INDEX

WHAT IS PERCEPTION ?

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
PERCEPTUAL INPUT PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM
o PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY o PERCEPTUAL ORGANISING o PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION

PERCEPTUAL OUTPUT

IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION

CIRCLE EGG ZERO OVAL SHAPE EARTH

HALF GLASS OF WATER HALF EMPTY GLASS

PERCEPTION
IT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS THROUGH WHICH WE SELECT , ORGANIZE , AND INTERPRET MEANINGFUL INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR WORTH ENVIRONMENT .

THERE CAN BE NO BEHAVIOUR WITHOUT PERCEPTION

AND PERCEPTION LIES AT THE BASE OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

PROCESS COMPOSED OF VARIOUS SUB PROCESS RECEIVING , SELECTING , ORGANISING , INTERPRETETING , AND REACTING THE STIMULI ( INPUT WHICH PROVOKE US TO RESPONSE).

INPUT:

INPUTS ARE OBJECTS,EVENTS,PEOPLE ETC.

THAT ARE PERCEIVED BY THE PERCEIVER.

PROCESS:

INPUTS ARE PROCESSED THROUGH SELECTION , ORGANISING AND INTERPRETATION .

OUTPUT :

THROUGH PROCESSING MECHANISM THE OUTPUT DERIVED.IT MAY BE FEELINGS , ACTION , ATTITUDE ETC. WE CAN SAY IT IS A SCREEN OR FILTER THROUGH WHICH INFORMATION PASSES BEFORE HAVING AN EFFECT ON PEOPLE.

PERCEPTUAL INPUTS INORMATION OBJECTS EVENTS

PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM SELECTING ORGANISING INTERPRETETING

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVED

PERCEPTUAL OUTPUT ATTITUDE OPINIONS

BELIEFS
FEELINGS
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION

BEHAVIOUR

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVER

PERCEPTUAL INPUTS
NUMBER OF STIMULI CONSTANTLY CONFRONTING PEOPLE IN THE FORM OF INFORMATIOS , OBJECTS , EVENTS , PEOPLE ETC. NOISE OF AIR CONDITIONER OR COMPUTER PRINTER , THE SOUND OF OTHER PEOPLE TALKING AND MOVING , OUTSIDE NOISES FROM CARS ETC.

PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM
I. PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY

IT IS A TENDENCY TO SELECT CERTAIN OBJECTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT FOR ATTENTION. THE OBJECTS SELECTED ARE THOSE WHICH ARE RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL OR CONSISTENT WITH OUR EXISTING BELIEFS,VALUES AND NEEDS.

ATTENTION FACTORS IN SELECTIVITY

1.EXTERNAL FACTORS 2.INTERNAL FACTORS

EXTERNAL FACTORS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SIZE INTENSITY REPETITION CONTRAST STATUS MOVEMENT

SIZE
LARGER THE OBJECT HIGHER IS THE PROBABILITY OF SEEN POSTERS ON THE ROAD SIDE, VERY TALL PERSON IN CROWD

INTENSITY
THE MORE INTENSE THE EXTERNAL STIMULI THE MORE LIKELY IT IS TO BE PERCEIVED.

A LOUD NOISE ,

REPORT TO THE BOSS IMMEDIATELY MAKE IT CONVENIENT TO MEET THE BOSS TODAY

REPETITION
A REPEATED STIMULI IS MORE ATTENTION DRAWING THAN A SINGLE ONE SAME ADVERTISEMENT OR DIFFERENT ADVERTISEMENT BUT FOR THE SAME PRODUCT SHOWN AGAIN & AGAIN.

STATUS
PEOPLE OF HIGH STATUS HAVE MORE INFLUENCE ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE INDIVIDUALS AS COMPARED TO THOSE HOLDING LOW STATUS. DIFFERENT REACTIONS TO THE ORDERS GIVEN BY THE FOREMAN , THE SUPERVISOR AND THE PRODUCTION MANAGER.

CONTRAST
THE EXTERNAL STIMULI WHICH STANDS OUT AGAINST THE BACKGROUND WILL RECEIVE MORE ATTENTION

MOVEMENT
PEOPLE PAY MORE ATTENTION TO THE THINGS THAT ARE MOVING RATHER THAN THAT ARE STATIONARY.

INTERNAL FACTORS
1. EXPERIENCE 2. PERSONALITY 3. NEED

EXPERIENCE
WHAT A PERSON EXPECTS FROM THE STIMULI ON THE BASIS OF HIS LEARNING AND EXPERIENCE RELATIVE TO SAME OR SIMILAR STIMULI

M-A-C-D-O-W-E-L-L M-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D M-A-C-B-E-T-H M-A-C-H-I-N-E-R-Y

IT CREATES AN EXPECTANCY WHICH MAKES HIM SEE WHAT HE WANTS TO SEE

PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY ALSO AFFECTS WHAT IS TO BE PERCEIVED The person who believes they can do something is probably right.... And who believes they cant do they can't.

NEED
IF SOMEONE NEED SOMETHING THEN HE WILL PAY ATTENTION TO THAT FROM ALTERNATIVES

II.PERCEPTUAL ORGANISING
ORGANISING THE BITS OF INFORMATION INTO A MEANINGFUL WHOLE IS CALLED ORGANIZATION. THERE ARE THREE WAYS BY WHICH THE SELECTED DATA IS ORGANISED:

1. GROUPING 2. CLOSURE 3. SIMPLIFICATION

GROUPING
IT IS THE TENDENCY TO CURB INDIVIDUAL STIMULI INTO MEANINGFUL PATTERNS ALL THE VISITORS TO A PLANT ARE REQUIRED TO WEAR WHITE HATS WHILE THE SUPERVISOR WEAR BLUE HATS SEVERAL PEOPLE WORKING ON A MACHINE WILL BE CONSIDERED AS A SINGLE GROUP

CLOSURE
TENDENCIES OF THE PEOPLE TO PERCEIVE OBJECTS AS A WHOLE EVEN WHEN SOME PARTS OF THE OBJECT ARE MISSING

A WORKERS CONTRADICTORY WAY SOMETIMES

SIMPLIFICATION
MAKING MORE EASY TO REMEMBER AND SUBTRACTING LESS IMPORTANT INFORMATION

III.PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION
ASSIGNING MEANING TO DATA SELECTED AND ORGANISED

FACTORS INFLUENCING INTERPRETATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. HALO EFFECT ATTRIBUTION STEREO TYPING SITUATION PERCEIVER ACTION

HALO EFFECT
IT REFERS TO THE TENDENCY OF JUDGING PEOPLE ON THE BASIS OF A SINGLE TRAIT WHICH MAY BE GOOD OR BAD , FAVOURABLE OR UNFAVOURABLE. IF A PERSON IS KIND HE MAY BE PERCEIVED AS GOOD , ABLE , HELPFUL , CHEERFUL , NICE , INTELLIGENT AND SO ON.

ATTRIBUTION
EXPLAINATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN TERMS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT. OVERTIME WORK BY A PROSPEROUS WORKER AND A POOR WORKER

STEREO TYPING
JUDGEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS BEHAVIOUR ON THE BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUP TO WHICH THEY BELONG INDIANS ARE FATALISTIC. JAPANESE ARE NATIONALIST. POLITICIANS ARE SELF-SERVING.

PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY ALSO AFFECTS WHAT IS TO BE PERCEIVED THE PERSONS EXCEPTING THEMSELVES AND HAVING FAITH IN THEIR INDIVIDUALITY PERCEIVE THINGS FAVOURABLY.

SITUATION
THE SITUATION IN WHICH THE THINGS ARE OBSERVED ALSO INFLUENCE THE PERCEPTION

PERCEIVER
FACTORS HAVING IN THE PERCEIVER HIMSELF /HERSELF ALSO OPERATE TO SHAPE OR SOMETIMES DISTORT HIS/HER PERCEPTION

ACTION
IT IS THE LAST PHASE IN THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS . IT MAY BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE DEPENDING UPON PERCEPTION HELD BY THE PERCEIVER

PERCEPTUAL OUTPUT
PERCEPTUAL OUTPUT ENCOMPASS ALL THAT RESULTS FROM THE THROUGHOUT PROCESS

IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION
OR

WHY WE HAVE TO LEARN ABOUT PERCEPTION

1. IN SENSE OF AN INDIVIDUAL 2. IN SENSE OF ORGANIZATION

"You do not live in an unjust world created by others... For the most part, you live in a world created by your attitude."

"Perception is a mirror not a fact. And what I look on is my state of mind, reflected outward."

"Nothing exists until or unless it is observed. An artist is making something exist by observing it. And his hope for other people is that they will also make it exist by observing it.

"A hostile person lives in a hostile world, A loving person lives in a loving world."

We do not see things as they are. We see them as we are.

"You are where you are... Because of the choices you've made."