Key Concept: Covalent bonds form when atoms _____

electrons.
share
Substances formed from covalent bonds tend to have ___
melting and boiling points and are ______ in the solid
state.
brittle
low
Most covalent compounds are _____ or
_____ at room temperature.
liquids
gases
Most covalent bonds are between _______ elements
that _____ one or more electrons.
share
nonmetal
Each covalent bond involves one electron from each
atom being shared.
These are two ______
atoms that are forming
a covalent bond.
chlorine
This is a chlorine molecule
which is written as Cl
2
There is a ______ pair of electrons for each covalent
bond.
shared
An oxygen atom shares two valence
electrons with hydrogen atoms to
make a water molecule with two
covalent bonds.
Each hydrogen atom shares an
electron to form one covalent bond
and make a molecule of hydrogen.
A molecule is two or more atoms joined together by
_______ bonds. covalent
This is a methane molecule.
Electron dot diagrams show only the valence electrons
as dots around the chemical symbol.
C O Kr H
Draw electron dot diagrams for: sulfur phosphorus

chlorine neon nitrogen

sodium calcium aluminum
water molecule
O H
H
O H
H
methane molecule
H
H
H
H C
H
H
H
H C
ammonia molecule
N H
H
H
N H
H
H
Diatomic elements are two atoms of the _____ element
covalently bonded together.
same
These are all nonmetal elements:
H
2
N
2
O
2

F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2

These are all halogens.
H H
H
2
H H
1 covalent bond
O
2
O

O

O

O

2 covalent bonds
N
2
N

N

N

N

3 covalent bonds
F
2
F

F

F

F

1 covalent bond
Diatomic Elements
H
More Molecules with Covalent Bonds
carbon dioxide
methyl alcohol
CO
2
CH
3
OH

C
O O
C O
H
H H
These bonds are formed by the _________ between
positively charged metal ions and the electrons around
the ions.
attraction
Electrons are able to move throughout the metal.
Think of a metal as being made up of positive
metal ions that have valence electrons swimming
around.
The electrons keep the ions together and cancel the
positive charge of the metal ions.