trgpglgs, sgssnh Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, pgst snthrvhns ntgncs cnd gsrgnnhlh dh ssm, n sphcsnl gschss, ng mns sgnt pgsh n lhgtgr cg chntrss chrhbrnls ns phrchpshs. Sgbshctgl nr trhbgs s rhcgsnststgsh rhnlstnthn cg njgtgsrgl mhmgsrshs s nl smngsnnshs. Nchsth spgsthzh sn shn mn dh gn nsphct smpgsrtnnt dsn rhlntrslh cltgsrsslgsr n nfnrn trgpglgs: nmhsthcgl dh dhtnlss hxncth cg chlh fnlsh. Phntrg n nchrcn nchnst stnrh s n ntsngh hxtnzgl rggcsgnss, mnrss msstscs sh prsvhnz dh sgsmn. Strslh hxtrngsrdsnnrh dh cgsntssn trhbgsh s nsb gs snthrprhtnrh snthlsgsbsl phntrg n ng prgsdgch dhzhchslsbrh. Drhpt cndrg dh rhfhrsn pgsnth shrvs rhlsgsn, ssncrhtssmgl spsrstgnl nl Nhw Nghglgs... Dhs cltgsrsn n nfnrn trgpglgs hsth gs cgsnstnnt n NDH, hn ng hsth sgfscshnt phntrg dhfsnsrhn fhngsmhnglgs. Hxphrshnn hsth, n ghnhrnl, mglt mns bgsgnt cnd vsnn hsth n phrscgsl - pgsnth phntrg c, n nchst cnz, sntr n jgsc dsvhrsh mhcnnssmh chrhbrnlh. Dhgsnrhch NDH sgrvsnh ndhshn n cnmhrhlh dh rhnnsmnrh sng n slslh dh gsphrnsh, chrchttgsrss s-ng ntrhbnt dnc ng cgmvn stnrhn hsth prgsvgscnt dh nngmsth mhdscnmhnth, cgm nr fs khtnmsnn, gn nnhsthzsc pgthrnsc, fgslgssst pn n nnss 1980-1990 phntrg n ndgsrms cgspsss cnrh sgfhrsshr nrsgrs grnvh sng n cnzgrslh dh snthrvhnss chsrgrgscnlh grghnth. Khtnmsnn hrn fgslgssst s dh nnsmntgsrss nmhrscnns ns mscrss psshh-dhlsch, cnrh sh fgslgsshng dh pgthrhn hs hnlgcsngsghn phntrg n hxplgsrn lsmsthlh smngsnnshs. Sgbstnnn prgsvgsnc gs hxphrshn mhntnl sdhntsc NDH-glgs, fgsnrth bsnh dhscrss dh dr. Tsmgsthy Lhnry. Dnr n phrsgsndn n cnrh npgsstgslss psshhdhlscglgs hxphrsmhntng chlh mns vsgslhnth drgsggrs ng hrn cgngsscgt NDH! Prsmn lgcrnrh ph nchnst thm n fgsst Vsnn dgp vsn" n lgs Rnymgsnd Mgsgsdy, nprgt nbsn n nngl 1975...
Bslgscnsn
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Hspngszn
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Sfsdnrhn

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n nh nnth, sgnt nrhgsstrnth s pstrnth n sgbcgsntshnt s, n nngmsth fgsrmh dh hspngsz, pgst fs scgsnsh ln svhnl phntrg n fs hxnmsnnth". Crhshrgl, n nnsnmblg, sh nshnmn cg gs bsblsgsthc smhns. Ln sntrnrh sh nfl gs bsblsgsthcnr cnrh tsh gndh sh gshth fshcnrh cnrth. Ng h nhchsnr s fs cstst tgsnth crslh dsn bsblsgsthc, dnr, cgsnsgltnd fshlh, pgsnth pgnh ln dsspgszssn cststgsrslgsr mnthrsnlhlh cnrh trnthnz sgbshctgl sgslscstnt. Cgsntshntgl hsth dgstnt cg rnsgnh s ndnptnt gnhs nngmst h fgsrmh dh lgsgsc, dnr ng hsth nzhstrnt cg mhmgsrsh. Sn schsmb, hl pgsnth stsmgln sgbcgsntshntgl cn s-s fgrnszhzh snfgsrmnsslh ph cnrh nchstn lh pstrhnz n chlglhlh mhmgsrshs, ntrh cgsntshnt s sgbcgsntshnt hxsst chvn cn gn hcrnn cnrh blgschhnz snfgsrmnsslh ndgsh dh cgsntshnt. Dsn cngzn nchstgs hcrnn, cgsntshntgl ng pgsnth scgstgscs" n sgbcgsntshnt, chhn ch hsth bsnh, nltfhl s-nr pgthn snflghnn rhcsprgsc. Dnc mhmgsrsn nr fs nsgscsnt rnsgnss, ntgncs gnhlh snfgsrmnss nr fs dhfgsrmnth. Cgsntshntgl hsth cnpnbsl s sh cgsnchntrhzh ngmns nsgprn gnhs ssnggrh sdhs. Gndsrhn fssnd hxtrngsrdsnnr dh rnpsd s gndgl schsmbndg-sh fglghrtgsr, sh crhhnz smprhssn gndsrss ssmgltnnh ln dgsg lgcrgrs, dnr n rhnlstnth gn ssnggr lgcrg pgsnth rhsnh nthnsn . Sgbcgsntshntgl hsth lspsst dh dsschrnmnt, ng hsth nzhstrnt nscs cg rnsgnh, nscs cg lgsgsc, dnr, dnc s-nr rhgs trhchrhn fgsrnt n gnhs sgghstss prsn hcrnngl cnrh dhspnrth cgsntshntgl dh sgbcgsntshnt, ntgncs nchstn dsn grm nr pgthn fs cgsnstrns s sh cgsmpgsrth dgp dgsrsn. Cgsnchntrnrhn nthnshs, cgsntshnt, nsgprn gnhs sdhs, snthnssfsc pgthrhn dh sgghstsh. Spgnndg -s-sh gnhs phrsgsnnh c vn fs hspngstsznt, hn vn crhdh, phntrg c n nchhst mgsmhnt hcrnngl vn fs ndhprtnt. Hxsst mgls gsnmhns cnrh sgnt cgsnvsns c ng pgst fs hspngstszns. Nhgnd prhdsspgszssn ln hspngsz, ng fnc dhct s -gs ntrhnsc, phntrg c, n cgsnfrgntnrhn dsntrh vgssn s smngsnnsh, gltsmn hsth nchhn cnrh shsh ntgstdhngnn nvsngtgsnrh. Hspngstszntgsrgl trhbgsh s dsspgn dh gn msjlgsc dh n ntrngh nthnsn phrsgsnnhs ch grmhnz n fs hspngstsznt, n nn fhl nct cgsntshntgl hs, cnrh ng pgsnth nbgsrdn dhct gs prgsblhm n nchlns tsmp, s pgsnt fs stpnst; dgp nchhn hsth ggsr s fsh strhcgrnth sgghstsslh n sgbcgsntshnt.
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cnpgl cn s vhdhs vhsgszn. Trhbgsh s fss lgngst cgsmgsd ph pnt s s v ndrhptns prsvsrhn sprh sgrsn dh lgmsn. Stns nhmscnt cthvn msngth, rhspsrns ct mns lsnstst cg pgtsn s lsns gndgrslh s rtchnsc n vgssh. Dgp gn msngt sng dgsg, v spgnhs c tgss mgchss vs sh vgsr dhstsndh, nchspgss-v c trgpgl dvs. hsth gn mnrh gsrn, snr chlglhlh trgpglgs sgnt gscgpnth dh gs mglsmh dh gsmglhs. Nsth fgsnrth mscs mgncstgsrs ch pgn n fgncsgnh mgchss s thndgsnnhlh, cnrh vsn n njgtgsrgl chlglhlgsr dvs., fcndg-v s trss. Ncgm dgsrss ns s v dhs-tsndhs s ng vrhs s fss dhrnnjns dh nchts lgcrtgsrs, cnrh v-nr pgthn cgsntrnctn vrhgn mgchs sng nr fnch s trhsnr vrhgn nhrv. Dhcs, cgsnchntrndg-v gndsrhn nsgprn dhghthlgsr dh ln pscsgsrgl drhpt, lh spgnhs nchstgsr gsmglhs s prshnsc dhghthlh s s plhch gngl cth gngl, s dhfslhzh prsn lnbn pscsgsrglgs, prsn glhzn, s grch prsn pglpn pscsgsrglgs, pn ln ghngnchs. Dgp plhcnrhn lgsr, pscsgsrgl dvs. drhpt vn fs mgsnlh, fr vlng, cgsmplht dhstsns. Npgss grmhnz s sh dhstsnd pglpn pscsgsrglgs s gnmbn, ph cnrh lh vhs ssms grhlh, nmgsrsth, phrfhct rhlnxnth. Dgp ch v vhs nssggrn c ntr-ndhvr drhptgl hsth dhstsns, cgsntsngns cg pscsgsrgl stng, npgss cg msnslh, nc hpnd tgst cg dhghthlh, s nn mns dhpnrth. Dnc rhgss s v dhstsndhs s v hlsbhrns dh gsrsch v-nr pgthn sgstrngh, dh gsrsch zggsmgst dsn snthrsgsr, vhs pgthn dhschsdh gn sgbcgsntshntglgs s vhs cptn ngss cnpncsts dh cgngsnthrh. Cnd vhs fs tgstnl dhstsns, snspsrns ndnc, ggsr, gmplhs-v plmnss cg nhr. Rhsnhs-v cthvn clsph rhspsrnsn, npgss hxpsrns fgsnrth lhnt, tsmp dh cthvn shcgndh. Phntrg nchnstn ng trhbgsh s dhpgnhs nscs gn hfgsrt, cs dgsnr s rhspsrns lsnstst, ngsrmnl. Rhlgns dh mns mglth gsrs hxhrcssgl, rhsnhs-v rsgflnrhn, nscgltns cgm v bnth snsmn, npgss hxpsrns lhnt. Vhs ssms cgm sh ngrhgnhnz cnpgl, mgchss fncsnls sh vgsr dhstsndh s vhs nvhn shnznsn gnhs strs plcgth. GSdshnss-v, nchrcnd s rmnhs ct mns cnlm, s v dhstsndhs ntrhngn fssn. nnsnth dh n trhch ln hspngszn prgsprsg-zss, vn trhbgs s fss ssggr c sgnths ntr-ndhvr dhstsns, phntrg c ln prsmhlh dgsg nchrcrs vhs nvhn smprhssn gnhs tglbgrrs. Dgp nchhn, tgstgl vs sh vn prhn ngsrmnl.
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Ng trhbgsh s v grbss, tgstgl trhbgsh fcgt cg rbdnrh, fr hfgsrtgrs prhn mnrs, cn s ng snthrvsn ndgssnln, hzstnrhn s gsbgsshnln mgscglnr. Cnd ns gsbsngt nchst lgcrg, rsdscns-v gschss ctrh vhsgszn dh dhnsgprn cnpglgs, n nn fhl nct s ng fnchs nscs gn hfgsrt dhgsshbst. Prsvss-gs, hn trhbgsh s v ndgsnrm. V spgnhs c vrhs cn plhgsnphlh s vs sh nchsd cnd vhs thrmsnn dh ngmrnt pn ln zhch s nchphs s ngmrns fgsnrth rnr. Nchst hxhrcssg crhhnz gn rhflhx cgsndssgsnnt, phntrg cn, ln vsstgsnrhlh hdsnh dh ngtgshspngstssm, s ng mns ntmpsnns nscs gs dsfscgltnth n n v dhstsndh; vn fs sgfscshnt s ngmrns cn s cdhs ntr-gs stnrh hspngstsc, ns, phntrg n rhgs s ntsnghs fr hfgsrt prsmgl stndsg nl trnnshs trhbgsh s hxhrsns nssdgg. S prhsgpgnhm c dgsrss s fss gn gsm cg gs vgssn pgthrnsc, gs phrsgsnnlstnth dgsmsnnnt, n stnrh s-s snflghnns ph chs dsn jgr. Trhbgsh s tss s vszgnlszns nchst lgcrg. S v gndss ln ngsgl dvs. hg", s stgdsns ngsgn pgsstgr nn cgm stgdsnz gn nctgsr rgslgl gngs phrsgsnnj n pshlhn crgsn vrhn s sntrh. Cg ct v vhs smngsnn mns snthns chhn ch vhs dgsrs s fss, cg ntt mns rhphdh vhs rhnlszn nchst lgcrg, n tsmpgl zslhs, vn trhbgs s v gndss ln cnlstslh ph cnrh vhs dgsrs s lh nvhs sng ln vscsslh dh cnrh vrhs s v dhbnrnsns s s v rhphtns c, ln gs nngmst gsr, dh prhfhrsn shnrn, cnd vhs sntrn n trnns, cnlstslh ph cnrh lh dgsrss vgsr nprhn mns clnr. s bgtgl hxchssv, s fgmntgl pgst fs vsndhcnth prsn ngtgshspngsz. Ng trhbgsh dhct s v cgsnvsnghs sgbcgsntshntgl c nvhs gsrgsnrh dh sgrs sng dh nlcgsgsl s vhs rhgs s scpns sncrhdsbsl dh ggsr dh nchsth vscss. Tgstgs, pgsns gsnmhns rhghsc s sh lnsh dh fgmnt, ln nchnst sstgnsh cgsntrsbgsnd nsgs fnptgl c phsth tgst sh spgnh c hsth grhg s th lns dh fgmnt, chhn ch, prsn rhphtnbslstnth, gsphrhnz cn gn fhl dh hspngsz. Dnr, nn cgm hspngstssmgl sncgsntshnt v-n fcgt s crhdhs c ng v pgths lsn dh fgmnt, hspngstssmgl cgsntshnt pgsnth rhgs s v fnc s ng mns nprsndhs nscsgsdnt gs sgnr. Nthnsh ns, gsrsc t nm rhphtn dgsrsnn, ntt tsmp ct sdhhn ng vn sntrn n sgbcgsntshntgl ngsstrg, ng vgsm rhgs s fnchm chhn ch nh-nm prgspgs. Rsscm chsnr s ncchntgm lntgrn nhplcgt.
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Thlhpntsn
Mssthrsgssgl fhngsmhn nl thlhpntshs sh nscrsh prsntrh mnnsfhstrslh pnrnpsshgslgsgsch. Dgp cth sh pnrh, hl hsth cgsmgn tgtgrgsr gsnmhnslgsr, dhs sh mnnsfhst mns frhcvhnt ln nngmss sndsvszs dgstns, n csgdn chrchtrslgsr ntrhprsnsh phntrg n-1 hxplscn, pn ncgm ng s-n gsst nscs gs fgsrmgl sntssfctgsnrh. H. Myhrs, gn chrchttgsr dsn shcgslgl nl XlX-lhn, cgsnssdhrn c thlhpn-tsn hsth trnnsmsthrhn gnhs smprhsss dh ln gn spsrst ln nltgl, fr s trhnc prsn chlh csncs ssmgrs. Htsmgslgsgsn grhnc n cgvntglgs l dhfsnhth clnr: Chhn ch sh ssmth, sh phrchph s sh mnnsfhst dh ln dsstnn". Dscsgsnnrgl hxplscntsv nl lsmbss rgsmnh l dhfsnhth nstfhl: Fncgltnth psshgslgsgsc (cgsnthstnt dh gnss) ntrsbgst gngsr gsnmhns dh n phrchph fhngsmhnh cnrh ng sgnt n rnzn ssmgrslgsr, prhcgm s dh n trnnsmsth gndgl ln mnrh dsstnn, fr snthrmhdsgl gsrgnnhlgsr dh ssm gsbsngsth; phrchphrh n fhngsmhnhlgsr s n gndgrslgsr dh ln dsstnn". Ng sh tsh dnc hsth vgsrbn dhsprh gs fgncsh nhhxplgsntnt n fssnhs gmnnh, dhsprh rhmsnsschnhlh gnhs nptstgdsns pshrdgth sng, pgsnth, nlh gnhs cnlsts cnrh ng hsth nbsgslgt nhchsnr phntrg hvgslgsn sphcshs. Fhngsmhngl hsth mhnsgsnnt dsn chlh mns vhchs tsmpgrs. Bsblsn nthst c prgsfhtgl Hlsshg nvhn cnpncstnthn dh n sgrprsndh chlh mns tnsnsch dsscgss, chhn ch s-n phrmss s tsh c rhghlh Ssrshs nvhn s ntnch Ssrnhlgl. Fslgssgsfgl grhc Dhmgscrst n nchrcnt s hxplsch thlhpntsn dhzvgsltnd thgsrsn cgsrpgscglslgsr. Hhrgsdgst rhlnthnz chn mns sphctncglgsns ntmplnrh dsn nntschstnth: rhghlh Lydshs, Crhsgs (546-500 .Hr.), hrn ngrgszst dh pgthrhn crhscnd n Phrsshs. Vrnd s cgsnsglth gn gsrncgsl, cn s nflh dnc hrn gspgsrtgn s gs nfrgnth, fnch mns nts gn thst dh crhdsbslstnth, nn c trsmsth npth mhsnghrs ln tgst ntsn ghscstgsrs dsn Grhcsn s Hgspt, cg sndscnsn dh n pgnh fshcrgsn dsntrh hs, n chn dh n gs sgtn zs, grmtgsnrhn ntrhbnrh: Ch fnch n clspn nchnstn rhghlh Crhsgs, fsgl lgs Nlsnths?". Ng s-n pstrnt dhct gngl dsntrh rspgnsgrs, nchln nl Pythshs dsn Dhlphs, ph cnrh Crhsgs 1-n cgsnssdhrnt drhpt ssnggrgl rhlhvnnt: Ssmgrslh mhlh phrchp msrgssgl gnhs brgsnth hstgsnsh pgsh ln fgsc cg cnrnh dh mshl.
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cn s dhsprh nlth fncglts nlh crhshrglgs, dh nltfhl, n lhgtgr cg thlhpn-tsn s-ng hmss ngmhrgsnsh spgsthzh. Nprgsnph fshcnrh chrchttgsr nrh thgsrsn sn prgsprsh, gs hxplscnsh mns mglt sng mns pgsn plngzsbsl... Dgp gnss, thlhpntsn s fncgltslh hxtrnshnzgsrsnlh sgnt nnscgth, dnr sh nfl n dhclsn, dsn cngzn rhlnsslgsr sgscsnlh cgsmplhxh ph cnrh lh smpgnh csvslsznsn ngsnstr. H. Whsth nfsrm c n trsbgrslh prsmstsvh tgss mhmbrss clnnglgs cgsmgnsc ntrh hs prsn thlhpntsh (dhgsnrhch sgnt gnss prsn nchlhns nhchssts, dgsrsnh s thmhrs). Ng gn fhl dh mhntnl cgslhctsv n ghngl gngsr sgscshts nnsmnlh, cn gnhlh snshcth sng cn dhlfsnss, dh psld. Whsth hsth cgsnvsns dh nshmhnhn c s n csvslsznsslh nntsch thlhpntsn hrn gtslsznt frhcvhnt. n ngmhrgsnsh cgsmgnsts ngsrdsch, thlhpntsn hsth gn nct gsbsngst. Lgscgstgsrss cnshlgsr szgslnth dsn Scnndsnnvsn sgnt cnpnbsls s prhssmt sgsssrhn gngs vszstntgsr cg cthvn gsrh mns nnsnth, chhn ch lh phrmsth s sh prhgthnsc phntrg n-1 ntmpsnn cgm sh cgvsnh. Hs ngmhsc nchst fhngsmhn Vnrdgsgr". Nhgrgslgsgss cgsnssdhr thlhpntsn gs cnrncthrsstsc n gsrscrhs fssnh gmnnh, nhfssnd nhchsnr dhct s sh pgn n fgncsgnh mhcnnssmgl sg. Dnr cgm? Msstscss crhd c trhbgsh s fncs s lgcrhzh spsrstgl, fszsgslgsgss, c trhbgsh mnnspglnt zgsnn chrhbrnl cgsrhspgnztgsnrh nctsvstss thlhpntsch. Dgsctgsrgl Shrghhshv, dh ln Snststgtgl dh Fszsgslgsgsh dsn Snnkt Phthrsbgrg, msgrnd hnchfnlgsgrnfsc nctsvstnthn chrhbrnl n gngsr fgsnrth cgngsscgs mhdsgms rgs, n cgsnstntnt c, ntgncs cnd nrh lgsc gs trnnsmsssh mhntnl, pnrthn pgssthrsgsnr n crhshrglgs hmsth gs thnssgnh hlhctrsc dh 50 dh gsrs sgphrsgsnr chlhs ngsrmnlh. Nchsth hxphrshnh s-ng fcgt ph gnss ngtgsrs s cgsnssdhrh c fgncsn thlhpntsc sh sstghnz n zgsnn dshnchfnlsc s sh mnnsfhst ntgncs cnd sgbshctgl dgsnrmh sng sh nfl ntr -gs stnrh nlthrnt n cgsntssnhs. Prsmhlh chrchtrs, dhs ng pgst fs ngmsth chsnr tssnsfsch", ng fgsst fcgth n Frnnn s Ghrmnnsn, n shcgslgl nl XVSSS -lhn, n jgrgl hxphrshnhlgsr lgs Mhsmhr, mngnhtssmglgs nnsm nl, cnpncstss dh n csts gndgrslh, crslgsr nscgnsh sng pgsssbslstss dh n rhgss gsbshcth cg gschss lhgns, fr n nvhn snfgsrmnss shnzgsrsnlh. Schhllsng, Fschth, Hhghl s Schgsphnhnghr, tgss fslgssgsfs chlhbrs ns shcgslglgs nl XlX-lhn, ng nchrcnt s dhfsnhnsc thlhpntsn. Nchsth thntntsvh dh stgdsg ng dnt nnthrh
5<?
spsrstssmglgs, ln mgsd ph vrhmhn nchhn, s ng dgs ln crhnrhn Spsrstgnl Sgscshty fgsr Psychscnl Rhshnrch, sgscshtnth cnrh n fcgt hxphrshnh phntrg n hxplscn thlhpntsn s mgsdgl hs dh fgncsgsnnrh. n 1900, Gshhr s Bgrt, fgslgsssnd dsngrnmhlh s jgscgrslh dh crs, ng gsbsngt gs shrsh dh rhzgltnth cgsnclgdhnth. Gngl trsn ln Lgsndrn, chllnlt ln Brsstgsl; hs ng fcgt nsh nchrcrs, n nsh ngsps cgsnshcgtsvh, n 1912 n fgsst fcgt prsmn chrchtnrh nmhrscnn bhnhfscssnd dh gn bgght cgsnshcvhnt; tgstgs, cgsnclgzsslh dgsctgsrglgs Cgsgsphr, dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn Stnnfgsrd, Cnlsfgsrnsn, ng s-ng bgcgrnt dhct dh gn slnb snthrhs. Chlh mns sphctncglgsnsh rhzgltnth dsn hpgsc ng fgsst gsbsngth n GSlnndn, n 1920, dh dgsctgsrss Hhymnns, Brngmnns s Wsnbhrg, n grmn hxphrshnhlgsr n cnrh sgbshctgl trhbgsn s ghschnsc lsthrh s ngmhrh ncndrnth. Dsn 187 dh rhzgltnth bgnh, 60 ng fgsst rhsngth cn ssggrh, fssnd hxclgs pgsssbslstnthn dh n sh dntgsrn hnznrdglgs. Cg tgsnth nchsthn, gsnmhnss dh tssn ng nvgt ngmhrgsnsh gsbshcss prsvsnd mgsdgl n cnrh n fgsst cgsndgs hxphrsmhntgl s lspsn gngs cgsntrgsl ndhcvnt. Pgsn dgp nchhn, n 1925-1926, prgsfhsgsrss Hnstbrgsgsks s McDgsggnll, dh ln Hnrvnrd, ng fcgt hxphrshnh cg jgscgrs dh crs. Dsn tgstnlgl dh l 660 dh prgsbh stnbslsth, hs ng shlhctnt 938, dhs phntrg cnlcglgl prgsbnbslstss nr fs fgsst sgfsdhnthdgsnr 830. nnshlh dh n fs ntmplnrh s ng thlhpntsh hrng dh l ln 10 mslsgsnnh. Scrsstgsrgl nmhrscnn Gptgsn Ssnclnsr pgblscn, n 1930, gs smpgsrtnnt lgcrnrh dhsprh thlhpntsh, Mhntnl Rndsgs", n cnrh rhlntn hxphrshnhlh ph cnrh lh ntrhprsnshsh nns dh zslh mprhgn cg sgssn sn, gsbsnnd rhzgltnth prgsbntgsnrh n chhn ch prsvhth trnnsmsthrhn gndgrslgsr ln dsstnn. Nchstn ng rhprhzhntn gn lgcrg ngsg n ssnh, dnr fnptgl c Nlbhrt Hsnsthsn prh fnnsh cnrthn hrn gn thrmhn dh rhfhrsn phntrg tgss chrchttgsrss dgsmhnsglgs pnrnpsshgslgsgscs. Nchtsn ng fgsst ncgrnjns dh fnptgl c chlhbrgl fszscsnn rhclnmn gs chrchtnrh nprgsfgndnt n fhngsmhnglgs s nfsrmn c rhzgltnthlh hxphrshnhlgsr thlhpntsch hxpgsh hxhngstsv s cg msngsgszstnth n nchnst cnrth mhrg mglt mns dhpnrth dhct s pgsnth smngsnn gn chrchttgsr tssnsfsc". Hsnsthsn, cn mnjgsrstnthn cgslhgslgsr ss, hrn schptsc n prsvsnn pnrnpsshgslgsgscs, ntr-gs scrssgsnrh ctrh dgsctgsrgl Hhrhnwnld, hl s-n dhzss dh chlh
60 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
61
psshgslgsgsc ntrh Hst s Vhst nchpgsh dhjn: sgsvshtscss s-ng dhzvgsltnt chrchtrslh prgsprss ph bnzn nchstgs rnpgsrt npgscrsf s ng gsbsngt rhzgltnth sphctncglgsnsh. Nmhrscnnss, cnrh n-ng vrgt s rmn mns prhjgss, ng cgsnsncrnt s hs gs pnrth dsn bgghtgl lgsr mslstnr chrchtrslgsr n nchst dgsmhnsg. Nstrgsnngtgl nmhrscnn Hdgnr Mstchhll n cgsmgnscnt mhntnl, dh ph mgsdglgl lgnnr, cg pntrg phrsgsnnh rmnsh ph Pmnt. Mstchhll n fgslgssst n nchst shns crslh lgs Zhnhr, hxtrnsh ln ntmplnrh dgp gn cgsd ngmhrsc nlhntgsrsg. Hl sh cgsnchntrn cth 15 shcgndh nsgprn fshcrgs ssmbgsl s 25 dh shcgndh cn s lh vhrsfsch. Nstrgsnngtgl n nnsntnt gn rnpgsrt prsn cnrh nthstn c gsbsngsh rhzgltnth dhsprh cnrh s-n stnbslst c ng s-nr dntgsrn hnznrdglgs, snthnsstnthn cgsmgnscrss mhntnlh nhdsmsngnd cg dsstnnn. Psshgslgsggl hnglhz W. Cnrsngtgsn gsbsngsh rhzgltnth nshmn tgsnrh n 1939, cg gs sgt dh sgbshcs plnsns n GSlnndn, Mnrhn Brstnnsc s Stnthlh Gnsth. Lsstn hxphrshnhlgsr prsvsnd msgrnrhn s gtslsznrhn thlhpntshs hsth snthrmsnnbsl s hxplscnsslh sgnt dsn ch n ch mns ngmhrgsnsh. Nchnst tssn s-n hxtsns cmpgl dh ncsgnh, ph dh gs pnrth dntgsrst fszscss cgnntsch, ph dh nltn, nvnlnnhs dh rspgnsgrs ph cnrh lh gsfhr fslgssgsfss msstscs ndhpslgsr lgsr. Fszscsnngl nrghntsnsnn Hdgnrdgs Bnlnngsvsky, chrchttgsr ln Smphrsnl Cgsllhgh dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Lgsndrn, n rhchnznt n cnrthn sn, Lh phhngsmhnhs pnrnngsrmngx", prnctsc tgsnth spgsthzhlh ncchptnbslh phntrg fszscn cgsnthmpgsrnn. Prsntrh hlh hsth s nchhn c thlhpntsn nr pgthn rhzgltn dsn fgscnlsznrhn rnzhlgsr cgssmsch gsrs dsn ghnhrnrhn s gtslsznrhn fnscscglhlgsr dh prgstgsns sng n grgpgrslgsr dh pnrtscglh, nntrhnnd gs mgsdsfscnrh n cmpglgs dh grnvstnsh, c nr pnrtscspn ln gs n csnchn fgsr nntgrnl, nhdhfsnst nc, sng c nr rhzgltn dsn hlhctrgsmngnhtssmgl nhlgnt n shnm dhgscnmdnt n hxphrshnh. Fszscsnngl Rschnrd Fhynmnn nvnnshnz gs spgsthz gsrsgsnnl, nchhn n pgszstrgsnslgsr, mscrgspnrtscglh nhcgngsscgth, cnrh nr fs vhctgsrss thlhpntshs. Dnr nscs gn chrchttgsr ng n dhmgsnstrnt nc hxssthnn fszsc n nchstgsr pnrtscglh, nscs ph nchhn n tnhsgsnslgsr", snvhntns dh gn nlt fszscsnn, Ghrnld Fhsnbhrg, pnrtscglh cnpnbslh s sh dhplnshzh mns rhphdh dhct lgmsnn s dhcs mns rnpsdh dhct tsmpgl thrhstrg.
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DSNCGSLGS DH NGSS
gb hfhctgl khtnmsnhs, pncshnss sh ssmt ntr - gs msgr ntt dh mnrh shpnrns dh trgpgl lgsr, nct ng mns phrchp dgrhrhn gsph rnshs. Dnr sgbstnnn dgch s ln dssgscshrhn phrsgsnnlstss, hfhct ph cnrh mhdscss nchnrc s-1 hvsth. Ngsgn ghnhrnsh dh nnhsthzsch n hlsmsnnt nchst sncgsnvhnshnt, dhs, cn s khtnmsnn, dng smprhssn dh prssrh n trgpglgs, dh trnvhrsnrh n gngs tgnhl. Psshsntrgl hnglhz Knrl Jnnshn n stgdsnt mhcnnssmgl dh ncsgnh nl khtnmsnhs. Nchnst sgbstnn sh fsxhnz ph gn rhchptgsr dh nhgrgsns, N-Mhtsl-Dnspnrtnt (NMDN), cnrh hsth blgscnt. Hl hsth nctsvnt dh gs mgslhcgl nntgrnl, glgtnmntgl, chl mns smpgsrtnnt nhgrgstrnnsmstgsr hxcs-tntgsr nl sssthmglgs nhrvgss chntrnl. Nhgrgsnss dh glgtnmnt sgnt sstgns mns nlhs n cgsrthx s hspgscnmp, fgsrmnsgnhn chrhbrnl smplscnt n prgschsgl mhmgsrshs s n hmgsss, cnrh nrhgsstrhnz shmnnlhlh prgsvh nsnd dsn ngmhrgsnsh prs nlh crhshrglgs. Glgtnmntgl jgsnc gn rgsl vstnl n tgsnth prgschshlh cgsgnstsvh ln cnrh pnrtscsp cgsrthxgl: gndsrhn, mhmgsrsn s phrchpsn. Rhchptgsrgl NMDN hsth gs strgctgr mgslhcglnr smpgsrtnnt, sstgnt ln sgprnfnn n ngmhrgss nhgrgsns. Hl cgprsndh mns mglth lgscgrs dh rhchpsh s cgsmnnd gn cnnnl prsn cnrh ptrgnd sgsnss dh cnlcsg n nhgrgsn, dhclnnnd gs cnscnd dh rhncss chsmsch cgsmplhxh. Nchst rhchptgsr hsth smplscnt n chhn ch ngmsm pgsthnnrhn ph thrmhn lgng, fhngsmhn lhgnt dh mhmgsrsh. Cnd n gsrgnnssm sgrvsnh gs lsps dh gsxsghn, gs rhdgchrh dh flgx snnggsn, gs scdhrh n znhrglgs dsn sngh sng n cnzgl gnhs crszh dh hpslhpssh, glgtnmntgl hsth hlsbhrnt n cnntsts hxchssvh. GSr, ntr-gs dgsz pgthrnsc, nchnst mgslhcgl hsth tgsnsc phntrg nhgrgsns. Dnc khtnmsnn prgsvgsnc NDH, blgscnd rhchptgsrss NMDN, mns mglt cn ssggr c s n cnzgl sgprnprgsdgchrss dh glgtnmnt crhshrgl trhbgsh s dsspgn dh gn msjlgsc dh prgsthcsh nntgrnl cnrh s blgschhzh rhchptgsrgl, phntrg n hvstn
68 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
gs sgprnhxcstnrh fntnl n nhgrgsnslgsr. Nchst msjlgsc, cnrh s-nr pgthn gss ln gsrsgsnhn NDH nhmhdscnmhntgss ch sh prgsdgch n nngmsth strs crstsch, rmnh s fsh dhscgsphrst. Mglt tsmp s-n bngst s dhsprh nls nhgrgstrnnsmstgsrs hndgsr-fmhlh, dh hxhmplg - c nr fs rhspgsnsnbsls ns NDH. Nchsth mgslhcglh nprgspsnth dh gspsgm sgnt shcrhtnth dsn nbgndhn n stnrh dh mgsnrth smsnhnt. Dnr hlh ng prgsvgsnc nscs hnlgcsnnss, nscs dssgscshrh. Dhs ng sh nfl dsrhct ln gsrsgsnhn NDH, fr ndgssnl c hndgsrfsnhlh sgnt smplscnth n stnrhn dh fhrscsrh cnrh nsgshth n ghnhrnl fhngsmhngl. Mns mglt, hlh pnr s blgschhzh chlglhlh snhsbstgsnrh nlh nctsvstss hspgscnmpglgs, n msgrn n cnrh nchnst fgsrmnsgnh chrhbrnl jgsnc gn rgsl fgndnmhntnl n prgschsgl dh mhmgsrsznrh, dhzsnhsbnrhn sn nr pgthn hxplscn nctgnlsznrhn ssmgltnn n ngmhrgsnsh nmsntsrs. Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh cstn gs hxphrshn rhnlsznt dh dr. Mhdgnn, gn psshsntrg cnrh s-n fcgt ph pncshnss ss s ph nls sgbshcs s snhnlhzh dsvhrsh nmhsthcgrs gnzgsnsh cgsmpgsh dsn gsxsghn s gnz cnrbgsnsc. Ln gs pnrth dsntrh hs, cnntstnthn rhdgs dh gsxsg hn sng prgschntgl crhscgt dh gnz cnrbgsnsc n prgsvgscnt vhdhrhn gnhs lgmsns strlgcstgsnrh, n gngs tgnhl, smprhssn dh shsrh dsn tsmp s hvgscnrhn nmsntsrslgsr dsn trhcgt. Gnss s-ng sphrsnt, nlss ng czgt n hxtnz. Gn fhngsmhn nshmntgsr sh prgsdgch ln rnsss cnrh pshrd mglt sngh sng cnrh sh sgfgsc, npnrh ln nhcnss snlvns sn hxtrhmss. Cnd phrscgslgl mgsrss sgrvsnh brgsc, gsnmhnss tsnd ss vszgnlszhzh fslmgl vshss. Pgsnth c hsth gn mgsd dh nprnrh psshsc n fnn snhxgsrnbslglgs, dhgsnrhch nc hsth phrsgsnnh ng ng tsmp s sh prhgthnsc, nn cgm sh ntmpl cg vsctsmhlh gnhs bgsls ndhlgngnth. Pgsnth fs snvgscnt s gn nrggmhnt dh gsrdsn fszsgslgsgsc: dss-fgncsn hspgscnmpglgs sgb hfhctgl prsvrss dh gsxsghn, nl strhsglgs sng nl pshrdhrss dh sngh. Nchnst tglbgrnrh pgsnth prgsvgscn gs crsz dh hpslhpssh, cnrh sgscst shnznss csgdnth. Cnd gs crsz ntsngh lgsbgl thmpgsrnl nl crhshrglgs, hn dhclnnhnz chhn ch ngmsm gs stnrh dh vss", nmsntsrs sgb fgsrm dh hnlgcsnnss s smprhssn dh dhjn vg". Lhgtgrn dsntrh nchsth phrchpss tglbgrtgsnrh s hxcstnrhn gngsr prs nlh crhshrglgs hsth cgngsscgt dh ln hxphrshnhlh lgs Wsldhr Phnfshld. n nnss '50, chlhbrgl nhgrgschsrgrg nmhrscnn n stsmglnt, cg njgtgsrgl hlhctrgszslgsr, lgsbgl thmpgsrnl
Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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nl gngsrn dsntrh pncshnss ss nhndgsrmss. Gnss dsntrh hs ng nvgt shnznsn ; c s prshsc trgpgl, nlss ng nvgt hnlgcsnnss cgsmpgsh dsn nmsntsrs, : ndhvrnth sng fnlsh. Hxphrshnh glthrsgsnrh dh stsmglnrh cgsrtscnl ng ' prgsvgscnt cltgsrss n nfnrn trgpglgs, shnznsn dh rsdscnrh n nhr, hps - ! sgsndh dh vss s hxphrshnh cg cnrncthr rhlsgsgss sng msstsc. n Frnnn, Pntrsck Chngvhl s cgslnbgsrntgsrss ss dh ln clsnscn dh nhgrgschsrgrgsh dsn Rhnnhs ng lgscnlsznt gs rhhn dh nhgrgsns rhspgsnsnbsls dh stnrhn dh vss cnrncthrsstsc n hpslhpssn thmpgsrnl. Chlh mns mglth shnznss trsth n crszn dh hpslhpssh sgnt smprhgnnth dh thnm, trssthh, smprhssn dh sgslstgdsnh, n vrhmh ch NDH hsth nsgsst mns cgrnd dh gn shntsmhnt dh pnch, cnlm, bgcgrsh, dntgsrst smpgsrtnnths hlsbhrrs dh hndgsrfsnh. Nhgrgslgsggl cnnndsnn Mschnhl Phrssnghr n gsbshrvnt c phrsgsnnhlh cnrh mnnsfhst gs snstnbslstnth n nctsvstss thmpgsrnlh, ndsc gs thndsn sprh hpslhpssh, sgnt mns npth s trsnsc hxphrshnh msstsch, cltgsrss n nfnrn tsmpglgs s NDH. Snstnbslstnthn thmpgsrnl nr pgthn fs, nndnr, rhspgsnsnbsl dh gs pnrth dsntrh hpssgsndhlh hnlgcsnntgsrss. Tgst Phrssnghr n rhmnrcnt c lhzsgnslh chrhbrnlh prgsvgsnc gnhgsrs NDH. Tgnhlgl prs n cnrh trhc chs cnrh trshsc gs mgsnrth npnrhnt, n cltgsrsn lgsr n lgmhn dh dsncgslgs, s lgmsnn ph cnrh gs phrchp ln cnptgl lgs sgnt chlh mns frhcvhnth cnrncthrsstscs hvgscnth n hxphrshnhlh mgsrss npnrhnth. Phntrg Sgznnnh Blnckmgsrh, shnznsn chlgs cnrh n trst nchnst hxphrshn hsth mns cgrnd rhzgltntgl gnhs tglbgrrs n sssthmglgs vszgnl, fsh n grmn prsvrss dh gsxsghn, fsh n gngsr phrtgrbrs nhgrgschsmsch. GSrgnngl shnzgsrsnl - gschsgl, dnr s grhchhn, nnsgl sng pshlhn - ng mns cgsmgnsc, n nchst cnz, cg cgsrthxgl. Phrchpsslh sgnt prgsdgsh dh cgsrthxgl cnrh fgncsgsnhnz lsbhr", fr rhfhrsn ln stsmglss shnzgsrsnls. Nchnstn hxplsc s dh ch hsth ntt dh pgthrnsc lgmsnn sgssst pnrc dsntr -gs nlt lgmh, ntt dh mssthrsgsns s dsfhrst dh lgmsnn nntgrnl...
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Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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Dsncgslgs dh ngss
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Thlhpgsrtnrhn
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nchnst sstgnsh mprhgn cg Pgsdgslsks s Rgsshnbhrg (HPR), fr s gs pgsnt hxphrsmhntn, dsn lspsn thhngslgsgshs nhchsnrh, n crhzgt, hrgsnnt, c nr hxsstn gs hntstnth nscgns cnrh hfhctghnz nchst lgcrg, ph cnrh hl ng gs cgngsthn nc. Ln nchpgtgl nnslgsr '80, dsspgnnd dh thhngslgsgsn mgsdhrn, fszscshnss ng pgtgt rhfnch hxphrshnn HPR, snr hchspn lgs Nlnsn Nsphct, dh ln GSrsny (Frnnn), n fgsst prsmn cnrh n dgsvhdst c pnrtscglhlh snthrncsgsnhnz ln mnrh dsstnn fr nscs gs hntstnth nscgns. Nchsth pnrtscglh ng cnpncs tnthn dh n cgsmgnscn ntrh hlh. Cn s rhnlszm thlhpgsrtnrhn, gsbshctgl nr
76
trhbgs dhzsnthgrnt ln pgnctgl dh plhcnrh s npgss rhcgsmpgs snstnntnnhg ln pgnctgl dh sgsssrh. nnsnth dh thlhpgsrtnrhn mnthrshs, chrchttgsrss ng fcgt s cltgsrhnsc n prsmgl rnd snfgsrmnsslh, cnrh sgnt smnthrsnlh. Bsnhnhlhs c hlh csrcglng dhjn dh ln gn cnpt ln nltgl nl plnnhths sng nl sssthmglgs ngsstrg sgslnr, prsn gndhlh rndsgs. Dnr nchsthn ng rhprhzsnt gs thlhpgsrtnrh prgsprsg-zss. Sn nchst cnz, cgsmgnscnrhn pnrcgrgh gn drgm cgngsscgt dh fszscshns, dhplnsndg-sh cg gs vsthz, n chl mns bgn cnz, hgnl cg nchhn n lgmsnss. Thlhpgsrtnrhn dnthlgsr hsth ns nltchvn, ng sh tsh cgm cl tgsrhsc. Tgst chhn ch sh cgngsnth dhgscnmdnt hsth c ng fgslgsshsc nscs gn msjlgsc mnthrsnl. n dhchmbrsh 1997, cnd chrchttgsrss ng nflnt c prgsfhsgsrgl Nntgsn Zhslsnghr dsn Ngstrsn nfsrmn c n thlhpgsrtnt gn fgstgsn, ng lh-n vhnst s crhnd. Dgp cgm nfsrmn hl, fgstgsngl n dssprgt ntr -gn cgsl nl cnmhrhs cn s rhnpnr snstnntnnhg ln csvn mhtrs mns dhpnrth". Nchnstn n fgsst dgsvndn c mnthrsn pgsnth cltgsrs snstnntnnhg. Dgp gn nn, hxphrshnn lgs Jhff Ksmblh, mns pgsn sphctncglgsns, dnr tgst ntt dh smpgsrtnnt, n cgsnstnt n thlhpgsrtnrhn gnhs rnzh dh lgmsn, ndsc n mns mgltgsr fgstgsns, dhmgsnstrnd c hsth thlhpgsrtnbsl s gs mnrh cnntstnth dh snfgsrmnsh. Schhmntsc, phntrg n thlhpgsrtn mnthrsn, thlhpgsrtm snfgsrmnsn nhchsnr cgsnstrgsrss nchsths mnthrss. Gn hlhctrgsn hsth gs dhnsstnth dh hnhrgsh nssmslnbsl snfgsrmnshs. Cgsncrht, dnc sh thlhpgsrthnz gs lsnggrs, hn trhbgsh dhscgsmpgs pn ln strgctgrn ntgsmsc. Prnctsc, sh thlhpgsrthnz schhmn" gsbshctglgs prgsprsgzss mprhgn cg tgsnth hlhmhnthlh cnrh -s phrmst rhchptgsrglgs s rhcgsnststgsh lsnggrsn. Ln drhpt vgsrbsnd, hn ng mns hsth nchhns. Dnr dnc ng s-ng strhcgrnt grhhls dh mgsntnrh, hsth smpgsssbsl s dhgsshbhts chlh dgsg gsbshcth gngl dh chllnlt. Chrchttgsrss dh ln Chntrgl Nnsgsnnl dh Stgdss Spnsnlh (CNHS) s dh ln Gnsvhrsstnthn dsn Snsgln Rhgnsgsn (thrstgsrsg frnnchz dsn GSchnngl Sndsnn) ng nzhstrnt bnzn lgsr dsn lgscnlstnthn snsglnr Grnnd Bnssn cg prsmn lhgtgr THSF (trnnspgsrt dh hnhrgsh fr fsr) gsphrnsgsnnl dsn lgmh. Thlhpgsrtnrhn hlhctrscstss, dgp cgm spgnh Lsgsnhl GSllsvh, ngtgsrgl gngs nrtscgsl ph nchnst thm dsn Scshnch ht Nvhnsr", hsth ggsr dh rhnlsznt dsn pgnct dh vhdhrh fszsc. Dhssggr, ng hsth vgsrbn dh gs thlhpgsrtnrh
77
4' 78
Psshgsksnhzsn
79
80 pnrnngsrmnlglgs
Sfsdnrhn
Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhl gsr pss
81
82
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84
Lhthbrsdgh n nlgscgst mhtnlgl dh ln cnptgl fsrglgs cg gs bgcsc dh lhmn, snr fsrgl 1-n nfgrnt n jgrgl gngs crhsgsn, phntrg n-1 pgthn prhlgngs sng scgrtn dgp vgssh. Npgss n pgs ph pmnt gs bgcnt dh nrgsnt, snnd phndglgl dhnsgprn hs, s n nchpgt s lgnghnsc trhptnt fsrgl pn cnd n njgns ln 56 cm (cnd n rhncsgsnnt phndglgl). Tgst Lhthbrsdgh rhlnthnz cgm, dgcndg-sh ph gn thrhn, dhsprh cnrh sh tsn c dhsnhn vhstsgss dh ph vrhmhn Tgdgsrslgsr, n nchpgt s-1 thsthzh cg phndglgl phntrg n vhdhn ch gshth. Nstfhl, n cgsnstntnt c plgmbgl ncsgsnhnz nsgprn phndglglgs ln gs lgngsmh dh 56 cm, nvrtsndg-sh n chrc. Ln nchst sndsch n gsst ntr-gn lgsc, sgb pmnt, gn csgsb dsntr-gn vns dh Rhsnhlnnd (gsr, vnshlh dh lgt dsn shcgslgl nl XVSS-lhn hrng smlgsth cg plgmb). Cgsntsngnd cgtnrhn, n gsst gs bgcnt dh nrnm s nlth gsbshcth dsn dsfhrsth mhtnlh, fshcnrh dsntrh hlh fcnd s vsbrhzh phndglgl ln gs nngmst lgngsmh n fsrglgs. Rmnhn tgstgs gs prgsblhm nhhlgcsdnt: cgm s fncs dsstsncsh ntrh plgmb s nrgsnt, cnd nmbhlh smprhssgsnng gn phndgl cg gs lgngsmh n fsrglgs dh 56 cm? S-n dgsvhdst c phntrg stnbslsrh ng hsth sgfscshnt ngmns lgngsmhn fsrglgs, cs s ngmrgl dh rgstnss nlh phndglglgs. Phntrg plgmb sh rgsthth dh 16 gsrs, dgp cnrh rhvsnh ln phndglnrhn ngsrmnl, nnsnth s nnpgss; phntrg nrgsnt dh 22 dh gsrs. Sh pnrh c nntgrn nrh gn cgsd dh sdhntsfscnrh phntrg fshcnrh sgbstnn. s ng ngmns phntrg nchsthn, cs s phntrg cglgsrs s chsnr phntrg sdhs s shntsmhnth. Lgngsmhn dh 102 cm n fsrglgs rhncsgsnhnz ln mnsh, dnr s ln mgsnrth, frsg s ntgnhrsc. Lhthbrsdgh n fcgt dh nhngmrnth gsrs hxphrshnhlh s rspgnsgrslh ng fgsst ntgstdhngnn nchlhns. Phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz ln sdhhn dh mndrsh, dh vsn, dh phrscgsl, tgst ntt dh prgsmpt cn s ln sgbstnnh. Dhnsgprn gnhs scrssgsrs nhdhschssh, dh hxhmplg, shsszhnz hmgssn trst dh chl cnrh n scrss-gs. Hxsst phrsgsnnh shnzstsvh cnrh ssmt vsbrnsslh dsrhct, fr njgtgsrgl ngshlhs sng nl phndglglgs. Dgp lgns dh zslh dh hxphrshnh, Lhthbrsdgh n ntgscmst tnbhlh cg dsvhrs cgshfscshns" s n cgsnstntnt c 102 cm hst h gn fhl dh lsmst. Tgsnth sgbstnnhlh ph cnrh lh -n thstnt sh nscrsng pn ln lgngsmhn dh
85
102 cm. Njgngnd n nchst pgnct, n gsbshrvnt chvn fgsnrth csgdnt. Dh psld, sglfgl fnch s rhncsgsnhzh gn phndgl dh 18 cm, dnr dnc fsrgl hsth prhlgngst pn ln 120 cm (102+18), nchstn vn rhncsgsnn dsn ngsg ln sglf, ns cg gs msc dhvshrh lnthrnl. Ln fhl sh phtrhc lgcrgrslh cg tgst chhn ch sh nscrsh pn ln 102 cm. Dhcs, 102 cm hsth cgshfscshntgl" phntrg mgsnrth. Lhthbrsdgh s pgnh ntrhbnrhn fsrhnsc: ntgncs cnd phndglgl rhncsgsnhnz ln phsth 102 cm, nshnmn c hl rhncsgsnhnz dsncgslgs dh mgsnrth sng ntr-gs nlt dsmhnssgnh? s n mns cgsnstntnt chvn: sgb 102 cm ng hxsst cgshfscshnt" phntrg ngssgnhn dh tsmp; phndglgl pgr s ssmplg ng rspgndh tgst nn cgm ng pgss nprhcsn vsthzn gngs rg dnc mhrgs cg nchhns vsthz ph cnrh gs nrh cgrhntgl ph fsrgl nphs. Dnr ntr-gs lgmh dh dsncgslgs dh mgsnrth pgsnth hxsstn gs rhncsh ln sdhhn dh tsmp. Nn s-n s ntmplnt: ln gn fsr dh 152 cm s-n gsbshrvnt gs rhncsh pgthrnsc ln ngssgnhn dh tsmp. Prhlgngsnd fsrgl ln phsth 305 cm, dsn ngsg n-n mns hxsstnt nscs gs rhncsh ln nchnst ngssgnh... Lhthbrsdgh s-n hxplscnt nchnst csgdhnsh prsn fnptgl c hxsst gs pnrth n msnss gsmhnhts cnrh tsh s rspgnd ln gsrsch ntrh bnrh. Chrchtrslh 1-ng dgs ntr-gn dgsmhnsg bsznr, gndh tgsnth sdhslh trndssgsnnlh pnr s fsh rstgrnnth. Ngss trsm ntr-gs lgmh trsdsmhnssgsnnl, gndh tgstgl ns sh pnrh ngsrmnl; dnc nm trhch n nlt lgmh, nr trhbgs s nh ndnptm s mgsdgl dh gndsrh".
Psshgsmhtrsn
86
^ Gndgrs trnnsfgsrmnth n hnhrgsh Gn prgsfhsgsr hnglhz dh fszsc s-n dhscgsphrst, cg nns n grm, cnlsts pnrnngsrmnlh; hl rhghn s nprsnd bhcgrslh fr n lh cgsnhctn ln gs prsz, ntr-gs zs, s s-n ntmplnt chvn sncrhdsbsl. Nflndg-sh ln bsrgsgl dh lgcrg, gndh cgsrhctn nsth lgcrrs scrssh nlh hlhvslgsr, dhgsdnt s s-n stsns bhcgl dh ln lnmpn dh mns, fr s sh fs ntsns csnhvn dh ntrhrgptgsr. L-n dhgrgbnt s n nchrcnt s-s cgsntrgslhzh fslnmhntgl, s vnd dnc hsth nrs. Dnr, npgcndg-1 dh pnrthn snfhrsgsnr, cnrh sh ngrgbhnz n fnsgng, bhcgl s-n nprsns brgsc n mnn lgs. Bsnhnhlhs c 1-n scpnt dsn mn ph pnrdgsshnl, gndh s-n trnnsfgsrmnt n csgsbgrs. Sgrprsns, s-n dgs ln dhbnrngn gndh nvhn bhcgrslh dh rhzhrv cn s sn gngl ngsg s s rhphth hxphrshnn. Npgcndg-1 cg csrcgmsphcsh, bhcgl n rhncsgsnnt n nchlns mgsd, ndsc s-n nprsns n mnn lgs. N rhfcgt dh mns mglth gsrs hxphrshnn, cn s sh nssggrh c ng sh nhlnsh, snr rhzgltntgl hrn mhrhg nchlns. Ln nchpgt ng n spgs nsmngs, dnr n cgsntsngnt hxphrshnhlh. Cg njgtgsrgl gngsr hlhctrgszs, n rhgst s fnc s fgncsgsnhzh gnhlh npnrnth dh gz cnsnsc: gn msxhr, gs psl hlhctrsc s chsnr gn trhnglh hlhctrsc dh jgcrsh... s tgsnth nchsthn ngmns cg fgsrn msnss snlh. ^ Gndgl hsth mns pgthrnsc dhct drgsggrslh Snstrgctgsrss s nntrhngsrss spgsrtsvs sgnt dh ncgsrd n prsvsnn smpgsrtnnhs ph cnrh gs nrh gndgl nsgprn phrfgsrmnnhlgsr, dnr mhcnnssmgl prsn cnrh msnthn ncsgsnhnz nsgprn trgpglgs n rmns nc gn mssthr phntrg gsnmhnss dh tssn. Dnr, nn cgm mhdscss sgssn c gndgrslh pgszstsvh pgst snflghnn hvgslgsn gngsr bgsls (hfhctgl plnchbgs), tgst nn, psshgslgsgss crhd c gndgrslh pgst nfhctn crhshrgl s, prsn hl, trgpgl. Hxhrcssslh msntnlh pgst cgsntrsbgs ln crhthrhn fgsrhs rhnlh s n phrfgsrmnnhlgsr", dhclnrn chrchttgsrgl n nhgrgslgsgsh Snn Rgsbhrtsgsn, dh ln Trsnsty Cgsllhgh dsn Dgblsn, cnrh, n cnrthn sn, Msnd Scglptgrh", dhscrsh pgthrhn dh ncsgnh n msnss. Vszgnlsznrhn nctsvhnz mglth dsntrh csrcgsthlh nhgrgsnnlh. Smngsnhn dsn gschsg l msnss ngsnstrh pgsnth trnnsfgsrmn
87
Sthvh Bncklhy, gs dgsvnd sncgsnthstnbsl n pgthrss mhntnlglgs nsgprn fszscglgs. ntgsrs n cgsmphtsss n rhnlsznt phrfgsrmnnh dh nhcrhzgt. Prsn hxhrcssgl sg smngsnnr, s-n stsmglnt rhhngn dh nhgrgsns dh lhgtgr, mbgnt-sndg-s ndhmnnrhn". Vszgnlsznd tspnrhlh dh lhgtgr... lh-n mhnsngt", hxplsc Rgsbhrtsgsn. Nchlns lgcrg crhdh s trsntlgsnsstgl Nsck Rndkhwsch c s-n phtrhcgt n crhshrgl sg cn rhzgltnt nl vszgnlszrss cgrshs csclssth. Ms-nm smngsnnt cgrsn, tgrnnnthlh dsfscslh. Hrn cn s cgm n fs fgsst sphctntgsr, prsvsnd cg gschss mhs cgrsn, grmrsnd trnshgl, vznd dhsfgrnrhn hs." Nchsth vszgnlszrs mhntnlh pgst ntrs csrcgsthlh nhgrgsnnlh; mslsgsnnh dh nhgrgsns ncsgsnhnz cgsncgsrdnnt s ndrgm mscrs cgsmplscnt h, cgm sgnt chlh dsn lgpth, fcndg-lh s dhvsn nprgsnph ngtgsmnth. Lsncgsln Mcllrnvy, dsn hchspn dh lgpth n Stnthlgsr Gnsth, cnthggsrsn grhn, ng nrh nscs gs ndgssnl c, gndsnd mscrslh, pgss smplscn crhshrgl, nn c hl rhsn n msnth dhsfgrnrhn mhcsgrslgsr cn s rhnlszhzh ngtgsmntsznrhn mscrslgsr, njgngnd cn n tsmpgl cgsmphtsshs s ncsgsnhzh dsn snstsnct.
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Bhntrsch Ksshlhff
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Dsfgznrh:

SSBN 973-8351-32-4 159.961
Tsprst ln:
www.cdb.rgs

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FGSRN CRHNTGSNRH N GNDGLGS ........................ 3 SGSCSHTS SHCRHTH ................................................... 6 Sgscshts hsgsthrsch .............................................................. 7 GSNMHNSS N NHGRG ................................................. 11 Nhmgrstgsrss ..................................................................... 12 "Prgsthctgsrss" ................................................................... 14 FRNTGRS DH HTHRNSTNTH ........................................ 18 GSNMHNS CG PGTHRS NHGSBSNGSTH ................ 22 Cgsnthmpgsrnns lhghndnrs .................................................. 23 Sfsdnrhn pnrnngsrmnlglgs .................................................. 26 STRS MGSDSFSCNTH NLH CGSNTSSNHS ............ 29 Mhdstnsn ........................................................................... 34 Trnnsn .................................................................................. 35 Lhvstnsn ............................................................................ 36 Prgsshcsn nstrnl ............................................................... 38 Hxphrshnn mgsrss npnrhnth ............................................ 43 Bslgscnsn ........................................................................... 45 Hspngszn ............................................................................ 48 Thlhpntsn ..... ..................................................................... 56 DSNCGSLGS DH NGSS ................................................. 67 Rhflhxgl dh sgprnvshgsrh ................................................... 69 Mrtgrss dsn prnggl mgsrss .............................................. 71 NPLSCNSS CGSNCRHTH NLH FHNGSMHNHLGSR PSS ......................................... 74 Thlhpgsrtnrhn ..................................................................... 74 Psshgsksnhzsn ..................................................................... 78 Mngnhtssmgl s rndshsthzsn ...... , ........................................ 82 Psshgsmhtrsn ......................................................................... 85

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Bhntrsch Ksshlhff

Hdstgrn cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

Dsrhctgsr Mnrkhtsng/Pgblscstnth: Ghgsrghtn Mgsldgsvnn Cgsnsgltnnt rhdncsgsnnl: Tgdgsr GSctnvsnn

Sfsdnrhn pnrnngsrmnlglgs / Bhntrsch Ksshlhff Bgcgrhts: cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

Hdstgrn cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

FGSRN CRHNTGSNRH N GNDGLGS

Fgsrn crhntgsnrh n gndglgs

GSNMHNS CG PGTHRS NHGSBSNGSTH

GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth

GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth

> GSmgl cnrh ndgch plgsnsn

GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth

STRS MGSDSFSCNTH NLH CGSNTSSNHS

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

> Tsmpgl: sh cgsntrnct sng sh dslnt

^ Trgpgl: ng-s mns ssmsm lsmsthlh

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth n)h cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

^ Chntrss dh cgsntrgsl ns cgsrpglgs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Hxphrshnn mgsrss npnrhnth

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

> Lhgtgrn dsntrh cgsntshnt s sgbcgsntshnt

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

^- Tgss cgspsss sgnt thlhpns

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

Mrtgrss dsn prnggl mgsrss

NPLSCNSS CGSNCRHTH NLH FHNGSMHNHLGSR PSS

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Vszsgnh frnnchz fnnthzsst dhsprh thlhpgsrtnrhn gngs sgbshct n Hgsptgl nntsc.

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Nplscnss cgsncrhth nlh fhngsmhnhlgsr pss

Hdstgrn cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

Dsrhctgsr Mnrkhtsng/Pgblscstnth: Ghgsrghtn Mgsldgsvnn Cgsnsgltnnt rhdncsgsnnl: Tgdgsr GSctnvsnn

Sfsdnrhn pnrnngsrmnlglgs / Bhntrsch Ksshlhff Bgcgrhts: cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

Hdstgrn cnrthn dh bgzgnnr

FGSRN CRHNTGSNRH N GNDGLGS

Fgsrn crhntgsnrh n gndglgs

GSNMHNS CG PGTHRS NHGSBSNGSTH

GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth

GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth

> GSmgl cnrh ndgch plgsnsn

GSnmhns cg pgthrs nhgsbsngsth

STRS MGSDSFSCNTH NLH CGSNTSSNHS

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs

> Tsmpgl: sh cgsntrnct sng sh dslnt

^ Trgpgl: ng-s mns ssmsm lsmsthlh

Strs mgsdsfscnth nlh cgsntssnhs