Unit 12 Test Review

Cold War & Nuclear Strategies

Containment (Truman) Massive Retaliation/Mutually Assured Destruction (Nuclear response-Eisenhower) Flexible Response (Nuclear buildup, ground containment--Kennedy) Dtente (SALT talks, engagement--Nixon) All followed the Domino Theory

Foreign Policy issues

British/French/Israeli invasion of Egypt (1956) U-2 Spy Incident (1960)American spy plane shot down over USSR. Pilot caught; cancellation of Khruschev/Eisenhower summit Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)--failed overthrow of Castro backed by CIA Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)US/USSR showdown over nuclear missiles in Cuba; US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey, USSR turns ships around

Civil Rights
Know leaders & movements SCLCMLK (peaceful integration) Black PanthersHuey Newton NAACPRoy Wilkins Black Muslims/Nation of IslamElijah Muhammed, Malcolm X SNCCStokely Carmichael Black PowerStokely Carmichael (blacks control their political & economic lives)

Civil Rights
Some triumphs Jackie Robinson breaks baseballs color line Montgomery bus boycott led by MLK Brown v. Board of Education reverses Plessy v. Ferguson Lunch counter integration in Greensboro NC Low points Death of Emmett Till, Medgar Evers, Violence in integration

Eisenhower Years/1950s (Republican)

Economic growth (GDP & GNP growth) Peak of Baby Boomer births Movement of blacks from rural South Construction of Interstate Highway System Growth of suburbs Very little change in past programs Some improvement in civil rights, though a struggle

Kennedy Years (Democrat)

Oversaw Bay of Pigs invasion (failure) Oversaw Cuban Missile crisis (success) Assassinated in Dallas Administration known in history as Camelot VP Lyndon Johnson, from Texas

Johnson Years (Democrat)

War on PovertyThe Great Society The Great Societys goals were civil rights & eliminating poverty Passes Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act Immigration reform removes European preferences Vietnam War derails The Great Society Anti-War candidate Eugene McCarthy gains support in 1968 primaries

Vietnam War
--Began with aid and advice to French --Part of Domino Theory --Gulf of Tonkin resolution allows President to deploy troops indefinitely (1964) --Tet offensive (1968) leads to lower popular support --My Lai massacre (1968) even less support --Cambodian bombings (1970) leads to Kent State --War Powers Act passed over Nixons veto (1973) to counter Gulf of Tonkin resolution --Fall of Saigon (1975)

Nixon Years (Republican)

Cambodian bombings Trip to China Southern Strategy Recession/wage & price freeze

Watergate
Nixon eventually resigned because of his involvement in the cover up of this burglary To avoid truth coming out, Nixon fired the special prosecutor & staff assigned to investigate (aka Saturday Night Massacre ) Went to court to fight release of White House tapes; tapes eventually showed Nixons involvement in cover up.

Gerald Ford (Republican)

Selected, not elected, VP Never overcame the pardon of Nixon our long national nightmare is over Well-liked Economy is poor Whip Inflation Now

Carter Years (Democrat)

Iranian students take 50 Americans hostage in retaliation for the U.S. allowing deposed Shah to come for cancer treatment Energy becomes prominent issue Strength: honesty Weaknesses: economy remains in stagflation

Reagan Years (Republican)

Never elected to federal government (Gov. of Cal.) Campaigns against government involvement in most aspects of American life Support of religious conservatives (Moral Majority/Jerry Falwell) Broad support of people Administration involved in illegal sale of weapons to Iran; uses funds to support Nicaraguan rebels Tax cuts; increased spending; deficit increases

George H.W. Bush years (Republican)

VP under Reagan for eight years Oversaw Gulf War (Iraq, under Saddam Hussein, invades neighbor Kuwait)

Clinton Years (Democrat)

Victory over incumbent Congressional Republican victories Government shutdown over budget Scandal with intern Budget surplus for three years Reorganization of welfare, government

Assassinations
JFKLee Harvey Oswald Lee Harvey OswaldJack Ruby Malcolm XThree members of Nation of Islam Martin Luther King, Jr.James Earl Ray Robert F. KennedySirhan Sirhan George Wallace (attempt)Arthur Bremer Ronald Reagan (attempt)John Hinckley, Jr.

Other trends
Americas population is aging, putting a strain on Social Security and Medicare Energy problemsembargo in 1973 leads to fuel efficiency; Three Mile Island nuclear plant incident leads U.S. away from nuclear power Womens groups formed NOW to challenge workplace discrimination; ERA and Roe v. Wade derail womens movement