Index:

Disabilities pg. 2
Autism page 3 Deaf/Blindness page 4 Developmental Delays/Early Intervention page 5 Emotional/Behavior Disorder page 6 Hearing Impairments page 7 Intellectual Disabilities page 8-9 Multiple Disabilities page 10 Other Health Impairments pages 11 Physical Disabilities page 12 Specific Learning Disability page 13 Speech Language Impairments page 14 Traumatic Brain Injury page 15 Visual Impairments page 16

Major Laws pg. 17

Disabilities

Autism

Definition: A pervasive developmental disorder marked by three defining feature impairments that occur before age 3: A) Social Interaction B) Communication C) Restricted, Repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities

Prevalence: -192,643 students have autism -3.2% of special education population -This is also one of the fastest- growing categories in special education

Characteristics/Warning Signs: Social Characteristics: -Delay in language -Repetitive language -Literal Interpretation of Language -Processing Delays -Failure to interpret Non-Verbal Cues -Lacks Eye Contact -Failure to develop age appropriate relationships -Failure to share enjoyment -Inability to sustain conversations -Lack of Imaginative Play Behavioral Characteristics: -Engage in behavior that is unusual in either intensity or focus -Insistence on sameness -Stereotyped Mannerisms -Preoccupation with parts of objects

Strategies: -An important piece of learning in autistic children is catching their behavior and fixing/changing it to best suit them to learn at the best rate. Teachers will develop a ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) which is a scientific approach to designing instruction based on principles in the relations of the environment and learning. -Offer visual cues such as a useable schedule for them to see and use, social stories, which show the kids social situations and concepts. By using visual cues, it may allow the children to be more acceptable to change in schedule or how to interact with others. -Focus on building independence. Give them choices whenever possible and maybe teach/guide them when trying to make a more difficult decision.

Deaf/Blindness

Definition:
Characteristics/Warning Signs: Deaf -These children will often have smaller vocabularies because they do not have a full understanding of the English language -Learn concrete words better than abstract words that have an action put to them or that can change tenses. -When writing, sentences are short, incomplete, and improperly arranged due to the lack of knowledge of the English language -Some deaf students excel academically because it does not put any limitations on cognitive abilities -Socially, these children tend to feel isolated, without friends, and are unhappy in school. -Combination of hearing and visual impairments which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs in just one of the disabilities

Prevalence:
-In 2005 2006, 25,369 children from age 6 to 21 received special education for visual impairments -1in 200/250 students with IEPs are served under visual impairment disability category -Hearing loss affects males more than females -Only .1% of resident population receives special education services for hearing loss

Characteristics/Warning Signs: Blindness -Often leads to delays in motor development because the world is no more interesting when sitting up or laying down -Impairments with play and interact less during free time -Blind mannerisms repetitive body movements such as body rocking, eye rubbing, hand flapping, and head weaving

Strategies:
-Tactile Aids: tools that can be used to teach with math skills -Braille or sign language which can help teachers and other students communicate with those that have some visual and hearing impairments -Tactile teaching techniques involving sense of touch are used to get information obtained in both instances. -Those that are not deaf or blind from birth are the ones you want to work with right away to develop their English language to try and get them to retain and build their vocabulary from the start

Developmental Delays (Early Childhood) Early Intervention

Definition:
-Any type of comprehensive system of therapies, educational, nutritional, child care, and family supports that are designed to reduce the effects of disabilities or prevent the occurrence of learning and developmental problems later in life who are at risk. For children birth to age 2.

Prevalence:
-78,915 students -This is 1.3% of the special education population

Strategies:
-See what the parents goals are for their children -When in the classroom, encourage the kids to engage with each other and become independent -Work with the students in a typical classroom and then take them out to work or focus on certain skills that need extra attention -Prepare the child for normal everyday living skills -Take caution to prevent or minimize the risk of further problems

Characteristics/Warning Signs:
-Motor skills: have difficulty moving body because they are developmentally delayed in muscular strength and ability -Other children may have speech development delay meaning they may not know how to communicate. For example, expressing their emotions may be hard if they have not developed a language -Some children may struggle with social developmental meaning it may be hard to share toys

Emotional/Behavior Disorder
Definition:
A disability that is characterized by emotional or behaviors in school programs that are different from appropriate age, cultural, or ethnic norms that the educational performance is affected.

Prevalence:
-It is the fifth most common disability because it tends to coexist with other disabilities -Statistically, 3 to 10% of children have emotional or behavioral problems that are sufficiently serious and persistent to warrant intervention -Most children that have emotional and behavioral disorders do not receive special education -Emotional disturbance: 4th largest disability category

Characteristics/Warning Signs:
-Externalizing Behaviors: -Get out of seats -Yell, talk out, and curse -Disturb peers -Hit of fight -Ignore teacher -Complain/Argue excessively -Steal, lie, and destroy property -Temper tantrums -Do not listen to directions -Internalizing Behaviors: -Depression -Anxiety

Strategies:
-Strategically place them in the classroom, so you can see them and watch over them -Position yourself in the classroom, so you always have them in the corner of your eye -Adjust the length of school day if it makes their educational performance improve -Label behaviors so you can keep track/record of them -Rehearsal, self-coaching, and self-talk -Reinforce appropriate behaviors so they know the appropriate behavior -Group reward systems so others encourage them

Hearing Impairments

Definition:
An impairment in hearing, whether permanent of fluctuating, that adversely affects a childs education performance, but is not included under deafness

Prevalence:
-About 28 million Americans or 10% of population have some type of hearing impairment/loss -More than half this number is over 65 years old -Less than 4% are under 18 years old -This disability is about 1.2% of the special education population

Characteristics/Warning Signs:
-Have difficulty acquiring English Language Skills -Smaller vocabularies -Have difficulty with function of words and Strategies: what they are supposed to do -Hearing Aids -May put the wrong endings to words -Use amplifications: the teacher can wear a -Have trouble determining whether microphone is connected to childs something that is a question or a statement hearing aid.speech This way the voice goes directly -Atypical is common to their ear -Have difficulty in all areas of education, -Cochlear especially Implants reading and math -Group Assistive Listening Devices -Feel Isolated -Have an interpreter in the classroom -Inattentive -Captioning on TV screens -Distractible -Alerting Devices -Immature -Visual Phonics -Feelings of Depression -Auditory Learning and Training -Withdrawn -Isolation -Speech to text translation -Oral Approach -Speech Reading/Cued speech

Intellectual Disability

Definition:
Significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills -IQ score range: 70-85 7

ACADEMIC/COGNITIVE Characteristics
-IQ Chart -Mild: 50/55 70 -Moderate: 35/40 50/55 -Severe: 20/25 35/40 -Profound: below 20/25 -Intensities Prevalence: -This disability is the fourth largest as needed basis Intermittent: category -Limited:: intensity of supports characterized by consistency over time, may require fewer staff members -Extensive: supports characterized by regular involvement in at least some BEHAVIORAL/EMOTINAL environments Characteristics -Pervasive: supports characterized by Behavioral their consistency and high intensity, -Immature Behaviors more staff members -Inappropriate Behaviors -Other Cognitive Characteristics: -Difficulty Reading Social Skills -Struggle with: -Struggle with: -Memory -Communication -Generalization -Self-care -Metacognition -Social Skills -Motivation -Home living -Language -Leisure -Academic Skills -Health and Saftey Intellectual Disability (contd) -Community Use -Work -Self-injury Emotional -Experience loneliness -Share many emotional characteristics as other disabilities

PHSYICAL/MEDICAL Characteristics:
-Tend to be less physically fit -Professionals need to monitor health and other assistive devices -May have more absences due to illness or injury 8

Examples of Intellectual Disabilities:

-Prenatal Causes -Down Syndrome -Fragile X Syndrome -Prader-Willi Syndrome -Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -PKU -Toxoplasmosis -Premature babies under 3.3lbs -Postnatal Causes: -Encephalitis -Lead Poisoning -Brain Injury

Strategies:
-Focus on the functioning and adaptive skills that need work -Teach life skills -Have a peer buddy program that allows peers to help students that have intellectual ability -Make sure that child gets normal experiences as much as possible, because that is what parents generally want -Come up with a transition plan -Repetition is needed and very important -Use concrete materials that only have one meaning otherwise things could be confusing

Other Health Impairments

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Physical Disabilities

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