Botkin & Keller: Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet 8th Edition Guided Reading Assignment: Energy Unit-

Chapters 14-15 Name: _________________________________________________________ Chapter #14- Energy: Some Basics 1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis today? Explain. The local resources of wood were running out and had to bring some from other places, now the local oil is being used and we are having to buy oil from other countries

Energy Basics 2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation. It is the amount of force used over a distance, The product of a force times a distance

Define the following: * Chemical Energy: Energy in form of chemicals

* Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion

* Heat Energy: Energy created by heat

* Potential Energy: Highest point of energy

3: What is the first law of thermodynamics? Total energy must be conserved

4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy? It means that it is more easily converted into work

5: What is the second law of thermodynamics? energy always goes from usable to less-usable

Energy Efficiency 6: Define: First-Law Efficiency Deals with the amount of energy without any consideration of the quality or availability of the energy

7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency How matched the energy end use is with the quality of the energy source

Energy Units 8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined? joules

9: What is POWER? How is it expressed? Power is the amount force to make energy

10: What is thermal efficiency? Energy that is efficient in heat

11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause? How strongly a certain material opposes the flow of electricity

Energy Sources and Consumption 12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels? 90%

13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently? A little bit

Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration Define the following: 14: Conservation: Conserving to have more for later

15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): increasing efficiency of our energy by using wasted heat energy Example (hot water that is created by condensing the steam) 16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating, industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly ___30___% of the total energy use Building Design 17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples. building designs for better energy conservation, passive solar designs

18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient? Putting solar panels in the roof

Industrial Energy 19: U.S. Industry consumes about ____1/3___ of the energy produced. Values, Choices and Energy Conservation 20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy using micropower, turning of stuff we dont use, using other energy resources like wind turbines

21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management? Using many energy resources instead of a single one

Micropower 22: What is the concept of micropower? Using small systems to produce electricity

Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030 23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global energy use to be in 2030? 2.1X10-16, in 2030 it will increase by 20%

24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year? 25 watts

25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental damage? How? Yes by using other form of energy

26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States? Using more solar power and wind turbines

Chapter #15: Fossil Fuels and the Environment 1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil? When the global production of oil reaches its highest point, it is predicted to happen in 2020

Fossil Fuels 2: How were fossil fuels created? through pressure and heat of decayed organisms

3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they provide approximately ___90%__ of the energy consumed worldwide. Crude Oil and Natural Gas 4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created? in plate boundaries in depositional basins

5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks? they are light and mitigate to the surface

6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits? cap rock are the favorable rock structure

Petroleum Production 7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production? 25% 8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits? using steam, water and compressed gas

9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found? In the Middle East

10: When will world oil production likely to peak? In a couple of decades

Natural Gas 11: How is natural gas primarily transported? It is transported through pipelines

12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel? because it doesnt pollute as much as coal

Coal-Bed Methane 13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this represent?) It is a form of natural gas from coal beds, 20 cubic trillion meters is estimated to exist for about 5yrs

14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane? the pros are that it is a clean burning and produces low amounts of CO2 the Cons are the disposal, it can pollute the water

Black Shale Natural Gas 15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas? The gas that is released can pollute the groundwater

Methane Hydrates 16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed? made of white ice like compounds, formed of microbial decomposition in the seafloor

17: Where do methane hydrates form? in the seafloor

The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas 18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas? The release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases

19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas? spills of the oil and gas

20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas? spills, destruction of pipelines

21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge)? For: we wont rely on other countries and we can get lots of oil out of it Against: Its a refuge and it will destroy the habitat of animals

Coal 22: What is COAL? How is it created? its a rock and the largest source of fossil fuel, it is created through years of pressure and heat

23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest? anthracite is the highest and lignite is the lowest energy content

Coal Mining and the Environment 24: What is strip mining? it is destroying the top soil to reach the coal

25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining? destruction of the top soil

Mountaintop Removal 26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal? pollution of the atmosphere which can cause lung problems

27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require? requires all the land that is mined to be restored Underground Mining 28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately _40__% of the coal mined in the United States 29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining? they can get lung cancer by breathing all the chemicals that are used

30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining? contamination of the groundwater

Transporting Coal 31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States? by tucks and trains

The Future of Coal 32: The burning of coal produces nearly _50_% of the electricity used and about 25_% of the total energy consumed in the United States today

33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.? 35% of the air emission is CO2 and 70% is sulfur dioxide

34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate? It mandated the cut of sulfur released

35: What is allowance trading? reducing pollution

Oil Shale and Tar Sands 36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found? its a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, created by heating shale yield to 500C , found in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming 37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale? It can lead to earthquakes in the surface affecting the people living there

Tar Sands 38: Why cant petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods? the oil is to thick

39: How are tar sands processed? they mine it and then mix it with water to separate the oil from it