Capitolul 1

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1.1. Istoricul culturilor

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Fig.1.2. Centrele de origine a grului (Vavilov N. 1935)

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. Soiurile cultivate sunt prezentate n tabelul 1.1.

Fig.1.5.

19
96
/1
99
7
19
97
/1
99
8

19
94
/1
99
5
19
95
/1
99
6

19
92
/1
99
3
19
93
/1
99
4

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

19
90
/1
99
1
19
91
/1
99
2

mii ha

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Anul

Sursa: Anuare Statistice FAO

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Fig.1.6.

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

Anul

Sursa: Anuare Statistice FAO

 'DWH RSHUDWLYH  VXSUDID

UHFROWDW 

19
98
19
97
/

19
97
19
96
/

19
96
19
95
/

19
95
19
94
/

19
93
/

19
94

19
93
19
92
/

19
91
/

19
90
/

19
92

*
19
91

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Tabelul 1.1.
6RLXULOH GH JUkX GH WRDPQ

FDUH VH FXOWLY

vQ 5RPkQLD

Nr. Denumirea
Anul
6WD LXQHD H[S vQ
Varietatea
crt. soiului
vQUHJLVWU ULL
care s-au creat
Gru comun (Triticum aestivum spp. Vulgare)
1
Albota
1986
Albota
Erythrospermum

MMB,
g

2
3

Erythrospermum
Erythrospermum

40-44
40-44

4
Apullum
1992
Turda
Erythrospermum
5
Delia
1993
Lovrin
Erythrospermum
6
Dropia
1993
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
7
Flamura 85
1989
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
8
Fundulea 4
1987
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
9
Gabriela
1992
Podu Ilioaie
Erythrospermum
10 Lovrin 34
1981
Lovrin
Erythrospermum
11 Lovrin 41
1987
Lovrin
Erythrospermum
12 Rapid
1992
Fundulea
Erythrospermum
13 LPQLF 
1987
LPQLc
Erythrospermum
14 Trivale
1991
Albota
Erythrospermum
15 Turda 95
1995
Turda
Erythrospermum
Gru Durum ( Triticum turgidum spp. Turgidum conv. durum)
16 Durom
1976
Fundulea
Coerulescens

44
41-44
44-48
35-46
35-45
42
35-44
35-44
42
36-40
42
44

17
18

32-40
42-44

Alex

1994
1986

Lovrin
Suceava

36-45

Aniversar

Rodur
Pandur

1984
1996

Fundulea
Fundulea

Coerulescens
Coerulescens

35-43

Sursa : Blteanu Gh.,1998

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GLQ KLEUL]LL FXOWLYD L VXQW SUH]HQWD L vQ WDEHOXO 

1.3.

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Cerealele sunt plante de cmp cuOWLYDWH SHQWUX ERDEH (OH UHSUH]LQW

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forme n care se pot folosi;

Tabelul 1.2.
+LEUL]LL GH SRUXPE FUHD L OD ,&&37

- Fundulea n perioada 1990-

RILFLDO

L FXSULQL vQ OLVWD

&RVPLQ 2 L FRODE 

FRQ LQ VXEVWDQ H PLQHUDOH L YLWDPLQHOH %( 33 QHFHVDUH RUJDQLVPXOXL XPDQ vQ FDQWLW
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vQWUH 

L 

ILJ

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Tabelul 1.3.
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SU
%

Specific
area
Boabe gru

87
88
90
88
88,5
90

7 Uk H JUkX

Germeni gru
Boabe porumb
7 Uk H SRUXPE

Germeni porumb
127

D ERDEHORU GH JUkX L SRUXPE

&HQX
EUXW

1,7
5,5
4
1,8
3,3
4,5

PB
%
11,5
15
22
9,0
10,5
14,5

&HOXOR]

GB
%
1,9
4
8,5
4
5
19,5

SEN
%

UN /kg

%
2,1
10,5
3,9
2,2
10
6,1

69,8
53
51,6
71
59,7
45,4

-0,77
-1,23
---

WDEHO
68

VXEVWDQ

3%

SURWHLQ

*%

6(1
81

XVFDW
EUXW

JU VLPH EUXW

VXEVWDQ H H[WUDFWLYH QHD]RWDWH

XQLW

nutritive

Acestea sunt reprezentate prin prolamine 35-45%, glutenine 35-40%, globuline 15- L
albumine 2-5%. Principalul component al bobului de gru este amidonul: 65-70%. Grul mai
FRQ LQH L XQHOH ]DKDUXUL IHUPHQWHVFLELOH PDOWR]D ]DKDUR]D FDUH au un rol energetic foarte
important;
Apa
Proteina bruta
13
11,5
1,9
69,8

Grasime
Celuloza

1,7 2,1

Cenusa
Extractive
neazotate

)LJ &RPSR]L LD FKLPLF

WUDQVIRUPDWH vQ I LQ

PHGLH D EREXOXL GH JUkX

VH IRORVHVF OD IDEULFDUHD SkLQLL WDEHOXO  DOLPHQW FRQVXPDW FX SO FHUH

GH SHVWH MXP WDWH GLQ SRSXOD LD JOREXOXL I LQD VH PDL IRORVHWH OD IDEULFDUHD SDVWHORU I LQRDVH
L DOWRU SURGXVH GH SDQLILFD LH SU MLWXUL ELVFXL L

HWF

Tabelul 1.4.
9DORDUHD QXWULWLY

D SkLQLL GH JUkX

Specificarea
1HFHVDUXO XQXL DGXOW V Q WRV DSUR[LPDWLY  NJ
&RQ LQXWXO XQXL NJ GH SkLQH DOE

DLIHUHQ D

Protide (g)
70
93
+23

Lipide (g)
140
12
-128

Glucide (g)
500
522
+22

ERDEHOH GH JUkX VH IRORVHVF vQ LQGXVWULH OD IDEULFDUHD DPLGRQXOXL GH[WULQHL JOXFR]HL 7 Uk HOH

RE LQXWH OD P FLQDUHD JUkXOXL UHSUH]LQW

XQ QXWUH

FRQFHQWUDW IRDUWH YDORURV ERJDW vQ SURWHLQH

JU VLPL V UXUL PLQHUDOH

paiele de JUkX VH IRORVHVF OD IDEULFDUHD FHOXOR]HL FD DWHUQXW vQ JUDMGXULOH GH DQLPDOH L FKLDU vQ

hrana animalelor.
&XOWXUD JUkXOXL DUH XQ JUDG ULGLFDW GH PHFDQL]DELOLWDWH FHHD FH SHUPLWH RE LQHUHD GH SURGXF LL
LHIWLQH *UkXO FRQVWLWXLH L R IRDUWH EXQ

SUHPHUJ WRDUH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD FXOWXULORU vQWUXFkW VH

UHFROWHD]

LXOLH

GHYUHPH

OD

vQFHSXWXO

OXQLL

ODV

VXILFLHQW

WLPS

VROXOXL

-L

UHIDF

fertilitatea.
3ULQ SRQGHUHD SH FDUH R GH LQH vQ VWUXFWXUD VXSUDIH HORU FXOWLYDWH FD L D LQIOXHQ HORU SH FDUH

le are n raport cu alte ramuri agricole sau economice, porumbul SHQWUX ERDEH HVWH FXOWXUD GH ED]
D DJULFXOWXULL URPkQHWL
&DUDFWHUXO LQWHQVLY DO DFHVWHL FXOWXUL LQGLF

L JUDGXO GH LQWHQVLILFDUH D DJULFXOWXULL URPkQHWL vQ

general.
3URGXF LD GH SRUXPE ERDEH DUH URO KRW UkWRU vQ GH]YROWDUHD L PRGHUQL]DUHD ]RRWHKQLHL PDL
DOHV D UDPXULORU SURGXF WRDUH GH FDUQH
&RPSR]L LD FKLPLF
DOH OXPLL YDULD]
SURWHLQ



D ERDEHORU GH SRUXPE DSDU LQkQG PDL PXOWRU KLEUL]L GLQ GLIHULWH S U L

vQWUH XUP WRDUHOH OLPLWH vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FRQ LQXWXO vQ HOHPHQWH QXWULWLYH

13,64%, amidon 60

 JU VLPL 

5,51%.

6XEVWDQ HOH H[WUDFWLYH QHD]RWDWH VXQW FRPSXVH GLQ ]DKDUXUL GH[WULQH DPLGRQ L SHQWR]DQL

Apa
3
URWHLQD EUXW

13
94

Grasime
&HOXOR]

71

1,8 2,2

&HQXD

Extractive
neazotate

)LJ  &RPSR]L LD FKLPLF

) FkQGX

PHGLH D EREXOXL GH SRUXPE

-se o medie a analizelor s-a ajuns la rezultatele din figura 1.8.

Boabele se folosesc n furajarea animalelor, ca furaj concentrat foarte valoros. Sunt folosite
L vQ KUDQD RPXOXL VXE IRUP

GH P P OLJ  WXUW  SRUXPE ILHUW VDX FRSW IXOJL GH SRUXPE IORULFHOH

Q LQGXVWULH VH IRORVHVF SHQWUX RE LQHUHD DPLGRQXOXL JOXFR]HL DOFRROXOXL L XOHLXOXL GLHWHWLF GLQ
JHUPHQL GH SRUXPE 5H]LGXXULOH U PDVH GLQ LQGXVWULH ERUKRW W Uk H URWXUL VXQW IXUDMH
7XOSLQLOH L IUXQ]HOH U PDVH GXS
3RUXPEXO VLOR] VDX PDV

UHFROWDUHD WLXOH LORU VXQW IRORVLWH OD IXUDMDUHD DQLPDOHORU

YHUGH VH IRORVHWH vQ IXUDMDUHD DQLPDOHORU 3RUXPEXO SHQWUX VLOR] VH

vQ ID]D GH ODSWH FHDU

UHFROWHD]

D ERDEHORU L VH vQVLOR]HD]

vQGHOXQJDW  3RUXPEXO PDV

SHQWUX R SHULRDG

vQ GLIHULWH ID]H GH YHJHWD LH L

UHFROWDUH vQ VWDUH SURDVS W 

,PSRUWDQ D FXOWXULL SRUXPEXOXL PDL FRQVW

G

SULQ WDVDUH DVLJXUkQG FRQVHUYDUHD OXL

YHUGH VH UHFROWHD]

HVWH IRORVLW vQ IXUDMDUHD DQLPDOHORU LPHGLDW GXS

L GLQ XUP WRDUHOH

SURGXF LL ULGLFDWH L VLJXUH

UHSUH]LQW
QHFHVLW

R EXQ

SUHPHUJ WRDUH SHQWUX IRDUWH PXOWH FXOWXUL L ODV

R FDQWLWDWH PLF

QX VH VFXWXU

GH V PkQ

YDORULILF

WHUHQXO FXUDW GH EXUXLHQL

OD VHP QDW LDU ORWXULOH VHPLQFHUH GDX SURGXF LL ULGLFDWH

OD UHFROWDUH

VH SRW RE LQH SURGXF LL ULGLFDWH L vQ FXOWXU

VXFFHVLY  SH WHUHQXULOH LULJDW

e;

IRDUWH ELQH vQJU PLQWHOH DSOLFDWH vQ GR]H IRDUWH PDUL

3URGXF LLOH RE LQXWH

1.4.
5RPkQLD VH QXP U

SULQWUH PDULOH FXOWLYDWRDUH L SURGXF WRDUH GH JUkX DOH (XURSHL ORFXO 

GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO VXSUDIH HL L ORFXO  FD SURGXF LH FRQFHQWUkQG FLUFD 



YDORURDVH

GLQ SURGXF LH  5ROXO

VXSUDID
Q
VXSUDID

ULL QRDVWUH QX HVWH

ORFXO  L SURGXFkQG 

SULYLQ D

SRUXPEXOXL WRW

vQ 

 FX R SURGXF LH GH ERDEH GH 

SURGXF LH WRWDO  Q LHUDUKLD PRQGLDO

ORFXO  LDU GXS

vQV

L FLUFD

GH QHJOLMDW QLFL SH SODQ PRQGLDO FXOWLYkQG 

GLQ SURGXF LD PRQGLDO

SkQ

GLQ VXSUDID

GLQ

GH JUkX ORFXO 

pe plan european, Romnia cultiva 28% din

GLQ SURGXF LD HXURSHDQ

ORFXO , L FD VXSUDID

5RPkQLD FX FXOWXUD SRUXPEXOXL RFXS

GXS

L FD

VXSUDID

SURGXF LH ORFXO 

3URGXF LLOH vQ 5RPkQLD DWkW OD FXOWXUD JUkXOXL GH WRDPQ

FkW L OD SRUXPE GXS

DQXO  DX

DYXW YDORUL GHVWXO GH GLIHULWH vQUHJLVWUkQG DWkW FUHWHUL FkW L VF GHUL VSHFWDFXORDVH /D JUkX ILJ
 GH H[HPSOX SURGXF LD WRWDO

FHD

mai mare s-a nregistrat n anul 1995/1996, n anul

XUP WRU D VF ]XW VXE MXP WDWH FD vQ  V

Sursa: Iosif Gh.N, 1998

FUHDVF

OD  PLL WRQH

Fig.1.9

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

Productia m edie ( kg/ha)

Productia totala ( m ii tone)











mii tone

3 U R G X F LLOH OD J U k X R E LQ X WH vQ 5 R P k Q LD

Anul

'DWH RSHUDWLYH SURGXF LD UHFROWDW 

Fig.1.10

12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0

Productia m edie (kg/ha)

Productia totala(m ii tone)

*

$
  


#  
#  


"
  
"
  


!  
!  


  
  



  
  



  

 
  


 

mii tone

3 U R G X F LLO H R E L Q X WH OD S R U X P E v Q 5 R P k Q L D


 

  

Anul

Sursa: Anuarele statistice 1990-1997

MAA date operative
*Date opHUDWLYH  SURGXF LD UHFROWDW

SRUXPE  VRUJ

/D SRUXPE ILJ  FHD PDL PDUH SURGXF LH V

FHOH PDL VF

-a recoltat n anul 1992 (10497 mii tone), iar

]XWH SURGXF LL vQ DQLL  L  FkQG V-au recoltat 7967 mii tone porumb.

Q SULYLQ D SURGXF LLORU PRQGLDOH DWkW OD JUkX ILJ  FkW L OD SRUXPE

ILJ  DX

H[LVWDW XQHOH RVFLOD LL SH SHULRDGD DQDOL]DW 

&HOH PDL PDUL SURGXF LL OH D RE LQXW &KLQD OD JUkX L 68$ OD SRUXPE

3HQWUX DQXO  OD JUkX D IRVW HVWLPDW

R SURGXF LH PRQGLDO

Fig.1.11

Sursa: International Grains Council September 1998

WRWDO

GH  PLOLRDQH WRQH

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

SU
A

In
di
Fe
a
d.
R
us
a
C
an
ad
a
Tu
rc
i
Pa a
ki
st
an
Ar
ge
nt
in
Au a
st
ra
lia

1994/1995
1995/1996
1996/1997
1997/1998
*

hi
na

mil. tone

3URGXFWLLOH REWLQXWH OD JUDX SH SODQ PRQGLDO

Tara

Sursa: International Grains Council September 1998

'DWH HVWLPDWLYH  SURGXF LD UHFROWDW 

Fig.1.12

300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Tara

Sursa: Anuare FAO

an
ad
a
In
do
ne
zi
a

In
di
a

ex
ic
Ar
ge
nt
in
a

E.
Br
az
ilia

U.

SU

hi
na

1994/1995
1995/1996
1996/1997

mil. tone

Productii mondiale obtinute la porumb