Botkin & Keller: Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet 8th Edition Guided Reading Assignment: Energy Unit-

Chapters 14-15 Name: _____________Chau Vu____________________________________________ Chapter #14- Energy: Some Basics 1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis today? Explain. -> Energy Crisis in Greece and Rome: Greeks and Romans used wood to heat their homes. As local supplies ran out had to bring it in from farther away. -> Eventually both societies learned to build houses south facing: Allows sun to heat house in winter, sustainable, laws protected a persons right to solar energy -> Energy situation facing the US today is similar to that faced by Greeks and Romans: Wood use peaked in 1880s, coal use peaked in 1920, reaching the peak of oil and gas use, the decisions we make today will affect energy use for generations. Energy Basics 2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation. -> Work - exerting force over a distance. Work is the product of a force times a distance Define the following: * Chemical Energy: energy that is a result of chemicals reacting to each other or to some action * Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion * Heat Energy: With each swing friction slows the swing * Potential Energy: all energy is stored potential energy 3: What is the first law of thermodynamics? -> Total energy must be conserved 4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy? -> Higher quality of the energy = more easily converted to work 5: What is the second law of thermodynamics?

-> Energy always tends to go from a more usable (higher-quality) form to a less usable (lowerquality) form When you use energy, you lower its quality Energy Efficiency 6: Define: First-Law Efficiency -> Deals with the amount of energy without any consideration of the quality or availability of the energy 7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency -> Refers to how well matched the energy end use is with the quality of the energy source. Low values indicate where improvements in energy technology and planning may save significant amounts of high-quality energy Energy Units 8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined? -> The Joule is the energy unit. It is defined as a force of 1 Newton (N) applied over a distance of 1m 9: What is POWER? How is it expressed? -> Power is the rate of doing work. It is expressed as work over time. 10: What is thermal efficiency? -> The efficiency of a heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the heat supplied to it. 11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause? -> A measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. It causes electric energy to convert to heat energy. Energy Sources and Consumption 12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels? -> 90% 13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently? -> 50%

Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration Define the following: 14: Conservation: Using less energy. Adjusting our energy needs and uses to minimize the amount of high-quality energy necessary for a given task. 15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): Processes designed to capture and use waste heat (no thermal pollution) Captured waste heat increases overall efficiency of a typical power plant from 33% to 75% Could provide ~ 10% of the power capacity of the US 16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating, industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly _60__% of the total energy use Building Design 17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples. -> They collect solar heat without moving parts. Example: Design buildings to take advantage of passive solar potential. Windows can be positioned so that the overhangs shade windows from solar energy, keeping home cool. 18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient? -> For older homes: insulation, caulking, weather stripping, installation of window coverings, storm windows, and regular maintenance Industrial Energy 19: U.S. Industry consumes about __1/3__ of the energy produced. Values, Choices and Energy Conservation 20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy -> Bike, walk, or take a bus or train to work -> Carpools -> Hybrid cars (gasolineelectric) 21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management? -> No single energy source can provide all the energy required. Range of options that vary from region to region will have to be employed - Fossil fuels, alternative, renewable sources

Micropower 22: What is the concept of micropower? -> The concept of using smaller, distributed, systems for production of electricity. Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030 23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global energy use to be in 2030? -> The world used 250 Exajoules in 2010. 24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year? -> 100 watts *.25=25 watts*365 days=9125 watts of energy from the brain 25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental damage? How? -> No, the world cannot supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental damage because since there is no more energy, they have to go out the environment and search for the resource. 26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States? -> Education is the first thing, if one has knowledge about energy, then they will fight for the laws. Chapter #15: Fossil Fuels and the Environment 1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil? -> The time when we will have exhausted one-half of the Earths oil supply. Will have to adjust to potential changes in lifestyle and economies in a post-petroleum era Fossil Fuels 2: How were fossil fuels created? -> Fossil fuels are forms of stored solar energy. 3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they provide approximately ___90%____ of the energy consumed worldwide. Crude Oil and Natural Gas

4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created? -> Hypothesized that they are derived from organic matter buried in depositional basins (Primarily found along plate boundaries, exceptions to this include Texas, Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea) 5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks? -> Old rocks have ample time to migrate to the surface, where they have vaporized or eroded away. 6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits? -> Cap rock (often shale) blocks natural upward migration of the oil and gas. Petroleum Production 7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production? -> 25% 8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits? -> Increases the amount recovered to ~60% -> Steam, water, or chemicals injected into the reservoir to push oil towards wells 9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found? -> Middle East 10: When will world oil production likely to peak? -> 2020-2050 Natural Gas 11: How is natural gas primarily transported? -> Pipelines technology 12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel? -> Produces fewer pollutants than burning oil or coal. Could be a transition fuel to alternative energy. Coal-Bed Methane

13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this represent?) -> Coal formation produces methane. Stored within coal. Estimates = five-year supply 14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane? -> Environmental concerns 1. Disposal of large volumes of salty water 2. Migration of methane, which may contaminate surrounding areas -> Environmental benefits 1. Produces much less carbon dioxide than coal or petroleum 2. Reduces the amount of methane released into the atmosphere Black Shale Natural Gas 15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas? -> Water pollution and contamination of drinking water. Methane Hydrates 16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed? -> Methane hydrates are composed of ice like compounds made of methane gas. They were formed as a result of microbial digestion of organic matter in the sediments of the seafloor. 17: Where do methane hydrates form? -> They form in the ocean where deep, cold seawater provides high pressure and low temperatures. The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas 18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas? -> Pollution of surface waters and groundwater, air pollution, land subsidence (sinking) as oil and gas are withdrawn, loss or disruption of and damage to fragile ecosystems, such as wetlands. 19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas? -> Fractional Distillation at refineries (Crude oil heated so its components can be separated and collected)

-> Accidental spills and slow leaks (Hydrocarbons released, polluting soil and ground water) -> Variety of chemicals used in the industrial process which have the potential to pollute 20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas? -> Transportation of Crude oil - On land by pipelines, across the ocean in tankers, both have danger of oil spill -> Air pollution from combustion - Most serious impact associated with use, contributes to urban smog 21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge)? -> FOR-U.S needs more oil, new facilities will bring jobs, new exploration tools AGAINST-Advances in technology are irrelevant, oil exploration will impact the ANWR, heavy vehicles in exploration scar the ground permanently Coal 22: What is COAL? How is it created? -> Partially decomposed vegetation - Slowly transformed in solid, brittle carbonaceous rock if buried in a sedimentary environment 23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest? -> The greatest energy content is in anthracite and the lowest is in lignite. Coal Mining and the Environment 24: What is strip mining? -> Surface process Overlying layers of soil and rock are stripped off to reach the coal >1/2 of the coal in US mined this way 25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining? -> Acidic water, streams, and groundwater Mountaintop Removal 26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal?

-> Flood hazard, produces large amounts of coal dust, 27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require? -> US government required that mined land is restored to support pre-mining use. Prohibit mining on prime agricultural land, reclamation includes: disposing of waste, contouring the land, and replanting vegetation. Underground Mining 28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately _40%_% of the coal mined in the United States 29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining? -> Mine shaft collapses, explosions, fires and respiratory illnesses. 30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining? -> Acid mine drainage and waste piles pollute streams -> Land subsidence can occur over mines -> Coal fires in underground mines - Naturally caused, deliberately set Transporting Coal 31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States? -> Coal must get from mining areas to large population centers Significant environmental issues. -> Methods Freight trains, slurring pipelines (require large amounts of water) The Future of Coal 32: The burning of coal produces nearly _50_% of the electricity used and about __25__% of the total energy consumed in the United States today 33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.? -> 70% of sulfur dioxide -> 30% of nitrogen oxides -> 35% of carbon dioxide 34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate?

-> Reducing coal emissions. 35: What is allowance trading? -> EPA grants utility companies tradable allowances for polluting - 1 allowance good for 1 ton of sulfur dioxide, can be traded and sold by brokers -> Idea is to reduced overall pollution through economic market forces -> Environmentalists dislike this - They do not feel that companies should be permitted to buy their way out of polluting Oil Shale and Tar Sands 36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found? -> Fine grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter (kerogen) - When heated to 500o C oil shale yields oil, destructive distillation, oil from shale called synfuel 37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale? -> Waste disposal is a major problem. Both methods require that oil shale be processed at surface. Volume of waste will exceed original volume of shale mined. Tar Sands 38: Why cant petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods? -> The oil is too thick to flow easily. 39: How are tar sands processed? -> Sedimentary rocks or sands impregnated with tar oil, asphalt, or bitumen - Recovered by mining sands and washing the oil out with hot water, found in Alberta, Canada, strip mined, similar problem as with shale, but greater volume