Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SEMESTER I (2009/2010)
CDMA VS WCDMA
Table of Contents
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................2
1 CDMA.................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Definition of CDMA...............................................................................................3
1.2 Spread Spectrum Characteristics of CDMA...........................................................4
1.3 Feature of CDMA...................................................................................................5
1.4 Technical specification of WCDMA......................................................................6
1.5 Power Control in CDMA........................................................................................6
1.6 Handoff in CDMA..................................................................................................7
1.7 Rake receiver .........................................................................................................7
1.8 Advantages of CDMA............................................................................................7
1.9 Disadvantages of CDMA........................................................................................7
2 WCDMA.............................................................................................................................8
2.1 Definition of WCDMA...........................................................................................8
2.2 Features of WCDMA..............................................................................................8
2.3 WCDMA Specifications.........................................................................................8
2.4 WCDMA Based System.........................................................................................9
2.5 Spreading and Modulation ...................................................................................10
2.6 Modulation Principle for WCDMA......................................................................10
..............................................................................................................................................10
2.7 Purpose of Power Control in WCDMA................................................................10
2.8 Power Control Types inWCDMA........................................................................11
2.9 WCDMA Handover Types...................................................................................12
2.10 Technology.........................................................................................................13
2.11 Advantages of WCDMA ...................................................................................13
Conclusions..........................................................................................................................15
References............................................................................................................................15
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1 CDMA
1. The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send
the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference
and jamming and multi-user access, which we’ll discuss later on.
2. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The
independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in
which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat.
3. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent
code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same
frequency band at the same time.
4
slight delay causes the multipath to appear uncorrelated with the intended signal, and it is
thus ignored.
Some CDMA devices use a rake receiver, which exploits multipath delay components
to improve the performance of the system. A rake receiver combines the information from
several correlators, each one tuned to a different path delay, producing a stronger version of
the signal than a simple receiver with a single correlators tuned to the path delay of the
strongest signal. [5]
Frequency reuse is the ability to reuse the same radio channel frequency at other cell
sites within a cellular system. In the FDMA and TDMA systems frequency planning is an
important consideration. The frequencies used in different cells need to be planned carefully
in order to ensure that the signals from different cells do not interfere with each other. In a
CDMA system the same frequency can be used in every cell because channelization is done
using the pseudorandom codes. Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need
for frequency planning in a CDMA system; however, planning of the different pseudorandom
sequences must be done to ensure that the received signal from one cell does not correlate
with the signal from a nearby cell.
Since adjacent cells use the same frequencies, CDMA systems have the ability to
perform soft handoffs. Soft handoffs allow the mobile telephone to communicate
simultaneously with two or more cells. The best signal quality is selected until the handoff is
complete. This is different from hard handoffs utilized in other cellular systems. In a hard
handoff situation, as the mobile telephone approaches a handoff, signal strength may vary
abruptly. In contrast, CDMA systems use the soft handoff, which is undetectable and
provides a more reliable and higher quality signal.
bandwidth of the channel, the inherent frequency diversity will mitigate the effects
of small-scale fading.
3. Channel data rates are very high in CDMA systems. Consequently, the symbol(chip)
duration is very short and usually much less than the channel delay spread. Since
PN sequences have low autocorrelation, multipath which is delayed by more than
a chip will appear as noise. A RAKE receiver can be used to improve reception by
collecting time delayed versions of the required signal.
4. Since CDMA uses co-channel cells, it can use macroscopic spatial diversity to
provide soft handoff. Soft handoff is performed by the MSC, which can
simultaneously monitor a particular user from two or more base station. The MSC
may choose the best version of the signal at any time without switching
frequencies.
5. Self-jamming is a problem in CDMA systems, Self-jamming arises from the fact that
the spreading sequences of different users are not exactly orthogonal, hence in the
dispreading sequences of a particular PN code, non-zero contributions to the
receiver decision statistic for a desired user arise from the transmissions of other
users in the system.
6. The near-far problem occurs at a CDMA receiver if an undesired user has a high
detected power as compared to the desired user.
1.4 Technical specification of WCDMA
1. Core network: ANSI-41 MAP
2. Channel bandwidth: 1.25 MHz (1X), 3.75 MHz (3X)
3. Channelization codes: 4-128 (1X), 4-256 (3X)
4. Chip rate: 1.2288 Mbps (1X), 3.6864 Mbps (3X)
5. Synchronized base station: Yes
6. Frame length: 5 ms (signaling), 20, 40, 80 ms physical layer frames
7. Multi-carrier spreading option: Yes, but in cdma2000 1X (direct spread)
8. Modulation: QPSK (forward link), BPSK (reverse link)
9. Modes of operation: FDD
10. Source identification code for sector: One PN code (32,768 chips), 512 unique
offsets are generated using PN offsets
11. Source identification code for mobile: One long PN code (242) chips, unique
offsets are generated based on ESN, not assigned by sector
12. Channel coding: Convolutional and turbo code
13. Power control: Both links (800 Hz)
14. Circuit-switched core network: IS-41, MSC/HLR/ AC
15. Packet-switched core network: IETF based, PDSN/ AAA/HA/FA
16. Voice coder: EVRC
17. Peak data rate: 614 kbps
18. Multimedia services: Yes
19. Overhead: Low (because of shared pilot code channel)
seen as interference to the receiver farther from the transmitter and is called the near-far
effect. In order to avoid or reduce interference caused by this effect, the receiver design
includes power control measures that reduce the power with which it transmits to the base
station depending on the distance.
2 WCDMA
1. Support of high data rate transmission: 384 Kbps with wide area coverage, 2 Mbps
with local coverage.
2. High service flexibility: support of multiple parallel variable rate services on each
connection.
3. Both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD)
4. Built in support for future capacity and coverage enhancing technologies like adaptive
antennas, advanced receiver structures and transmitter diversity.
5. Support of inter frequency hand over and hand over to other systems, including hand
over to GSM.
6. Efficient packet access.
7. Employs coherent detection on uplink and downlink based on the use of pilot
symbols.
8. Multiple types of handoffs between different cells including soft handoff, softer
handoff and hard handoff
Parameters of WCDMA
The complex-valued chip sequence generated by the spreading process is QPSK modulated.
Figure below illustrates the modulation principle used in the uplink and downlink. The pulse
shaping is root-raised cosine with roll-off factor 0.22 and is the same for the mobile and base
stations.
Modulation principle
Power control in WCDMA can removes near far effect. It can also mitigates fading and
compensates changes in propagation conditions. In the system level, it helps to decrease
interference from other users and increase capacity of the system. Power control in uplink
must make signal powers from different users nearly equal in order to maximize the total
capacity in the cell. However, in downlink the power control must keep the signal at minimal
required level in order to decrease the interference to users in other cells.
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The handover algorithm to make the handover decision needs different types of measurement
information. Base stations in WCDMA need not be synchronized, and therefore, no external
source of synchronization, like GPS, is needed for the base stations. Asynchronous base
stations must be considered when designing soft handover algorithms and when
implementing location services. Before entering soft handover, the mobile station measures
observed timing differences of the downlink SCHs from the two base stations. The mobile
station reports the timing differences back to the serving base station. The timing of a new
downlink soft handover connection is adjusted with a resolution of one symbol (i.e., the
dedicated downlink signals from the two base stations are synchronized with an accuracy of
one symbol). That enables the mobile RAKE receiver to collect the macro diversity energy
from the two base stations. Timing adjustments of dedicated downlink channels can be
carried out with a resolution of one symbol without losing orthogonality of downlink codes.
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2.10 Technology
W-CDMA may use unpaired or paired spectrum, though the current implementations of W-
CDMA (i.e. FOMA and UMTS) all use a pair of 5MHz spectrum, one for uplink and one for
downlink. FOMA uses 16 slots per radio frame, where as UMTS uses 15 slots per radio
frame.
1. Service flexibility
WCDMA allows each carrier of 5MHz to process mixed service from 8Kbps to 2Mbps. In
addition, circuit switched service and packet switched service can be carried out in the same
channel, and a single terminal is used to carry out multiple circuit and packet switched
services, so as to realize genuine multimedia service. WCDMA supports services with
different requirements (such as voice and packet data) and ensures high quality and perfect
coverage.
2. Spectrum efficiency
WCDMA can make highly efficient use of available radio spectrums. Because single cell
multiplexing is adopted for WCDMA, no frequency planning is needed. Network capacity
can be notably improved by using technologies of hierarchical cell structure, adaptive
antenna array and coherent demodulation (bidirectional).
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The number of voice users which can be processed by WCDMA RF transceiver is 8 times as
many as that of typical narrowband transceiver. Every RF carrier can handle 80 voice calling
users at one time or every carrier can handle 50 internet data users at one time.
Packet and circuit switched services can be freely mixed in different band width and can be
provided to the same user at the same time. Every WCDMA terminal can access up to 6 kinds
of different services at the same time, which may be combinations of various data services
such as voice, fax, e-mail, video, etc.
When WCDMA wireless access is added to existing digital cellular network (such as
European GSM) and the network is running in two systems, the same core network can be
multiplexed and use the same base stations. The latest ATM mode i.e. micro-cell
transmission procedure is used for the links between WCDMA access network and GSM core
network. This method can process highly effective data packets, which can enhance the
capacity of standard E1/T1 lines to 300 voice calls compared to 30 voice calls for that of
existing network. It is estimated that about 50% transmission costs can be saved.
Although the main purpose for the next generation mobile access is to transmit high bit rate
multimedia communication, with regard to voice communication, it can also fully make use
of specs
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Conclusions
1. The term CDMA in the mobile world typically refers to the CDMA family of
standards developed by Qualcomm. They are protocols, sets of defined specifications
of mobile communications.
2. CDMA (the multiplexing technique) is used as the principle of the W-CDMA air
interface protocol, as well as Qualcomm's CDMA protocols.
3. W-CDMA strictly refers to a mobile phone protocol with detailed specifications, as
defined in IMT-2000.
4. The W-CDMA protocol was developed independently of the CDMA protocol
developed by Qualcomm, although drawing on Qualcomm's research the CDMA
family of standards (including cdmaOne and CDMA2000) are not compatible with
the W-CDMA family of standards.
The overview of CDMA and WCDMA highlights the potential of increasing capacity in
future cellular communications. This paper describes the mobile radio environment and its
impact on narrow-band and wide-band propagation. The advantage of having CDMA and
WCDMA in cellular systems is depicted. The concept of radio capacity in cellular is also
introduced. The natural attributes of CDMA and WCDMA provide the reader with the
reasons that cellular is considering using it.
References
[1] Garg, Vijay K.. 2007. Wireless Communications and Networking. San Francisco: Elsevier
Inc.
[2] Lee, William C. Y.. 1991. Overview of Cellular CDMA. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology. VOL. 40, NO. 2: 291-303
[3]Rappaport, T.S. 1992. Wireless Communication: Principles and Practice. 2nd Ed. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.