Electricity

Chapter 7 Preview
Introduction to Electricity
Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy Section 3 Electrical Calculations Section 4 Electric Circuits
Concept Mapping
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Chapter 7
Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity
Bellringer
Write a definition for electric charge in your own words in your science journal. When do you experience electric charges most, in winter or in summer? Explain your reasoning.
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Chapter 7 Objectives
Describe how charged objects interact by using the law of electric charges. Describe three ways in which an object can become charged. Compare conductors with insulators. Give two examples of static electricity and electric discharge.
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Chapter 7
Electric Charge
Charges Exert Force Atoms are composed of particles with electric charge. The law of electric charges states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
Electric Charge, continued

The Force Between Protons and Electrons Because protons and electrons have opposite charges, they are attracted to each other. The Electric Force and the Electric Field The force between charged objects is an electric force. An electric field is the region around a charged object in which an electric force is exerted on another charged object.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 Charge It!
Friction Charging by friction happens when electrons are wiped from one object onto another. Conduction Charging by conduction happens when electrons move from one object to another by direct contact. Induction Charging by induction happens when charges in an uncharged metal object are rearranged without direct contact with a charged object.
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Charge It!, continued
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Charge It!, continued

Conservation of Charge When you charge something by any method, no charges are created or destroyed. The numbers of electrons and protons stay the same. Detecting Charge You can use a device called an electroscope to see if something is charged.
Chapter 7
Charging by Contact
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 7
Moving Charges
Conductors An electrical conductor is a material in which charges can move easily.
Insulators An electrical insulator is a material in which charges cannot move easily.
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Chapter 7
Static Electricity
Static electricity is the electric charge at rest on an object.
Electric Discharge The loss of static electricity as charges move off an object is called electric discharge. One of the most dramatic examples of electric discharge is lightning. The next slide shows how lightning is formed.
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Static Electricity, continued

Lightning Dangers It is particularly dangerous to be at the beach or on a golf course during a lightning storm. Even standing under a tree during a storm is dangerous.
Lightning Rods A lightning rod is a pointed rod connected to the ground by a wire. Objects that are joined to Earth by a conductor, such as a wire, are grounded.
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Chapter 7 Bellringer
Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy
What is the difference between something that is direct and something that is alternating? How does the difference relate to electric current? Record your responses in your science journal.
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Describe electric current. Describe voltage and its relationship to electric current.
Describe resistance and its relationship to electric current.
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Chapter 7
Objectives, continued
Explain how a cell generates electrical energy.
Describe how thermocouples and photocells generate electrical energy.
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Chapter 7 Electric Current
Electric current is the rate at which charges pass through a given point. Electric current is expressed in units called amperes, or amps. Making Charges Move When you flip a switch, an electric field is set up in the wire at the speed of light. The electric field causes the free electrons in the wire to move.
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Electric Current, continued
Commanding Electrons to Move This electric field is created so quickly that all electrons start moving through the wire at the same instant. Think of the electric field as a command to the electrons to charge ahead.
Chapter 7
Electric Current, continued

AC and DC There are two kinds of electric current direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).
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Chapter 7 Voltage
Voltage is the potential difference between two points in a circuit. Voltage is expressed in volts (V). Voltage and Energy Voltage is a measure of how much work is needed to move a charge between two points. You can think of voltage as the amount of energy released as a charge moves between two points in the path of a current.
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Voltage, continued
Voltage and Electric Current As long as there is a voltage between two points on a wire, charges will flow in the wire. The size of the current depends on the voltage. Varying Nature of Voltage Different devices need different levels of voltage.
Chapter 7 Resistance
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric charge.

Resistance and Material Good conductors, such as copper, have low resistance. Poor conductors, such as iron, have higher resistance. Resistance, Thickness, and Length Thick, short wires have less resistance than thin, long wires.
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Resistance, continued
Resistance and Temperature In general, the resistance of metals increases as temperature rises.
Chapter 7
Factors That Affect Resistance

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Visual Concept
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Chapter 7
Generating Electrical Energy

Parts of a Cell A cell contains a mixture of chemicals called an electrolyte. Every cell also has a pair of electrodes made from conducting materials. Kinds of Cells Two kinds of cells are wet cells and dry cells. The electrolytes in dry cells are solid or pastelike.
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Generating Electrical Energy, continued

Thermocouples Thermal energy can be converted into electrical energy by a thermocouple. Photocells A photocell converts light energy into electrical energy.
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Section 3 Electrical Calculations
How fast is a nanosecond? A nanosecond (ns) is onebillionth of a second. Electrical signals travel at 30 cm/ns. Calculate how far electrical signals travel in 1 second. Record your answers in your science journal.
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Use Ohms law to calculate voltage, current, and resistance. Calculate electric power. Determine the electrical energy used by a device. Compare the power ratings of different electrical appliances.
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Chapter 7 Background
Coulomb (C) This is the metric unit of electricity. It contains 6.242 x 1018 electrons. Current (I) The unit for current (flow) of electricity is Amperes and it refers to the number of Coulombs (units of electrons) per second.
1 Coulomb (I) 1 A = 1 Second

Chapter 7 Background
Volt We need to understand that volt refers to potential work. 1 Joule 1V= 1 Coulomb
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Chapter 7
Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance

Georg Ohm (1789 1854) studied the resistances of materials. He measured the current that resulted from different voltages applied to a piece of metal wire. Ohms Law Ohm found that the ratio of voltage to current is a constant for each material. This ratio is the resistance of the material. R=
V , or V= I R I
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Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance, continued
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 Electric Power
What Is Electric Power? The rate at which electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy is electric power. Electric power is calculated using the following equation: power = voltage current, or P = V I Watt: The Unit of Power The unit for power is the watt (W). Another common unit of power is the kilowatt (kW). One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 W.
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Electric Power, continued
Power Ratings When you read the wattage label on a light bulb, you are reading the bulbs power rating. The power rating describes the rate at which an electric device uses electrical energy.
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Chapter 7
Measuring Electrical Energy

The amount of electrical energy used in a home depends the power of the electrical devices in the house and the length of the time that those devices are on. The equation for electrical energy is as follows: electrical energy = power time, or E = P t
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Measuring Electrical Energy, continued

Measuring Household Energy Use Different amounts of electrical energy are used each day in a home. Electric companies usually calculate electrical energy by multiplying the power in kilowatts by the time in hours. How to Save Energy Every appliance uses energy. Replacing items that have high power ratings with items that have lower ratings is a way to save energy.
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Measuring Electrical Energy, continued

Its All About the Bulb All of the lighting in a home could make up as much as 25% of a homes energy consumption. So, buying and using energyefficient light bulbs can make a big difference in the amount of energy used by a household. EnergySaving Programs Many governments and organizations around the world have started programs to help save energy and natural resources.
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Section 4 Electric Circuits
What happens when you turn the lights on? What allows lights to be turned on and off? Write your answer or draw an explanatory picture for later reference in your science journal. What happens beyond the confines of the room when you flip the light switch?
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Name the three essential parts of a circuit. Compare series circuits with parallel circuits. Explain how fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against short circuits and circuit overloads.
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Chapter 7
Parts of an Electric Circuit

Forming a Loop An electric circuit is a complete, closed path through which electric charges flow. All circuits need three basic parts: an energy source, wires, and a load.
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Parts of an Electric Circuit, continued

A Switch to Control a Circuit Sometimes, a circuit also contains a switch. A switch is used to open and close a circuit.
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Chapter 7
Types of Circuits
Series Circuits A series circuit is a circuit in which all parts are connected in a single loop. Uses for Series Circuits Series circuits are useful in wiring burglar alarms. If any part of the circuit fails, there will be no current in the system and the alarm will sound.
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Types of Circuits, continued

Parallel Circuits A parallel circuit is a circuit in which loads are connected side by side. Uses for Parallel Circuits Almost all appliances are built with parallel circuits so that they will keep working if part of the system fails.
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Chapter 7
Household Circuit Safety

Circuit Failure Broken wires or water can cause a short circuit. In a short circuit, charges do not go through one or more loads in the circuit. Fuses A fuse has a thin strip of metal. Fuses keep charges from flowing if the current is too high.
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Household Circuit Safety, continued

Circuit Breakers A circuit breaker is a switch that automatically opens if the current is too high. Charges stop flowing. Electrical Safety Tips Do not overload circuits by plugging in too many electrical devices. Do not use electrical devices near water.
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Chapter 7
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. battery electrical energy thermocouple light energy thermal energy
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Chapter 7
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Electricity

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Chapter 7 Preview

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Electric Charge, continued

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Chapter 7 Charge It!

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Charge It!, continued

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Charge It!, continued

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Insulators An electrical insulator is a material in which charges cannot move easily.

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Static Electricity, continued

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Describe resistance and its relationship to electric current.

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Chapter 7 Electric Current

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Electric Current, continued

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Electric Current, continued

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric charge.

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Factors That Affect Resistance

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Generating Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy

Generating Electrical Energy, continued

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

1 Coulomb (I) 1 A = 1 Second

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Connecting Current, Voltage, and Resistance, continued

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Chapter 7 Electric Power

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Electric Power, continued

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Measuring Electrical Energy

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Section 3 Electrical Calculations

Measuring Electrical Energy, continued

Section 3 Electrical Calculations