Jessie Zhao Period: 1 Chapter #34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War Big Picture Themes 1.

. When it became evident that both Japan and Germany were marching toward militarism, FDR (and Europe) made it clear they wanted peace. This effectively gave the dictators a goahead sign. 2. Events showed war as inevitable. Japan attacked China. Spain became a dictatorship, and Italy and Germany did as well. 3. After watching Hitler go on the move, he finally broke a pledge to not attack Poland. England and France went to war. The U.S. still wanted to stay out. 4. As the situation overseas deteriorated, the U.S. began to support England and France more openly with words and supplies. Finally, when Pearl Harbor was attacked, the U.S. entered WWII. Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS Nuremburg Trials A series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

Cordell Hull sec of state, believed trade was a two way street, passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements act Winston Churchill British statesman and leader during WW2. Charles Lindbergh United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974); isolationist orator after murder of his infant son Good Neighbor Policy FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act designed to lift US export trade from the depression, relief/recovery, reversed the traditional high protective tariff policy

Rome-Berlin Axis -Close cooperation between Italy and Germany (soon Japan joined) resulted from Hitler overcoming Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis. -In 1936, Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis because they both wanted to take over Europe Nye Committee investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. Neutrality Acts when the prez proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions go into affect. Basically, they made it so citizens/US could not get involved; 4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents Russo-German Nonaggression Pact pact between Russia and Soviet, pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. "cash and carry" European democracies could buy arms and war materials only if they paid cash and transported the arms themselves America First Committee A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker. Lend-Lease Act "send guns, not sons"; send a limitless supply of arms to victims of aggression Atlantic Charter Roosevelt & Churchills secret conferences- 8 pt. document Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions The London Conference Know: London Economic Conference 1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies? Roosevelt had the chance to help stabilize the currencies when England called for the London Economic Conference to talk about the economic situation since the Great Depression also strongly affected Europe. Roosevelt was about to send Cordell Hull there, but he pulled back at the last minute because he didnt want to deal with outside nations. However, since America

wasnt there, the conference was a failure and nothing much was done to stabilize the currencies and showed that once again America was sticking to isolationism. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act 2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines? The Philippines was quickly becoming more of a hassle since the day the Americans annexed it because they kept on asking for their freedom. Due to the bad time in the Great Depression, FDR decided it was best to let them go and signed the Tydings-McDuffle Act, which allowed them to be independent after 12 years. The motive after it was to allow America to focus on the insides of its own nation instead of the affairs outside its borders. Becoming a Good Neighbor Know: Good Neighbor Policy 3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain. The United States was very serious about the Good Neighbor Policy because FDR stated it as one of his main goals during his inaugural address and he actually did. Many troops were pulled out of the South American countries including Cuba and Haiti. The real test came when Mexico took over some land for oil and oil companies wanted FDR to attack Mexico due to that move. FDR really wanted to keep the policy so he compromised the situation with diplomacy. It did relieve much of the negative image of America. Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain. The reciprocal trade agreements was a good idea set by Cordell Hull because it broke down the anti-trade barrier that America had with many other nations. The tariff being lowered would encourage trade with America, both incoming and outgoing. This was a good thing because it would allow the flow of money to circulate globally and help the economy of many other nations instead of just hoarding it in America. Storm-Cellar Isolationism Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism 5. What were the reasons for American isolationism? Some reasons for American isolationism is because that it had problems of its own, such as the depression and its effects, and also the affairs of the other nations were becoming more and more troublesome. There were many dictators rising to power in Europe, including Joseph Stalin or Russia, Benito Mussolini of Italy and also Adolf Hitler of Germany. The latter two set up fascist governments and quickly built a nation that depended heavily on nationalism and militarism. These were all huge problems that if America tried to deal with would only distract them from its domestic problems. Congress Legislates Neutrality Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts 6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?

The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36 and 37 attempted the keep the US out of the war in 3 ways. To avoid trades with nations in war, America banned American merchants from helping the other nations by trading with them so that they wouldnt be caught in any crossfires, especially weapon tradings. It also forbid any Americans from riding the ships of a nation in war in case they are shot so no casualties of Americans would be suffered. Last but not least, America also banned any loaning to a foreign nation that was in war so that no money or debt would be formulated after a war.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War 7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII? The Spanish Civil War helped contribute to WWII because it was a playground for the new army of Hitler. Francisco Franco was a Spanish general who wanted to set up a fascist government instead of a Democratic one. The Americans were inclined to help Democracy, but it couldnt due to the neutrality acts, and because of that, Germany was able to help Franco with his new army to test out its strength, and it clearly violated the treaties it had to keep peace. Appeasing Japan and Germany Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement 8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat? There were many acts by Nazi Germany that showed that they were a threat and also by Japan. First off, Germany began to build an economy based off mobilizing the army and moved them into the Rhineland. It also quickly began to take over the neighboring countries, such as Austria and making them part of Germany. It also wanted to take over the Sudentenland, which it claimed to be filled with its people. Then Munich Conference searched for a solution to appease the demands of Germany hoping they would cool down but they didnt. Japan also took over much of Manchuria by attacking them and also stopped listening to America and sunk the Panay, in which it quickly apologized for doing. Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry 9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe? The United States responded to the start of WWII in Europe by trying to stay neutral at first, but it really wanted to help the Allied forces because they all had democracy instead of a fascist government however due to the Neutrality Acts, they couldnt help anyone at all. So then they came up with the Cash and Carry policy in which it could trade with any European nation as long as they paid up front and used their own ships. The Fall of France Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill

10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France? The United States began to drag itself into the war after the fall of France, which was called a Phony War up until then. They realized that there was only one nation left after France that needed to fall so they came up with a draft, the first peacetime draft which recruited up to 1.2 million troops and also left 800 thousand troops in the reserves in case they were to ever go to war. Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress 11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's? America could not make more room for European Jews in the 1930s because they couldnt really afford to put any more new immigrants into America since the Depression was still going on and jobs were hard to find. Not only that but America was very anti-immigrants at the time, especially with the KKK reaching its peak. There was high unemployment for American citizens, so that meant that it would be even worse and harder for an immigrant to even start a living there. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal 12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940. The Interventionists were people that wanted to help the war effort in Britain. Britain was trying to fend off its best in the Battle of Britain, one of the first aviation wars with the Royal Air Fore fighting off the Nazi Germany pilots. They wanted to send munitions and send money off the Britain. The Isolationists were people that wanted America to stay out of the war, led by Charles Lindbergh in the America First committee. They were conflicted since they wanted to support democracy but they didnt want to get into another war. FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940) Know: Wendell Wilke 13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election. The election of 1940 was a long shot for Wendell Wilke, the Republican candidate who was chosen to run again FDR, who broke the tradition of running twice and tried to run thrice. His campaign focused on blasting FDR for running for a third term and not much of anything else. FDR won the election easily and just like Lincoln said that you dont change a horse midrace, just during WWII. Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law Know: Lend-Lease 14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease? The Lend-Lease was controversial because it broke away from the American isolation policies and began to help Britain with the war effort by sending them munitions and tanks and other

weapons. Hitler during the war tried to stay away from America knowing that it would be a bad idea to attack America. but after the Lend-Lease, he began to sink American ships with his Uboats. It was also said that after you lend a tank, you wouldnt really want to take it back. Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter Know: Atlantic Charter 15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union? The American reaction to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union was to deposit $1 billion to the Soviets thinking they were in dire need to build up a stronger army to defend against the strong Nazi army. However, the Red Army already lost some land but quickly began to fight back during the winter, which froze the German army in its place. The Allied nations and the US also met up to draw up the Atlantic Charter so that they would have a game plan after the war was over. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash 16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war? The implementation of the Lend-Lease policy led them closer to war by having Americans trade with the British merchants, to give them more supplies and especially new weapons. German saw this as the US joining the war, and began to sink America ships as a warning, something that they didnt normally do due to the fear of going to war with America. America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent 17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain. The United States entry to WWII was a gradual draw because they were already helping out the Allied nations from the start. From sending money and weapons to Britain and breaking the Neutrality Acts and also even to Russia, America pretty much got themselves involved even more when it leased weapons and also joined the Atlantic Treaty. The only thing that officially brought them into the war was when Pearl Harbor happened and forced them to join the war. Chapter #35: America in World War II Big Picture Themes 1. The first goal of the U.S. in the war was to mobilize. This meant signing up thousands of troops, and switching the American economy over to war. For example, it was time to stop making sedans, and start building bombers. 2. The war affected all Americans. Men (of all races) went to war and women took the jobs the men had left. 3. In the Pacific, the U.S. island hopped over four years from Hawaii all the way to Okinawa and were knocking on Japans door. Finally, the atomic bomb drove Japan to surrender.

4. In Europe, the U.S. and her allies worked from North Africa up through Italy and toward the soft underbelly of Germany. Then, the massive D-Day invasion drove the Nazis back to Germany where Hitler committed suicide and his generals surrendered. Chapter #35 Guided Reading Questions George S. Patton led the Allied troops in the D-Day invasion of Normandy Albert Einstein German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity Office of Price Administration solved the inflation problem with regulation of prices when farmers rolled out more food, but the new sudden spurt in production made prices soar Fair Employment Practice Commission established by the president to discourage racism and oppression in the workplace D-Day The day the Allied forces landed on Normandys beach side and also helped break through Germanys defenses in France. V-E Day The day Germany surrendered, also known as the day the Great War of Europe II ended. Manhattan Project The project to create the first atomic bomb led by Einstein and many other scientists, commissioned by FDR. Braceros Workers that are brought from Mexico to America for cheap labor to replace to soldiers. Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions The Allies Trade Space for Time Know: Germany First 1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain. Americas task in WWII was more complex because now they have to fight in a two front war, one against Japan over the Pacific and one against Germany over the Atlantic. America was also torn between which side to focus the war against, because of Pearl Harbor, America wanted to go to war with Japan and defeat them first, however it was more strategic and important to defend Britain against Germany, saving more allies for the war in the European front. America also had to prepare itself for total war, mobilizing its industry and to ship soldiers and create a massive

army to use in both sides of the conflicts to help its allies. The Shock of War Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S. 2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home? The war ended some of the liberal ideas during the time at home, stopping many of the New Deal programs and also focused all the jobs on the war effort. Most notably, America was once again united in race, except for the Japanese, who were sent to Internment Camps along the west coast. The governments reasoning for such actions was to protect the Japanese people from angry Americans on the streets but it was actually because they were afraid of spies within the people. The internment camps were made legal for the moment by the Korematsu v. US case, in which the court upheld the camps. Building the War Machine Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board 3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor? The war changed America industrially because it allowed America to enter total war, and have the government take control over much of the aspects of industry in America. It also ended the Great Depression. The War Production Board took over the industry, and stopped production of many products that were not necessary for war. Rubber was also conserved more, because it was needed in the war but much of the rubber shipments were taken over by Japanese soldiers. There was also the War Labor Board which reduced the wages so that the prices of products can be lower, and also made an agreement with many of the labor unions so that they wouldnt strike. Makers of America: The Japanese Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei 4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble? The Japanese were extremely successful in America because after Matthew Perry came to Japan and opened its ports, the Meiji government was very selective of its people they sent overseas because they were representatives of the Japanese nation. They came to America with more money, better education and also more women. The Japanese excelled at farming, and came to California, and soon became the most successful farmers in the area. White farmers became jealous and it was easier for them to attack the Japanese due to that, causing them problems. Manpower and Womanpower Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter 5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war? Due to the conscription draft, many men were not a home, and thus women were able to get their first jobs outside of the house. Not only did women work in the industry, but there were also some women served in the military, including the WAACS, WAVES, and SPARS. Only about a

fifth of a million women servced in the military. The symbol for a women working was Rosie the Riveter, a girl with her sleeves rolled up and a rivet gun in her hand. After the war though, many women went back to doing their home jobs. Wartime Migrations Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots 6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities? The war had a rioting effect on the nations minorities, encouraging them to move from the South, especially the blacks, so that they could start new lives. Cotton picking was mechanized, thus many of the blacks moved West and North in search of new jobs. A. Philip Randolph led a protest in hopes to get colored people into the defence, in which FDR responded by letting them. He also passed the Fair Employment Practices Commission, so that now businesses cannot really discriminate based on color. Some were allowed to join the defences, in separate regiments thus starting the Double V, a victory overseas and a victory at home. Native-Americans were also given jobs in the defence as code talkers, which used their native language as a code to relay a message. Holding the Homefront 7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war? Due to the war, America was lifted from its depression when it entered the war during a depression. The war caused profits to double, and also the Gross National Product to double. However, it left the nation with a terrible debt because of the high costs of the war, and also an inflation occurred It caused America to tax its people heavily, but also relied on credit, thus effectively raising the national debt from $49 billion to over $259 billion. The Rising Sun in the Pacific Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March 8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor. The Japanese victories over in the Pacific were concise and precise, taking over an island after island, or country by country. They took over Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong and also mainland China and many other islands. The loss of Philippines for America was embarrassing, having General MacArthur flee the island and soon surrendering Corregidor, a fort in Manila and also having Americans march the Bataan Death March, a march of 85 miles in which if you stumbled, the Japanese soldiers would kill you. Japan's High Tide at Midway Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz 9. Why was Midway an important battle? US and Japan fought in battles overseas, and the first major one was the Battle of the Coral Sea, in which both sides suffered heavy casualties, and was a war in which none of the boats ever saw each other and fought with planes. without ever being in the line of sight with each other. The

Battle of Midway was supposed to be a surprise attack by the Japanese on the Americans at Midway, but it was intercepted and America sent ships there to defend, and surprised the Japanese, sinking 4 of their carriers and winning the battle. It was the battle that stopped Japanese expansion. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam 10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese? The American strategy to defeat the Japanese was to island hop around Japan, not to attack their country directly but to take over all the islands around it and surround them and hopefully starve them to surrender. It was led General MacArthur and also Admiral Chester Nimitz. They took over many of the surrounding islands, including the Marianas Islands, which would later be the launch point for the 2 atomic bombs. The island hopping was a slow and steady idea that sacrificed the lives of many, because it required heavy navy shelling from offshore and then marines going up the island to capture it, while it was being shelled. The Allied Halting of Hitler Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad 11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain. The war against Hitler looked much better later in 1942 than in the beginning because there were many turning points in the war during the middle of the year. One of which was the sacrifice of many American spies to obtain the Enigma Machine, a machine which broke the codes of the German U-Subs, and revealed much of their locations allowing them to win the war on the sea. After that, Britain and America began to bomb Germany together, with Britain attacking Cologne, France, where Germany took over, and America bombing Germany itself. Also, Russia at Stalingrad pushed the German forces back after the winter, gaining about two-thirds of what they lost back. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily 12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa. The purpose of the Invasion of North Africa was to open a new front so that Germany did not have to focus its military efforts on Russia only, which was causing many Russian casualties. The US and Britain agreed to opening a second front, but had different approaches to how it should be done, and finally agreed on the soft underbelly approach. Having General Dwight D. Eisenhower lead the charge in North Africa, it did distract Germany to focus her efforts to help out Italy and also protect its own land in Africa. D-Day: June 6, 1944 Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton 13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?

June 6, 1944 was considered the turning point of the war because it was the biggest victory for the Allies since the war has begin, and was also the begin of the decline of Germany. The Tehran Conference was a meeting in which the leaders of the Allied nations would meet up and draw out coordinated attacks against Germany, which would later become known as D-Day. D-Day was an attack on the beach front of Normandy, and was the biggest victory because it helped liberate France from Germanys control, especially Paris, thus recovering the French. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman 14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944? The choice for the vice-presidential candidate was important and difficult because there was no extremely viable option for them other than FDR, who was already running as President for his fourth time. The Republicans picked out Thomas Dewey, who was known for being against corruption and also was a liberal. In the end, the Dems chose Harry S Truman as their VP candidate because he had the least amount of enemies in the political scene. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Know: Fala 15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey? Roosevelts victory over Dewey was attributed mostly because the war was going well for the US and FDR was already in the presidency when Americans were winning the war, causing a rush of good feelings that benefited FDR. If he were to be losing, then he would have easily lost the election. Deweys campaign mostly focused on attacking FDR and tried to make him look like the bad guy, who has been in the office for 12 yaers. Also, Roosevelt was also funded by the PAC, an organization that was set up to avoid the ban of giving politicians money through a group. The Last Days of Hitler Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day 16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe. The last six months of war in Europe was a decisive victory for the allies. Hitler saw that the Battle of Berlin was the last chance for the Germany army, and even then it was still unlikely for Germany to win it, so he killed himself and his wife too. The American and British army pushed through the German forces easily, since Hitler called them out to spread out and try to stall the armies so he can prepare his suicide, because he knew that they were going to go down. Russia was also closing in to Berlin from the Eastern front, and also surrounded Germany. They saw the horrors of the holocaust when they entered closer to Berlin. Japan Dies Hard Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes 17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.

The meaning of the title is that Japan was pretty much killing themselves and dying nearing the end of the war. American submarines were devastating Japanese merchant ships and also Japan was losing an island by island, as American troops took over the lands, and General MacArthur was obsessed with winning the Philippines back. Americans soon took over Iwo Jima, a strategic airstrip that was located near Japan, and also later Okinawa, another island that was right in front of Japans main islands. Japan soon was desperate and began using kamikaze pilots, thus showing how Japan was dying hard. The Atomic Bombs Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito 18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb? The military impact of the Atomic Bomb was that it would soon revolutionize the bomb. The atomic bomb was approved solely because of the fear that Germany would produce one before them, and it was all carried out in secret. The Manhattan Project had many Germany scientists that escaped Nazi Germany. When the first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, it ended up with up to 180,000 casualties, and seriously weakened Japans morale, but yet still no surrenders. However, Nagasaki did the job and the Emperor Hirohito finally surrendered to America. The Allies Triumphant Know: George Marshall 19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain This war was best fought in Americas history because America suffered the least total casualties, compared to other nations, and also had nothing in its homeland touched, due to its distance from Europe and Asia. It also boosted Americas industry and America soon became a world super power, having saved Europe again after joining the war. America soon was the only country that actually benefited from the war, and emerged as a stronger nation as opposed to the other nations. Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer? Historians tried to answer questions such as why did America drop the 2 bombs on Japan even though it seemed that victory was eminent. It was thought that President Truman wanted to scare off and isolate the Soviet Union by showing the power of the bomb, and it would later be the proving point that America was not to be messed with. Could the use of the atomic bombs have been avoided? it was a question that many historians thought of, and it was a deep moral question.