Networking Basics 1: What You Ever Wanted To Know and Never Asked For

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014
xNW01
Networking Basics 1
What you ever wanted to know and never asked for
Werner Sponer
Agenda
Ethernet Standard CSMA/CD Hardware Repeater Hub Switch
L2-Technologies Spanning-Tree Etherchannel

Adapters DAC SFP, SFP+ GBIC QSFP Cables Copper Optical Fibre
VLAN
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History and Standards
ETHERNET
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Werner Sponer IT Architect
Robert M. Metcalfe - Who?
Robert Melancton Metcalfe (born April 7, 1946 in Brooklyn, New York) is an electrical engineer from the United States who co-invented Ethernet
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R. Metcalfe original draft
http://www.ieee802.org/3/ethernet_diag.html
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Beginning in the stoneage Ethernet used a technique called Carrier Sense Multiple Access ...
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... Collision detection CSMA/CD.
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Connecting PCs with an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) to the Ethernet ...
Yellow cable or Thick Ethernet
Thick Ethernet - 10Base5: 10 Mbit/s 50 Ohms cable impedance
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This picture: Source: Wikipedia
LAN segments could be extended ...
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The ethernet cable got thinner and thinner, and the Cable got collapsed into one box. The Hub was born. ..10BASE-T
Twisted Pair Hub
NIC with 10BASE-T connector
10BASE-T Transceiver
NIC with AUI
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Later the hubs got connected with bridges, and the bridges got collapsed into one box the switch was born.
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Transceiver
AUI <-> Fiber
RJ45 <-> AUI
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HUBs and Switches
BAY Networks
12 / 24 Port manag., unmanag.
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Spanning Tree Non Redundant Design
Single point of failure

SW2
Single point of failure
SW1
SW3
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Spanning Tree Physical Loop
SW2
SW1
Physical Loop problems: Duplicated Frames MAC Table inconsistency Broadcast storm
SW3
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Spanning Tree Disabling ports
SW2
SW1
SW3
Solution: Disabling redundant ports
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Spanning Tree root switch election
MAC: 0000.0000.0000.000B Priority: 32768 RP MAC: 0000.0000.0000.000A Priority: 32768 DP

SW1 SW2
DP
X
DP
MAC: 0000.0000.0000.000C BLK Priority: 32768
RP
SW3
Bridge ID: Bridge priority + MAC Root bridge = Bridge with lowest bridge ID
Port type Designated Port (DP) Root Port (RP) Blocked Port (BP)
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Rudundant Links
Without redundant links single point of failure
SW1
SW2
With redundant links
STP will block ports (hopefully!)
SW1
SW2
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Redundant Links with Link Aggregation (Etherchannel)

With Link Aggregation STP no port blocked More bandwith
SW1
SW2
Etherchannel protocols LACP (industry standard IEEE 802.3ad) PAgP (Cisco proprietary) manual Advantages Load balancing based on IP/MAC Increased redundancy more bandwith
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Adapters
ETHERNET
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The Evolution of Data Center Network ... Its a part of the Ethernet history
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DAC, Twinax, SFP, SFP+ and GBIC?

GBIC (1Gb)
Gigabit Interface Coupler
SFP (1Gb)
Small Form-factor Pluggable Fiber Channel SFP with fiber media only
SFP+ (10 Gb)

like SFP (same physical dimension) for 10GbE Media types
DAC (10Gb)
Direct attached copper cable Is a copper cable with a fixed installed SFP+ on both ends
QSFP (40Gb)
Quad Small Formfactor Pluggable
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Length of DAC, Twinax, SFP, SFP+, single- multi-mode

Short Range Transceiver 100 Meters
550 Meters Long Range Transceiver
10km
1GbE
RJ-45
Optical Cable + 2x 1GbE SX Transceiver
Optical Cable + 2x 1GbE LX Transceiver
10GbE
DAC/TwinAx
7 Meters
Short Range Transceiver
300 Meters
Long Range Transceiver
10km
Extended Range Transceiver
40 km
Optical Cable + 2x 10GbE SR Transceiver
Optical Cable + 2x 10GbE LR Transceiver
Optical Cable + 2x 10GbE ER Transceiver
40GbE
QSFP
7 Meters
Short Range Transceiver
100 Meters
Long Range Transceiver
10 km
Optical Cable + 2x 40GbE SR Transceiver
Optical Cable + 2x 40GbE LR Transceiver
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Gigabit Ethernet - GBIC

1000 Mbps MAC 802.3z CSMA/CD Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter
1000BASE-CX Shielded Copper
1000BASE-T Copper Cat5 UTP
1000BASE-SX Multimode Fibre (780 nm) 500 m
1000BASE-LX Singlemode Fibre (1300 nm) 3000 m
25 M
100 m
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40GbE: Baseline Draft Fibre Options

40 Gigabit MAC 40 Gigabit Media Independent Interface (XLGMII), 4 Lanes 40 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XLAUI), 4 Lanes 4-Lane Parallel PHY
4 Lane 850 nm 100 m OM3 PMD
4 CWMD ~1310 nm 10 km OS2 PMD
SR4 40GBASE-SR
LR4 40GBASE-LR4
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100GbE: Baseline Draft Fibre Options

100 Gigabit MAC 100 Gigabit Media Independent Interface (CGMII), 10 Lanes 100 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (CAUI), 10 Lanes 10-Lane Parallel PHY 10 Lane 850 nm = 100 m OM3 PMD 10-to-4-Lane Parallel PHY 4? WDM ~1310 nm = 40 km OS2 PMD
4? WDM ~1310 nm = 10 km OS2 PMD
SR10 100GBASE-SR
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LR4
100GBASE-LR 100GBASE-SR
ER4
100GBASE-ER 100GBASE-SR
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Optical fibre 40 Gbit/s

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
B A B A B A B A
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Optical fibre 100 Gbit/s
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A
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Optical fibre and copper
ETHERNET CABLES
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Ethernet - History
Year
1973
Standard
Comment
R. Metcalfe develops LAN bustopology
1976
1980 1982 1983 1990 1995 1999 2002 2008 2010 2014
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Xerox prototype
Digital/Intel/Xerox Ethernet v1 DIX Ethernet v2 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3i (10BASE-T) IEEE 802.3u (100BASE-T) IEEE 802.3z (1000BASE-T) IEEE 802.3ae (10GBASE) IEEE 802.3an (10GBASE-T) IEEE 802.3ba (100GBASE, 40GBASE) IEEE 802.3bj (100GBASE-T) Ethernet coaxial cable 10 Mbit/s Twisted Pair 100 Mbit/s Twisted Pair 1000 Mbit/s Twisted Pair 10 Gbit/s optical fibre 10 Gbit/s Twisted Pair 100 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s optical fibre 100 Gbit/s Twisted Pair
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Cablecategories and length (Copper 1/2)

Category
Cat-3 Cat-5 Cat-5
Transfer class
Class C -
Standard
10BASE-T 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T
Link length
Transmission freq.
2 x 10 MHz
Norm freq.
16 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz
100 m
2 x 31.25 MHz 4 x 62.5 MHz
Cat-5e
Cat-5e, unshielded Cat-5e, shielded Class D
100 MHz
100 MHz 100 MHz
45 m ? > 45 m 10GBASE-T 55...100 m 4 x 417 MHz
Cat-6, unshielded
Cat-6, schielded
250 MHz 250 MHz
Class E 100 m
Cat-6A
Cat-7
Source: Wikipedia
Class EA
Class F
500 MHz
600 MHz
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Cablecategory and length (Copper 2/2)

Standard 40GBASE-KR4 40GBASE-CR4 40GBASE-SR4 40GBASE-LR4 BW 40 Gb/s 40 Gb/s 40 Gb/s 40 Gb/s Channel 4 4 4 4 Transmissio n Backplane shielded OM3 OS Medium Copper Copper Optical fibre Optical fibre Min. lenght 1m 7m 100 m 10 km
100GBASE-CR10 100GBASE-SR10
100GBASE-LR4 100GBASE-ER4
Source: Wikipedia
100 Gb/s 100 Gb/s

100 Gb/s 100 Gb/s
10 10
4 4
shielded OM3
OS OS
Copper Optical fibre

Optical fibre Optical fibre
7m 100 m
10 km 40 km
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Cable 10 and 100 MBit
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1 Gbit Copper transmission
Quelle: Wikipedia
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Optical fibre - modes

Multi-mode fiber (MMF) with step-index profile
Multi-mode fiber (MMF) with graded-index fiber

Monomode- or Singlemodefiber (SMF) with step-index profile
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Cross section of a step-index profile
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Cross section of a graded-index profile
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Cross section of a monomode/singlemode faser
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Optical fibre category and length (ISO/IEC 11801 und 24702)
Quelle: Wikipedia
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Optical fibre maximum transmission distance
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Quelle: Wikipedia
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VLAN
ETHERNET TECHNOLOGIES
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VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

Protocol based VLAN Port based VLAN
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VLAN 802.1Q
The Ethernet Frame gets an additional tag
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VLAN 802.1Q
The frame gets marked according the PVID
PVID ... Port VLAN Identifier
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VLANs across switches w/o 802.1Q
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VLANs across switches with 802.1Q
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Questions & Answers
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Thank You!
Werner Sponer
Executive Architect STG System Networking
Obere Donaustrasse 95 A-1020 Wien Phone: +43 1 21145 4607 Mobile: +43 664 6186187
werner.sponer@at.ibm.com
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IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

L2-Technologies Spanning-Tree Etherchannel

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

History and Standards

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Robert M. Metcalfe - Who?

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

R. Metcalfe original draft

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

... Collision detection CSMA/CD.

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Yellow cable or Thick Ethernet

Thick Ethernet - 10Base5: 10 Mbit/s 50 Ohms cable impedance

This picture: Source: Wikipedia

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

LAN segments could be extended ...

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

NIC with 10BASE-T connector

NIC with AUI

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

AUI <-> Fiber

RJ45 <-> AUI

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

HUBs and Switches

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Spanning Tree Non Redundant Design

Single point of failure

Single point of failure

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Spanning Tree Physical Loop

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Spanning Tree Disabling ports

Solution: Disabling redundant ports

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Spanning Tree root switch election

MAC: 0000.0000.0000.000B Priority: 32768 RP MAC: 0000.0000.0000.000A Priority: 32768 DP

MAC: 0000.0000.0000.000C BLK Priority: 32768

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

With redundant links

STP will block ports (hopefully!)

Werner Sponer IT Architect

IBM Systems Technical University | Istanbul, Turkey 8-11 April 2014

Redundant Links with Link Aggregation (Etherchannel)

Werner Sponer IT Architect