Tugas Terstruktur sebelum UTS Topic 1. Imagine protein X, destined to go to the plasma membrane.

Assume that the mRNA carrying the genetic message for protein X has already been translated by ribosomes in a cell culture. If you fractionate the cell, in which fraction would you find protein X? Explain by describing its transit. Topic 2. Extensive irrigation in arid regions causes salts to accumulate in the soil. (When water evaporates, salts are left behind to concentrate in the soil). Based on what you learned about water balance in plant cells, why might increased soil salinity (saltiness) be harmful to crops? Suggest ways to minimize damage. What costs are attached to your solutions? Topic 3. An experiment is designed to study the mechanism of sucrose uptake by plant cells. Cells are immersed in a sucrose solution, and the pH of the solution is monitored. Samples of the cells are taken at intervals, and their sucrose concentration is measured. Their sucrose uptake correlates with a rise in the solutions pH. This rise is proportional to the starting concentration of sucrose in the solution. A metabolic poison that blocks the ability of cells to generate ATP is found to inhibit the pH changes in the solution. Propose a hyphothesis accounting for these results. Suggest an experiment to test it. Topic 4. In the 1940s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a drug called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after a few patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Explain how this causes weight loss. Topic 5. The following diagram represents an experiment with isolated chloroplasts. The chloroplasts were first made acidic by soaking them in a solution at pH 4. After the thylakoid space reached pH 4, the chloroplasts were transfered to a basic solution at pH 8. The chloroplasts then made ATP in the dark. Draw an enlargment of part of the thylakoid membrane in the beaker with solution at pH 8. Draw ATP synthase. Label the areas of high H+ concentration and low H+ concentration. Show the direction protons flow through the enzyme, and show the reaction where ATP is synthesized. Would ATP end up in the thylakoid or outside of it? Explain why the chloroplasts in the experiment were able to make ATP in the dark.