REPRINTED FA'OM;

Technological Innovation Strategies for a New Partnership

Ediledby

Denis 0. GRAY Department of.Ps,'choiogy North CaroU'irJ S{;a{e Unil'f!:rsily Raleigh, IVcmh Carolina U.S,A,

WilHam HETZNER

Trudy SOL01V10N Arete Conltfrlflg Group {J,erht'sdaJ M(~r)'lcmd U.S.A.

Cer.uTl." {OJI' S oeial am1- Economic Smdie» bu'dllSrrr(l' ;UuJmo!ogy In!!lfihlti! AnnA.rhor; Michigll11

U.S.A,

,.

~

.

. ..

1986

NORTH-HOLLAND

AMSTERDAM. NEW YORK. OXFORD .,TOKYO

~l'!l(l1L,OO~C.AlL JJ:'IJ)lQVAT,IO~ ,- Str"C~,!i;Jr g,tifC''!!' h:irlm.c;rs]1iIp' ![;I~Q, G~. T. ~I»m~, lIi', ~kl:1i!!.C(f. {~l1it~llI~

@l' :El!lo"l'iO.< s~!:!~ I'I!Jihli!ll.~J .lI, v: m",nm;.IHglLmd!), ~.m

~UH lIND WCAI. Er~ORTS TO [N(!OOR!ltG~ ECllNCI'I1iC Gfl:O!;il'fM iHRCJmH irulO\lAHON:

I!JI\l H l:~:r()R !CAe. P[R:S ~ECTI1,i'[

Pa.rll~el!' I'IOrli~~o!! ~ 45£ ee ~iltes C~mbl'i dge., 11(!:!;'~<l,C~Ui~ e'!;t~ !.IU.A.

lIe~ent l!l' ,s Ute~ IlJnetur~ed to ,a, tecll~o 1 o~i ~oij 1 ; r]~'lJiIf,a th!1 5,tli"'a tegy ta. 1'o~~er I!>GOMml'G aE!~elllpmell't. 1ilGW9",,~r. t~,r!il~Md !)Mgr&!!!S tog . !;tillY 1 01 tie IN! rot h;:Ull,ilJr 1 ~<!fl!1~l;r'i e~ ,a. fie notn i~,~ n,glo;1 to sute ,mill 'l !I;I'[",~,] '!101i'e~mremt~. ih 1~ cluptflr prQ'\' 1,!ie5 all ~htor'l ea,l (!I>'~ry' 1,~lo' of' ·til ese e'frQr'ts rNf!l i(,11 Ifejlre~ent ~ ",~I]S i :>~liIt efta rt. ttl deve lop

nri!Jugi C~ 11 Y Ii:Ofl1l.e;t'~ ,t 1 ve tndu s,tri~$ a'l1d "1 res. ~'~i!UW1lt 1 O~· dr'1 '!len st riLtegli,es oil ri'e e~am1 ned ]!n tl'1l;! ] l!1ht or !l,re\!1 DU>S ecffort~" ~IHI 1I'!!I,les f~w ~~«e~~'fv~ ~~r!l~ ;)1'\1: !I;e~e'rnt.ed.

! n tIl:e ~ st f'el<1 1e~ ro5, ,~t~ te ~ndl 10'"011 9\I'liertlmer.rts ,a,Pllel1lFtd< be !l,1.a;yi ng ii, ~ew

@',;;o~(l!I11c: ~Bme. They i1ii!J~e mo~!!CI .!ilo'iliY 'from ·'~!m~~H .. c!<: ~i'ta.~1n,!!" and' WI'f~M ~r&glr,ams

~Ii i (ill Fe 1y on e~(;OIll r'~.!!ll mg irlng,;,~·tiiQn tgl I!)i p~m~l $P~.H f~i ndu ~~.ri I;!S. Thl! ,I!;~ tdl!llCe

OT 'd!~ ~ stnte'!li e :~I'IHt irott~t.1l ucill dillY. I ~ ~ Je'r~~y i ~ coomi ~s foo il!~ P!l1~ n'tIN;! D,r tile ~c)~Il'f1I;Dr Ilu ~.!Il ~I!d fo r tlie de ""e'l Dilr.Jellt tl,j.otecllr;o i ogy, fooo '~~,"lIt101 O'[!.\!. ~e~mjc~,. ,~mlll h~il~'n;kIU50 ".;'ute 1N11<!'~~lI1t. Nort/t !l;arol ill!j!. m~~ ~~nb'l t.t:Jl;id ,~ u'llte'l" 11'1 ~tilJ,~1~!'i' 'to (oOnduGt ifES~rGfj ~iiIll dE!"o!!'1~,JlllH!iilt, 'Into b'lMil!;~l'ino1oii.:f. H:l,~~!i,e~l>IsetU 111;iJ~ aJ H m>t~ t~d $,40 IlIii ni QI'l W tne d'e,,",e 1 gJ!'l11!1'Il~ qf ~ mi tI'Q~h!!:~ r(llllTI (;S "l!llte r aJndl ~'~ot~C:!:!l'101og,)' research P.i'rl" ~ti(ft''i!J:ilirn ~u ~nilJ~l1s~>ed tM !'MUtr1 .. 1 Tocillnel~

r 111$1:. i t~'~e I:Ji;, de ljIel ii;Ij) i;t!iI'iilW terl ~'~I;i~If'~teo!jl rna ruyf.;l ~tllll"hg ~chmo 1 o!l'f. fe:;:~:!i i!i

5,pend1 n9 $.]:6 !Td II icm Oil! Ol mi,e:rce'hloctron lc'5 ,~nd' 'ClOmp!'.! iter eerrte r, Vhe 1 is It 90es om.

Tille I!'I;!!puh I? I;,i 1 s!l;l!cm ~~ 1 d~,tI1lit t:he~e' !lie];! 1 n:l ~h't he~ .u·e' a !l!e~<! rture fQ!' !; t~1;e

9o!j'~ l'lfijJ,(!nt's" ~M IlilIU~n iis n~iill"l:r;j;Q~l>I Fa~e, IH!J t 'tM s; 1 m,pl,e. Th'l'\Ou~li,oLl'~ tlII~~ I"

h 1 :stOldt' sta te e'i;!Dm;IIJj~1; de~e ]Q[:IIIePlt 1P!l11~ e ; es h~'Ile bee;n e:illpH cidy s t'fateg~ C ~they ~'Ili\l'e oougM. '~o wnd, ~plo~~t by 1)1'f,(lrl"9!n~Oerne!!u W cO!llMl,tH~~I!l' cOm~i!.n~Il's,. 11liese ir'liH~thes. are' the la~!>t "'~I'"t~mt M1JJn e$t.!iblBiIle.d trf.!idlliUOn. ~rrtet~'t.!iM ~,q!:t:i t; QIlI '~1"1 '\1"e~ '5!l<! t!~$ ~1l4 J,OC,ll H U~~tQ e~,!l'I:r1IT!1lnt ~li t" i r.I!ll.i ~tf'~ ~ 1 t;!'MJ:et~ ~'!I. iiiUl!l1l U noUl'in~ n!!!V 1111 tM!;,. But i~1 't~e ]980':~ 'i;~g COfllj)l!!tjthlfl hss Ubi ,~ dl'~ffe",ent tilll'ITJ. II'lCr'!I1la:5iil'1g1y, $tijjte' ,~nd locaii Qff'lti,a,l$ ~"e ab.;!llod\Qr;il'1[i! tn~ ~o~l(ln th~t e<'Or]omloe de~] Q~mt h( ~ eere urn 9~!!111 0<1' F!'!i r!~er~ a ~ Icser-s • .II! me'!!!' ,dlY~i!!mll e h. de~lClop'1~i 111 iNhicli S,UtIlS, CH1E!S,. ~M reQ10ilS ~re iiUifI!Ip'tlnj to &P;lrid'

~Jl 1 ~t hg ~ r~et!; ~r;d I;~"te n e!!;I ones ~!i' ~cce 1,ell'"<! t1 rig hnO:VilJt~ O~. A~, an .~ II U~~ t!',ilJt 1:~e - n~soort or ,t~ ~-eMd I!>GOf}o.a.~.::: pOl1 C; fil!~ 1!j111 ~1l6'H, tJtlh MIo' ~twll ti~g,}" ,liM 1 iI! d to 1I()1fe' $yltitll~ ~nd ~~I;I"i~ti!;n~ "'e'!'~l~~~·t ~l ]I;}", fre~:u:elltly ~$'ed; on cOOpef'U'iO!l ootJio--een t~1!' pubH.c ,~.ruiil lIr"iliUe ~eGtGr~.

Tile- ~~'~,tiIrl of :!;t~tt:,e e~~,i,;; ~v,e.lopmef}t p:fO~filjl11!; G<I~ bE! 1,f'<lGedto New,Jer,sel. 1oI!l i~!l. illl 11:'1, e!!Ol c:ted 11,~,g1s 1 at ilDR ,to' gr,<lmt ,~ ~cw 're,rm ~i'!dI 1 n ,emp]'olees ~Wli;

..

e_mpt'~Qn as a w~y to ~Ullll,llilJte ln~e!ltl:nl!nt 11111 t~~ stat!! (TI'II:IiII3!'. 0975.)]. Soon

~ (tel' NI1fIoI Je r-~ey pa s!;e.d 'I ~ s UJt exe . t 1 on st<ltLlt>e. 0 the.. $ Ute gtl1/e Ii'nlflE!ll ts b E!giIJlI pl\o~id1 g ass'~~tallcl! "to ipeciHc industrie;). ih ts 'ill~llh'Bmi!!riit ttli!ik ~ 'Illlr~eljy- of 'r,ormlS: d 1 rect lii nO! me i ~ l ~ ~'5 'is h'mr:,E!. P l"C'ti!cU M f'rlea cq.et it f~!1 ti'l r~~ g~ the !I'rallt a,f IN rlOjlO 1 'i Iii: 5. iii,nd e'~ i!: 1 ~ sh,E! 1 i censes. end til E! IJiS E! of' cm'H Rei'll: dDIM f ~ to prolri(l'te ~pe,ei f;, bysine,>~e:!i"

lll're~t A$$l$Um:e

Ou rhg IllO s.t gf til e n 1 fie ti!en th C:~ n't rySot.a t.£! ~Pd 1 oea I '!lo~,el"1lii1llen ts lii'e!re !lethe SQurce~ q)f' !le~ il.u roE! t~p i t~, 1. The inoH on was tlllilit these F! bl h, ll'i'eH~n ts, '!O'O U 1 d 5tiCII,J]a,te 1o,c!1 bus ili(!'SS", inn,eas,!!' land !,la 'I n'S .' ~m! im:provetiJe COl11llerci,~1 and ~rldU5t'l"'al IprQ$peCh I'Dr' Uii!' Iecal QCOIIOmy. GeIiHally:;peak;iiJ!'9. these PilDHc

expend j tl!l,rl! S wen! r;e~a,l"di! i1 na.t as iubs ill Ie::;. bu t as ii nve 5. tmellil;S., The pu b 1 i c

treuIH)' !fOul!! f"i!COlillll t ts 'fllnG!i througbthe e.ll:p;!1l5'i!!fl Qf the r'e~iOI'iI'S eoollomic bBiL

;![g rl CLJ II 'tl!lr~ 1!f~:S ,~ PO;! liil ~rtil;ge t. By limO GeQng i,a, ~,~ mtJi - U 111 11'1 9 t~'i'i I'lli' ~ b Ii c warc ~uses. far the grading and 'stora!ije of t(ibin:~i) ["'e~lli1 0943)]. III 18.39' IlIlallni= pa 'i d oo't n 5(1, ~O t~, wh eOl t <I~III (;0 rn pl"\tldll cers, fti ne s.ta tie s s.utu iiUn,d s 1 ] It culture. Ma!;sa~hm;etu pr~ndded as:$'i$UilCI!' to H$~ei"'~~!: ~i'ld ,nu,a,] s'tore

p rod'tM!l:t 1 on. [Ha ndlin (I 9~7 n . ,Ow ts i d',e II g ~'i ~!tid r.~. rei'! n~yhr'ilJJfli ~ II Meter-liDo!!: am

'[d}gress.he plan to d'e'o'l!lop bUl5ine:S5.es iri tl11e sU[e ~ah 'inve~,'tjjll@lIts" pubHc CIli'ltro 11 s , ,a nd IJ'lIb 1; c wrts. By IB4I~,t miil' SU't.e h~d pI ,a.~!! d dhec: tors on the baa.R;!s 'of O'VIlI" :t5!Q -l1lfi JO;e'll ~1)~;;l rU i Qorn~ ri ij,n¢l hilll i IlIwes tE!d ~1J!j1'@ than nOD! "1 n 1 on ] n ~,pec.ific i~dI.lStrie$. Tllile ~Uti!! ~ho IlIl'thorll,ed loam; to ~pe~if1c bY$iness,e's OF

impQrt,olJllce" !n Uli::lg, for' ~:;:a pl@', an ,operator Dif ~ stee] Wtlrks was provided ~,u:t@

f'lIndii1.g Oli tilE! gr-illlindS, thai:. "wor.ks of ~\Jbl te impofUm;e de'~e'l"1Ie ,pybl te

2fiCOCilrdl l!lOOnt" [lIi!rtl! ,( 194~}]1.

ii i! rllllntild boom, whlcn began 111 l;I Ein~h.nd 'in tile Ul,;i,[)'s" al teNd tile I'lJl:u:; 'Df

Hille ,Iliri.d uIl1c1~~1 oiie~~lapme~t effoll"ts. Ra!ibO~d5 enjoyed 1\, J"alPld cornoorchl

s wcoeu o,,",er eene h ,ana otller ilill 1 ,ilJl'I!! Wi!,t,e~a,y~:; tne-y pl"l)\dded de,pcllda b 1 e,

Sdlil'dlllh d, a 1'1 ~1Je.~tlter tranSIPlO rta t i'lm O!f gO!)ils [tha rniil hI" (19n)]. aecall~e (IIf

,t he i rob ... ;'OU s, a,g!~ ~n uge$, r,iI H roads tou¢bed off 3. f'h!r~1I! compe tU'1 on f~r'rQl!!te$. StOlle 'iIIlJIIiI 'lo~~l !lO",ernllli;:lI't.$ ~el"e - I\I! tlhlllJn loIiHhg to ~e'lp' finanoe $~ecHh:

;a ill r'o<lid O\Im~~nh'$.

f'(i:r e,ulmp] e. stlil t.e ~,n~ 1 oc:", ~ ~/lI\I'el"nmeQt5' prov ~~ed ~51 ~if tlile '1 IlIH!,a, 1 ca pita 11- zUicn far t.i7l@ Soutlilern Rilll ro.adl. By 1860 M~~~~CIilYl$ii!.u~, Ih~qj '1n~(!st@d $8.2 lTIliil1i!J'JlI

1 n eight nllll"OaJds. A'IHI be1j;we'e'n 1821 and 1,S8~. 9"Himg,t,e i"i~d 1invll's.ted ilbow,t: $20'

1111111 tentn 1"<1 i l;ro~d ii!~ve,ij\lpmellt [GOOdrich <liM S~'9all (l9U)].

CQ!I1pe t i t'i VI;! R.llY 1 ~H (In

lilTed ~nve$tmenr wa.$ not tile onl)' ",. to cll~n11le'1 f1l d~ 'into 'indu:5i:l"hl If,e .... elop~

lnellt. In o'r4@r ee 1ni1li~ prh'ate fn¥estol"~ to u,mderwrfte seliilded III'OjecB., sUte

;g;ow,el"rnnenl;$ p!"'O'O'ide<il tilell w'i th e~,lu:~he frO!~,hj !ie~" Tump~kn. mills,. canil'" s., r0l1'11"Oao1. br'l,ages '. ~OO fe'rrri es 1;1 roe tYIl1! i c ~ lly b uf H ,iII~d operatM 1 n tM S !!lilY. Ti'leos.e !Jra,~u 0'( mno~oly IjliWer dill'et'tedl C"~H41 to ~L\l,e(:1fic 'h'i\lut.mllnU, Ibut tlley UIJle I.m'lie'r' ~ t't<l,~lk JIB 'the' ~>Qw,r't5 beg11l/i!'i n'3 1 m 'ti'il! 1 ,~lt !leW' filaH' 01' du~ II1I1Ile't,B~nt h centu 1"1. T!IJ e' ~Olln i cts !Oe re 00'0' lQIIS. lNeltl ecm nont1 c t n !l~re5U ,",-ere U1 ned by tJ/!;e e<ld al'l'1IIll1~emEmrt~~. fm'F e;o;~iii;plll!. il<)!clllI,'1 ~I! f'I"',~mci1ise~ ,elljCl<jled' by Ibrid!ge '''ltd hli'!'1~ 1l'1l e op.e'r'at(in"s '~hlre~'Eened to oobbl e tho CIOOT'91 F191 r~rn nl<iM!1 " n;;!u !:it, 1')' .."i til

1 njllincUI!lJli~ ,~M daillJJge, !ioMrclls. 8!1' ~pp1Jlng 'c~r.V1IIm lill;!' c~;;:ep't!i Qf pl!lO,perty ~lliId

11,!!lb~Hty, the coul'"ts bf!9~Jil to crod~ I:.h~ ooctl"in.jl of illlplied l1l!I~Q~l.lf I,oj"nlil"'in ~:()li'lll(lra1)E!' CI1i~'rters. (As Iiii eXOlqi'h!' a MG!iS~OI:HI!i@'tu l:t1U'rt Meld' in Ch."Fl,e~ Rher' ~ ~~!!j) ~. lil'arren, Bl'"'ldgi!. l~ MlS$. (7 Pi ell:) 344.ilf'f'd. 36 U.S. (1.1 Pet. )'~;::\Il .

, thoJ't t~e O,.uiers of' liii old!!!,. bridge, did ~ot h~ ... e ilIn e'lI;dus,he fr,lInclilbe On wh1cill to bil's'l! ~ 1,tlSiI] c:l,ili 'for the reco ... ery of d<!lII;!!!je:; fl'1{1i1i 'the owners, Otf iI newer

brri d!ile.} 1'15, the ~O!.!lrt:o t!.!r'nel!l ilgg~n~t ttleml, eJ!!;l~:Sive 'fUllthBe'5 h!l!E!d, ;lSi ,illll d'f'e I;t l!o1'!! ~i1ii d e FQr ,;heal! rue li ~9 i 1TId!~nlr] <! 1 'i n~'e$ tme-nlt"

E:rnill1enil: [I[]m~ln

1,1ll Il, do~~ly r-e,l.!ite.!l '~tr'~'tt'E!gy, ~t~t!'!'~ ,fill ti~d '~~rt::iin 'f'h'oP\~~ ii'ldu~tr'ie.~ to. e:o:.e'r'i:: j ~e em ~ n~llIt IiIcm~ i III "tile r l'g!1<t ,"0 U ke p'rriltiliM jlIlroper ty ~]ttl c,]U:!it cornp.enSatjiOIl. fne effect 1!I'i!I~ te Fed~te tile CMH of 'I:~rget!![j ii'ldlll!:hie~. J!! ,prilne @!Ulmpl e ~a:!; t,hE! urn 1n ~daliiiil.li1O'S enacted by IiiliU'IJ'S t.t ~ s, Ti1>e ~e ~ t~ t~t~~ .!iTl 01o'e d mU len M C[]iJn:5t~l:!e ne,'~qI'lMrllilg 'lllni!i--l\Ilith fa tr "~l!!lIsilt'h)n to til@" fo~r 6wm!:!i'!; _. ~ n ,~'r'd!!r t~ b!l i Lill t~e r.i!$4!i;I10 1 r'~ l'IeME!d 'to IPOioli~'rt £i i r .'11 h [s.cI1e: 11br:!r Og'il}]. By '~he' jjjiddl,~ }'BilJf':!; Df' tihe il:e~ti..lr3. 1!i111'n~lIt do~hl ~1I'tlwtrHy 1Iif'H.

C)l tl!nded 1:Q ot:lI~l" fndll:stries ,. R~ n roads wr@ 9h,~i'I t'lle! ,ilJ!.Jth0ri1l,y 'I n ordf!r to 101)' t r~e~ and j!j! trae t 'tilE!' :!;'tOI'lE! Il,ndi tiDe I" 'tih~¥ m~~d@<d to CGrnstli'li C t the 1 r !'"Ii n 11:r1/C!:!l.

~ml!i,fa ctcUrf ng' 'f hm ~ 1 SG ('\E!cl!h.ed 't he ,ElW tlilor~ \)r 11i1 50roo :'>ta tftS " But,by lh€, end of

too H~n@t~el!nth C!!rn'tllirj, 'tilt:! ooilrB WI!'N~ ~ll!:1oitnlJth!!!Sl@ broad lhBghl,a,tive' 9rarnt~,

i.d tHl SIJSIP'ic:'1oll", L i kle !;W~II'~~ (J,f C!l!cllushe francnh!2~, 'I:!m~I'I@l'1t -doora1il '[lJw,tilorHy

(;Q~ 1 ,d ilClt e,~ 1 s t ,i'I~ an effect he poH Cj'oo 'Gh<l,~ ~~ 1 i DYcr.trnelit 'li'i tlllwt j wd 1,(; 1 a 1

S~ Pllort.

~,I]J ilJile eill.;i tile e i rcuuscr 11lti on of pr i Y,<lt>e emi nern d~mg hI ,U!thi;Wity ~de' H tt~ e

l!Ii fif,!;! r~llte,. InclI~tl!' i a h za t; on hJOi'!! ~e~ ~o I"<!'fil'l,[!j 1 m t hie h'~e ~ " neteen tn ~entl!l ry tl1l~t w.~ stlr~t~9i'e$ ~'re I;;jjn~d f!;llr" ,Illy 1913,. u~ lJIn'i'~ed St,l're!l it.!!.d bfr~mme' 'tB'le

1 e~dTI iii!;! i Ildu s t rTI <Ii li pr''Od~m~1" i n tl!.~ worl d. ,~~JJ;;01.!mti I1g tOI" gilfE! r Qru;!~t~ Wd <':If tn e '""Ill" 1 d ; ~ 1 ndu ~t r~ i;I.l ~I"()d\l~iti on. ro'r ~ t;J,te:s ~ rud, ~ (Jocl! 1 g[]~i!Fiimen ts 'th g ~ ~ It''~ rne~lit u~u. ceQ mOm lc gri[ofj til ~I!I'S, t i e~ less ec i m ~!lSn;!a:ll'tll 1 n !)hy& 1 Cit 1 tn fra~~ry ctLlrl!:" 'r~'i!I IMt~rihl~, ~1IC1 ~9dci,Jl'hJlr:e. Tn!!! m!]ioIi challengll' 'I>fH to ottt,ac:t ~lIwfaU~1r1,ngl

1nY(!!l~t. .

THr MO'Il~llfr 'fQ l.OIl.! c;:Qi$T RH(I~~lrIO~ :$,'FRAl.OO]E$ hti b 1 Ls h'1 ~91 an Adrn1 ~ i!l t!,"j! 'thrQ 5tr!.i etJu!"1lJ

Viliie se 1'1~~ .. t ~iilt~9Ht~ H1CU!;l,!!'t>!i:d 11]1 die ftlfll!!!J l~,h ~ 1iI~1f1i! 1 !;ii!I11ii! mt o'~~~n iii:H iQn~, wl1! l'Ch 'e1;l'oll'o'ed intl/ile 1:ilZO's ,mdl 193(1' ~., Al~bama,. No'rt!l, C~l"o'i ]1iI~. ;t~oIj! ~ine' ~.11 e'iita-

o lj sn~(J d~c ... (! 1 o~~n't !g:eJlc 'I E!~ M'~~~e' ,tIlE! Oep r'e~ $ HJoil" ~(It the r~.1 1mj!Jetrn ~ to' ,e~t<lbl'~'S1I !it.ii,tll' dc~-@lo~nt ilgl!l'I~ill'S (,111m 'l!ri't~, thil @U,illb'H'sl1mont b,,; Coilg'rif.!n Q,f the N~HQIbiI~ Pl amn11r:JgJ iooal"d in 1933.. ,~~ BOII,rd Il'r@l~d(!d 'for 't:1!1~ cQ8l'ti11'l11ati'O!l of st.ate ~'f'for t:~ \01'1 th 1IJ ,~.!I t 1'o!laJ IP'~ II ni'li ~ ~ro9 j,1iil'I 'il'or ,pub He wlJ,rb pro~el:;t a, Un dQ r' rules !!!,>Ubl1:slhed bi!' tl'l'E! Ilo~.rd! 'S,tate planlHng o!I'!ll~l!lc'leS 'l!iE!rE! req~'i irEd t.g pf'1i)il:e:Ss ,!lliId .!iIPP ro~ rl!otilrne$t:> f~1i' PlJblii~ w,~'l"k$ lh,!n~$, - ~HIl tn 'I ~ $'t imt.i'l us ~ 11 oftihe ~MtQ~, '~X,(;~p't [j.~'l~it.lar'~. l:J,jjd ~r'g.!llli.~~.d Jlh.nn~n~ ,jj.~;!!~de,s Il,y ]931ii rnOt&u (l!in)].

~~ i':nt ,of Ii hllinl,'lmg, p~1:J, He WOI'"K$ ~~je~t s, '~hE!'$<~ ~'tMe' a ge;~d B b~9~fjj .t.o CD] 1 et t rrl:ld 111'1CIlt'~!'"!f ,ail U QIi 'tJ.JiIe S Ute eCOIi!ilIl\)'! the 't,yJl~ of 1 n;l:o rII:ii t'l on 1l1l~ t WO~,] ill 1 i1lt,err P!"O'le: '!'",luab-le' to attfacHAij n>ll'!f lPl'le's,trnen,t. ,i!I;nt;h~1!gJJ mo5t o'f tIIes,e ,ilUf",a1e:il ~E!Fe d 1!11;1.1i::iIO'~I'"1.bed bytihe' '!I00i! 'n of wi 1,g i ngl il!LIIc.];~. WOW'k50. in 5;ome shtes. the ro 1 'e of iUtesta I::e ge~iJ;!NUr.e<mtlo!';Jj:;: mQ'riE! .bll'o~d]y !;:Qn'Cei '!'eO.. :~ n 101; 5~ H ~j Ip~jt he .;HHIi: n,ll!gisl',i!itu'nl! pM~eil' i'! "B.ilIlilifl(1;!! AgricuJ tcyr~ I\I{!;~I Intly~tI"Y" iIII"ogrilim1n 19JiO, It

s tam!:s as the f f r~t 'st! tI!W1 de ~f'~'rt to ~t,~ mu 1 ,~te ~ to:fiorn 1 e g i'QW~~ bj' re,~ ml t i n,g

OUt5 i a 111 11l!llu ~tr 1 cs. Ii'IO reo fmpo,rtlllfl'Uy. lp,e rha ps, tlhe pr,o!ll'o!Im, ~E! r ... ~d ~~ tfl~

pr(lilWt~1liI! for otn~'I" :~t.!t@<~ ~'~ they m01l~c, 'fro PiJlIoHe wllril:$ ""hlrnnhg to e;!:lt!n(;1nh;

de",e 1 opme!lt. -

World ~·a.i" .II ~1jjf~i"~MI 'tJie ~i'ghi~ nO~'~~rn tn~lt 'econ~tc de1!'elo~nt ~i!lI1J! IDe<!,ru't ,ilIt t jI",ilI''!:: l' ng lmanllfll,c'tilIW'i m~ 1 n~es trItE rnt.; tiOOl!I t $J;~ M 111 m will~ /I,dded! '1:.(1 IJ. S. ~iJY s.',ca ~ p ll,~!It bH'We~l/l 19'42 <lJl'ld 1'M1ii. !!III amolln t, ~ 1 most i!!Qu~ n tolhe :total ;r~ l'llIe of lUi. lII>;l,nUFa cWlI"h, U5,et5 in 1939. Of 'tlh 1:s t>ot~ll. $:1,3",1 lb n 1 i Q~ 'wa;~ s.p~nt on IICioIi

1m nlllfll.ctlld Ill,!! f'~lJ;;l 11 tie 50 [r.'(! n e'Ili~'opf (l9-BJ)l. f01r m~!'1Y ;l:U te~ ,mill 1 oca l1ti e~ > tile

r ,-"

l'ecilJpita H zoi!l;'i""liI Oii' ~lII'W~!;-~!1, ]Ildu$'lir'}l '-or th~ .. ..a,r !!'ffort p'l'1Il~1d,ed tllem an ap"o!ll"tu~H,y '1:1:1 O"'elr-oC:CmE! tile ch,"il!1,~i: d1~ad".ai1tages at mdprll.e ... eh}j)ment.

thE! g,E![lg'l".!I,pl1l'i~ "o~Mlon of thb ~ny,e5,t!Tlell1t, ~~ mud1 iI~ -nt5 I11<'!Igf!itude" s i!~d pG!lt-""'l1,r idllN'll!l of ~CMCI1ll~C ooyelopment. The oM ~ordle~sh!'l'"n mMufacty,dng Ceilti!'1':S rrec~h,~d ~r.a~Glit 1on!lI'tt 1.\1' Iess of the Ime\'!! 'i five:> tm;;!'rnt. 1111'1]' e metrQ~ 1 'ltOi,rr ~re:lJ~ ill tno!! Gf~~lt La!-im~. South and iHes,t l'ecei'o'edl IOIrop(ill">tlO'JlIatel.)' 1TIi)I1"E!, And 'r~thi!'ir tll,lin 1 o>cUe 'tlle~, Ii! 1 lI,n es 1 n ee rrtf'iI,l ci ti e~ • '1<f~I:"h Ill!! iii 1 .. rille II'~ tendE!d 1:1\1

prE fer 1ubI.Hiw!'II 1 ocU 1 ens. 1;i'QlrliJ iNar I I tnves 1iJ!ieflU p'!"o\'i dedi the b!S i c pr ~ \!~ tE!' ~~pi hI stnek to 1I~,1 t~ grClWt" of the SiunbeU ill ~l1!e p,j$tlola'l" yeilF$. C~]'lfig~n!,~ 1 ed in 1mrestments tledto ill'rcr,ilft produtUO'Iil;, Te~~:o 1,ed fn rubber and petl"o-

chi! tc:ah; ti'le' Gulf Cout n!gionlled in shipooiil~'if!gI. CU:1i<es 1fI'Qrn ILG)S, Ange'}e~ to

Piig';!nh, I'1I!C1!'ived ilef1o'e!!i'i tva and IIIir:1e l;imBstJi!ell'" IH'Ie-w~r '5b~re o( '1l'ldllstdal lnv,'Htm@lIt [MDll1o!mkopl' (l9a3)].

The Growth 'of Indufitr'ial !!,eCl"Uitmellt.

,8)' 1'943 the NadoRill p~ ~Mlll!!l1 BO~IFd W1!!~ di's~g.h',ed. ~liIiI :sttJt.i'!~ began co~'M!!'rt'llig tnefr pubHc \'l~r~s pl'ilRnfng il,pp;llr"atIlt5, i~tQ eClOnOiTI'Ic d~~elll~ilt pragll"ams. and agenc1es. Illy i9~7', tijm :shift M\n wen ~!1de'!1!!'I}', fleiiJrl'y ~aH' of th!:l .tiltif"

a gll'l'1~'1 es had been re ~<!med 01" rec:om; t i t.u'ted .,,~ t~, tht! 111)rd ~ !I'I!J~onom1 c n,,, '"1 nidu s,tr'j a 1 m 01" -Qe'\I e l"cpment'" iii! tJhei r au es [Th(loJ'M,$ ~ 191~'S n. 'T,he fleoH 'ilg!f:n~'1 e$ De~'QFl p 1 a.y i 119 t~e g~me to u~he(! offll)' ltIa!rt iill'~ re,c~'pi n] ll<ll't:~ on: ~1OO1k.@nal," Ii:; '!;Iil;u i!\,!! Itl~~, !lo rn,

T~e ~i;lI::!l'!:t l' t i Qf! ~~ II ~!!II fo,1'" ,~ ~ 1 iilP 1.i! $'trate9.\l. To wi n. state 0lJ1Il d 11;1 ce 11 9I;1Ve'1"'~ment!!i

:I'Ieeded to ~chlie",ei~elf cost s. SIlDC!I!lt states had a 1ilgni flcoiInt 6d:w<!nt;l.g'e. ,~l'idl t:I~i'r ,iu'gument$ wer~ i;:Ji)Ii\dntfiig., LO'Ioi!!r ut111ty rates ,ilrld the absence' g -Ilnio-!:

!olere aplJ'e<ml i~ hUon for mnlllfactllre'rli corn~1d:!i:rl!19 i! ~'lor;~tiQII AriI;!ll'l~a:~ is llJilJ

1~llam'pll of it Ha,11!! trao!i:fol"r!led by tiJ'e lol!!! OC5,t St.l'o1!tE!9!11. 1t'i"iOlr [c,O 19410 'Uli!!' state

ad a ~mal1 manu'Fu:tilrfilgi bese tl'l.a,t ws c1o:oe:ly tiM "too i"!! .. iM'te'fta1!l prildiic~,d hi tIM! state. Thl!lil~e!; I!!iIillu'fac:turlll'!iJ eml)1!1yer:o, w.elFe lin the' !ilI'r-est: pr'llduct:s lf1QUnry. After tttl!' 1;;';1'1", ITliIRufactul"ill9 ~'nO!fmefit M!i~n to, @Xjf)<lM hi tiM 'State as fill',ms p1'Dd~dIn9 :5:noe~. app~f'el 'f ~l1d teJltile$ 1'P100r:.!ItJeil from (;l'a~d1. Lll"billn

] 01;;<1 t liOIkS ~1I1 t~'e M;q dt.-e 5. t '\l!lrIIIl N'o,rt· eUL Vb!! d her:'l1 f'lcirt'hm til" the :s tn,'e ' is

mnll!lf.actudn~ MSe ,aC;:;ele"~,to!!d l'r 196QI 'to. 1917,8. Oyer ,20.000 jo'bs wer"e <lr;!de'i! ~n

too [! 1 m::tr1ca 11 '!lQll i IpIl:oI!'lIIt ~ nr:lus't ry~ a'llotlt~r :10,000 jo!iis I!i'eWe' pll'O~ f ded ~y 1i't 1I'ifI$ pnl~ud"'!l Il1iIcl~'i !ile'ry ~n!l ifillbr'~~,Hied rnet,~~ PJ'o!iycts, !.o1l'g,e Ii~U(jmal f~ nns fOIlMd ,BI '1l01l"oE!' i Iij ti\e' s.ta teo. kiM r1 pool ill peREId Ii ts P'OFt !i!l!:!ttl'i rerrr1 ger'a ton' h C'i:'Dcry i 1'1 19646

amd '\)?ifl'l!lnded tne p-h~t f1'~eo UI11e$ tliJl'~~:n. !917'5" Peri'raji~ thE! 1't.1I'te' s Ib'lgg~:5't

5.ul;ce,s,s,is the electric: rooto'n" 1J.1IIS]ness,. 11., an~"$ h fiOloi tUiri! CI!!II't.i!1" 0f' eh~!i:tl"h::

Ilil)t~1" ll'1"odJIctiOI1l ll'1 the U.S. Fra~ll:l i ~ Ei ectr+c C(IIq!'ilJf!}", l3ild~,r EI,ectl"ic Comp~'i'I.'r. Emerson Electric CQ!!!p.my, dml! 6enel'a,] Ele'tric C:_~Ii)' aU ha~e IIhn'ts, 111'1 'the '

state. AbDUt: 4.0001 ,ell1Plol'ells, I\'OI";k,edl in t:Mei>e if'i!!'!;tories tn U60. B.y 197'8~.

,e-mp 1 O,Yl'!e nt l1lad i !I1:f'elilledl to ,:!i~ ,1000 WQ rke,r:;; .,

Tile IlIls'trU!I!!lnts of ~ecru'i~ent

rile 51,1 C(<e'li 5 oj! the tv"" (oH $t ~'~lt;r:9.Y 'f!ill r $_ sesees meant severe' e.conoml C dislI0C:i!i'tioo fOIF oltlLerS. III R~!l)de Uhlld, as ~m e'xamp,i e, forty"5,jlx te:ttHe IP~gnH CliO $,e;il dg ... n h~ 1940 to 1960 i.1'1th Oli 1 o~ s of l1eill rly 15,1000 j Qt)s (RIio<fe. :IS 1 ,!lJn ~ Stl"lI teg tc IDeife lIQprr.e,rnt ~onni:s $ h:H!r U 9a4)'] • A~ lIi1lrit Ilf <I oOPJntel'lalttnll; ~:Y no rt m~ r,n 5: tate:5,., sta te a Flii!I 1 Qca 11 'iligeliu;'o iI! ~ bi!g~r1 a'!;Ig m~s,~ 1 ~,~ ly t~ pr'Dmole fi nam:h 1 in!~en~

e i rte$ to. fi ms. Tm~$e l!1dlJlr:B~'~ ~~re ib~~l!!d 01'1 :the <l5SIiIIpUDn 'blild lo(;OIl't i@FI

ded s iQM QOIIJ 1 dl be in'l"] Ui!P'icl!d 'SU bUll nt 101 lily bY' Ire htil '!''e ly ~5~ n SlIb$ld i es to lOh\>l!l" ,ill :i"'irm's co~t of ,~api'iid",

Tile P'I" IlMry ilns,trumc:nt 'for lI'u ~l1e 11' n!l slIb:; lidl~,e $ 1i;J;! fi flll5, ~:S' tllie' ti!l~,-e.l1.~mpt lnr;hll5tr'i~l r"e~ellue bond. lil1ese bondis ~'1"1)' h~'\.jM liii !:tOlJt~ lind 101:11.1 !!oY~rl1 '!iI'ti> fiE!

p,rliwil!le fif)~nl;iIFl9 W Jwiv~t.e' if'lrtiiS The flrm~ lH:!! tlil~:!le bOP'id!>, becauI5e We

jlltere'$~ Fer;~l\',ed i~ e.:tempt: rl':om 'f,eder<lil t~xllt1'OI'l. ih~t; lwI:\I'5 the nlim'~ ~1J~5,t !If bOl"il"Qlljin'\j lII'mer', if1rle' ~tilte <!nd 'h'i;;\l 9il1~eI"Funeri'i't!i like' tile IbOndS, because 'U!ey

. ..

imtu!" no '~O<~t f(')t tll~ ~I,IIMi.I!lj'""tti!l pfd,!:!d up 1:11 f,~oo'f"~l Uil:p!liyer!;--al]~ tlle;r do 'nQ~ h~YE! tQ ~iI';k 1;1l~ b!lll:Jd~jn t~E! ~u~ 0' @,'f'lIi.1lt.

TIl)l;-e~e'mJl't i noy ~ b1 ~ ~ t>ev.en u!! Mmd.~ ,~i'e! tl'1 i':s't ~u,a 1 n Ml15~ ts s, j IlP 1 a s pa, ft '0" fU

recru i tlIren'!\, pro ~r!li n t~ e 19130' 's. Ot hl!i'f" :5;ol..lt:liiern ~t.iI~e~ ~ 1.~~ fl;,o1'l Q'!!ed t,l!!e

tl!l cU (:, but fOr Il'\al'1y ye~ r~ n~ ~o ll~roo of' f f IIlIlte ~ltg'5 we;e sma]]l. 1!Oo1!(j!i Ibe.car:c a IIIIlJM '~~_nt M d~">f!l(lpm@nt ~tr,l'IJwg:l! in tn,e 1960':8 ~~e~ !1Iort~er,ru 'ilnd !I1idwe~te~Jl ~~ue's, ~tu ng b:Y thQ m1 grnhfll o'f rre r!~ filIctilwi 'rug f i rIll5,. Ibe g~~w i s :o~.;:' ttcntil~ ~ggrt!ss,'~\O~ 1 y tf! pr~se!"!l11i ,jla bs.

la.x ~~ce~t1lfe!i <lIre ~mQttr!er~mporta~t c~l!el'1t to tlilel~." Eost :strntegy. Th~ Ollre .jI popw'la'f" ,;:.rmce·s,:51o!1 beeause they i~ Mth! Eli!I'>Y 'bo implruoon'~ a~d I clll!!.!Ir PiJ,Htf~~1

s ig~<i1 we' 1 ~ml!'1l1 bU:li 1 ness Th~' f~,~t til'i!!t both tJt~ re-~e'.niJe To,~,t i!i~d t.he Job

1 mpacu. are d H'f tcu lit to Ie st i mate hOI!;, IlIo't detl!!fI"ed tM i r r~~ 1 dl '~j:!I'lE!ilIiCI" Fo'rty-U~!!' 5 tilj't.e~ "offer rt<L~ CDn!;~ 5~ ~'on~ 1''0 ~ ii ~~,eS~"lrt 'i fa iii EfoI ~ ~hh{!(l' <l~olI ~uli,PITI~!II:.;,

'~!J1 rt)' "'fi ve ~"'a~ i g~ t~x ne Iii ~,( fOI" !J,~ s i ne:>S i l'I~en'torl'e5; .fi~1f tM rtil' - ene Ij)f'f,er a p IfQIl"Ilr"ty to! ~ ~b ~f;;~r:rt ~f'ogr~m [.J;illolft! ,~~ 1 ,,,"ni:l St filitil!g ~'c De",~ ]oJD'nt amm1:s!ll O~ (19611)].

IIii' r~,ct I iJ;~1I lil'[);g",~~ B 1i'E! ~M tti~ r 1{000rhint 0'1' th e s tril~egy . TI~~y f~ II 'i !1ttl[ltlil~~ ell t~go'r1 ~S', eMit 1 t~ _'mt:~ oen ~'i"!l9r.il!l!> 'IdJ~ dll are o,l"ell .tQ ilm,y lJ,y~l n'eS5, me~t lng cert1l11n fl Ililm 0:: llli~ cl'lterh;, dli sa d'i{~!'1 te ~ed I;t,u~ i ness lO<!11 prro gr-a lOIS , ~M I O~1lI

P il'D!lr~!!II'l adml1i'l1 5'Mr.OO ttl rQugh pori \i',n!~ del,i1e llQglme:nt <to r~Qr~ ti QJl s , The 'Ill ~'~ ~.3Jt,~~orjl' hi the IJIilIst. t n~~'r,~s t'I n'Sl.. aeeeuse ]It rl"epll"e:>e nt.:; ~,,~, fi "'~ ti n~,t~n~ e Ill' publ'1c-prh'iit>e p~rtiJ:Brship;s at t~e' 5,UilJe le\l\e1. ~g]mlil1g ~Hn M!i ~ru~ ~n 19c49 ~til(~eS !iiegilJI ,~st~bH~bh19 bU:5ines;~ de'l'elopmell1lt mT1PDr' .. ;]iU~M !,S(ill:,I'~). TIIII!! ~DC t s ~, 5Utt!ii:"1;"~rlt;ere~. pr\ ... ~wly oWlle'il ~Ol"f!Qrllt ien llIe~j9~elll 'tQ pro'o'1de 'f1n{lI'l~1ng 1i~ ~ig~ ri ~1~51l1\;l11 ~ i1!llid loedi u;:II s ]jl)e !iH,l" i nes ses. rille (:.tJ:p 1 U II ts ~r,o~i 1d~d by ]oca 1 'Ii 1 rua!lci~ 1 ~ fin ~t,ut i cns , OT'! 9 i na lly <I,not~ei" ta,!;t'j!; I;no:!len by tih~ nor t.hl!!u to rn sta tes 'to re~~~ to t~ e Illlf gl"<!t j'Orl of IllQrlu1ia"ty ri!1!1 jOIilS" the i,de~ 'I:l'f aIilC I f;: !In s p r'e~..;! to t~enty-~]x st!lit~H. 1M on 1)" prob lem ] 5 til/] t the pr,om ~ Se of iDe! f;: 11,15. gORe Ia I'ge 1.)' y mf!!n1i'i 111,e1L ~ny gf th'em ~ til! nDIIl I! it,il~'r 1i~iI'l::t he' or !OO r~ bliind.

MdiH,oiliilll !,iidlJ1c~il't'~~o R81ocue.

Tn~ re ~!'C odic r S.tQ,P~ ~tate~ 1'!~1I!il t,;jJ;ep tQ ~ Illy ~e ~D $ tii., Po:S1i\a 1, 1 mu~be~ p'M~ 1 dl!! ~ariollis, fo<r~ ef n!,rtg'ig:e in~~rotm"e i!iIOO Inan 'g~,~'r!lnt@es dJes'!giiled to 1,oW!!r a 'f'1rml's co~t of ca p i t~ 1 l!1' .all 5'Oti! f 1119 ,ill pg,r"t ii [in M I';/je r'i ~ikf(lr ,~Ili ~!II ... eMil'i'ien t., 111 EH".e iI tiE! ,~ll~o il'rg.g~1!l5 brge'tedl t.Q lfed!JIdn~ o'~!iler elleme~U ,of ,~ 'rirm'!i srt,WI;-~IJ' ~!!d

ope r"t~ n!I 1;;05,t!5,. - "b!;t ~ U te S !)ff!!!1' $0012' 1'ClmI of tra i n 1,n9 IIo/QjJlri'i'J!] to :tee r!J ii ta nd tl"~il1i labor'. ~1C'5,t <!J'ho '~o:nd\ll;t $",ed~l C!l~.jjd t.'!" O'i" ~e~nomi'l:: sltLlihes, f,o'l' F;lI'OSpe-cthlE! ,eUE!lfits. II few PIi"rn.:' fde '~eGtlll1 c,iI'ls!Ilni ces 1i ~e' mi!J~ p i!flg ~l'1d

~ taU sHea] <lll.lllY!l1 s , ,am:! et Isast ifl \i\Il ~ til tes o1ffle!" ~ ,"~nt; ,piFO!lI'/il1fiS teo ~Ii) ... er ~ ~art of' t~,e Oo:s,t lI'Q r OJ eees 5 reads, 5<E;:we1'" sy~'tJem~, ~tE!'r 11 nes , and ~thell' :!i'1 t~

i mp-roV>elOC'!n ts 'for ~nl ndu ~tri ,a 1 IP~ a!'1l [8Ji] od'e 1:0 1 ~I1:;1' stra te!;i'~( (:Ie 'i'E! 11,o~r1t COllJ1l'i~,~io!) (1984)]. Tl/le ti"~llIitloll1laJ 1 ~P~!1oll,cb t,o b.W!li n~~:~ U'tra!:ti!:l!il a h'l} 1,mciw,ilIo ~ ~~I"j'od~ ~ effol"n to I"e$tlfa~ n 'Nl)l"ller~ Ql)iflp!2I1~.!1 t fon .a~'1(i tln~'ll}~!Tt compe!llsa tiio~ 5,

,e :l;~en~e!ii,., TIle IIre!Os.a.g~ or tn~iOe eff@l"ts, h ~'~ 1 tne' SUI@!, (O[l'l@ 'IlIl! .ali r :sta U a ~dl !Ie

""fl1: "e~~~ the (;I;)5t (!f d~imgl h:!i t ne~:~ ..

TItlE! !; ~ flgl e"rni nd~d p;tJIr~'il1 t of th 1!l 1 ow 1l:(I~t stra tegiy ]:ed ~,t~ ~e: alld '~o<ca 1 '!IiOVeFrupernt ll'I'H I::; h l':~ to b~c_, ,ob~~,~Sil!d w1 tn 1 mj::rr,o'lo!1I1,'ll1 'their' n'blll~ i ~e~s c: Iii I11;lj tJe., ~i~e ,e~lI~ern 1!l s,Ul!ull Ued bj' 'i'~ r 1 o~s stud ~ ~~, wh 1 Gil ~urj)O:r~ 't;o

r<l tetho ~ IlCC!C'SS rJil'1 tile ~u tIl'S, in re:dwc'i 11!9 Ibl,l ~ fnes 5, (,O'5t~. i'me iIln liilll ~1 $id rveJ( ~!lI b'l~ ~ i1!ed Iby tj]:e IIi ,e;(ilillder G:T'<lnt & ComPo1lli1', alii ,!C:C(iynUl'Igl 'f1 rm " 1 s ~rhall!l th~ Il:it!st1 nfhe!l1tlOl,l pubH<C~tiQ.ru ,or tli1ri~ '~y~;e" !JlITIfort'!!l'l~t~'lly, 't,n~ OOIl.C(!t'II <lMUt

,gill ~ iml:~$ ~ll ~ I11!!JI;.e 'j ~ o~,~ .. b 1 Pl'1;: th f~i:tor:!; va icrn Il~ ~nl!r'a 11,1 '(:Q!II:5i j,!iI!;lreiil in ~~$e:>~hl!l a H<!te"~ b~'~lne:i)$ (:H~~e' !llct!l!lHy h~we Ht'r::l,~1nfl'ur1l1cc IJ(II ~u~hleS5 lo~a,tim'll- d'e.-;htJOiil~" foW' e:!lmple, ti'iE! Gr'Ui't St!l.io:!l/ IOOHlJreS £ome f,~ctors: :Sl!lcllt 'J.~

, •

62

unernp 1 O)'I1lm-It eempe I~$at 1 G~ ces.ts wn 1 eh roe pres ent 011 ~y iI sma 11 I'IOrt~ (lIIJ of' a if I'm I 5 ta-tOl 1 (1(1'S its. Ot h~ r ~ ssee s 1 nel ud~d III the Gra!1t :otJ~dy alfl':' p~~ho i (109 i,'~a 1 01' 'iilcologic,ilJ~ ilJl1d r~ln~ !M'''"~ to ~OI::;,ilI] a~d poll tical qLi!e~tloI15 than 1)"'~~lIes!>

1 ~~Il!e~. 6)' fQcl,i~;~g ,onthes~ 1iI~~~ti\rJl~;'" the Gri!li!t ~t",dy MS t,1l,k~1l tfill:: 1q~ ~q::;1: 5 tril,tegy at tile !>t.il,U! ewe 1 to; ts eUreme: and III!D:5t tenuous po j nt,

1!.~,<!,1 R!i:lo!;~t~gn Stl".ate:g;es

"AAloliIg ~~o~~, g(!o~iI!!"nmellt~1':Iie: nO\\! ccst !.tr'Ollt!!ID' 1M[I~f~sU i U~lif m~t 111 rocUy fll E!,lilterpJ" i ~e tOne s., Ente'qu' f SiE! ~OlITe~ ~ tE! f[!a n:y s ti'lt,e p rog rems d~ s,1 9 ~!]-d to

lre~ 1 ta 11~1~ aUt r>i!'ss,M jl re<ls, j!j.H~oLlgll thl!! 1 r de'~ 1 g~1 v.a ri~s,"rQml s,U lie to s U ee, 't hs i'lro~raITIs all ~r~w~ (fi~ ,i'IJ pal': ~il9I! fIf 1 ~ClE:H1 ves to 1'investo1"'s 'o;i i l U ; ng to f'i1'1([i'lc;,e proJu~ts, ~ (led tM hi the zena, ii:!I!Inooctl C LIt 1,edtJhe i!I':~>' with en t:er~ r-tse zooe

i '!'!~'~" ht 1 OR ill 1981. lh~ I;: ~:rl)lg rJilrn il,ff'HS tIi~ f i n~lI(:: 1,~ 1 1 noenH ",e~ M reun ,a,IHii

(Oifi'!I~rli::l al" 'ra,~1 Ht 1e~ op!;!'I',~tillJj~ ~U.h1il1 ~ :!:oo~; PN~~i"t,y t~i! roHer" ,iLCi:le~5 to

~~.11 bu~'l ness 10<1 ns , il.nd r;~ i i!lblll ruom~ 'for jlob trr.al ntn g. ~J' m; d- ]965 ,.

twe l1il;y~ l'he sta te s ha.dl '~IIi1ctl!!ds6lIl8 fo rm (li~' E!<!I1lerpr; :5,e zo~ e prog rsm, 00 tne f'ede!",~ 1 11 e'\i'le 1. the Ite~ga!l Mmh f s.tr,[I t,~ (!~ n.a 5, bee'n pu ~h i,f1ig; nO! t f~n~ 1 'ent:e"p rl se ZlOl'1e ] E!9)1;:; liIl;io" !\Iitlll mdes t pr~~p~c'it5. flO r suceess.

,E"ng (If an EFa

By th'e begTnnl n~ Qf the 19'8(1' s' 1TIIll~ it ~ to1te and 'l ~LIl.1 90vlel'~1iI ts Ihilld l' Jill emell,ted OJ '~r~ D ft l!~~a 1 1 (ilW-''::os'~ deye'n J)p!!Iil'nt s Itrr~ te ~" TimE! re su as wr~ Imhed., iQ~!:! .~Oi!i ttll!~11 cit"" tE! po'T"i:!E!!!ily s~nt @lJit lli, ~(I pn):!;jlI!C t'j 1'19 1 e'~ te ~ M high t~di'lo 1 091 :i'i r'IIl!l 1 ~ i"lj,!~ [nyhM .!lM~'~~ i'llidwe,~t !lnd lfeCi!!~"'i!d 10 'ri!!:SIPol'Is.!!s. Tihree factor'S have< c(jIl"'~~g,1M to Lln.[le~~w,t the 'str-<l.tegy. fi t:!.'t 'is 'Sl,olo' e.e:o~.oMicg!'101o'th. 1.\i1t1l

f ndu'Std 11'1 c¥li!T'Cap~!;lty,. 1i'ewel' II~ F~(to .. ie~ ~II'!! be'i ng Ibu'iH. In ~ddH1!:!:m, ,ad¥"~cC!~ '1m te..:lJn.ologj', wOl1IIllllnic!it.iilll!; • .11M tr.!llrn!;polttat'lo:m liIa\lll tlt~.i'l~forl!l!!d tAe

mil r!cet~ 'rot" iTIlIl\Y p'r!tld~ I::t s., (;oflljl'@t'iH(lri ts r:I{)w oondi.l-cte-d O~ a, 910bd S,C<I,] e. lI;!or!<;er:li in ~l1lse'tt, A;r!<;~nsas <l.~ ~Olo' !l:cmpU'ing di'recUy wHil ~,kiel"~ 1~ Sjng:~J!'!l~e. li!~ot' If'atill~, ill .51Iilgap(fr@'., 8N2:n, <lJld l'ilh!'.an <l'l'er'a'!lje le~~ til~~ S2.0(l an nauiJ"'.

o ~l(e~:5 ~, ~ p~ arl t on the Mel'! 1 C<I" bo rde'r .. re p~ ii,a ,about U. 00 ;I~ naou'r. 1t~ er'.;!.s,e

m;IJ~ uf'~!l:.ty'l'~ 1'19 ~liI.ge~ 1 n tu.e U. S .illr'e O'l'U :~'9 ~II ho!.! ~. Tlle'Oe d i "~~I'H res ill hb@W' ";IotE!~ m;:Ik:i;i'~fi!e low cost ~t:f'~tegy driffi!;l!llt towiin.

F 11101 1 1y. s i nee th.~ 11,ne Hlnl is eco 110m ic 'e",] de ru.:;e h~l~ beoen ~C,Cufnu 11 oIH 6gI liI;J !!i1il~gil!!~1!: tl1at ,eaJ)I't'~ll !lLlb~~d]e~·-'~t!le .tOre illf tile lol'j !:O:!lt :str.!it~-~c!:1!li"\Ply 00 Mt w~rk.

'Our c~lpit<l1 millr~en ,~rrr rl2ff1il1rk~bly canpl!l:,.; ,il.!ldi efHcie~t. Tliat !!!!l~ni> tllillt ~Ut>e and! lIo!!:,ill pe l te tss 'l.ril 1 U:l!'l)1 t~ ~~",e <III fmp~ct .on1'1 O~ tIl~ margin • .ilnd t~ii't m\!Or!;liiIRi~ "'e~y thi~,. Furtl'lenoo1"'fl, cll~.aniIl5, ~h®~Bloc~tlo~~ for' t~~; r t:r.I~estl!lfnt!l IoIIHI:i 11 1!!~,'rie'ty ,off i<l~'~"" in mml" b!lll 9li:UllW!ilttIle be:ot ~~! ~ ,qr!~~4u50trii1!1 rt!'\I'II1!!lLlI! bomji~ n~t Q~.~ of tham, It ~t<!m;l~ to ~ii!!iOIll" Otl'le'r ~o~~ii,g~I"~t~~'II:S. :~y.;:1ii Il,~ th E! a,v.!] n >1ib ill iiiy of $~ H 1 eg laJj()F 0 F Ifeduci ngl '~ran~~Ol'hti On (.oS t:s, !Ja.~'e ,~ mud. nlilrE 'i:llf1E!!Cit lnnw~~\;e Qrn (;~tit~",ene:5~ t~n ::;t<llte dr.ld ]qG!ll ,>uMidie$,

~~~ie'F,~ 1 f~o;tm"~ h~ viii co~~"e r~ll,jw W(l,a":eil t!)e 01 dl i'lp~,roa!Chlt~ to' bw s 1 me:H

;Itt .... ~tii Ol'! --1 Ql;1 ~lrO'o;ith. gl dba]' mall'l!:;et~, the dl!c] j ne of n~i\I Il'] ant eO<lIStnl c:'t,1 Oil. The' :~,pll"e~dlii ~9 i lAeHe,cti Yeflfl'5so,f re 1 oeOltl Q~ 'S trra tejjlit-s lBilJ~ rei fll'orcced tne

~ Uti I;.ld lD!peNt he'to devIl1 op sene new tilp!Jnliiil: hes 'to '~~nd ]Qb (lp~or'tIJn 1t ~~~ '" ~r~ .... M. 'gOi!lerFlQW!5 I'!eed, to a.~'Sl!,Iertli!e proM~ oc( j'ob ~1I~iOiJ) t~e'i!" coo'l!lmH~e':> .ndl ~gfl'oi'l~. Low~~~~t $~~b~2ie~ ~in1ply ,H'e m:J lOI'!~er !!jcrkins. !Ey'er-y Q)!!I1I!lIiity 'frOOlI E!.I$~!'!(! '1:0 1l'I~ alii] bo~s ts liiif t IIIE! IlriJd~ ~t j "'~ ~¥ (If Us I0Il0 rkff'Iil"lC e. t lie toml[l ],e'~l1e$~ o'f 1 t g fhlud ng IprO'!ir~llIl5. th!l' q!J'~ H~JI' of ~t.. 1 He ~ ty~ e'. 11l1,I't i n ,~n f'~(;I"e~$.1 ~ ,"', y (;ll!l!1petitl'1'(! a!ld'lntE!,~rllt~ e~~mcil11J', ~- sl!fcte~.dul F$G-ru1tmE~t S'~~i!I::Egy mus;t Iioe'![J<i!l~ed O~ ~re' t!la~1 'F.u 1I VliI,g(! ~d"'@t ti Se-.llEllt~ 1 n til,~ 1fa 1 'I 5~tr!1~ t ,JmJ rm a 1 ., lhlrn IQ!IS'~ !loe 50me c.ompl} l H ng COJ!'i~H'~ 1 ~e 're:li~oill f,o i" Ii to a flY to eFioo8@' 00 lo<c;a'toe 1 ill Q~t cl t:y Or :H,atIE o"'e..~n~ther"

iii

63

Inl:r~n1 g]j', 'sUU: a!'ld 'loca11 offit,jah are U'li't~~if\,!! the 11.its tlf II lo:rr !::o~t

rl)~Qcat.1on nrategy end 'ffn;jJil1g that t~e ap~l'o<!;;:h no lnnqer ~uH:s '!:C!h Ine'E!ci~. in

j·ts phell. U1c.)' ere loa 1n~ for n,ew appl"Qa.cfJ~s to ~tim.J1Ide Jo,1n 9rc'~'~Ih, lJllroOugli

j IInO~il t jon. Jlte::;e' Ul'ol! tii:91~ ec~ of er "t he ho·pe r.Ji s tr@figt> ell'hl'} t.hei I" e~oQflol11Y' 5

c(mIpa r-OI~; ... '~ ,id~ ~n tiI.ge 'wHh. t~e gllt~ 1 d,e wo'r1 d by 0011 (11 fig t:1I~ comjI!!! ti th~ IPO~ it 11011 gf 10tl:ll fum!> ;IIndl ~nhell"'5:1 t le~. The m~ 'lr'lr~O!,rilltfM striltegie'!i IiIre dllsl'9n,edl te

<I ~~ 1$ t 1;.me';.e' i"n$t i tu t"i g~:S anDlili~I'O~e tM e coo'id1 ~'ilt: 1orlillOOI'lg ·them"

pv;r,rnaps tl1le bB~. ~a.y til E!·.'I.p,l,llJin ~OIO' these new sta~e ill'1d local ~tr;lte9,ies d lffE!!" ifrlllill pn t e!ff,o rts 1 s wi th til ~ ,can cep t Oif "eeoneetc ~¥e 1 opment t rii agE!" , The' 'tl'l~,ge S,,)'!,t@ffl was (j~i:!d by till!! Fl'"e'ncn army to allocilite the limi ted ~ ime []f

ban." ,t!'He ld dles, CnuilJl tte 5, W,fl"e di v'ide!iJI ~ntQ tll"E!~ gtilpS. Tn e firr~t

lnchd!!d wo ndad s,oldler!o wOO f;i!@r@ 1i "ely to sU!Ii'hoe wHhoul!: jnIlledi~h medic.!!1

at IJelltiOIl. The second 91"011- irrnclluded wouode-ilf who '!fO'uld die if tlie)\' d1d ngt r,~c.@hll "@I,p. Silld~e" fn tile ·third group W!i:re fl;eY'illid lI'.eiil"ica'l he·lll. The rule ~f

t"~ tr1,lIIge ~ystem !oll5 tougn but snmpl!i:: f"Q,"'!,!~ j'ijUIF !!Hort!. ,on the second grow""

Io1herc' you ce n !!IiI ko .. d i ffel'\ence.

"!"hI'! new eeoaemte ;;!ev·e lopmellt s t raJtEg i es I"e$ t QIl ,~. s ~ ~ h r l1i1t 110~. Type (itlle

i m,r,e s. tfl!!l~ ts i!1'Ie wti!illy iii; ·tJll i ~ ·t he P;fCl1,I'1 nC1! ilf i nid i vh!~" 1 clJlI\PilJOIie 5,. l'f OJ, II me

·s,U til! .m~l 10 e <1 1 e:~i!lfi"omi C de we" opm-e nt Ii! Hg rt'~· ~!l.n hhed tQmo'ir'uli1, these 'j nye:;tmeJlt 5 wOUiTIdi :;,tfll take p l .. ce, hdys.t,..hl ri!~@r'lIr.~ .bends, ~OO nast s,tate 1iino1R,'ingi

~ rvg I"~ms. 111'1: tr i b I; i ~O;:'d r~ r tJe1 n-g TyiP!!! ,Qllll 'I nves tmeflt:s: "'!ii\1i ne 'Of ngmE!).' b-E!Q,u ~~ (lFill/a,te' ~Qm.poi!ni!2'5 I\'I!!re goilii!l to irllten ~1ijFiIIil.)'. uipe Thrll'e iin'lj\enment~. a,~ mot urrem,tly fUlu:ied by tlie m.!I"~!!t" ~nd eli:onomdc dc\'el(j~'nt p'f"-ogri!lm~, $,~ould 10011:., eit W!:r. Ii fan~ ltai1-ollt lHMmpt bojl the gll'o'ernlile"t a 01 chssi( Type iJ!m!1!: invl!s,tme t.

Tile ilL 5;t;r~tegi'es aFe atte;l:),pt ing tQ ,'(/'enti y 2nG fund Type Two iOl(e5,tlm nt:o.

Tl\ese are prQ'jei!:1;~ tliat ""Fe net t;ur",enUy IN!lmg f'1i1~need by the pl"j''IIate ~en[]l'. byt they Qff~1"' ::;gl fd e~qn[)mric Mne'ft~ ti'l02t ca.pljllrtent pr1'1'OIte effllrh. Th'E!:!;~ ~rC '1l1rVE!~tlllE!n'ts in whim the publtc ~M prhil!.:@ seeters, IiiOrKll1!1 "tggetlier, Can sh"re Ibotlll die' dsil;!: 4I.md the ~I'd~ of ccol'11lG1 C ·!iron/th.

h.lt1ng .~b®u~ UiIe! to~~l e(oi'l~£!II' S Hril.tJelllY in tile:!;e terms Un be .!I slippe,ry'

lbu 5, 1,IUl'SS. U.~:s a 11 tQ~ l]I~sy to deV'e 1 QP .il:!:I:ot~~ct '5 tll"iI te'1i l(!S. 'til e t r1 C~$ pa rot 1.5 t rans 1 ~t,i" 1191 Hr.rte'9,l!' in w spec if i~. ~r~j E!I: hUi!Jt. iI re bo t ~ t'GQ nom i C~ n,. 1 mptlr~ n t· am d ~o 11 t tea 1].\1 fei!o i M e. Jll e pl ~,c:e- to ~~.t~ .. t ., s IIftl'l an aniIJ ly:!l is 'of til e

~owpeti t.i ve ;o;tT~n9lths o,f '" loc~1, shi£!, Or n!gillJlIll.l ~CI!I·nol11Ji. Um~"'s,ta[1dilll:j t.ne~e

:;tren9Fl:rl~ i$il11llgJ"t;I~t., bE!c~uSe they !l.r£! ttJe searee of flllt re ~!;cnQmi, g1"O~th. A. ~ tr!1 tcg 11c a,M ly~. i s m~.M de f'I n 1 ng· -as "me ~ 1;81y illS pl!)i>~ i bl e- -:tI1l'old fi rTol& ~Il rl rE!:;l;iilirCh, i"nHi tutiOns cOI11JM!U! in 'the, r mlJjl'1k,~t.s and iihil·t cafl be do~e te, s'tl"e;ngthen

Uteir competfU\fe lllosi'tlon. tiE' Ipraffle rJif Type rWD ~n"'es~nts Ca,M emer'ge from

tiiB ~yp.e G'I' an liiMly~h ..

ilI<rlr the pau ten ,)"ear!l ~Ute alld1oca11 90ver~nt5 hue' b@gu to ,~xper1lrll!l'U. whll lI'ylt'e Tiro ll1ye~;-tl!leOits. These hl';,estrnenh !!Ire 'e~p1 icHly de~j!ii'led 'to sHrooht.,e

'i IInOlj'git; ~Oll' i II .tI!~ ~o~:;; of eI'i p~llld i n9 ex: i st i 11'i1 lfIuket:s rtll' l,oc~ 1 f1 rns , es !tre' 11 . iI~ , c r-ea t f I1gl E!nt i!""IE! ly 'new IIII! rut oppo<rtun i t 1 e'~.. iIIl! :H.ra teotl] e.s U1e,i' lJ:a ve d:evl li'e-d f~ 1 1 'nlltlfl thr,eE!' br[]ad c.et~~ode~ 0'1' po] ic1l~s. iillld programs: 1J1,lIe'~tmerclt Wll1il!lr~i~jJ izaHorcl OiJnd 'elllt'replI'ene~r$II'I~, ' 'loI\l,t k filS Arid ~ 11 h p1"o'l"i ~ om if!i!:p~lf)de;il ,d i'5 ~l[~S j O~ ~'f tmes,~

1 [I'i~ 't,'1 ~ t fJllll!'~ i n ti:l~ nE-.JI't ~i'r ~JlM".

1.rr.~Il'50 ]'It Poll cles

!:n~es.L 111. pol1des tAldayuH~e· e~~nd'ed funding f!;lf educ~tiil.ii~~dO not d1ffi!!r in j:lrjJlci',ple frOO! "th~ i~¥eHl!1en~ Ul'ategi'e5, of thl;; li!~,t C"ercltUIJ'. tMt lied ~tu!!S andl local ares to illve5,t in rQil,ds and brjcj:ges.. HQwe'wer, t.ill!! gOli.1 c<f tJlItse newer

ill< ... e·~tment pO'licle:!. "is to "set tile5t<!~" fol' ·innllva.'tiiOIll,. Th~ target inlle~tmemts:

. ..

,,111 C,1ii Til n OU ss 1 d~ ~h~ at; 111 t!/ or iil1t.ere~t (Jof ,<Ilnjl i !'Idii v'i d',ua" n t'III te fi narrce but wll'! e I'i ,~ro ijJ,~sefit i a] to ill cOID,pet H ~ ~'le econooj,

An examlll,eof ,m e-duca t; ena, 1 i rln!!!l'~ ~,~t p(lll iCJ is At~~~ma' s coan1 tf'E n'~ o,f SUD

min lS en - to l'uncil ~n '·iEi~ ~i llle.eF] "'9' Oi:en te'r Of e.'>llCe,]1 er'rcl! II .!It JilthOM St.!l t~ lfi'i b,'e rs lit),. IflQrh!~ h~5, foHowe(!i ~ $imn~II" $'!:uteqy b,Y I"r01t1din,g ~M lIIililion :to hs

eng i !'1e-e1'j ~Sl sor;irQo,l s. 10'01 !OlIi !19Mln lira~, C:DfII;l1' t~)ed ~,jg, m 1111 i 00 eo 1 mprroYe eng 1'r.JeIl!'I"1IorlQ'

,edl.l~!l1; i om .andlex pand ~u$t;om,; ,~ed j@b i:,ra 'I n 11 m91+ Tille goo 1 0'( .a 111 tne-Sie tli'forrl:.s 1 s '~O

es t~ b]l '5 h a poo] , Qf ~e H - lira i ned 1fj""r:kJe'rS ~ ~ - "'''' Hrr:::~ flUIoI'e to, ,r::Ie-~e'l op f ng !l1''!i1li tftcili'101 101»'1 ncus t f"!I' i ~Itihe u~te.

r.t'€W 11'1~e!i tme~ t IPO 11 i ci es do 001: ~wp h'II it h er:l~ ~O! t: i QI'I. iii! ~y M "'~ ~.\i.tel'd!lf!1!l to

i !lye:s tnen ts llll pn.ys j'caJ 1 j I)Tr<l:5tl'll! ctu r"e, ~ Il~ml:;er of~ ""~~ 1 '90'l{e rf'iiOOiits,· -o'fll~i'I 1, i'r a:iso!'i:inia~ ~it!Jii!r'eiil! uml'1fli!r$iUe'$--Il~~~ I!>e~'n ,e~per1ment~ngl ,""litl! It1qb :tedHlo,11r:J9j' r--esea ~cll p.a!1'H. 'C~ ... en ji'!mt mOde 1 S ,~~ tM ~~!!,[!~ n:~ Tri,ilIllg 1~ ,p~ rIO: 1 fil North

(.jjIFQ 1 h~ alllJo th e $'I;"'!I'l'f,o ",d me ~e1l.r..: h ~'ut:, 1 II e~ T i'f!:l m'~ ii, .a,nd 't>~~ Rilns se herr

Tee; hl'le 1 '!)g)' p~ 1"11; lin INeh'!!'forl. By 1Imrt f ng 'thies,[! po. rks 11 Bar un 'hllr;51'it l e 50., s I;Ue ,~nd 'l ;;rC;<I ~ O'f1i''lei a h; ~O~ t'O i III; ~I!'~ e tM i IIl:e'rlll:t 1 flI'I b~twQ~n uJl1 Yer,5,j ty 1i'aeu hi es ~ nd b",~ i "'~$ ~~ s, ~Ifror E!);.<IlI\lI'l e. '10/<1:5" ii rl'!itorn 5 t,tlte Un ~ 't@ r~ 1 ty i!Jii~ 1"\!!ce'nt,1y e~t.ab1150h>M <l l"e$e"tCru ~rudhldu~t.r'ia,l IiMrt ~e rPr6ifidt @1Iip,l'Ol'Wnt I)ppornlll1Ue~ r'Or fit::;; '(.;IcuU..)'

,~rud .s,t~o!lIE!mt,:s, flie Un h@'F~'~ t;y of u un ha ~ !lr ~e1 elii~~ ~a rio: s~e '1'm]~ ~ 1 119 i!'!

b1i"",-~j"<!l '~~!}~rc~ ~nd de''t~hijlCle'n'~. '~1l,11~ Un1".el":!;~ty .ami ®1~11l CQrpor~itiQ!,! J!!Ih~d \;!11t:~ tM ti'~y ofN@'\\i H~'\i'r:moo @~titbH5~ s.;1en~ Part" Other re~e"t llllUath,e:5

~rr~ ll.ifld~n.'~ 1n M1ch'1j]i~i'I, If' ~,r1d.a. ~:e\;l Jer:se'y. O!F!d :5e~el"'~l otl"ier '5,tate!>. [Off; (~

iJ,iI'i~ctl:mr:lt,ogy Ali~e~s~nil. o(:l9M)].

TIm 5uoces ~ of re'~e~l'~n p<ll"1ks ts ~ot Iir f'!l!h., 1!,D@!!.!l1; 1!S0 IIl~VE! oeen de.~e hp!!d h '~h ~

U. S. :>] n!!;elihe 1 ~5(!!"~, iI.~ tic ~Ol IlIIlI\e jI~ 1 ned to reaen '~he 1 r 90<1 Is beeeu &il of iPOQ r' p] a nni n ~" 'ifea~ gr;rOIl!Q't 1 c:!I., ii;lr ]1'I$l!1fh e ~ ~n't ,t t'E!~ ~alii ,Eli 1 eeal un'h'~rs f toY", lE\!e~ tho~e' th,H i!l "'~ d o:se 1y ~l h ~~ 1<11 th unl \!\E!r~ 'I t:i es. h;jj~!2 ~.a,d t roub 1 e. i)Lit 0 f t~nt)'-~e'\fem ;nd!illile(fl- III ,~ rE!c,eMt M~,~'y$1~. Mly sh, w@l'e el~ilr'l.'!' slllc:ces~'fll] [Ii'l~n::;han 09S,a}JI.

COIllm!!R;ial1.<:atiiQn ,I\!Udl;!~

'T~e lIiIE!we~t .!!I,te!l. of' e;o;perd lI'IEi'I'tat1on fs 'oorrmerdilr Hza't1,olfl Ipoli dies" des;~,!!!'!ed ~ t'o!.[rud specciHc ~n\iestJJreM;s, to de'l!e~CIP <I !l~1'j tie,Iii!'lQlogy. Th~51r;: ~'li~'~e!O f'~11 illfrt@ ~g. ea tie:go·rl es., illJ,e ff rs t; I'e 1)' Oil IIIQnej" tile ~e~l)nd !j n info ~t; en,

Oire-ci; pu:'lIHor;: jin1{<estment. 'in lIeO!' te~"rmoh.g;e~ D;lSt ol'1;en t~~e tbe T'QI1I1I ""f equit;f 011'" ne!!r-e~u;~)';II"'e~'tme:nt5,. 1hecs·e ~l!1e de~;9'ne;;l ,to ",ct ~~ 01. (M~,l'yH 'ttl ~t~hrlh.t!l'

pI"11~<lte j~~e~tmel)j;;. F'ub~ 1,1; T"'IfIQ'5, ~~~' ~5,~dto"'D$!ll'b a ~1"~iDm of tllof! I'hl!:. ,t~i!Jt

p'f"fl~ate t!l~e~tor-5 f~oo LmaccepUble" [iii tihh !Oi!I)'" WUg.H~ f!llmd~ h'~el"!@E! 1i"r'i'r,rltt,Q

sector COOII!IHlIrent5.

I~e!"h<l ~ die ,~1 de~ t f1llanc 11 ngl i lI;til at i ~e to Sot ;III!!.1 ate ; i",nO'~l:rt j on 'I s iIh!!· 6Gr'1IH!Ct: kwt iPl'l)duc=t ~"'elo~'f1t C~rr~O~i!U!!r:ri (CP~C) l'a.~d'll 19i2.1ine- C~DC 11I3J~i:lS rOl'lIHI' Irgr'lE!!l!iireliiB ~~t!11 Co~.~E!,CtiClit Olmpan~E!S 00 fhuil'lc~ 11~ prod~c:t oo'lfoelo~!!!el!lt 1l1"loJleu~: 't h~ eme ~d IT ~ nd8 r"Nrri ,tl! a. !PO rt'~ en ~if tm~ r:lil'Y~ ~ ~'p!lI@n t ees ts ~ III e_:o:c,hiillJge· for a 5:~

r!)y~ 1 t:.¥ onth@ sa 1 Il'S of S~ eees si'llr'1 ~1"G!IILlC,t1l. Ttl e C:onn!lcU cut In 1l001I,tt. i on Ileiln rl!l!']d

hills tioeeR es tG b 11'i ~l'rilNtiD worri\:. fl1 .oo!l,jl.!mcti QIl 'lii'ithtllle G Poe w ~r~'" i del !!;l'll'-'; ntere:!i t wa"r'~ i Fi9 ~ P i h 1 ]ons 'for COOIJI<i n ffj~, ~1t:1l mew j)rct.;;illlcts,.

Anot!fe r !IllI!d1l·l 1'1 ~'!!nc'~ rig I'lf'o!llr~m i~, tile I'!~~nclll!~ett:!i l Ii! r;;~ mo lQ!!JIY j)e'~e·l o~nt (Q'I"por-a t i on HiT,DC J. As ~po5,ed t.o tf! e CC~ medJ C:!.it prQ~iwano ~ ~e~ e,~Cl!yr\al9;e:~, 'e:o: 1; ~ t1 ~ g ~~:5i l ne~~'f:~ to dher~'i fy,t>Me rrl'FOC iJ5. ge:o i 9fle-d to' lil'i\O\' 1 de eOl'1'" 1)' ~t:"ge' hi g'~ ~!'].s,r.: f'i ~I'I C'i IiIg, fo<l"' !'lei!;! te!;,liIl'!e~ 'O!1ly~!;I~~ed [[r.~~ i ne !Ose~" T~ e cor~OI'~t 10!l 'wa:g '~lrutH,,,n}' or;<lll~t~ liz,edI 1o'Hh :$~ 1mi'll iiQ~- hom the f>ede'r~l '~!lrli!2r'~iit an.:il ~L is lorn l~iJ~ fNillr ttiE! ~t~te+ In .Ir:hllit'ion. tilE! !>t~te lIIilrs ~rO'\!hledl !In MD!..Ml ~,ppr;:rprja"jOll' of ci!:Pout ,~HI(I,O!llQ,.

..

'I'M NmC'~,. iJil'" e~ trnen rat ratiegy "15. de 5'~ g~'!!!!1 'to ute id1.l'~~tage Oi{ ~. s ubti >e re1&thi~'~hi1p ~Hn tM Ilo~~l ,,~ni;~re ~;iJpft"l COifimJmHy. ()a'~et:> ort the MiD!: lia~e w~rk@dl Aud '~I) 'U~II're Pfi'o'U!!! 1f11{~$tors tM1~tUll;! roTe M time moe H to< CQmp'1em;:nt thtl oJl;[lr'U10n OIf ,t h!:! iI!IIIlrh~ e, 1I01~ Oll;'!! rr 1111~ a,,, By '~! U n9 I !:lJIb~i'di ~I tee p.g$ ii ,t ]'Om

tIC J!lr1..r.!J'M 11i:i""~~ t~t:!;, th~ ",Tille: see,k.$ t~ s, i.mul ~te p ~i v~tE! '~n te I"~S 1;j Ii ~Im

1n!l!!!s.'tnl!mt. .

Oi~her ~tnes MYI!! fig] ~~a ~H.II;:nl!.!'$eU:~ ",'ijd ~~meC:'~ ic~t" Ne.OI 'i'Qli't iIIl!~

!!!n~b 1 1!lh,r!d tl1~ C~tPOI'M ~ ()~for' In IiIOll<i!'t i 01111 [te~e'h~nI;:. The p roOgll"o!!ml MlIli n'i :>te'If~, ~ $2: minion !'\[!'!whdng 1i'i~(!:!itll:I!tlt fiJror! '~o, prloytde seed c:.~pH'~,~l to high t!~(nrlol'og-!y

cO!CoJ.!\~iI'Ile 5 " Penm.ylwan 1"BI hu ~ n t to i!l te.d ~ cli~ 11 h.!iII'!jl? 9ran~ ~rCl9rllml :felt 5'~ed 'C.!I p 1 t~ I

1'~]!d1~. III M 111 nsseta , ~~~d capH't.:lJl 1 ~ b~''III~ ~r!lilld!.11!:!dJ t:ly m!!ml'1e!r !:~mIl'l1l11 ~'~ ~f tM

I'olhl'!!l£oU 1ki5 fl1ClSS fi'a !"t,n~r's h 11P. ThE!;Y h~ 'o'e fetftlf!d 'tit~ jlji1 f'IFIe~(jo'ta 5f;!!d CalPi u 1 Fun~1

to l1lill~e eqllif ty tnv,~s tlmI:!nU 'j n 1 i!I iiOli/iU",~ M11l1~'~o't.!i clOmp~ n i (!s.

,I n~re~ ~i n gly. 1 oca 1 gQve rnlTlll:l'lU ,BIn! also !!xller 11!l!!i1t 1 ~g w~m f1llanc~ Img 1 nn(lY~ HQIII. ~e,w Ha!tem., GO!lne~ticllt hn ,~ Teclilnol~g,)' Ilwr!~tment IFIIM whlc~1 1 s be 1 1'l!1j1 ildI1J11~15te'red ~II '10:0 njllncHcn !!I11 th Sd ~rnC@ Park. !h'!! ~1f"1Im[j~ Ca p1 t:a' Fund hi

C1llw!el <ln~ f~ iI. $30 I!I~ I'l 1 fin ~·en tu r,~ Ga p 1 '~ilJ 1 'fll nd '!lU;h , o ell! 1 ca.rllora 'Ua~s.

founga it i OOS" i! ~d ~tat.e pe ns ton 'f,LlI'ld~ CIS 1 n V!lS to r&.

n.e s.el;1o~Q~,triltJ!;:gy ts use liIrfort1lilit1~1II 00 tr~gger prh,~te 5.ec,tior 'inve'Stmel'lt. iedmIJ t 1;19ytt-.1i n!S fe'r !li"ogri,m5, are ba s.el!I cmti'!e' 'j mp l'i C 1 t ~ !O~u~t i on that b1y

'I Iif) ro~ 1 n~' '~11E! o'r\(i~IIl'i:Z<I!::~ Q,n~ 1 "ll! k:~91ii!~ ~,tt.'iof~1Il "'~tQ~~ i 111 the ~,r'i \1'~t;,e :!;e ~to'r" the pubH e ~~c~or call .ii COe l',e'Mt~ li mll~~" t 111m O!llildi s t'in1u Lilt>e e~~rlOOl ll( grOlrt tl. 'OIn!! of tlil~ o 1 ~E!.~'t f~ 1t li,~t he$i nl;l/le Pen~ ~i' hall fa T'eclindi,~~ 11 .1\ .. 5 i 15 tan,e Yl'~~raiiiJ (P[r.rNTIIP). it .... as b@gun hi 1965 ,as .a P'rGg,f.!lD wHMn 't~e COl\lt'i'ili~ilm91 [ilIYC~UC'n Iilhrl'~'~gru ~f P,e~lfIsy'I"'~1l1a. St~ibQ lln ] ... ,~r~ity. I'Ermifl'tP'$ 00<111 ts 1:!O, 1m~,ro~E! ti':ie (ompet'll:hr!:!

~~S' Uj Oil ~f ~m~H'e'r f'~ 'FBio$ by h.e'~ ph.., them ~ohe tecn:rui ca I pl"ob n ~ , rile ~ f\O.gr.!im

Is "p~ ss: 1 "'~ Il ~II the :S>E!rl,~e U &t it 1~ qeoa l'1elllI:.Q roe::Oli'onD to 'r\eqllles ts for -

i nf~ rmiI.t 1 ~111. jli.n a 1 t~rM'~ h~ ~PIil'r\O!'Gti tO~e C~ nO 1100;111 ·tn.n~~ f~r is ce,hg to! Ken by ~ n~fler progr~llIin Hlc:higOln" til@' [MuSi'trhl 1i1!!(;hiI~li1~ [ilu.itrut~ {iT[). i!!@~~'ID'P!!d b!y tile s tatie Cl'f MliCliif'!}~!I on t~e !h11,1'erf>1:ty of .lIlfldlflg.un ,cGq!'ll~ 1~1 1980::. [Tl: \t'a:s ~ d i "ec. t r'es po,!l~e tic tn,e gecH !'ie' o.fUlle' s.ta U", ~ IIMlliJ ~ae!:lIr'l ng 1 m:lw st rl es , All

i n tt i ~ I ~LJ d9E!1;: of :$lQ otI1 11:'i ~11 W.U ~rQ" 1 de!! for th~ 'C~!Tt.erfl"~ ~'~ ~lJb li c ,a,~'!iI pl'"1 ",Ue< ~OiJn:!!! s., Sh CE! 1I:.S ~ n~el)<t ~ I;!!n " IH llii<1! 5 ~'ijii a i! ~~di' 011' sj;lec'i a! 1ii~,t:5 c'~J!iim.l fi olf Pi"Oi;"~ d1 ng <i ~ 1 d~ i'~jige of :Le~lin lil:al $eFI,rj ()E!$ M iMm"fa ~t~,l'i ng n roms.

An in: te<llll \\11 11 e 11::n!l!r iIOO~e 1rlta. .:! .1l~juh~:tLl re r i $ i III to a 1IiI~ ~lJfh(tlJllrer I $ p'lill~lt. Q,r c::,o~d~ct r@~@ilnh ~t tlii~ fT,1 hC1Hty.Asi~ frgm tl1i'~, ,~!g1Jre~~i~e IProgf.!Jm 1;11'

eel ]a bl:Jir~t,he 'OOI1!5U 11 H n'!ll Ol.rndi re~~~rCh. rn .!!I h.o oif'!'e'r~ Oilll'~ i nu i n'!li edu~~ :t1'01l through pi2J'tlI]1.caUmls, Si~iiii m&It~, ~rnd 'trIl,hll~n9. (A iI1e'~ll ned! d1Scu~:!:~ol'l !(If n,~ f's prn~~n'tec IDj' [j~ ... " ~na Ha rt in tihi5, s.e,;;:t:h:m.'

Bl!t-we,~n tile !'!.;!;tr~E~ iIl\f PiE:~MIf,AlI' ~lId rn 1[M,my s t;!lie$ i!ill(l!l -few loc~ 1 '~M e'~ 1I1l",'e d'~ye 1 ojiled ~Q 11 a bClrath,e rt!sollr'Cn arndl ·t(!t;Ji1i'i;ologyti"~I!i!.fla if progra\'!!i!l" $(lllje 0" tiIle pro9rr~f!!5 '~~e n1m!;lll,~'tod w1t1l fn1Ua1 flll'l!il1og II'rOO1 t!le iN~Ha!la1 S~iell.ce

Foy~d<lt lQ!'l.1ih e ~:Sf !he 1IPed e~t<l.b 1'1 sill <I. MUrrti·f:1'" !J'v c~(]:pe r,illt 1 "'to li m f'!,Ier:s l' ty~ ~'l:Id~;lit~ Fe$e~ rli:~1 ~entel"S, in tire ]9J'(I" ~. The· [dhem \oIe", d lllnii!1 [pst iit;ute 'i n ,e(l,~ u!!!bus i 0h'j I) 'l ~ ilIlI e~;jmiil!l!i:. lIhe 1i;l;:l]lt..:'r' 15 su,~pon;'!i:d' !tJy indu~trl~l ~h;:ni\;;5!o1i!" ,p~ Ib~~11 ~,60.0QO ;ji~d $,l[)11l!,C)i)(I pe'l\' Jel!r to' !i!e'~(l~g to tJile l!'l5,tit:ute. In roehr-Ill, me!libell" fili'mi5 r'lec.elye iII~te~s, to ,el!lel"iE 1l'e-~e'M''th ·~t tile iIIln1 t!Jte ~Indl h:a!j!e tiIle rl!j1M to' ~!I!tr~ct!01ii;;" tlle~ ns'!:'Hlllb~ t.o (!On.dy!:::t Spet;: Hi,~ ll'e5 e~ rc~ r;lF'oje~.ts. ilh'e INSf ~@~ w'rg1lrl de~, fll!l'!d~ 1'01' a nuro~r (ilf (l!~h!!'r 'Cellt~·r$. tln~] ~d'~ 1119 '~~ Celli'tef' fo,r JlipJiH~dl ~ lymeJll" ~$e:li r'\~1'1 iI,t Cas e [!S,tJQ rn J:t@:~~r""e Un 1 \1e'l'~ 'It,y. tj!je i::!!\nter t"Dr I iltl~IF<I.~ the (~mpu't@'~ ,ijr-ll,pih i 1: S <It ft.e~ 5se h,el'" Po1ytJ~chn'h: Ililsti'Mlte, Iln~~~i!! (enm~ ~:;, COelji!@r~ t 1 ~1E! ~~:!ie>!l relll ~lii'teit ;It litutJger!O IUnhei"~Hlt'. Un Pa~!t n Grllj( !.!:.!!.. dh~iJSS th~ ~nt.~!"~.)

'fM~mpe't!.!!$lfo'r ,otJllew "ro~r'.a!!IiS !l<l~e C~ f!'om :sUl@l 9(!'\I'"rrnm~nt ud, w!1lhrerr"~fty h.cullt ~'e s. For'i ~ 5t:a.nc: ~. '~h~ IIfHilu:~ t rh l (d;~~!i i ilil Si!'i"w 1 ~~ :',t G!!!:ol'"9 ~8J ] n s.t 1 tliiJ!:~' of

,&/5

Tecllnoloogj o,pe!"Ue,1i witil a ~nllu.al apP',gprhlto.ll of S2'.,} llHo from thi! ~tati!" II shnil<1r p'Fggll'am h .admin'ister-ed tlirl5U'!;I tl'le Ind1l15triilJl ElltE!IllS10111 Serllice U.

~o rtli Ciliro 1 i IR~ Ste te ijlill 'tel" S i ty.

Entrelr~meur-$hlP ~Ifcie$

Stl!J r ~ d~g ~ nd gr"", 1 I'Ig ill S II'CiCI!S S fw 1 ,bu's 1 JJIl~S re'Quli 1"1l'~ th ree 5'e't:o of ~ k,H l s, F'i '~t,

an (!i1 t r.t!pr~ nl!~ I:' I:U st ilia 'i~ a r!l:.,~ta b l'e pro !iI~~t Of' ~~I""" i ce. Sewl'Jod, t~e

@'ntr~(!pr.c~ur I!IJS,t !tn~ hll~ tQ run a li:!u$"iness. r'i ri~lly, ~I suo['~es,sful E'rnt.-eprene'ur

. eeds a ab t l i tyto 11 M 1)' ze stra tell i u 11y the lIy:s lIi1eSoS en ... ~ rOi:lffien t. The re ~!"!

IIliIJIi tiunl]es te stiIJi"tt~g ~ new bus iness , alia f!)f tn'l~ reUu~ ~'tUi!' and 1011:&1

o f1Gh,h; h.jjY~ at so bee ,e;l;peri!1leoti ng Ifji tIh In.t;\!Ibi!,t~ft'' fo!lc'i lit'ie'~ (Je,sign(!d to iI'Ss1&t sunup !T,j)!lillger'S hmH, these Sk,lUS. for- eumple,. 'the Advilnced it'cl1l101o'!D'

Developrrent Center at Ceoi"9ia Ins 'Hute of Te'!:; nI(ll0gy. liiJ:ub,lJtQr ac'Htie~ 5.lJcil

,~'S t ese ~re liIe50igned tiD pT'cyjde low COS't :ser ... tees for nCloi and e)olll'amllln; ~l9

teeilmology bUl>imH,ses,. MC5,t jl1~Ub~tOr'5 prov1l:1e Mlmr riU!'t renrs , a ce~t.r~l

receptlo are", <lil1d wllfer'em;e T'!IIOIll'O, and! a r,~nge of busi ness a'sslistalll:fl servtces. By sub::;'idh'ir19 tnese finn:;, spomSOI"-'S 0 - in¢ubator '(!lei Uti es nop@ ~D tnereese tile p ros'pe-ct s tillil these 'ff II'IIlS wi H SlIl'V i'ile ani:! I!::or paM. Ot hi! r ililt::uba tOll' f,lIc'n i t te 5, Ilwo'e boeen e:;H g 1 f :;,h~ ;!, t t.lle u~ her s i~.I' I::i t;y S;c; i enee Ccn'ter in NlHidel p~; ~; tille' CelJ'h! r fQl" EI~tlr"t!prE!'ilEu r i ill ~y@ 1 ojllilent as see 1 a ted wHI! C~lI"ne g'i e-Me n 0 n !JIll b@r~ ~ ~;,

the ~ ncu b~ tQr I"r~g r"!1WI ,!:'~ ~rl'Hli her "'(101), tec:hIl 'Ie ,~r]n i ru te. 's-t i en(;'e flnol!: i 1'1 ~

Ha we m. the' IIlJIQoirU lion ten 'Cet" ~'~ 01'1'1 0 ~ 1 ~ ers jty i, ilmlil the !!Ii ~te ~hno l' 09]' Ilellll!! 1 (j~i1iEi'lt ClI!n L~r U tl'le lin 1 'iE! r!.1t)' f1f I] 11 ~o1 s •

In ,ilnalyz1ng 1m;wb~tor" lI,cflit ies , 1t ts y:;eful to' di SHnguun Diltwee-n thos,@'

de!! ~ gn!!dlto hdJtell nt!:V. i gh techno 1 OWl' !iJ siRes ses ~ mil tno $.e til rg~t!!d 'to pro\d 1111'19

nbs in)Dw ineoml! ,il.~iI:!i" Gener~llly II!Ore reseurces h-a,\Oe been focused Gill th~ sl!cond grollp ()f incllbators. nil! hope ts ti!J<!t :Om.l!ll, 1~ I:!echnology busines.ses CIII'l provldB n~iM a,venuES 0" employ nt '-0. 'trre ecoDom'i\::I!J1y (!h!eiif"rdneh1:sed. Till!>

g rOIi p i m::lllde~ d is ~o'"iltif'lil 't{or ers ""mo hi! ~ be~n kilO!: ~d 0 , thoe econOlllie 11 ildder and disad~~nUgeQ indii~idu~15 wrno Iilatwe IleWer "elllly b!!i!lil cn t be'fore.

EV'ill1 Ui! t i 1'19 '~hle Nell' iI""prrilllC ~

nese innOOlol'1!til!)l11 'illHiillltiY~O; ar~ difficult to eUlliate. ~c;au!5'e iiJo5'~ ~["\e :>[] !1~. B ~t '~l1B re ts ~;li s,on tG 00 hflpe f~ L Th ey ,~i He!" s i 'gn ii f f c~lI1t'1y from re 1 a.tU 1 On

S tr~ te911il~ in iilJ t 1 eil:>'!; 'WO '",~~pe, ts. F; rss, tlle~ re 1 y n.!>r:h mre Q n pro'/' id i ng

i B'format i on am!\! ,oor~i n.a t i Oft'll tc th~ mar let ud 1 es s en pl"JO\! i d 1 n~ '1 arge pwbJ 1 e

subs idies to' ;1~dlhoidlJal pnoj,ech. 1.I'ti th thh <lJppretiLci'i 'tn(!f(l is lien of ill chance

tnat ~r ~t :;;i gni!l15 !OI'ill be smothered by gO\l"~rr'lmefit ]<lrl"Qts,se. ,Seeol'ld. wlrere' t~te're ] s ,pub! i ci nHI'@ ~"tJf.Etit. it H IJ:i ~,t O'rt!! n coup hll wHh wn.-i t:mil nts fl'lom til e jl'l"i ... ate SectOr', Purl,ll1c: funds &~,e u!H!d 'to emper , bu't not eliminate, ~rl!;et risk. All Df'

heSe ide~~ ~Fe i!!OIO/o1e,dly e:xpertment.ilIl. bu't they. do offt'r tlile el(l;itift'lg pr(lmi'se of fils hi on i ng II ew i illS t: i t!!lt 1000o!ll f,ta,ngllmen es es 'j /jIlied :sped h:aJ 1 y tOo 'mee t t he new challcnoge1 of Ql'l)b<ll I:ompetftlol!.

THE POL mC,l\L t;IfIllLENGES (If ~EloI 1N',OllUIT,loo STRATEGIES

llevel'oii!'im9 DE!." ilile'i!JS 'is One pr-,gl)olem, bUll: ~!lcce!lS'1'1!I111 il!lJllernenttngl tilem ]5 q!.ll~te

a not lie r, [II nO',!,,, t'i Io'e :otr;!!'teg'i es pl'l!sl!n't stllte ;!filii! 1 eea 1 !I'D 11 t1 GOl,l 1 eilid'er:o ,.,HII an IInpre'(;edented I)'i"obhm: Hl:I~- un nehll @~o-:Jt(lfh1r:; '~Flhi,fl'tflyC!'!1 ,De' ,ea,sUr WlTfllI.Inlcated t!) the JI'!,IIbol'il;? ~1 ~j ng th>e rr~l"~eti ng ~I"(ibl elII ~~ E!s,:!ii!1iI'l:hl, lOne' that few offidOil ~

h~ ... ,e co ~5 ~ d~r8'1i1 j 1'1 de U 11 'I' r:fh ct: he P!,\D9 rdl1\5, rU1l1 01'1 ,s\lsta i ned i!l~ 1 i ti n 1

t oiffilll troon t. I' Ibw It tllih ~u pjil~rt ~<lJ~ /lot be m.dJ'i"s!'ia 11 ad liIithout a ~ilJ5l1re' ,of pulilli c

M.e'ts't~lIldling 'of o!I p't;Qgrlm's, d@s1'gn, il1Idi p~rl'(!lie. Perhilp~ tl1~ Ibe~'t eJCampl~ of'

f<lJUed td\lo~1i is too Gr~ilI'1MU5e' C.omp~ct. ,a.na.mbitii!i\J:O state' ~e,.elopman't prngr,ilm jf;e",ised: fooF ~1Jd'e hland. SPliJrisor"S (!)f die Cam~C1: IJlld!!rnti ' ted the c,o!!llllel!1ity !>If tlleir hle~,~ C!lld the !iiffii,"ult,y of ,e:lipress.1n!l t w to 'ch@ IpbUe. IW~'

t0l15,e !1(.e" U1ejl 'I!lst contl"o,l 0' tile' Pllil Hie",l deb;Ur:!. 'Th,e'itr' oppoom@nt5,

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5:U:~"~~~ I'u'lly e 11!~ I'~~t~w~ O! edthe CO~ilCt ~~ ,iliJl ~'H t ali II Ien ~ ureito .;o~t <R~ cd e l:5hllde'rs rmney. Tile propo~.al fail edl i:)y .an o'i'efI'Wllce'lm,l,!ilgl fou,!,,~to-ol'le '\foOte"

The pi U'a1l5 of R!!Dde hla.nd can be' a~(Iidec!l, A c',o:s,ew' 1100'" .U :>~, appilrell!tli.v slIc(,ets,1fwll pl'og r,ilms, ,ij,rollndti!e' ~ourlt.ry $.ugges'U \!! 'f!ll~ !lllmpl e fU ~ es '11'0'''' tlee t 1 IFigl 'tJle

p~ 1 H i '~oill 1!:1!l.a 11 eng:e:.of nw ~ llnt:e,~ il1'$, If j ~$~ _",111'1\;. 911 ~r-.:tg~tl c ~filpO$@ h.

S!!~~'e$Sf!!l'~ ~f4l)9ro!!ms, ~e"!l!He tM ded~'c~'~!ed 11I1'11,o]vtment, J:l,f Illlbl1c and ,prh,~t'B Sl!ctor 1 ~~/l~ rs ~ ,~ ~e<t, ,of p~~ he, H m1 't~l1I. <IJ~~ menlilr~1Il1 e ob'j e,~tll(e!>: and i!i 51ru 11 5,ta,f'( of qIl,a,lft'1ed Ilrofes:sficn.a,I:s, ,c;~lTr.Il1:t>edlto UJe pr~~rdR1 from 1t$11~cep'UQn., S!i:4;JOJ],Q'. ,e$UD11'~~1:J ~ (l!!~lr pola'ic~l f'QCIfr~ t~ '~hil! pr,Dglralll and dCl' ~t f<lr]y. ,Il:~c.m ill~h;I,Hve 'iI1f~ 11 $.~ I'V~ soc.e ~mpQ<r'~>l.i'i't (JQi'i'st ~ h ~i'I:(: 1 ~Si ail d - ,,:11; ~lt1Ipl: o,ti:lers. [t, i 5 illl1pGrtilllt to

~ na 1:r;:i~ ttl;e ,po 11 U;S (:5 of ~ pra,PO!S ~ 1 'I n 'Onit!1" 'tiD d@'!;'ll se ~. e b~ fr,. s,~ I1\P Ie p hilt!:)' I~,r"~~t: ,mew Meu to' t~e !lu$,i~e$'s, 'CO[JJ'fI;Jni't'I", poll~'~~nll <QQi'I':!ititnl~l'IIe11,e!S, ,!l!l'Id tile' pLlm.l'H;. lil'1jj~dl. oCI'E>II,f;e' IFe~h sl:.k e~,p!!!'~tUiolill~ '(O'if 'tilllli ~ r osr~m, tric'lud,1I!iSI 01

se~ 5, tbfe .u::hOllll eClg'l'4iilmt. ~I' the' rh I;; of the 'fiII 11 !I~. ~O~d Iprog r!!1WS e'!"e 9 I\O~I'I il'" e r tri l1!e'~tlley ".re not .erea.ted o'!iei",n~ 'gllit:.. /'I;!l!a, ~~ pRig r!!ml <t;~~, !!e !'WI! w~ thout mli ~'tllb~~., n 1$ limj!!or't.ant t!o .a.;:~mQwled~e t!'!'Iii:$e I'e<'Jht1es 1i! t,l:ie M'!r~!ljjj'1t1g, t~th~r' lilo!!lm be f01"Ce'll eO!lti~u,~ lly t;o 'e:l:,p 1 oil ~ n am;! c!'efem:! ~ $,et @f !J!n !'e~.!O~i'i/j!ll e 90~~'~,

llile <l.Lltlli~r ~D1I1Idi 'lfke t(l Ul~Bk: Ro,tu:!rt Iil:., iIIi!~GtI fOlr IIh ~~Iii~~·ta~.ce lin the IPIN!:pll,ra:t:1IDn o:f n1i'~ I':M~t@r.

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1CIlll!rud,ler, Alfred! 0,." liIle YBilble ~n.::I. ~mbridSlI!,. Io!d~$,,(!hy~~r~'~: HanNn! Unh~rsnl' il'Fe$5", 19"

COrl9res'~~QiililJl 9~d9,~t off li C!i: • ~,l1 h~II~' ,lll.lilu:>'l:r'Lilll RE!'~ilm~e IBc[IIcs" I.j~:s h i 11'19 Mil .. JUL.: 1r;~,,,,!!'rnlJ1entPrll ~llm!ll dUke., (&SO"

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fIiIJldH m'Lill", COrnlOO'nl'Ie,ii11 1;11: II St~)!!.Y ~I' the ItD]e IDT &J'le'rllIDliii'lt. i I" ttl B &'r 1 can liEecnAXI!J" ~.~:~,~.chu~,el.t$, ]n4~ ~~i. U 94i,! ,

~.I:'t~., r., ,f!!;lOlloonic Iltllng 11M IDslTl!lcrU'Ic 'li,rnoog:nt:' f\E!IIr1~~yll"'~~',ilJ, ln6'"1~60. " ]9<t!!,a.

(7)

Re~.tn. ~~~ Hon... "lili Use::: Fa h">!l 1 n ~o r.g ~a. 11:32: 'to 18,60"'. .lou ma 1 ,e,f ,EcQng!ll ~¢ liIi~t;.9,rJt" '!l'o L 3. (19~J}.

M~i'i~Mn" CI!l~ .. :le$ WI. I' "lin Ol;'er'O'ie!'j ([II' lre~dl5 1!lJ :S:!:~enee aM H11S1h lI'Bc~m(!lo~ IP~ li"k~". OO!;lGa's.'~ m,l1Ia.l Pa~ .. ~:IfJij)er S?, 8~,t!!lenli: 'CO! 1 u~ y~ ~~Mr~,t~!"'lie~.,

(October H93}.

Me 1 hill~Il~'f" JOItIll IH, ,Tile ConU! stedi C~ tz, ~f'~ n.C~~Q:II. ~w Je'!i'sell'.. P'rl !leetOn

Un i ~el'~ i ty fre:s s, l'!lJ3,r. .

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~odil h 1i mdl SlnU!;jl~ e liIi!!~iI!l @Plllf!~it (omi S,$ ~,on., 11'1u:! IGr(!@I'I~ou~ ~ C~~(;tj' IP~~ide'nc,e. lThod~' h1.and, {19M).

Sc h~UII!ir. Ii", ·'ll~e' R'Q~CII '~!lio 'IotiJnrn; fin 1 neilt ,D~ ~ n ,~ful;r;he COI1Jc:e~lt of Pull1 ~c ~urrpo~~ ilill S'~~t:e' eOytts·',,1~ F'~~iir'1!J o!IDd 9". (l;;iUYlili" I!!~$", JL.!i'H' to ,,I!m~rh:a,ml Hi s.t:!!Ir,x" (1971.). 2'7~~J~,2,." . ---

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