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GE6253: ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT -1(BASICS & STATICS OF PARTICLES)

1.

Force is a physical quantity that changes or tires to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of an object
2.

D ffe#e!$ &'e (e')ee! *&#' $+e, &!- # . - ("-/%

Particle is a body which has mass but no dimension where as rigid body as both mass and dimensions.Particle can have only translational motion where as rigid body can have translational as well as rotational motion.
3.

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straight line unless its acted upon by an external unbalanced force .

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and ta es place in the direction of the force .

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5.

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Every action has an equal and opposite reaction .

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4.

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Everybody tries to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a

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6.

S'&'e +&) "f *&#&++e+".#&1 "f 3e$'"#,% !f two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent

sides of a parallelogram"their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the common point.
7.

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from one point to another on it is line of action without causing by any change in the motion of the object.
8.

E$%force F can be transmitted from # to &.

# vector having magnitude one unit is nown as a unit vector . '. Def !e '2e f"++") !. 'e#1,% (a)coplanar forces (b)concurrent forces

(a)!f all forces act in one plane"they are nown as coplanar forces. (b)!f lines of action of all forces intersected at a single point"the forces are

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Deffe#e!' &'e (e')ee! $"++ !e&# &!- $"!$5##e!' f"#$e,% ,ollinear forces act along the same line where as concurrent forces have

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lines of action intersecting at one point. 6Def !e #e,5+'&!' "f $"*+&!&# $"!$5##e!' f"#$e ,/,'e1% # system of coplanar concurrent forces can be reduced to a single force

which is nown as resultant force.

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nown as concurrent forces.

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#ccording to principle of transmissibility of force"the force can be transmitted

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*-.

)2&' , '2e - ffe#e!$e (e')ee! & #e,5+'&!' f"#$e &!- e75 + (#&!'

.esultant force ma es the object move whereas equilibrant force eeps it in equilibrium. */. ,'&'e '# &!.+e +&) "f f"#$e,%

triangle ta en in order"their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle drawn from starting point of first force to end point of the second force. *0. S'&'e *&#&++e+".#&1 +&) "f f"#$e,%

!f two forces are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram"their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the common point. *1. S'&'e+&1 0, '2e"#e1%

!f three concurrent forces are in equilibrium"magnitude of any force is proportional to the sine of angle between the other two forces.

*&#' $+e ! ')" - 1e!, "!,%

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must be 3ero. must be 3ero.

For static equilibrium of a particle in two dimensions"

i)The algebraic sum of hori3ontal components of all forces acting the particle

ii) The algebraic sum of vertical components of all forces acting the particle

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*2.

S'&'e '2e !e$e,,&#/ &!- ,5ff $ e!' $"!- ' "! f"# ,'&' $ e75 + (# 51 "f &

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!f two forces are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a

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!f three forces acting on a particle are represented by the three sides of a in equilibrium. *5682&' , & f#ee ("-/ - &.#&1%

# force system"in a plane"in which the lines of action all forces intersect at a single point is called coplanar concurrent force system. UNIT- 2(E9UILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES) 16S'&'e 3&# .!"!0, '2e"#e1%

The algebraic sum of moments due to all forces acting on the object about any point is equal to the moment of their resultant about the same point. 26Def !e $"5*+e%

Twonon collinear parallel forces having same magnitude but opposite direction

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the plane without causing any change in its effect on the body. :6D ,' !.5 ,2 (e')ee! $"5*+e &!- 1"1e!'%

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the plane.

6oment represents the turning effect of a force where as couple consists of

two equal and opposite forces separate by some distance.moment of force various from point to point but moment of a couple is same about any point in

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,ouple moment is said to be a free vector as it can be transferred to any point in

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from a couple.

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triangle in magnitude and direction when ta en in order"the particle will remain

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5682&' , 1e&!' (/ f"#$e-$"5*+e ,/,'e1% # system of coplanar non concurrent force system acting in a rigid body can be replaced by a single resultant force and couple moment at a point nown as force couple system.

66C&! & $"*+&!&# !"! $"!$5##e!' ,/,'e1 ) '2 ;e#" #e,5+'&!' f"#$e !e$e,,&# +/ (e ! e75 + (# 51%

# coplanar non concurrent system with 3ero resultant force is not necessarily !n equilibrium as it can have a non 3ero resultant moment. <682e! , 1"1e!' "f f"#$e ;e#" &("5' & *" !'%

The moment of force about a point is 3ero its line of action passes through that point.

=682e! , 1"1e!' "f f"#$e 1&> 151 &("5' & *" !' % 6oment of force is maximum about a point when"

ii)!t is applied perpendicular to the line joining application of force.

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i)!ts applied at maximum result from the point and"

?682e! , 1"1e!' "f f"#$e ;e#" &("5' & + !e% 6oment of force about a line is 3ero when"

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i)Force is parallel to that line or" ii)7ine of action of force intersects that line.

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the point to the point of

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1@6E>*+& ! f#ee ("-/ - &.#&1 ) '2 "!e e>&1*+e% Free body diagram is the isolated diagram of an object8system of

objects8any point in the system in which all forces at couple moment acting on it having rollers at its ends as shown in figure.

are shown including support reactions example%consider a ladder of weight 9

116S'&'e'2e !e$e,,&#/ &!- ,5ff $ e!' $"!- ' "!, f"# e75 + (# 51 "f # . ("- e, ! ')" - 1e!, "!,%

The necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies in two

*)algebraic sum of hori3ontal components of all forces acting on the body is must be 3ero"

-)#lgebraic sum of vertical components all forces acting on the body is must be 3ero"

body is in must be 3ero.

1268# 'e '2e e75&' "! "f e75 + (# 51 "f & # . - ("-/% The three equations of a rigid body are% :Fx;+"< :Fy;+"< :6;+.

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/)#lgebraic sum of moments due to all forces and couple moments acting the

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1368# 'e '2e $"!- ' "!, e75 + (# 51 "f & ,/,'e1 "f *&#&++e+ f"#$e &$' !. ! &

The two conditions of equilibrium of a system of parallel forces acting in a plane are % *)#lgebraic sum of all forces must be 3ero"

1:682&' &#e '2e #e&$' "!, &' & f >e- ,5**"#' "f & *+&!e (e&1 '2&' &#e *",, (+e%

The reaction at fixed support of a plane beam consist of " *)# reaction force in the plane which can be represented by its two components($enerally ta en to be hori3ontal and vertical)=" -)#reaction moment.

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>ix scalar equations can be obtained for equilibrium of a rigid body in three dimensions.

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-)#lgebraic sum of moments due to all forces about any point must be 3ero.

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UNIT- 3(PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS)

1.

Def !e $e!'#" - "f .#&3 '/6 ,entroid is the geometrical center of the body whereas center of gravity is the point through which weight of the body acts.

The first moment of an area about of an axis is the product of an area and the perpendicular distance of its centroid from axis.

36 Def !e + !e "f ,/11e'#/6

7ine of symmetry is line a about which the area on one side is a mirror image of the area of the side

:6 S'&'e *&**5,-.5+- !5, '2e"#e1 f"# f !- !. ,5#f&$e &#e&6 The area of surface of revolution is equal to the product of the length of the curve while generating that surface.

!f the velocity of body does not change with time "then the motion is called as uniform motion.

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66,'&'e *&#&++e+ &> , '2e"#e16 6oment of inertia of an area about an axis is equal to the sum of (a) moment of inertia an axis passing through the centroid parallel to the given axis and (b) the product of area and square of the distance between the two parallel axes. <6Def !e *# !$ *&+ &>e, &!- *# !$ *&+ 1"1e!' "f !e#' &6
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generating curve and the distance travelled by the centroid of the generating

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The axes about which moments or inertia is maximum and minimum are aera it is nown a centroidal principal axis.now the maximum and minimum moments of inertia are called principal moments of inertia. =682&' , $&++e- '2e $"eff $ e!' "f ,'&' $ f# $' "!6

#s the force ?P increases" ?F also increases but the body remains at rest and is in equilibrium. !f ?F reaches a limiting value friction or from when ?P is increases it loses its balance and hence the body slides to right. ?6,'&'e '2e C"5+"1(0, +&), "f -#/ f# $' "!6

(i) when a body ept on another body is subjected to a hori3ontal force" friction force developed at the surfaces of contact of two bodies has a magnitude equal to that of the hori3ontal force applied. 9hen one body moves over another"the magnitude of the friction force is less than that of the hori3ontal force. (ii) The friction force acts in the direction opposite to that of the moving body.

contact surface.

contact

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+"$4 !.6 loc ing

9hen the efficiency of a machine is less than 1+@" it is said to be selfA

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(iv) The friction force does is not depend on the apparent area of the surfaces in

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(iii) The friction force is proportional to the normal reaction developed at the

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nown as principal axes .when these two axes are passing through centroid of

For more Anna University Study Materials, search here : http://www.vidyarthiplus.com/search.html UNIT- 4(DYNAMICS OF PARATICLE)

16S'&'e D0A+e1(e#'0, *# !$ *+e

The force system consisting of external forces and inertia force can be acting on the particle is not 3ero "the particle is said to be in dynamic equilibriums.the principle is nown as B#lemberts principle. 26)2&' , .e!e#&+ *+&!e 1"' "!6

considered to eep the particle in equilibrium.since the resultant force externally

#ny plane motion which is neither a rotation nor a translation but considered as

36Def !e '2e 'e#1 $"-eff $ e!' "f #e,' '5' "!6

The coAefficient of restitution between two bodies in a collision is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity of their separation after collision to the relative of their approach before collision. :6Def !e &!.+e f# $' "!6

#ngle of friction is the angle between resultant reaction of one body on another and normal to the common tangent between two bodies when the motion is impending.

56)2&' &#e 1"' "! $5#3e,6

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motion curve.

The path described by a particle or a rigid body with respect to time is called

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the sum of translation and rotation.

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Cinematics refers to the study of bodies in motion without considering the

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Bynamics is the branch of mechanics.which deals with the analysis of particles bodies in motion.

UNIT- 5(FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODA DANAMICS)

16Def !e !,'&!'&!e"5, $e!'#e "f #"'&' "!6

!nstantaneous centre of rotation is where the velocity is 3ero.

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!t is ratio of magnitudes of impulses corresponding to the period of restitution . 36Def !e 4 !e' $,6

>tudy of bodies subjected to forces which are unbalanced is called inetics.

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The study of geometry and time dependent aspects of motion without

considering forces causing motion.

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restitution and to the period of deformation is called

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a point identified with in a body

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coefficient of

force that causes motion.

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6omentum of linear momentum is called angular momentum. 66)2&' , .e!e#&+ *+&!e 1"' "! % . 3e ,"1e e>&1*+e,6

9hen motion of particles and rigid bodies defined in a plane is called plane motion. Example %#ll planets revolving around the sun. <6Def !e Re+&' 3e 3e+"$ '/6

#ssume particle # moves with a velocity of Da and particle & moves with a velocity Db. =6Def !e Re,5+'&!' 3e+"$ '/6

#ssume particle # moves to x direction Dx and in y direction Dy this resultant velocity.

?6H") ) ++ /"5 $&+$5+&'e '2e + !e&# #e,'"# !. f"#$e "f &! e+&,' $ 1&'e# &+6 7inear restoring force of an elastic material. F; x 9here is the stiffness of the material and x is the displacement. 1@6,'&'e '2e *# !$ *+e "f )"#4 &!- e!e#./6 The principle of wor and energy or wor energy equation is written as 9or done ;final inetis energy A initial inetis energy

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116Def !e !,'&!'&!e"5, $e!'#e "f #"'&' "!6

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# rigid body in plane motion can be considered to rotate about a point velocity is called the instantaneous centre of rotation.

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that remains at a particular instant. This point having 3ero instantaneous