325 - 12-07 - elasticity - 43-51: in which we solve problems 43-51.

d (1.1)

Chapter 12, Problem 44: The figure shows the
stress-strain curve for a material. The scale of the
stress axis is set by s = 300, in units of 10
6
N/m
2
.
What are (a) the Young's modulus and (b) the
approximate yield strength for this material?

(a) The Youngs modulus is given by
6 2
10 2
stress 150 10 N/m
slope of the stress-strain curve 7.5 10 N/m .
strain 0.002
E

= = = =

(b) Since the linear range of the curve extends to about 2.9 10
8
N/m
2
, this is approximately the yield strength
for the material.

Chapter 12, problem 45: In Fig. 12-54, a lead brick rests horizontally on cylinders A and B. The areas of the top faces of
the cylinders are related by A
A
= 2A
B
; the Young's moduli of the cylinders are related by E
A
= 2 E
B
. The cylinders had
identical lengths before the brick was placed on them. What fraction of the brick's mass is supported (a) by cylinder A and
(b) by cylinder B? The horizontal distances between the center of mass of the brick and the centerlines of the cylinders are
d
A
for cylinder A and d
B
for cylinder B. (c) What is the ratio d
A
/d
B
?


(a) Since the brick is now horizontal and the cylinders were initially the same length , then both have been compressed
an equal amount A . Thus,

(2 )(2 ) 4
4 ; 0.80 ;
5
A B A A A B B A
A B
A A B B B B B B B
F F F A E A E F F
E F F W
A A E A E F A E A E W
o c
A A
= = = = = = = = + = = = (1.2)

(b) This also leads to the result F
B
/W = 1/5 = 0.20.

(c) Computing torques about the center of mass, we find F
A
d
A
= F
B
d
B
, which leads to,

1
sin90 sin90 0.25
4
A B
A B A A B B
B A
d F
F d F d
d F
t t = = = = = (1.3)




Chapter 12, Problem 46 (Flying Circus of Physics): The figure shows an approximate plot of stress versus
strain for a spider-web thread, out to the point of breaking at a strain of 2.00. The vertical axis scale is set by a
= 0.12 GN/m
2
,b = 0.30 GN/m
2
, and c = 0.80 GN/m
2
. Assume that the thread has an initial length of 0.80 cm, an
initial cross-sectional area of 8.0 10
-12
m
2
, and (during stretching) a constant volume. The strain on the
thread is the ratio of the change in the thread's length to that initial length, and the stress on the thread is the
ratio of the collision force to that initial cross-sectional area. Assume also that when the single thread snares a
flying insect, the insect's kinetic energy is transferred to the stretching of the thread. (a) How much kinetic
energy (in J) would put the thread on the verge of breaking? Would (b) the fruit fly of mass 6.00 mg and speed
1.70 m/s and (c) the bumble bee of mass 0.388 g and speed 0.420 m/s break the thread? (If break then type 1,
else type 0).

Since the force is (stress area) and the displacement is (strain length), we can write the work integral (eq. 7-
32) as W = Fdx
}
= (stress)
}
A (differential strain)L = AL (stress)
}
(differential strain)

which means the work is (thread cross-sectional area) (thread length) (graph area under curve). The area
under the curve is
| |
1 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 2
9 2 9 2 9 2
8 2
1 1 1 1
graph area ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1
(0.12 10 N/m )(1.4) (0.30 10 N/m )(1.0) (0.80 10 N/m )(0.60)
2
4.74 10 N/m .
as a b s s b c s s as b s s c s s = + + + + = + +
( = + +

=


(a) The kinetic energy that would put the thread on the verge of breaking is simply equal to W:
12 2 3 8 2
5
(graph area) (8.0 10 m )(8.0 10 m)(4.74 10 N/m )
3.03 10 J.
K W AL

= = =
=


(b) The kinetic energy of the fruit fly of mass 6.00 mg and speed 1.70 m/s is

2 6 2 6
1 1
(6.00 10 kg)(1.70 m/s) 8.67 10 J.
2 2
f f f
K m v

= = =

(c) Since
f
K W < , the fruit fly will not be able to break the thread.

(d) The kinetic energy of a bumble bee of mass 0.388 g and speed 0.420 m/s is
2 4 2 5
1 1
(3.99 10 kg)0.420 m/s) 3.42 10 J.
2 2
b b b
K m v

= = =

(e) On the other hand, since
b
K W > , the bumble bee will be able to break the thread.




Chapter 12, problem 48: Figure 12-57 shows the stress versus strain plot for an aluminum wire that is stretched by a
machine pulling in opposite directions at the two ends of the wire. The scale of the stress axis is set by s = 7.00, in units of
10
7
N/m
2
. The wire has an initial length of 0.800 m and an initial cross-sectional area of 2.00 10
-6
m
2
. How much work
does the force from the machine do on the wire to produce a strain of 1.30 10
-3
?


Since the force is (stress area) and the displacement is (strain length), we can write,

( )( ) ( )
max
0
6 2 3 7
2
1
( )
2
1
2.00 10 0.800 1.00 10 7.00 7 10 0.0560 ;
2
f
dx
W dW F dx A A d A
N
m m J
m
c
o o c c c o

| |
= = = = = A
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
} } } }
(1.4)

chapter 12, problem 49: In Fig. 12-58, a 103 kg uniform log hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both of radius
1.20 mm. Initially, wire A was 2.50 m long and 2.00 mm shorter than wire B,

writing these dimensions,

3 3
, ,
1.20 10 ; 2.50 ; ; 2.00 10 ;
A B A f A A B A f B B
r r r m L m L L L L L L m

= = = = = A = + = A = (1.5)

The log is now horizontal. This means the final lengths are the same,

, ,
;
f A f B
L L L = = (1.6)

What are the magnitudes of the forces on it from (a) wire A and (b) wire B? (c) What is the ratio d
A
/d
B
?


(a) Let F
A
and F
B
be the forces exerted by the wires on the log and let m be the mass of the log. Since the log is
in equilibrium,
0 ;
y A B
F F F mg = = +

(1.7)

Noting that wire A originally had a length L
A
and stretches by AL
A
, in which we use (1.6) and E o c = ,

2
,
; ; ;
A A A A B B
A A A B B B
A f A
F L F L F L
E E L E L A r
A L A E A E
o c o c t
A
= = A = = A = =

(1.8)

If is the amount by which B was originally longer than A then, since they have the same length after the log
is attached,
A B
L L A = A + . Using (1.8) in this statement, and subsequently solving for
B
F ,

solve for
;
B
F
A A B B A A
A B B
B B
F L F L F L AE
L L F
AE AE L L
A = A + = + = (1.9)

Putting (1.9) into the force-balance (1.7), and subsequently solving for
A
F ,

solve for
0 ;
A
F
A A B
A A
B B A B
F L mgL AE AE
F mg F
L L L L
| | +
+ = =
|
+
\ .
(1.10)

Putting numbers into (1.10), in which we use
2
A r t = ,

2 3 6 2 9 2 3
3
(103kg) (9.8m/s ) (2.50m+2.00 10 ) (4.52 10 m ) (200 10 N/m ) (2.0 10 m)
866N;
2.50m 2.50m+2.00 10
A
m
F
m

+
= =
+
(1.11)

(b) From the condition F
A
+ F
B
mg = 0, we obtain

2
(103kg) (9.8m/s ) 866 N 143N.
B A
F mg F = = =

(c) The net torque must also vanish. We place the origin on the surface of the log at a point directly above the
center of mass. The force of gravity does not exert a torque about this point. Then, the torque equation becomes,

solve for /
143N
0 0.165 ;
866 N
A B
d d
A B
A A B B
B A
d F
F d F d
d F
t = = = = =

(1.12)

Chapter 12, problem 50: An insect is caught at the midpoint of a spider-web thread. The thread breaks under a stress of
8.2010
8
N/m
2
and a strain of 2.00. Initially, it was horizontal and had a length of 2.00 cm and a cross-sectional area of
8.00 10
-12
m
2
. As the thread was stretched under the weight of the insect, its volume remained constant. If the weight of
the insect puts the thread on the verge of breaking, what is the insect's mass? (A spider's web is built to break if a
potentially harmful insect, such as a bumble bee, becomes snared in the web.)


On the verge of breaking, the length of the thread is
0 0 0 0 0
(1 / ) (1 2) 3 L L L L L L L L = + A = + A = + = , where
0
0.020 m L = is the original length, and
0
strain / 2 L L = A = , as given in the problem. The free-body diagram of the
system is shown below. The condition for equilibrium is 2 sin mg T u = , where m is the mass of the insect and
(stress) T A = . Since the volume of the thread remains constant as it is being stretched, we have
0 0
V A L AL = = , or
0 0 0
( / ) / 3 A A L L A = =


. The vertical distance y A is

2 2
2 2 0 0
0 0
9
( / 2) ( / 2) 2
4 4
L L
y L L L A = = = .
Thus, the mass of the insect is

0 0 0
0
12 2 8 2
2
4
2( / 3)(stress) sin 2 (stress) 4 2 (stress) 2 sin
3 3 / 2 9
4 2(8.00 10 m )(8.20 10 N/m )
9(9.8 m/s )
4.21 10 kg
A A A T y
m
g g g L g
u u

A
= = = =

=
=

or 0.421 g.

Chapter 12, Problem 51 SN: The figure is an overhead view of a rigid rod that turns about a vertical axle until
the identical rubber stoppers A and B are forced against rigid walls at distances 7.0 cm = rA and 4.0 cm = rB
from the axle. Initially the stoppers touch the walls without being compressed. Then a force of magnitude 220 N
= F is applied perpendicular to the rod at a distance 5.0 cm = R from the axle. Find the magnitude of the force
compressing (a) stopper A and (b) stopper B, in terms of the variables given.

Let the forces that compress stoppers A and B be F
A
and F
B
, respectively. Then equilibrium of torques about the
axle requires FR = r
A
F
A
+ r
B
F
B
. If the stoppers are compressed by amounts |Ay
A
| and |Ay
B
|, respectively, when
the rod rotates a (presumably small) angle u (in radians), then | | | . A A y r y r
A A B B
= = u u and | Furthermore, if
their spring constants k are identical, then k = |F/Ay| leads to the condition F
A
/r
A
= F
B
/r
B
, which provides us
with enough information to solve.

(a) Simultaneous solution of the two conditions leads to
2
2 2 2 2
(5.0 cm)(7.0 cm)
(220 N) 118 N 1.2 10 N.
(7.0 cm) +(4.0 cm)
A
A
A B
Rr
F F
r r
= = = ~
+


(b) It also yields
2 2 2 2
(5.0 cm)(4.0 cm)
(220 N) 68 N.
(7.0 cm) +(4.0 cm)
B
B
A B
Rr
F F
r r
= = =
+


Wileyplus answer