C

jehL muR
Kjg - 2011

FG jiyt
Kidt u.n.jh. tjhghD
nguha kW Jiwjiyt
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry- 636 011.

yhaf
Kidt v. runrf

br h. rkh bkA#,

iz nguha,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.

iuahs,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.

U. brh. mjf,

Uk f. ckhknft

bjhf Ma,
muR nkiyg,
Vjh - 636 117.
nry khtl.

bjhf Mia,
muR nkiyg,
nkLgo ,
nry - 636 111.

ghlf jah : jehL muRfhf

g f aff, jehL.

60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.
bt MbrKiw mnlh :

bghUslf
gf v
myF 1 : yf RW tf
tf(Digital Circuits)

1 - 16

myF 2 : tiy mik Va (Network Antenna)

xgujik

17 - 33

myF 3 : thbdh xgu kW x th

34 - 68

myF 4 : bjhiyfh xgu kW x th

69 - 145

myF 5 : Monah, onah rhjdf

146 - 160

myF 6 : ouhtf

161 - 180

myF 7 : yftif f (Digital Computer)

181 - 196

myF 8 : jft bjhiybjhl

197 - 204

myF 9 : kUJt dQ rhjdf

205 - 216

iii

1. yf RW tf (Digital Circuits)
1.1 mKf
ol Kiw Vuhskhd miyfis Jakhd Kiw vLJ bry
mf ms Ukiy vf (Binary Digits) gagho csd. vdnt ol
Kiw mf ms yftif RWf (Digital Circuits) njitgLwJ. mitf
xbthW mnj tifyhd tbghUsh (Hardware) ifahsgLwJ. xirtot
Kiw (Analog System) iur jikia fLgL xGfhd braKiwF
TLjyhd ol RWf njitgLwJ.
fah fLgLJ ol Kiw bkbghU (Software)
gagLjgLwJ. m J braf tbghUis (Hardware ) khwhk
bragLwJ. Kiw bjhrhiyf bt bkbghU (Software)
jahfgL m VgL FiwghLf galhs ifF brw
fgLwJ.
mdyh Kiwia l ol Kiw nrfgL jftf iur nghw
ghUJ fgL vj j gh yhk Ug bgwgLwJ. Mdh
mdyh Kiw iur nghw fhuzfsh jft nr ghfgLwJ.
ol Kiw bkhj iur rj fgLtjh jftf rahd Kiw
s ilwJ.
ol RWf mdyh cWfis bfhL mikfglh mJ mdyh
Fzij bgUF. m ol jik mwnt UfhJ. ol Kiw Fiwj
iur fhy za Kjatiw bgW iknuhuhrr (Microprocessors) nghW
Mufzfhd flisfis VWbfhS jik, Wfzfhd
bghahsf nrJ br wid bgUF.

ko itnul(Multivibrator)
ko itnul vgJ xU dQa RW MF. mj cjah
miyah, fhyRW, -s (Flip-Flop) nghw Uiy mikfis clhf
Ko. ko itnulf Uiy bgUfis bfhL (ouhlf,
thf) jilf kW njfis gagL FWFtr izghf
mikfgLwJ._W tifahd koitnul RWf tHf csd.
mitahtd

ml koitnul (Astable Multivibrator)

j R iyahd mik iy, j btpL xU iyUJ
kbwhU iyF khbfhnl UF. vdnt jF cL njit iy.
(fofhu miy myJ ntW iy miy) (Clock Pulse or Other)

nkhndhl koitnul (Monostable Multivibrator)

j R xW iyahf, kbwhW iyawjhf csJ. j RW
xU Fl fhy tiu iyawjhf UJ L iyahd mikF tJL.
j RW xU (One shot) RW vW miHfgLwJ.

igl koitnul (Bistable Multivibrator)

j RW xU iyahd mik UfhJ. J xU iyUJ kbwhU
iyF khbfhnl UF. j RW ny (latch) myJ sh (Flip -Flop)
RW vW miHfgLwJ.

ml koitnul (Astable Multivibrator)

ml koitnul 555IC _y bjhlahd brtf miyfis
Fl mbt btpo cg brwJ. jil R1, VCC- F
wf 7F jil R2, of (Trigger) v 2 kW unAhL ( Threshold) v 6F il izfgLsJ. v 2, 6 bghJ izghf
csJ. vdnt nj C- jilf, R1,R2 - tahf rhuij njFwJ.
v 7 Fiwj btpL miynghJ jiuF Fiwj jil ghijia mikJ
bfhLgjh nj jh nja rhuij jil R2 tahf wf
brwJ. ml koitnul mj btpL mbt mj R
izfgL jilf R1,R2 kW nj C-I bghWJ mikwJ.
mf neu miy

f=

1
In(2) . C . (R1 + 2R2)

high = In(2) . (R1 + 2R2) .C

Fiwj neu miy low = In(2) . 2R2 .C
jilf k XY, nj C- k ~ghuoY (Farad) csJ.
Vcc
R

4
RESET
7

Vcc

DIST
3
6
OUT
THR
OUT
2
TRIG
Trigger
GND CTRL
1

5
10nF

GND

gl -1.1 (1) ml ko itnul

nkhndhl koitnul (Monostable Multivibrator)

nkhndhl koitnul of miy (Triger Signal) nj C-
dGj kW g mfy (Pulse Width) uoF bjhl csJ. 555IC
One shot g b#dnul vd miHfgLwJ. nkhndhl kontnul
btpL Jo 555IC -F cL of miy _wh iy dGj
gF VgLwJ. Jo mfy neu kh RC Rwh khfgLwJ.
nj C- njF dGj 2/3 Jo KotilwJ. Jo mfy
mfgLjgLtJ, FiwfgLtJ jil R kW nj C kig
bghWJ mikwJ. Jo mfy neu (t) nj C-ia 2/3 gF njFwJ.
2

t = RC ln (3) 1.1 RC
t- brf R-

X C- ghu

Vcc

R1

4
RESET

Vcc

DIST
6

OUT

THR
R2

OUT

TRIG
GND
1

CTRL
5

10nF

GND

gl -1.1 (2) nkhndhl koitnul (Monostable Multivibrator )

Volts

Trigger Signal

Capacitor Voltage

Output Pulse

Time

gl -1.1 (3)-nkhndhl koitnul btpL miytot

igl koitnul (Bistable Multivibrator)

igl koitnul 555IC mogil -sh Rwhf bragLwJ.
555 IC v 2,4 Kiwna of (Trigger) kW (reset) br cLfS,
v 6 bunAhL (threshold) cL MF. mJ jiul izfgLsJ.
jiu iz Set Mf 3 tJ btplhf csJ. v 3 kW vcc Mf
v 3 kW jiuiz 0 low state csJ.

1.2 Kndwgl thf (Developed Logic gates)

yh nfLf miyf gagLjgLwJ. mit cL/iy vgij
bjwd. bghJthf ne dGj cL vgij, 0 dGj iy
vgij FF, nH cs mltiz cL/iy gF kw iyf
fhlgLsJ. nfLf mj bragho mogil tUkhW
fgLwJ, mitf tUkhW
3

1. iy th ( NOT GATE),, 2.vyh th (AND GATE ) , 3. eh th

(NAND GATE ),, 4. myJ th (OR GATE), 5.myJ iy th (NOR GATE),
6. v[h th (EX-OR GATE), kW 7. veh th (EX-NOR GATE)..
yh iy
bk
1
mf
+Vs
on

iy
0
Fiw
0V
off

jf th (Logic gate) milahsf

uL tifahd milahsf jf thf gagLjgLwd.

1. tHfkhd FpLf (Traditional Symbols)

J KY khWgl mikbfhlJ. j _y v th mikig
fla Ko. mJ bjhrhiyfY, fJiwY gagLjgLwJ.

&

=1

gl 1.2 (1)

2. IEC milahsf (International electrotechnical Commission)

j milahsf brtf to mikfgL mj cw th
braghL fhlgoUF.

cLf kW btpLf (Inputs and Outputs)

nf rLf uL myJ mjF nkgl cLfis bfhLsd.
iy th (NOT Gate) kL xnu xU cL csJ. midJ nf rLfS
xnu xU btpilbgWsd. bghJthf cLf A,B,C, vw vGjhY btpL
Q vw vGjhY FfgLwJ. cLf lJ gfK btpL tyJ gfK
FfgoUF.
cL
btpL
gl 1.2 (2)
4

jiy tl (0) (The Inverting Circle (0))

xU y th RWf mj btpL iy xU W tlij bgWsd.
mJ mj bragho btpL jiy vgijfhLwJ. mJ iy th
(Not Gate) btpLF rk MF. cjhuz eh th (NAND gate) (NOT AND ) gl
fhlgLsJ. mj btpo jiy tl csJ.

gl 1.2 (3)

cik mltiz (Truth Tables)

cik mltiz yh th braghil fhL mikghF. mJ
xbthU cL iyf btpil fhL cikgoa 0 iy vd
1 cL vgij fhl gagLjgLwJ. gl vyh th (AND Gate)
cikgoa fhlgLsJ. gl cik goaf RUf
fhlgLsJ, m uL cL kW _W cL th btpL
fhlgLsJ.

cik mltiz (Truth Tables)

cL

cL

btpL

jf thf (Logic Gate)

yh th (Logic gates) w tif I f (ICs chips) gagLjgl
iy ilwJ. mJ xU y thfis gagL bragLwJ. cjhuz
(IC) 4001 ehF -2 cLfis bfhl myJ iy th (NOR Gate) MF.
yhIC xU y FLgf uL tifahf fgLwd. mitahtd
1. 4000 bjhl (Series )
2. 74 bjhl ( Series)

input gate 1

14 +3 to +15V

input gate 1

output gate 1

output gate 2

input gate 2

input gate 2

OV

4001
4011
4030
4070
4071
4077
4081
4093

13 input gate 4
12 input gate 4
11 output gate 4
10 output gate 3
9

input gate 3

input gate 3

gl 1.2 (4)
5

iy th (NOT Gate)
btpL bk (1) v cL A 0 MF. mjhtJ btpL co
jiy (Inverter) MF. iy th xU cil kL bgWsJ. vdnt iy
th xU jiy (Inverter) vd miHfgLwJ.
cL A
0
1
gl 1.2 (5) FpL

IEC milahs

btpL B
1
0

cik mltiz

vyh th ((AND Gate)

cL A kW B ca iy (1) Ujh kLnk btpL
caiy (1) Mf UF. vyh th uL myJ mjF nkgl
cLfis bgWsJ. mj btpL bk (1) v vyh cLf midJ
bk (1) MF.
cL
A
0
0
1
1

gl 1.2 (6) FpL

IEC milahs

cL btpL
B
Q
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1

cik mltiz

eh
th (NAND Gate) = (Not And)
eh
eh th (NAND Gate) xU vyh th vgJ vyh th (And
Gate) jiy (Inverter) MF. mj btpo 0 vd FfgLsJ. mj uL
cLfS bk (1) v btpL (0) MF. kw rkaf btpL bk (1) MF.
eh th uL myJ mjF nkgl cLfis bgWsJ.
cL
A
0
0
1
1

gl 1.2 (7) FpL

IEC milahs

cL btpL
B
Q
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0

cik mltiz

myJ th (OR Gate)

cL
A
0
0
1
1

gl 1.2 (8) FpL

IEC milahs
6

cL btpL
B
Q
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1

cik mltiz

myJ th btpL 1 v cL A myJ B 1 MF.

btpL Q = A myJ B
myJ th uL myJ uLF nkgl cLf bgWsJ. mj
btpL 1 v mj xU clhtJ 1 Mf UF,

eh th (NOR Gate)
J xU myJ (OR) thiy bjhlJ iy th (NOT) bfhL
mikfgl RwhF.
J xU myJ th (OR Gate) mj btpo 0 vd FfgLsJ.
j btpL 1 bk v cL (0) MF.
Q = NOT = (A myJ B )
NOR th uL myJ mjF nkgl cLfis bgWsJ. mj btpL
bk v mj cLf bk Mf UfhJ.
cL
A
0
0
1
1

gl 1.2 (9) FpL

IEC milahs

cL btpL
B
Q
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0

cik mltiz

v[h th (EX-OR GATE) ( EXclusive-OR) gate

v[h th btpL bk v cLf A myJ B bk MF.
j btpL bk v cLf A , B khWgl iy UF. v[h th
uL cLfis bgWsJ.
cL
A
0
0
1
1

gl 1.2 (10) FpL

IEC milahs

cL btpL
B
Q
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0

cik mltiz

veh th (EX-NOR Gate)

J v[h th (EX-OR Gate) kW mj btpL jiy MF.
mj btpo 0 FpfgLsJ.
mj btpL bk v cL A , B rk MF. (bk myJ iy)
veh th A, B vw uL cLfis bgWsJ.
cL
A
0
0
1
1

gl 1.2 (11) FpL

IEC milahs
7

cL btpL
B
Q
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1

cik mltiz

cik mltiz RUf

uL kW _W cLf bfhl thf mltiz RUf nH
fhlgLsJ.
uL cLth
cL

_W cL th

btpL

cL

uL cLf bfhl th RUf

cLf
A

thf btpLf
AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR

_W cL bfhl th RUf
thf btpLf
cLf
A

EXNOR

btpL

AND NAND

OR

NOR

1.3 To, fghD (Adder and Subtractor)

vyuh RWf To xU ol RwhF. mJ vf TLjiy
brwJ. jfhy ff To fj Vusz brayfkhf (ALU) csJ. vdnt
Tof igd nfhl blk (Binary Coded Decimal) myJ v[-3 (Excess - 3)
braghLF gagLwJ.

miuTo (Half Adder)

miuTo vgJ xU fj Vusz brayf RW MF. mJ vf
TLjiy brwJ.. mJ uL Uiy vfis TL braiy brwJ.
mj btpL uL cLf bjhF MF. miuTo (EX-OR) th
kW (AND) thiy gagL mikfgLwJ. mJ C,S vW uL
btpLfis bgWsJ. S btpL TLbjhifid (Sum) jUtjhf. C
btpL (Carry) TLbjhif ulhtJ yfij jUtjhf
mikJsJ. miuTo yh mltiz nH fhlgLsJ.

gl 1.3 (1) miuTo (Half Adder)

8

cLf

btpLf

miu
To
gl 1.3 (2) miuTo (Half Adder) EX-OR th kW AND th

KGTo (Full Adder)

KGTo xU fj Vusz brayf RW MF. J _W Uiy
vfis TLtJ KGTo vd miHfgLwJ. J uL (bit)
btpLfis bgWsJ. mJ C,S vW bgalgLwJ.

gl 1.3 (3) KGTo (Full Adder)

KGTo mltiz
A

1- bit
Full
Adder

C out

A
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

C in

S
gl 1.3 (4)

cL
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

Ci
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

btpL
Co
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1

S
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1

fgh (Subtractor))
vyuh RWf fgh RWf To (Adder) R mogil
bragLwJ. fgh RWf _W Lf (bits ) gagLjgLwJ. mitf
xWbfhW ahrkhdit MF.
Di = XiYiBi

miufgh (Half Subtractor))

miufgh RW xU iz RW MF. m fghdhf uL
Lf(bits) bragLwd. mJ uL cLfis X,Y uL
btpLfis D (difference), B(borrow) bfhLsJ. mj cik mltiz
nHfhl gLsJ.
9

cik mltiz

gl 1.3 (5) miufgh ((Half Subtractor))

KGfgh (Full Subtractor)

J xU iz RW MF. _W Lf(bits) fgh braiy
brwJ. _W cLfS X,Y,Z uL btpLfS D (difference),
B(borrow)csd. j cik mltiz nHfhlgLsJ.
cik mltiz

gl 1.3 (6) KGfgh (Full Subtractor)

KGfgh yh rkghL
D= XYB
B = Z (X Y) + X Y

1.4 Vw wf Uiy kW gf (Flip-Flop and Registers)

mKf
ol RWf -sh vgJ igl koitnul tifia
nrJJ. mJ uL iyahd mikig bfhLsJ. m xU (bit)
idtfkhf bragLwJ. jbghGJ -sh eh ouhbgu rhjdf
gagLwJ. -shf xW myJ uL miyfis fLgLj
gagLwJ.

gaghLf
- shf rhjhuzkhf sh g miyfis bfhLsJ. rhjhuz
-shf FWF tr jiy izghf izfgL rhjdf
10

gagLjgLwJ. btlFHhf, ignghyh ouhlf, ~L vg

ouhlf, btlf, yh rLf j braghL gagLwJ.
shL -sh khl ny rhjdfY gagLjgLwJ. -sh
RWf nkY gy fshf fgLwJ. mitahtd
*
*
*
*

RS -sh
D -sh
T -sh
J.K -sh Kjad.

RS - sh (Reset-Set)
RS -sh uL NORthf FWFtr izghF.
RS -sh braghL gl fhlgLsJ.
f kW fU yh 1 kW 0 MF.
RS -sh bghJthf SR -sh vd
miHfgLwJ. R (Reset), S (Set) MF. mJ uL
FWF tr iz NAND myJ NOR yh
thf MF. nrF (bit) btpo Q vd
FfgoUF. cLf R kW S Fiwthf
gl 1.4 (1) RS -sh Ujh btpL Q,Q iyahf UF. cL
mfkhf, R Fiwthf Ujh btpLf
Fiw VgL tiu khwhk UF.
D -sh (D-Flip-Flop)
D-tif -sh iwa ehf mf ms gagho csJ. J
ony -sh (Delay flip-flop) vd miHfgLwJ.
btpL Q cL iy vLfgLwJ. mj cL myJ Data cL
kW xU fofhu vifF jhkjgLjLwJ. D -sh giHa idtf
br Riy nAhL jhkjnfhL Matiw sFwJ.
SET

cik mltiz
Data input

direct

inverted

cL

RESET

btpL

iy

Set

Reset

gl 1.4 (2) D - sh
T -sh (T-Flip-Flop)
T tif -sh cL T mfkhdh mj iy khWwJ. sh g
Wjglh T cL Fiw -sh giHa kF khW j braw
cik mltiz _y sfgLwJ.
11

gl 1.4 (3) T -sh (T- (Toggle) -sh

T tif -sh braghLf

gaf
1. T -sh RW xU (bit) myJ igd o (binary digit) jftiy
nrfgagLwJ.
2. VnjD xU T -sh gy j fzofis (counter) mikfgagLwJ.

gf (Registers)
ol RWf gf a nrF mikghF. gf xU
nfnfL, sh MF. mj btpL W izfgL co ju
MF. gf bjhl kW gf iz cL kW btpLfis
bgWsd. mitf Serial-in, Parallel out (SIPO), Parallel in Serial Out (PISO)
vdFlgLsJ.

1.5 fzof (Counters)

fzof xU rhjd MF. mJ xU bra jikia vjid Kiw
bragLwJ vgij fzL nrwJ. uLj fzof tHff
csd. mitf.

nk fzo (Up-counters) - kf mfJ bfhL brY.

fzo (Down-counters) - kf FiwJ bfhL brY.

fzL RWf g tif RWf gagLjgLwJ. cjhuz sh tif RW.
fzof gy tiffshf fgLwd. mitahtd

mnuhid fzo (Asynchronous Counters)

nuhid fzo (Synchronous Counters)

tisa fzo (Ring Counters)

#hr fzo(Johnson Counters)

onf fzo (Decade Counters)

nk - fzo (Up-down Counters)

mnuhid fzo (Asynchronous Counters)

mnuhid fzo xU D tif sh MF. mj jiy
btpL mj cL (ju D) MF. j RW xU (bit) -I nrF nkY 0
Kj 1 tiu cs vfis fzL. j fzo xbthU sh gF
jkig mfJ bfhnl brY.
12

Hstate
J

Q1

Q1

Clock
K

Hstate

gl 1.5 (1) mnuhid fzo (Asynchronous Counters)

tisafzo (Ring Counter)

J xU bul (Shift Register) MF. j fil btpL Kj
cLl izfgLwJ. J xU tisa ngh bragLtjh
tisafzo (RingCounter) vW miHfgLwJ.

#hr fzo (Johnson Counter)

#hr fzo tisa fzo xU y khWjf brJ
mikfgLwJ, j fil gF btpo jiy Kj gF
clhf bfhLfgLwJ.

onf fzo (Decade Counter)

onf fzo igd vfis l (Binary) blk vfis (decimal)
rahd ms fzLwJ. j RW ko bsr (Multiplexer) kW okobsr (de-multiplexer) RWf gagLjgLwJ. onf fzo nkhL
fzo (Mod Counter) vd miHfgLwJ.

nk fzo (Up down Counter)

xU fzo jiy cL nk njbjLgh _y khw
Vglh mJ nk fzo vW miHfgLwJ. mj k mfjh
mJ nk fzo vW, mj k Fiw Vglh fzo vW
miHfgLwJ.

vnfhl (Encoder)
vnfhl vgJ jftfis xU gotUJ myJ nfho UJ kw
tifF khWwJ. mjhtJ kj FpL tufis vu m Fplhf kh
jUwJ.
cjhuz
Ml - igd vnfhl
MlUJ igd 8 cLfis 3 cLfis bfhLsJ.
aho vnfhl

onfhl (Decoder)
onfhl vgJ gy cLfis, gy btpLfis bfhl yh RW
MF. mJ nfhl cLfis nfhl btpLfshf khWwJ. mjDila cL,
btpL nfhf ahrkhdjhf csJ. J xU fyit ol RwhF, j
13

co mfgl ol nfhil njitahd vF khjU yh

RwhF. J ng igd onfhl, igd onfhl vd U thf csJ.

kobs[ (Multiplexer), o-kobs[ (D-Multiplexer)

ko bsr vgJ kos (Multiplexing) gia brwJ. mJ mf
mdyh myJ ol cL miyfis njitahd cL tF mDwJ.
xU ko sr 2n cLfis n nj tfis bfhLsJ. mj cL
t btpL gFF brYj gagLwJ. xU vbyuh ko sr gy
miyfis xU rhjdF bfhLf gagLwJ. ko bsr kWKid
o- kobsr rhjd cL miyfis bgW gy ju btpL miyfis nj
brwJ. mJ XU cLl izfgLwJ. kobsr fhbkl
(Complemetray) o-ko bsr njbjLF gFl izfgLwJ.
I0

I0

out

out
I1

I1

0
Se

Sel

Sel

A 2-to-1 mux

gl 1.5 (2) ko bsr

cik mltiz
O0

O0
in

1
0
0
1
1
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0

1
0
0
1
0
1
0

in
O1

Sel

O1

Sel

gl 1.5 (3) o- ko bsr

xU dQ kobsr gy cL xU btpL rh (Switch) vd
o-ko bsr xU cL gy btpL rh (Switch) vd miHfgLwJ.
bjhiy bjhl Jiw kobsr rhjd gy cL jft miyfis xU
btpL miyahf khjUwJ. mJ gy bjhiy bjhl nrdfis bgWsJ.
mJ kobsr bjh Egij bfhLsJ. o-kobsr rhjd gy
nrdfis bfhl xU cL miyia vLJ gy btpL miyahf
khjUwJ.gl ko bsr, o- ko bsr mikgl
fhlgLsJ

14

S0

S1

2 - to - 4 line
D0 D1 D2 D3
I0

F3
F2
F1
F0

gl 1.5 (3) A Single Bit-to-4 line - De-multiplexure

dhf
gF -m
I- rahd ilia njbjLf
1.

koitnul vgJ xU_______ MF. mJ Uiy mik braghLF

gagLwJ.
m) dQ RW
) yhf RW

2.

gytifahd ilk kW ko itnul braghL RWf _______ IC

gagLjgLwJ.
m) 666

3)

M) a RW
<) fj VuszRW

M) 777

M) cL iy

) bghJ

<) iy

iy th (NOT gate) bghJthf _______ vd miHfgLwJ.

m) buoga
) ftl

6.

M) nkhndhl koitnul
<) nl iy

yh nf RWf braghil bjthf ma _______ mltiz

gagjgLwJ.
m) cL

5.

<) 555

_______ RWf 555 IC mogil sh Rwhf bragLwJ.

m) ml koitnul
) igl koitnul

4)

) 810

M) jiy (Invertor)
<) khLnyl

vyh th (AND GATE) _______ myJ _______ cLfis bfhLsJ.

m) xW, xWF nkgl
) _W, _WF nkgl

M) IJ, IJF nkgl

<) uL, uLF nkgl
15

7.

_______ xU yhf RW MF mJ uL yf _W xU (Three bit)

vf _y TLjiy brwJ.
m) miuTo

8.

M) KGTo

) tl

<) buoga

_______ vgJ xU got myJ nfhoUJ kbwhF khjU

mikghF.
m) vnfhl

9.

M) o-nfhl

) buoga

<) tl

_______ vgJ gy cL gy btpLfis bfhl yh RW MF.

m) vnfhl

10)

M) tl

) o-nfhl

<) buoga

_______ vgJ xU Fl ffis gyKiw nrF rhjd MF.

m) fzo (Counter) M) o-nfhl

) vnfhl

<) gth

II- xU y thijf ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

_W tif ko itnulf bgafis FLf.

uL tif yh nfLf milahsis FLf.
iy th (NOT gate) tiuaW.
miu To ntiy ahJ.
fgh- tiuaW.

III- xU y tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

vyh th (AND Gate) tiuaW.

vyh iy th (NAND Gate) tiuaW.
myJ iy th (NOR Gate) tiuaW.
KGTo tiuaW (Full Adder)
- sh tiuaW.

IV- xU gf ms tiuaW
1.
2.
3.

t
1. ml ko itnul

2. nkhndhl ko itnul

t
1. KGTo, fgh

2. mnuhid fzo, nk- fzo

sFf
1. o nfhl, vnfhl

2. RS -sh, D -sh

V- thd ila
1. yh nfLf braghil glJl sFf (VnjD _W)
2. miuTo, KGTo braghil glJl sFf.

ilf
1. m

2. <

3.

4. m

5. M 6.<

16

7. m

8. m

9.

10. m

2. tiy mik Va xgujik

(Network Antenna and Propagation)
mKf
kf vbghGJ jf vzfis xUtUbfhUt gkhbfhs
iHwd. br bjhl vgJ r_f nehffhf kLkyhJ ehff
flikF f mtakhd gFahF. br bjhl _ykhf kf jf
vzfis gkh bfhtJ vgJ kj dF Vgl xU gugu
eikahF. Kdh Ka br bjhlfis l ufSilna
ngQtjF gy fhufis tiuaWjJ. cjhuzkhf x miyf xU Fiwj u
kL vLJ brygL kW if jftfis btFu vLJ brtJ
KoahjJ MF.
rhu Mw gaf flaglJ Ia ehLf kW yh
cs Phf jKiw KndwF ghLgld. Kj braKiwl
yl kW yhJ ehLf 1838 bfhLtuglJ. UgJ tUlfSF
wF rhu bjhlfsh Ka ehLfis Wahf izF g KotiljJ.
1890 tf j bjhl cyfs braKiwgLjglJ. jir(telegraph
key), f iz (wire link) kW nkh FpL _ykhf bjhiy ufSilna
brfis cldoahf vLJ bry KojJ. yjo nff _ykhf br
gkhw cs uridfSF xU tjJ. Mdh fl cs fg
bjhl kW brlng br bjhlf (cell phone) rW Fiwnj fhzglJ.
1897 khnfh vgt Kj fyh xguig khjh. 8 ikfSF
clhd bjhiy jftfis mDg, bgw brjh. 1898-f t fl
fyh jKiw bjhlid %J fhodh.
1899 My
fhthfSfgh fyh jKiw Kiw bjhlig VgLdh. t nkY
bghJ gagho cs fyh j Kiwia fl gF jF (Floating
llight house) fyfiu sFfSF fiuF ilna VgLdh. 1902
xgu Kiw bt rhjidahf mikjJ. miwUJ thbdh br
bjhl Fljf ms tsjJ. Kfhy Kiw xU l xU y
thijf gy a ikfSF mgh xgu braglJ.
mogil j Kiw ntfijl caj k ntf Fuyh neilahf
br bjhl khfgL, mLj MF vLJ bryglJ. j Mnt
gngw tsF gagLjglJ. thbdh miyfis ngh xgu
Clf nk Ez gthf gngww mikJsJ. xgu Clf
vgJ x, x, if, fghij myJ thbdh mbtf vW
tfgLwJ. gngw gFgl gghdJ xU miy tot UJ
mLj miy totF khWwJ. thW khW miytot mj R, mbt
myJ g, ulhtJ miytotij VW khWgLwJ

2.1.1 gngw(Modulation)
gngw njit
fh irif miy FWa u kL gaf Ko. Vbd fh
d gaz brnghJ mj r (m) br (intensity) FiwwJ.
17

irif miy mbt f Fiw. Mdh, C miy viyyh

uF gaz br. Mjyh C miyf nk brf RkjgL
mDtjh jftfis gutJ bragLjgLwJ. vdnt irif miyf
C nk RkjgL (Super-imposed) mj bt guggLwd. C
miyf nk irif miyf RkJ KiwF gngw vW bga.
t xU miygu MdJ miya (oscillator), d cg
rhjd, irif (signal) miyfis cg brtjF kW gngw miyia
(modulated wave) cg brtjF gagLjgLwJ.

gngw tiff
Kakhd gngw Kiwf tUkhW
1. Rgngw (Amplitude Modulation)
2. mbt gngw (Frequency Modulation)
3. fl gngw (Phase Modulation)

Rgngw(Amplitude Modulation)
gngw braKiw C miy R, irif miy F
jFjthW khWkhdh mjF R gngw vW bga. J thbdh kW
bjhiyfh mikf gagLjgLwJ. j gngw C miy
mbt khwhk UF. j gil mfy(Band width) Fiw.

C miy

R gngw miy
gl 2.1 (a) R gngw bragl miy
18

mbt gngw (Frequency Modulation)

gngw braKiw C miy mbt irif miy
F Vg khWgL. C miy R iyahf UF. J iknuh
miy bjhiy bjhl gagLwJ. j gil mfy mf.
C miy

mbt gngw miy

gl 2.1.1.(b) mbt gngw

fl gngw (Phase Modulation)

gngw braKiw C miy fl (phase) myJ Jo(pulse)
neu, irif miy F jFjthW khWjyiljh J flgngw vd
miHfgLwJ. J nkh fnuhf gagLwJ.

gngw af Fzf (Modulation Nature)

gngw rjj (Percentage of modulation)
V(Receiver) Monah d gy, irif miy MHij(depth)
bghWJ mikwJ. gngw MH vgJ rjj gjidgo btlgL
gngw rjj vd miHfgLwJ. J d dGjF, C
dGjF cs j MF.
gngw j = d dGj/C dGj
19

gngwfho (Modulation Index)

mbt gngw gngw MHkhdJ, mbt yfij
(deviation) bghUJ mikwJ. t gngw MHkhdJ gngwfho vd
miHfgLwJ. J gngw fhu v (Factor) vd miHfgLwJ.
gngwfho (K) = mbt yf / d mbt

2.1.2 gwf (De-modulation)

gngwgl C miy UJ Monah miyfis F f
gwf MF. Monah miyfis mf bjhiyF mDg gngw
bragLwJ. Vdh j miy Vfgl Monah miyfis kL
bjLF Kiw gwf MF.

gwf njit
nuonah Vdh Vfgl gngw miyf bgUah bgUfgL
xghDF bfhLFnghJ xgh xbtpL VJ UfhJ. jF
fhuz C miy mbt xgh lahu muhJ. Mifdh
x btpL uhJ. j fhuzkhf Monah miyf jFj Kiw fgl
ntL. njitahd ms bgU xghF bfhLfgl ntL.

gwfRW
gngwgl miyia nffToa x miyahf kh, C miyia,
Monah miyia jjahf f ntL. thW F ntiyia br
RW gwf RW vdgL.
gwfRW C miyia Uj (Rectify) brJ mj befo gFia
(Negative cycle) FwJ. gngw bragl miyf gho gF rkkhf
csjh, mj ruhr akhF. vdnt xgh afhJ. befo gF
fgLtjh ruhr k aF, ca gFF il mik.
Ujgl gngw miy Monah miy, C miy csd. xU l
Rdh fgl Monah miy kL bgUF gFF brwJ.
njitahd iya gngwgl C miy L1, C1-dh nj
bragL gy iyf flJ ilnahLF bfhLfgLwJ. J ilnahL miy
gho gFia kL mDkF. befo gF jdh ujhwJ. gho gF
cs miyf C miy kL ~luh fgL jiuF mDggLwJ.
s Monah miy kL mLj gFF brwJ.

2.1.3 nkhl (Modem)

gngw (Modulation) kW gwf (De-modulation) vgj RUfnk
nkhl (Modem) MF. J xU dQa rhjd MF. J f vko
irifia (computer digital signal) Fl mbtfshf kh, bjhiyng, nf
bjhiyfh ghijf gaf brwJ. j mbtiz bgW,
VF nkhl (Receiver Modem) mij gwf brJ L giHa vko
irifahf (digital signal) khWwJ. f xU tiyaikUJ kbwhU
tiyaikF (Network) bjhl bfhs nkhlf gagLwJ.
20

nkhl 1970- Fljf tif bragLjglJ. 300 baud (jft

gkhw myF) nkhl, ff, W mif gyif (bullet in-bound system) fis
izf gagLwJ. nj 300 baud nkhl, xU dho neu Rkh 30-gfis
xgug bra Ko. jdh kf jf vzfis, tiuglfis
iuthf gkh bfhwd.
rkyhj jF (asymmetry) vgj bghU nkhl jftfis mDtijl
(uploading) ntfkhf, jftfis bgWwJ (down loading). v RHW (dial-up)
nkhlijl Fljf gaid ADSL (Assymetric Digital Subscriber Line) tif
bfhLwJ. ADSL nrit vbghGJ aF (Always on) izig
bfhoUF. vdnt vRHia l J ntfkhf aF.
y bjhKiwf jftfis vLJ bry bgw (upload-download)
mf gil mfy njitgLwJ. mjhtJ izajs _y bra
bragLwJ. vdnt U irfY (Vf - mDg) brYj rkkhd gil
mfy bfhl SDSL(Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) tif gagLjgLwJJ.
mLj tifahd nkhl, nf bjhiyfh gagLwJ. J nf
izig bjhiyfh nritia bfhLgtl UJ izajs _y bgW
tHFwJ.
bghJthf Fiwj ms nkhl vgJ braifnfh nkhl myJ rhnkhl
(Sat-Modem) MF. J ol jftfis thbdh miyfshf kh
braifnfh jL (Satellite dish) _y bjhlig vgLJwJ. Mdh j nrit,
kw izajs (Internet) nritial mf bryilaJ. vdnt fl nritia
(Cable service) bfhLgjF braifnfh nkhl xU ey thig VgL
bfhLwJ.

2.2 Jo gngw (Pulse modulation)

br bjhlfhf gngw bragL miyf R, fhy ms, iw
Ma ah xnu rka khwgLtJ g gngw MF. j mogil
J ehF tiffshf fgLwJ. mit
1. Jo R gngw (Pulse Amplitude Modulation-PAM)
2. Jo FpL gngw (Pulse code Modulation-PCM)
3. Jo mfy gngw (Pulse width Modulation-PWM)
4. Jo iy gngw (Pulse position Modulation-PPM)
Jo gngw Ka fU (concept) xUfikj irifia
vyfF A/D (Analog to digital) khWtjhF. jF vuhd bra, mjhtJ
vyfUJ xUfikj irifia D/A (Digital to Analog) khwbrtJ
th (Receiver) ntiyahF. J Ugofis bfhLsJ. Kjgoahf R
viyia, thd viyia, thd kl Fl vfshf fgLwJ.
xbthU klK iyahd ir bfhl gfis bgWwJ. ulhtJ Rf
Flfhy msf fgLwJ. it gRf msF Vg khW.

21

2.2.1 Jo R gngw (Pulse Amplitude Modulation-PAM)

gy braKiwf, gRf fhy ms, braRH (duty cycle)
vwiHfgLwJ. gRf fa (df) ilbt bfhl
viyfshf fgLwJ. thW tiuaWfgl gRf a ilbt
xW myJ mjF nkgl gRfshf khwgLwJ. j bra fhy
kos (time-division multiplexing) vwiHfgLwJ.
s(t)

time

amplitude

(a)

time
amplitude

(b)

time

amplitude

(c)

time
(d)

gl 2.2.1. Jo gngw mik

a. xUfikj irif, b.Jo R gngw, c.Jo mfy gngw,
d.Jo iy gngw

2.2.2. Jo fhy gngw (Pulse Time modulation)

tif gngw (PTM) bjhFfgl irif vgJ xnu ks
irifia, fhy mR(time axis) ol iriffshf khWtJ MF. U Ka
tiff csd. mit
1. Jo mfy gngw (PWM)
2. Jo iy gngw (PPM)

2.2.3. Jo mfy gngw (PWM-Pulse Width Modulation)

Jo R gngw, Fl kh kf R iyahdjhf,
fhy ms kh kF nejY khWgL. fhy kos braYF
mf gRf d ms fhyf fgLwJ.

2.2.4. Jo iy gngw (PPM- Pulse Position Modulation)

PPM btL kh kf, khWgL gR mikf iyahd fhy
msit bfhoUF. J bghJthd fhy ms khWghil xUF. PPM kW
22

PWM- gRf fhy ms d ilbt fhzgL. nkY mf fhy

ms gaz br gRf Fl viyF cgLjgLwJ.

2.3.

Jo yf gngw (PDM- Pulse Digital Modulation)

J xUfikj irifia ol KiwF khWwJ. PCM Kiw, PDM

Kiw mogil aFwJ. F bjhlgw fhyK, R ilwJ.
bjhlgw fhy vgJ kh ju (Sampling) vd, bjhlgw R vgJ
gkhz (Quantizing) vW miHfgLwJ. gkhz vgJ xUfikj ir
gy bjhlgw rhf khWwJ.

2.3.1. Jo- FpL gngw (PCM-Pulse Code Modulation)

gy a br bjhl Kiwf xgug, Vf U jjahd
gRfis totikwJ. ij ulokhd ol (binary) Kiw vW Twyh.
F xUfikj jftf ol KiwF khwgLwJ. bra Kjgoahf,
FpL Kiw thf bragLwJ. xbthU g R xU
Fl gkhzij kh jufshf khwgLwJ. it rkyhj xW myJ
mjF nkgl gRfshf fgLwJ. fgl gRf U tifahd ir
bfhoUF. Jnt gR FpL gngwkhF.
PCM Kiw kw Jo Kiwfisl mf eikia jUwJ. jF fhuz
gngw U khWgl iyf eilbgWtjh, Kj PCM xgu KiwF
totikfgL myFf cikahd irif gil mfyij rhJsJ.
ulhtjhf, cs Uiy khfsh, vjhf gRfis RWNH
iurUJ J itwJ. _whtjhf, Clff tahf ulokhd
(binary) gRfis gu bra xU izfgLwJ. nkY a gRf
cg bragL mLj o-nfh F khjUwJ. J iuriy
FiwwJ. nkY eyjukhd xguig, btF bjhiyF bfhL brwJ.
midJ gngw KiwahY mik xU bghJthd bra, xUfikj
iriff ah fhy kos iriffshf khwgLtnjahF.
V

Amplitude
7
3
-1
-3

t0
Sampling

Pulse modulation techniques

PAM
t1

t1

t1

t1

PDM

PPM

PCM

gl 2.3.1. ehF Jo FpL gngw.

23

gaf :
1. PAM, PWM kW PPM Kiwf xnu khahd gaf ol Kiw
ilwJ.
2. tifahd xgu Kiwf, fhy kos bragho
gagLwJ.
3. f ntf tiy gfshd xUizj nrit tiyg (Integrated Service Digital
Network)- j PCM Eg gagLwJ.
4. braifnfh xgu Kiw PCM kW khw bragl bllhkhLnyr (DM) Mait Fl gafis jUwJ.

2.2. Eziy xgu (Micro-wave Transmission)

iknuh miy xgu vgJ jftfis xgug thbdh miyfis
gagLJ EgkhF. j miys, W vfshf brol ms
fgl gy dQ Eg gagLjgLwJ. Jnt iknuh miy
vdgLwJ. thbdh bgu viyf mbtf Rkhuhf 0.1 GHZ Kj
30 GHZ tiu UF.
miys fzL rkghL
= C/F
(nylh) vgJ miys cm
C- x ntf m/s
F- mbt Hz
j iknuh miy mbtfSF VwthW Mldh ms
mikfgLwJ. thbdhf wikahf ntiy bra cnyhf flf
gagLwJ. Kfhy bragl l-iy (solid state) dQa Eg kW
miy gaF FHh Eg ah 1960-Mo tsailJ, jnghJ iknuh
miy Eg aFwJ. iknuh miy xgung bgUghY br bjhl
Kiwfhf, yguY, braifnfh bjhlY kW btFu bt
bjhlfhf gagLjgLwJ. iknuh miy thbdhgil kwgFf
uhlh, thbdh bjhl, bjhiy cz bjhl kW bt Mfhf
gagLjgLwJ.

gf :
1.

xgu ghijfis ilWf yhk izf f VwJ. caj

gil mfyij tHFwJ.
2. njbjLF miytiria bghUJ kiH, uh, g kW nkf
Matwh ghfgLwJ.

gaf :
1. brYyh tiy g C miy KJbfYghf mikwJ. braifnfh
cl bjhl bfhs gagLwJ.
2. iknuh miy thbdh bjhlf, bjhiyfh kW bjhiyng
bjhlfSfhf gagLjgLwJ.
24

2.2. Va (Antenna) mKf

Mldh myJ Va vgJ xU r kh (Transducer) MF. J
fhj miyfis xgug, Vf mikfgl xU rhjdkhF. it fhj
ffis miyfshf, miyfis fhj ffshf khWwJ.
midJ thbdh rhjdfS thbdh miyfis xgug, Vf
cjwd. it nkY bjhiyfh xgu, Kj tiu cs (point
to point) thbdh bjhlf, fyh brnghf, uhlh kW bt fg
bjhlfhf gagLwJ. Mldhf bghJthf btl bt, Ufo
kW y moY mikfgLwJ.
Mldhf xW myJ mjF nkgl cWfis bfhoUF. x
gu Mldhf cWfsh xU khWir ndhl cUthfgLwJ.
jfhf mj Kidf njitahd dGj brYjgLwJ. jdh
fhj ff cUth bt guwJ. j jiy braiy, V
Mldhf brwJ. mjhtJ, V MldhF tJ nrU fhj ff,
xU khWndhlij cWf Lwd. j ndhl cWf
Kidf dGjkhf nrffgL, thfSFns brYjgLwJ.
y Mldhf, xUizj ugF nkgu totij bfhoUF.
J thbdh miyfis th mj flJ cWfSF tHFwJ.
y mogil Mldhf 1888- bA bA vguh
cUthfglJ. bghJthd Mldh vgJ neuhf (Vertical) mikfgl xU skhd
F tot MF. J miysF fhg mikUF. J f va
mikghF. j bry Fiw. gLif tr (Horizontal) tU midJ
miyfis thf, mDg brwJ. Mdh l F, mikfgl
Uj vj irifia bgwhJ. J Ul gF myJ gy yhj
gFahf fUjgLwJ.
F U mogil irg Mldhf
totikfgLwJ. J U nfhz irfis bfhoUF, mit vyh
irfY rkkhf xgu Mldh, cjhuz : neuhd F tot Mldh ir
g Mldh : J xguig xU irF Vf xU iria bfhoUF.
xgu Mldh tiff :
xgu Mldh tiff y nH bfhLfgLsJ.

Inrhonuh nuonal (Isotrophic radiator)

J midJ irfY rkkhf xguig brwJ. bt Fl
iria neh mikfgL. jF Fl snkh, vilnah iy. f
vikahdJ, f gaDsJ, kw tif Mldhf yhg jndhL xL
msfgLwJ. j k db- (decibel) msfgLwJ.

U JUt Va (Di-pole Antenna) :

U flf vv irf, neuhfnth (vertical) , gfthonyh (Horizontal)
izfgoUF. xU Kid thbdhlD, kbwhW Rjukhf
bt bjh bfhoUF. ts vikahd Mldhnt, fhy
mikj MldhF xU khahf mikjJ. j yhg blg
msfgLwJ. bghJthf xU js brFjhf mikfgl, ika m
izfgL j U ir Mldh, midJ irf UJ ilF
25

miyfis bgW mikig bfhlJ. Mdh js ika mR ir UJ

tU miyfis VfhJ. tif Mldhit nghynt, nghl-il-ngh
Mldh, miu miy Mldh, jiujs Mldh, bto-G(whip) Mldh kW
J-ngh (J-pole) Mldh ah mikUF.

ah-clh (Yagi-Uda) Va :
J ilngh Mldh VgL y Hfis, y cWfis mfkhf
nrJ <LbrwJ. mj cWf, uggh (reflector) kW a (Director)
MF.

khWgl fl Va
J f vikahd mikig bfhlJ. skhd fl xU
gfUJ iz thbdhlD, kbwhU Kid Rjukhf bjh
bfhL UFkhW mikfgLwJ. j mikig vj guY mikfyh.
skhd f mik ey wid jUwJ. jF xU ia mik
njitgLwJ. khWgL neyhj (non-linearity) mbtF Vg f
kW (Impdedance) jik mik.

bfh tot Va (Horn antenna)

mf yhg njitgL lf j mik gagLwJ. j miys
Fl Koahj f Fiwj (microwave) msthf UF. J lij rhj gil
mfyij bfhoUF. vj mbtF j mik bghUJ. J
xU kh tot Mldhthf VW bfhsgLwJ.

tis Va (Parabolic Antenna)

xU bragL cW tis uggh Fa itfgLwJ.
J miyfis jsF ugwJ. Ah tif Mldhit nghynt mf
yhgij bfhLwJ. iknuh miy gaghL kW braifnfh jL (Satellite
dish)-fY gagLwJ.

xL (Patch) Va
J jiu js rJukhf mikfgL, fll bghUjgoUF.
cjhuzkhf jiu js FHh iz ghij Mldh vw tho Mldhit
Twyh.

2.6.1. V Va (Receiving Antenna)

bt guggl C miyfis VW, ekJ Vl izf X
fU njitgLwJ. Vfgl d gntW iyf gntW fFgL
xahf btlgLwJ. jfhf Mldh mikfgLsJ. ijnghynt,
ouhl C miyia gug ouho Mldh xW
mikfgLwJ. thW x gu miyfis, VF gFia izF
ntiyia Mldh brwJ.
Va vgJ Mwiy khW xU skhd fahF. ouho
Mldhthf U miyfis fhj miyfshf, V Mldhthf
U fhj miyfis diyfshf khW ntiyia brwd. uhlh
nghw y tif fUf xnu Mldh VF Mldhthf, xgu
Mldhthf bragLwJ. Mbldh j jik Mldh bunuho
(Antenna reciprocity) vdgLwJ.
26

Va njitf
Va njitahd diy VW mf ms d dGjij clhf
ntL
J njitaw dfUJ njitahd diy J tHF w
bfhoUf ntL.
mf gil mfy cs diy VFgoahf njitahdh btntW
iyaf diy Vf RHY go Uf ntL.

Va gf
irg (Directivity)
yhg (Gain)
gil mfy (Bandwidth)
l (Impedance)

irg
Mldh vj iria neh Uwnjh mir cs diy
mfkhf VF, Jnt irg vdgL.

bgUf
VF mf ms diy bfhLF jikia Mldh yhg(Gain)
vdgLwJ. J irgig bghUJ mik.

gil mfy
Mldh wikahf VfToa df viy, gil mfy vdgLwJ.

l
Mldh KG sF ilF ndhl, dGj j
l MF.

Va tiff
1. cw Va (Indoor Antenna)
2. btw Va (Outdoor Antenna)

1. cw Va
oF cnsna mikfgL Mldh MF.
V-Va (V type)
fj rl Va (Door frame)
cw fl Va (Built-in-antenna)

2. btw Va
1. U JUt Va
2. kofgl UJUt Va
3. ah Va

27

1. U JUt Va (Di-pole Antenna)

il- vwh uL. uL JUtfis izF ntiyia brwJ.
j il-ngh s cjhuzkhf 7.4 moia bfhlJ. J mjFa miyia
kL F jik bfhlJ. j btKidf dGj mfkhf,
ndhl Fiwthf UF. Mdh eLgF uL mf ms
UF. Mfnt j gF UJ flf (Transmission line) izfgL,
oFns cs VF vLJbrygLwJ. j Mldhth ilF
w Fiwthf UgjhY rhu ilWf fygjhY j ju Fiwthf
UF.

2. kofgl UJUt Va (Folded-pole antenna)

F f U KidfS tisfgL UF. jdh UklF
miy ria bgWwJ. btF bjhiy cstfS tif Mldhit
gagLjyh.

3. ug UJUt Va (Reflector-di-pole antenna)

bl ouhlUJ 50 u cstf rthj
miyfis bgw j Mldh gagLwJ. nghl-il-nghYF
izahf mijl a f mjF dh mikfgLwJ. J
~bsl vdgL.
ilnghYF, ~bslUF cs u /4 MF. ~bsliu jha
miyf fhj ffis clhF. jdh Kj jhF miy ng
jik, ~bsliu jhF miy ng jik rkkhf UF. Mfnt
U miyf r xwhf izJ mf r thj miyia ilf
br.

s
tor
ec
Dir

mi
ns

fol
de
dd
i-p
ole

Tra

Re

fle

cto

ss
io
Lin n
e

2.6.1. ah Va (Yagi antenna)

gl xU ah Mldh mik fhlgLsJ.
vgo xU miu nylh (/2) il-ngh w xU
~bsliu mikwnjh, mnj ngh kbwhU miu
nylh (/2) ms fia mjF kWgf mikJ
mjF ilul(director) vd bgalgLwJ. Kj
miyf iluliu jhF. VgL fhj
miyf il-nghiy jhF mnj neu il-nghiy
jhF miyf ria nj ms
miktjh, ju miyfS izJ ria
UklfhFwJ. mnj rka ~bsluh
ugfgl ng jik xWngh miktjh,
Mldh KklF r bgwgL fl tna
oFna cs Vl izfgLwJ. 75
ikfSF mgh cstfS ij gagL
ffis ghfyh.

gl 2.6.1 (a) ah Va
28

2.6.2 jL Va (Dish Antenna)

Reflector
Feed

Support
Parabolic

Off-center
Secondary
Reflector

jL tot Mldh (Dish Antenna) tis Mldh (Parabolic

Antenna)- UJ bgwglJ. J mf yhg bfhL
ugF MldhthF. J thbdh, bjhiyfh,
jft xgu, uhlh kW UHF, SHF, fhj bgu
gFf mfkhf gagLj gLwJ. Fiwj
miys bfhl fhj miyfis ugf
VwthW mikfgLwJ. J kh fgl caj
ir Fzij VgY xgujY bfhLsJ.
bA bA 1888- ij Wdh. tisgu
uggh xU a Jis (1.2cm) Fafhf
csJ. Rkh 450MHz mbt gagLjgLwJ.
ugF tisgu xU Jjehf cnyhfjflh MdJ.
ij jhf xU kurl csJ. Faghij cs
Jis Uir liy VgLj mikfgLwJ.
tif mik xnu khahf, xW xguF,
kbwhW VF gagLjgLwJ.

tis Va, uggh gF Fafhf xU

Cl(Feed) mik csJ. xia CLUt
brnghJ, vj izfiwahf brwnjh,
mJnt Faahf vLJbfhsgLwJ. cnyhf
Gas grain
nkgu tisa tl totkhf UF j
tl lnk (Diameter) Mldh lkhF.
tisgughdJ jjik thj Faij
gl 2.6.5.
bfhoUF. cs Fa Cl mik Fiwj
tis Va
yhgij jU. J U JUt Mldh myJ bfh
tiff
tot Mldhit ngh bragL. J jFj l
bfhL, VfSl izfgLwJ.
VW bfhsgl tis Mldh a Jis nH cs yhg rkghil
jUwJ.
G~(P2D2)/ 2 (myJ) G~(9.37 D2)/ 2 Units / myF
G vgJ w yhg
D vgJ Mldh l
vgJ miys
2.6.3 LNB (Low-Noise Block)
xU Fiwj iur gF (LNB), Fiwj iur kh (Low Noise Converter
LNC) myJ Fiwj iur kh (Low Noise Down Converter LND) vd
miHfgLwJ. J braifnfh bjhiyfh xgu gagLwJ. U
JUt (Di-pole) Mldh braiy ngh J brawJ. Mdh UJUt
Mldh iria jdFjhnd njbjLfhJ. mij njitahd irF
UnghJ kLnk miyf ilF. Mdh LNB xgunghJ, dQa
29

afij neirF (Vertical), gfthL irF (Horizontal) ilna bfhlJ.

LNB iyahf tis gu nk gF (dish) izfgLwJ. jF
izahd xU nk iz csJ. J nkjL kh (Block-up converter BUC)
vwiHfgLwJ.
braifnfh ca thbdh mbtiz bfhL iriffis xgu
brwJ. J Rt, Tiu kW fzho #d tahf ilfhJ. jfhf
oF btna braifnfh jL (Satellite dish) Mldh mikfgLwJ. j
_y ilF miyf nfh-Ma-nf tahf VfSF
bfhLfgLwJ. Mdh j f s mf U, mbt H
xbthU myF sY VgL.
xU LNB tisj ugghDF Kgf mikUF. J irifis
Cl bfh (Feed horn) _y Fa brwJ. LNB irifia a mbtfshf
kh, nf fl tahf VF tHFwJ.
cyf LNB tir (List of universal LNB), cyf LNB 9.75 kW 10.60 GHz tiu
ilF. J U gilf g br. mit 10.7-11.8GHz kW 11.612.7GHz(22KHz irifia aF).
cyf LNBF, 22KHz irifia 10.6GHz cL miyah bfhLf 0.5V
r njitgLwJ. J 9.75GHz bfhl miyaia aF. Fl
dGj bfhL ir af fLgLjgLwJ. mit
12V to 14.5V neir (Vertical polarization)
15.5V to 18V gfirF (Horizontal polarization)
bfhLfgLwJ. 20V-F mfkhf bfhLfgLnghJ LNB gGjilayh.

gl 2.6.3(a) LNB

uil btpL LNB (Two output LNB)

J U btpLfis jj thfSF bfhLf VwthW
mikfgLwJ. xbthU btpL, 13/17V cL dGj bfhl
thfSl izfgLwJ. J 22KHz miyfis thfSF (Receiver) Vg
khjUwJ.

30

gl 2.6.3(b) U btpL LNB

xU gF LNB (Monoblock or Dual LNB)

J xnu xU btpil kL bfhLF.

Fth-btpL (Quad output)

J ehF jj Vfis(Receiver) izf VwthW ehF
btpLfis bfhoUF.

gl 2.6.3(c) Fth btpL LNB

Mnlh-LNB(Octo LNB)
J vL btpLfis bfhoUF. mjhtJ xU Mldh vL
Vfis xnu rka izfyh.

Fthnuh-cyf LNB (Quatro-universal LNB)

J ehF iyahd btpLfis jiy Kidfshf bfhLsJ. xU LNB
Kid 16 btpLfis bfhLF. Ka ehF btpLfshtd
1.
2.
3.
4.

gfir gil (Horizontal polarization low band)

gfir nkgil(Horizontal polarization high band)
neir gil(Vertical polarization low band)
neir nkgil (Vertical polarization high band)

2.6.4. braifnfh V (Satellite Receiver)

xU jukhd ol braifnfh V xU rka xU miytiria
kLnk njbjLF. j bra, kw miwf mikfgL ntbwhU VF
tia VgLJwJ. mndf braifnfh V btpL R.F. flia
bghUJ mik(Socket) csJ. jnghJ U thbdh irifia xU jL (dish)
31

Mldh bfhL bgW tr VgLjgLsJ. mjfhf, TLj tr bfhl

cgfuzf izfgLwJ. mit nk myJ ko-rh-
vdgLwJ. ekF njitahd iyaij bgw, cq braifnfh izig
thf brgtfl UJ bgwyh.
braifnfh thf bjhlig, yt bjhiyng ghij 24/7 -go
VgL bfhsyh.
xU y ghijF eh flz brYJgo
mikfgLwJ(PPV-Pay per view). jdh njitahd kh, bghGJnghF
kW isahLfhd miytirfis Fl bjhF flz bfhLJ
gagLjyh. y KGneubjhlF gagLjyh.

gl 2.6.4. braifnfh V

dhf
I rahd ilia njbjL
1. j ir bjhl _______ Kiw gagLjglJ.
m) fyh bjhl
) gngw Kiw

M) nkhnfh
<) f bjhl

2. C miyf nk irif miyf RkjgL f_______ MF.

m) gwf

M) nkhl

) gngw

<) gR gngw

3. mbt gngw C mbt irif _______ Vwhngh

khWgL
m) mbt

M) iw

) mfy

<) R

4. 300 baud nkhl xUdho_______ gfis mDwJ.

m) 30

M) 300

) 3

<) 3000

5. _______ gngw xUfikj irif, olyhf khwgLwJ.

m) Jo gngw
) Jo-R gngw

M) R gngw
<) mbt gngw

6. iknuh miy s _______ my UF

m) bro l

M) l
32

) l

<) nyhl

7. Vaf yhg _______ mogilahf msfgLwJ.

m) il-ngh Va
) Inrhonuh Va

M) jL Va
<) ah Va

8. Fth btpL LNB- _______ btpLf cL.

m) 8

M) 4

) 16

<) 27

9. jL tot Va l _______ I FwJ.

m) ctis l
) RW l

M) bttis l
<) c l

10. xgu Va_______ fhj miyahf khWwJ.

m) brz miy M) th miy

) irif miy

<) miy

II. xU thijf ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C miy njit ahJ?

ADSL-J TW.
jiujs mikfgL Va vJ?
LSB vgJ vd?
Kj Vaiy fLojt ah?

III. xU tf ila
1. gngw vwh vd?
2. gngw tiffis TWf.
3. bfh(horn) tot Vaiy g TW
4. uil btpL LNB vgJ ahJ?
5. ah Va cs cWf ahit?
6. Jo gngw tiffis TW,
7. gwf vwh vd?
8. nkhl vwh vd?
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.

gngw jJt ahJ?

R gngwid miytotJl t.
mbt gngwij glJl t.
gwf fid t.
Va tiffis TW.
ah Vaiy g t.

thf ila
Jo gngw tiffis T, m VnjD ehF tifg vGJ.
E miyfis g t.
xgu Mldh cs tiffis sF.
jL tot Vaiy g t.

ilf
1. M

2.

3.

4. m

5. m

6. m
33

7.

8. M 9.

10. <

3. thbdh x gu kW x th
(Radio Transmission and Reception)
3.1 mKf
ehf thbdh kW bjhiyfhf bjhiybjhlfhf kLky,
bghGJ nghfhf csd. thbdh bjhl Kiw U rhjdf csd.
mit thbdh gu (Radio transmitter) kW thbdh th (Radio receiver).

3.1.1. xgu jJt

xU thbdh iya, nuonah miyfis cUth, mitfis x
miyfnshL gngw brJ, mj mitfis gutjF gagL rhjd
gu (Transmitter) vd miHfgLwJ. J bA bA vgtuh Kj gu
cUthfglJ. J JLfshd ufa iriffis (Morse Code Signal) kL
gutjF gagLjglJ. 1909 M Mo Kj thbdh bjhiyng gu
cUthfglJ. mJ flthW fgLwd.

3.1.2 tiff
m.
M.
.

C miygu (Carrier wave transmitter )

gngwgl C miygu (Modulated carrier wave transmitter)
thbdh bjhiyng gu (Radio Telephone Transmitter) C miyguf
giHa tif guf MF. mitf JL dfis kL (Morse
Signals) gutjF gagLjgLwd. JL df fis
(dots) a nfhLfis (dashes) bfhlJ. Mdh thbdh guf
nuonah miyfis gutjF mf ms gagLwd. itf V.v
(AM) thbdh gu kW v~ v (FM) thbdh gu vd
fgLwd.

3.1.3 R kh thbdh gu (Am Radio transmitter)

j gu Rgngw bragl nuonah miyfis guwd. J
fl btntW iyfis (Stage) bgWsJ.

thbdh mbt miyah

J C miyfis cg brwJ. btgiy kW dGj ntWghLf
Matdh J cg br mbt khwhjthW totikfgLwJ.
mjF l gagLjgLwJ. Mfnt, jF l Mnyl vw bgaU
cL.

g~g M~iga (Buffer Amplifier))

J xU l bghUJ sh V (Class) M.v~ M~iga MF.
J M.v~ Mnyl neuoahf m iyl gS Mtij jLwJ. jdh
M.v~ mbt khahf (Constant) ilwJ.

34

l - ona gt M~iga
J xU sh V M~igauhF. J g~g kW khLnyl gFfis
izwJ. J C miy wid bgUFwJ.
R kh thbdh gu

gl 3.1
3.1(a) R kh thbdh gu flgl

xth (Microphone)
J xU r khW rhjd (Transducer) MF. J xia, x diyfshf
(Audio Signals) khWwJ.

KbgU (Pre Amplifier)

Kj x diyf cs iur toflgL, bgUfgLwJ.

br cz mbt bgU (AF Amplifier)

J x diyf wid bgUFwJ. bgUa , khLnyl kW
M.v gt M~iga gFF bfhLwJ.

khLnyl kW M.v~ gt M~iga

F xdiy kW C miyf Rgngw (Ampliitude Modulation)
bragLwJ. gngwgl miyf, fil iy M.v gt Migadh
f mf ms bgUfgL, gu MbldhF jugLwJ.

gu Va (Transmitting Antenna))
J gngwgl miyfis fhj miyfshf (Electromagnetic waves) kh,
thbt guwJ.

3.1.2. ggiy gu (FM Transmitter))

j gu mbt gngw bragl x miyfis cg brJ
mitfis guwJ. J nH bfhLfgLs fis kW iyfis
bfhLsJ.
1.
2.
3.

AF bgU (AF amplifier)

vg (Pre emphasis)
l miyah (Crystal Oscillator)
35

4.
5.
6.

mbt klfh (Frequency Multipoier)

ahl - gng (Reactance Modulator)
gt bgU (Power Amplifier)

ggiy gu ( FM Transmitter))

gl 3.1(
3.1(b)) ggiy thbdh gu flgl

x miy jah gF (Audio processing stage))

gF x thia, -vg kW AF bgUia bfhl
gFahF. Kj x th ( Microphone) _y bgwgl xahdJ,
miyahf khwgL, AF Mga _y thf bragL,
vg gFF mDggLwJ. ca mbt x miyf iuryh mf
ghfgLtjh, jid f tiy rhdJ (Amplitued) bgUfgL kW
gngw gFF mDggLwJ. Jnt -vg vdgL. thW
bgUfgl iur miy t o vg vw R _y f vikahf
fgL L.

kW gngw gF (Reactance Modulator)

gF l miyah, mbt klfh kW kW gngw
gFfis bfhljhF.
gF gagLjgL fh myJ nj ahl, tUw
x miy msF VwthW ntWgLwJ. ntWghoF VwthW
ntWgLwJ. ntWghoF VwthW gngwF njitahd ca mbt
C miyfis, l miyah cg brJ jU. miyf
mbt klfh _y bgUfgL gt bgU gFF mDggLwJ.

gt bgU kW xgu Va
gngw fjgl xmiyahdJ mj dGj kW ndhl
Ma U KiwfY bgUfgL xgu MbldhF mDggLwJ. gu
MbldhthdJ RF miyfis fhj miyfshf kh thbt guwJ.

36

3.2 thbdh V ( RADIO RECEIVER))

3.2 mKf
J, x gu iyaf UJ nuonah dfis bgW, xia cg
br xU fU (Instrument) MF. f vikahd thbdh V, l thbdh
V (Crystal Radio Receiver) MF. 1895 M Mo khnfh bjhiyu bjhl
Kiw bt bgwh. J thbdh bjhl Kiw vd miHfgLwJ. 1901
mt f yh bjhl Kiwia %J fhodh. J 1907 M ML bA
bA vgtuh cUthfglJ. J 50 nyh lf tiu ntiy brtjF
totikfglJ. 1909 M Mo ir bragl nuonah mbt V
(Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver) cUthfglJ. nk# Muh 1917 M Mo
ntWghlhd thbdh V tifia llh. j V Ng bAnuhil vd
miHfgLwJ. jDila czw (Sensitivity) kW njbjLF w
(Selectivity) mf. vyh ed thbdh VfS Ng bAnuhil
bfhif go ntiy brwd. 1920 Kiwahd (Regular) xgu Kiw
.v.V. mKfgLjglJ. ah Kj xgu iya, 1927, iy 23
Kig jhfglJ.

3.2.1 mogil jJt

vyh tifahd thbdh VfY fl bfhiff gwgLwd.

1. VW bfhSj (Reception))
nuonah miyfis VW bfhtjF xU Va njitgLwJ. J Via
nuonah miyfnshL izwJ.

2. njbjLj (Selection))
gntW thbdh iyafUJ Ugkhd (Desired) thbdh iyaij
njbjLF w MF. j ntiy LC burd be xfh (Resontant network)
iwntwgLwJ.

3. gFgh (Detecton))
j bra Kiw nuonah mbt df Monah mbt
dfshf khwgLwd. J xU l ilnahlh iwntwgLwJ.

4. Ug bgWj ((Reproduction))
xdiy xahf khwgLtJ Ug bgWj vd miHfgLwJ. J
xU xghdh (Speaker) iwntwgLwJ.

V wf
xU thbdh V ju kW w fl wf mogil
khfgLwd.

1. czw ( Sensitivity))
J, tik Fiwj nuonah mbt d iljhY nghJkhd
Monah mil cg br w MF. J M.v~ gFf bgUF
wfis bghWjJ.
37

2. njbjLF w ( Selectivity))
J Va ilF df UJ Ugkhd dfis myJ
iyafis kL njbjLF w MF. J ir bragl RWf
(Tuned circuits) Jakhd miybkil bghWjJ. vdnt fbtl kW
M.v~ M~iga njbjLF wid mfgLJwJ. njbjLF
w mfkhtjh xU V, nk{ miy kW mLJs nrd lghLfis
(Adjacent Channel Interference) jwJ.

3. Kir (Fidelity))
J, vj H KG Monah mbt tuid bgUf br
w MF. J Monah M~igaf totikid bghWjJ.

4. cW rkiy (Stability))
J V ilF x ms khWjf yhk, cWrkiy
btpil cg br w MF. V cWrkiy VgLj V.. RW
gagLwJ.

5. irif / iur j (Signal to noise ratio))

J irifF iurF ilnaahd j MF. wid
mfgLj ggiy Vf l iy gagLjgLwJ.

thbdh V tiff (Types of radio receivers))

bghJthf thbdh Vf nH bfhLfgl U tiffshf f
gLwd.
1.
2.

o.M. v~ thbdh V (TRF radio receiver)

Ng bA thbdh V (Superhet radio receiver)

3.2.3. thbdh mbt V

J xU neuo thbdh V (Straight Radio Receiver). J ir bragl
nuonah mbt V vd miHfgLwJ. J nH bfhLfgLs iyfis
bfhLsJ.

4.

M.v~ Miga
obll
Mbldh
Monah
Miga
M.v~
gt ris
M

obll

~ga
B+

1.
2.
3.

gt
ris

gl 3.1(
3.1(a)) TRF thbdh V flgl
38

V. v~
M~ga

xgh

thbdh mbt bgU (RF Amplifier))

J xU ir (tuned) bragl nuonah mbt bgU, J
Mbldhth njbjLfgl nuonah mbt diy bgUFwJ.

gFgh ( Detector))
J M. v~ kW V.v~ M~iafSF il gagLwJ. J xU
R gngw oblluhf ntiy brwJ. J M.v~ dfshf khW.
l myJ d ilnahLf gagLjgLwd.

br cz bgU (Audio Amplifier))

J Monah d gyij bgUFwJ. J M~iga, oiut
kW m M~iga Matiw cslsJ. kW oiut
M~igaf, nthnl{ M~igaf MF. m M~iga, gt
M~iga MF. xgh (Speaker) Monah diy xahf khWwJ.

r (Power supply)
J V cs vyh iyfSF njitahd dGjij
bfhLwJ. J nglahfnth ngl vndluhfnt Ufyh.

eikf
m.
M.
.

J xU f vjhf V.
vjhd RWf gagLjgLsd.
miybk njitiy.

ikf
m.
M.
.

czw kW njbjLF w Fiw

Fiwj Kir
Fiwj uw

3.3 Ng bA nuhil V jJt

j V bAnuhil bfhif ntiy brwJ. ed thbdh
Vf mnefkhf (Mostly) Ng bAnuhil tiff MF. J fbtl
iyia bgW cns tUw dfis iliy mbt (Intermediate
frequency) dfshf khWwJ.

izj njf ((Ganged Capacitors)

U ntWgL njf xU bghJthd
Mnyl m (Common shaft) bghUjglh,
M.v~
gF
mtik izj njf (Ganged
gF
capacitors) vW miHfgLwJ. xU
ntWgL nj M.v~ gF
njitahd iyaij njbjLgjF,
kbwhW Mnyl gF, iyaF
Vw
Mnyl
m
btid
cUthFtjF
ga
gLjgLwJ.
gl 3.3(
3.3(a)) R.F ia br
nj RWgl
39

izj ir ((Ganged Tuning))

izj njf _y Ugkhd iyafis njbjLgijna
izj ir vnwh.

fy F V jJt (Principle of superhetrodyne receiver)

U ahrkhd miyfis fy (Beating) J xU a miyia
bgWbfhS braKiw fyj (Heterodyning) vd miHfgLwJ.
Va

kh

thbdh
mbt
bgU

fy

miyah

gl 3.3(
3.3(b)) Ng bAnuhil jJt flgl
uL btntW (F 0 , F ) miyfis xU ouhl _y fyjh
S
ouhl btpo ehF jkhd miyf ilwJ. mitahtd:
Kj miy (FO)
ulh iy (F )
s
uL miyf TLj (F + F )
o
s
uL miyf ahr (F - F )
o s
tiw ju uL miyf TLjdh VgL Ahnkh vw
njitaw miyfS UF. t uL miyf ahrij kL
IF Mf vLJ bfhL kw miyf toflgLwJ. Jnt NgbA V
jJtkhF. jJt V.v, v~ v, fnf, nulh kW bjhiyfh
Vf gagLjgLwJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.

eikf
m.
M.
.

cz w kW njbjLF w - mf
ey new
ey cWw
40

ikf
m.
M.

ne brj (Alignment) kW ouh (tracking) njit.

fyhd RWf gagLjgLwd.

NgbA V VgL lghLf ( Interferences)

bghJthf Ng bA Vf mf njbjLF wD czwD
csJ. Mdh nH bfhLfgLs uL lghLf VgLwd.
m. g mbt (Image frequency)
M. m#r nrd

g mbtQ mjid sF Kiw

xnu rka uL mUfUnf cs miytirf V iljh
mFiwghil g mbt (Image frequency) ilW vnwh.
Fiwghil rbrtJ M.v~ iy njbjLF wid
bghUJsJ. jF Ka I.v~ gFF Kdjhf Uf ntL. I.v~
gF EiHJlh mijgJ fod.

m#br nrd
NgbA Vf gil mfy njitahd kl (Level) UJ Fiw
nghJ j tif m#br nrd lghL clhwJ. U ahrkhd thbdh
iyaf f mUfhik njbjLfgL nghJ tif lghL clhwJ.
J m#br nrd lghL vd miHfgLwJ. ij jf Fiwthd
I.v~ d njbjLfgl ntL. vdnt Ng bA Vf U
lghLfis jf Fiwthd I.v~ d njbjLfgl ntL. vdnt
Ng bA Vf U lghLfis jf iliy mbt (IF)
njbjLfgLwJ. uil khWj Vf (Double Conversion) j uL
lghLf KGtJkhf jfgLwd. Vbd Fiwthd kW mfkhd
I.v~ df njbjLfgLwd. vdnt xU uil khWj V U
fbtl iyfis kW U I.v~ M~igafis bfhLsJ.

R kh thbdh V ( -AM radio receiver)

Rgngw bragl nuonah dfis bgWbfhS xU V
Rgngw (V.v) thbdh V vd miHfgLwJ.
J nH bfhLfgLs iyfis bfhLsJ.
m. M.v~ bgU
M. fbtl
. I. v~ bgU
<.
obll, V..
c. Monah bgU
C. gt ris

thbdh mbt bgU

J xU Vaiy cgLsJ. Vadh Vfgl fhj miyf
M.v~ diyfshf khwgLwJ. j iy Va UJ bgW bfhl
41

M.v~ dfis bgUFwJ. j m d, fbtl iyl

izfgLwJ.

Vj
RF
Mga
gF

r
gF

IF
Mga
gF

oll
gF

Monah
Mga
gF

Monah
btpL
gF

xgh
V
gF

Mnyl
gF

AC 230 V
50Hzris

gt
ris
gF

6V DC

gl 3.3.1 (a) AM thbdh V flgl

kh (Convertor)
J Kj obll vd, kW mbt kh (Frquency changer) vd
miHfgLwJ. J fy (Mixer) kW nyhf Mnyl iyfis
bgWsJ. nyhf Mnyl gngw yhj (Unmodulated) nuonah mbt
dfis cg brwJ. fy iy Mnyl diy cg brwJ.
fy iy Mnyl dfiy M.v~ diy fyFwJ. iy
mo lona d njbjLfgLwJ. I.v~ d k
Mnyl kW d mbtf ahrF rkkhf csJ.
(IF = fo fs)

iliy mbt bgU

czwid mfgL J I.v~ d gyij bgUFwJ. J xU
ouh~ghk iz (Coupling) bgU. jDila ir bragl
(tuned) Riw bgWsJ. I.v~ ouh~ghkf gagLjgLwd.
xW myJ uL ir bragl loa mbt bgUf
ntiy brwd.

gFgh (Detector)
J gw (Demodulator) myJ ulhtJ obll vd miHfgLwJ.
j iy d ilnahL gagLjgLwd. J I.v~ d UJ,
C miyfis tofo, Monah diy wJ. V.v~ d Monah iyF
bfhLfgLwJ.

jha x KHf fLghL (AVC)

J Mnlhnko th fnuh MF. J V x msit (Volume)
jhdhf fLgLJwJ.
42

brcz mbt bgUf

j iy nthnl{ kW gt bgUfis cgLsJ. nthnl{
M~igauhf kW gt M~iga M~igauhf kW gt
M~iga m M~igauhf ntiy brwd. j iy Monah
d nthnl{ kW gt gyij bgUFwJ. vdnt Kir (Fidelity), j
iy _y mfgLjgLwJ. j m M~iga Z-
M~igauhf gagLJwJ.
xgh (Speaker) Monah dfis x miyfshf khWwJ.

r (Power Supply)
J vyh iyfSF njitahd dGjij bfhLwJ. J
nglahfnth, ngl vndluhfnth Ufyh.

3.3.2. ggiy thbdh V ( FM Radio receiver)

J mbt gngwgl nuonah miyfis bgW, L xahf
khjU xU V MF. J xU Ng bA V MF. J fl
iyfis cgLsJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

M v~ bgU (RF amplifier)

fy (Mixer)
nyhf Mnyl (Local oscillator)
I. v~ bgU (IF amplifier)
ondl (Disctiminator)
l (Limiter)
Monah bgU (Audio amplifier)

thbdh mbt bgU

J nuonah mbt irifia bgUFwJ. J Va _ykhf njitahd
iriffis njbjLF. J njbjLF wid mfkhFwJ.
v.v. Vj

RF
Mga
gF

r
gF

IF
Mga

gF

l
gF

o
ndl
gF

Monah
Mga

gF

Monah
btpL
gF

xgh
M
nyl
gF

AC
230 V
50Hz
ris

gt
ris
gF

V
gF

6V

gl 3.3.2 ((a)) FM thbdh V flgl

43

nyhf miya
J xU Ah Mnyl. J gngw yh nuonah mbt
iriffis cUthFwJ. j iriff fyF brYjgLwwd.

fy
J, nuonah irif kW Mnyl irif vd U miyfis fy,
btpo I. v~ irifia (10.7 bkfh bA) bfhLwJ.

iliy mbt bgU

J ondlUF fyF il gagLwJ. J I. v~
irifia bgUFwJ kW czwid mfgLJwJ.

ondl
J xU gw (Demodulator) MF. J mbt gngw bragl
I. v~ irif UJ Monah irifia wJ. l ilnahLf obll
ilnahLfshf gagLjgLwd. bghJthf gagL _W tif RWf
tUkhW:
m.
M.
.

ouh ondl
~ghl ondl
nunah obll

l
J iriffnshL xW nrJs iur Jofis (Noise pulse)
fLgLJwJ. J xU fil I. v~ bgU MF. J xU g Mf ntiy
brwJ.

br cz mbt bgU
Kj Monah miyf o. vg bragLwJ. J Monah mbt
iriffis bgUFwJ. it K (Pre) bgU, brYJ (Driver) bgU, kW
m bgU vd gFfgLwd. K kW brYJ bgUf dGj
bgUf MF. m bgU w bgU MF J Kirid (Fidelity)
mfgLJwJ.

Rkh & ggiy thbdh Vf xL

Rkh V

ggiy V

1. J V. v iriffSl aFwJ. J v~ v iriffSl aFwJ.

2. j mbt bjhF 500 nyh
bA bA Kj
30 bkfh bA tiu MF.

j mbt bjhF 88 bkfh

Kj 108 bkfh bA tiu MF.

3. I. v~ irif mbt
455 nyh bA

I.v~ irif mbt

10.7 bkfh bA.

4. gil mfy 10 nyh bA.

gil mfy 200 nyh bA.

5. obll gagLjgLwJ.

ondl gagLjgLwJ.
44

6. l njitiy.

l njitgLwJ.

7. lghLfS, FiyfS mf.

lghLfS, FiyfS Fiw.

o- vg ( De- Emphasis)
v~ v V, vgF vuhd bra, o- vg vd miHfgLwJ.
ca mbt irif R mjF Vwhngh FiwfgLwJ. Fiwj
mbtid mDkF (Low pass) ~l, M ~l tofo bex
gagLwJ. j ~l 75 iknuh brf iy neuij bfhLsJ. J
irif fyJs iur mbtiz Fiwf cjwJ.

l
v~ v irif R khwhk Uf ntL. Mdh, gu UJ
V VaYF gaF nghJ nuonah miyf kf (Fading) cr
(absorption) kW vbuhj (Reflection) Maitfsh, iriff
njityh khWjf cUthwd. vdnt wghd x btpoF j
khWjf fgl ntL. Mjyh j ntiyfhf l gagLjgLwJ.
J g (Clipper) vd miHfgLwJ. J I.v~ bgUia nghW
bjL iy (Saturated) bgUahf ntiy brwJ. j iy, cL v,v
irif, btLF (Cut off point ) kW bjL F (Saturated point)
il aFwJ. fSF mgh cs vj R btpo ngh
nruhJ.

uil khw (Double Conversion)

xU V U btntW IF gagLjglh mij uil khw vnwh.
Kiw fnf Vf gagLjgLwJ.

3.3.3. bjhl thbdh V (Communication Radio Receiver)

br
cz
bgU

Va
iz
gF

thbdh
mbt
bgU

Kj iy
fy

miyah

Kj iy
iliy
mbt
bgU

ulh
iy
fy

l
miyah

ulh iy
iliy
mbt bgU

r
bgU

gFgh

bfh
RW

Jo
mbt
miyah

V
gFgh

V
bgU

gl 3.4 (a)bjhl thbdh V (Communication Radio Receiver)

45

J ufa thijfis (code words) bgW bfhS xU unaf tif

NgbA t MF. vdnt J Jo mbt Mnyliu (Beat frequency
oscillator) cgLsJ.
J NgbA jJtid mogilahf
bfhljhF. U btntW IF iyf gagLjgLwJ. j V 2 Kj
16 MHz tius tuig thF w bfhlJ. Kj nyhf Mnyl
mbtQ RF mbtQ r fyfgL 1.7 MHz, IF Mf ilwJ.
j iyahd IF bgUfgL ulhtJ r iyF mDggLwJ.
ulhtJ Mnyl xU iyahd MnyluhF. j mbt 1.5 MHz
MF. 1.7 MHz kW 1.5 MHz Mait uL ulhtJ r gF
fyfgL 200 KHz khahf ilwJ.
(Morse Code Kiwia thFtjfhf fnf Vf Beat frequency
Oscillator vD gF 2-M IF F mLjjhf mikfgLwJ. J LC Hartley tif
MnyluhF).
AGC mik tU miy r Vwjhit rk brwJ. jfhf AGC
bgU, AGC oll Ma gFf mikfgLsJ.
oll Monah miyia jna bjLJ Squech RW vdgL RWF
mDwJ. RW vj miy V ilfhj bghGJ VgL vw
iuriy jLgjhF. ij xnfshik RW ( Sound Muting) vW TWnwh.

3.4 R kh V RW mik

1k

220/16v

Va

+6VDC

-470K

470

.01MFD
BF 194B

.01MFD

0-565pf
izj
njf

1k

--6V

gl 3.4 ((a) AM thbdh V RF bgURW.

46

3.4 (a) thbdh mbt bgU

J V Kj iy MF. J ir bragl nuonah mbt (tuned
radio frequency) bgUahf ntiy brwJ. vdnt j bgU kh
izbgU (transformer coupled amplifier) tifia nrjjhF.

gf
m.
M.
.

J Mbldh UJ bgwgl nuonah mbt iriffis

bgUFwJ.
gntW thbdh iyaf UJ, Ugkhd thbdh iya
iriffis njbjLJ kw njityh dfis yFwJ.
J V njbjLF wid mfgLJwJ.

ntiy br Kiw
nkny cs mogil R BF194B ouhlU bgUahf
gagLjgLwJ. j cL kW btpL f ir bragl
khf. izfgLsd. ir njf kh RUfSl
izfgLwd. vdnt fhfS njfS xW nrJ irRwhf
(tuning circuit) ntiy brwJ. xU Mblhd j ir bragl be X
cl izfgLsJ.
Mbldh fhj miyfis M v~ diyfshf khWwJ. ir
njfsh irirf (Signals) njbjLfgLwd. mj iriff
bgUffhf, bgUF jugLwJ. ouhl njbjLfgl iriffis
bgW gyij bgUFwJ. jDila bgUfgl btpL iriff, fbtl
iyF mfgLwJ.

mDTyf ((Advantages)
m.
M.

J irifF iurYF cs jij (Signal to noise ratio)

mfgLJwJ.
J V njbjLF w kW czwid mfwJ.

uTy
it mf cWjik yhjit MF. (Unstable)

mbt kh ( Frequency converter)

J, Kj fLogh (First detector) vd miHfgLwJ. fy (Mixer)
nyhf miyah (Oscillator) xUizJ g brtJ kh (converter) vd
miHfgLwJ. J NgbA V f Kakhd iy MF.

gf
m.
M.
.

nyhf miya, gngwglhj, M. v~ iriffis cUthFwJ.

fy, gngwglhj irffis cns tU (incoming) iriffSl
fyFwJ.
kh btpo I.v~ irif ilwJ.

47

tgLJj ((Tracking)
cns tU M.v~ miynfw, I.v~ ms TLjyhd Mnyl miyia
(Fo = Fs + IF), Mnyl cUthf ntL. braghL, tgLJj (Tracking)
vdgLwJ.
Mnyl cns tU M.v~ miyfis rahf tgLjhlh (Improper
tracking) bghUjyh IF mbt, IF bgUF ilf t brJL.
tiw tgLJ iHf (Tracking errors) vnwh. jdh la, thbdh
iyaf mj iyUJ kh ntWiy ilF. tiw jf
KKid tgLJj (Three point Tracking) vw Kiwia cgnahfgLJnwh.
ngl

Mnyl
gF

ok

Fig. 3.6

izj
nj

gl 3.4
3.4(b) Va kW miyah nj iz
Kiw izj njf (Ganged Capacitors) cl ngl njia
(Padder Capacitor) bjhlizY ok njia (Trimmer Capacitor) gf
izY izJ, mtid rahf m# bra ntL. thW
brtjh A.M. xgu mbt bjhF Min, Mid, Max Ma _W iyfY
Mnyl mbt RF miyia rahf tgLJwJ. ijna KKid
tgLJj (Three Point Tracking) vnwh. jdh la, thbdh iyaf
ca iyf ilwJ.

fy (Convertor) - ntiy br Kiw

j iy xU j ouhl (BF 194) gagLjgLwJ. j iy,
fy kW nyhf miyaia bfhLsJ. cL (ng)
Mbldh fh izfgLwJ. kW btpL (fbyl) I.v~
kh izfgLwJ. vl miya fh izfgLwJ.
j nyhf miya xU Ah miya MF. j miya
mbtiz cWbr (Determine) kW bgUF fis bfhLsJ
mbtiz cWbr , fh, ir nj kW k
Maitfis cgLsJ. bgU xU ouhliu cgLsJ.
miyfis (Oscillations) iyWj (Sustain) }l be x (Feed back network)
gagLjgLwJ.
48

cL ir , Mbldh fh, ir nj kW k
izfgLwd. J njitahd irifia njbjLJ mjid ngF
brYJwJ. miya irif vlUF brYjgLwJ. uL
dfS bjhlJ fyfgLwwd. fyfgL nghJ IJ mbtf
cg bragLwd.

izj
njf

gl 3.4
3.4(c) AM thbdh V fy RW
btpo iliy mbt (Intermediate frequency) irif
njbjLfgLwJ. fbyl cs I. v~ kh, ri kh MF.
J I.v~ irifF (455 nyh bA) ir bragLwJ.
I.v~ irif = F + F
o
s
F = miya mbt
o
F = irif mb
s
btpL I.v~ irif, I.v~ bgUF bfhLfgLwJ.

Uiy iliy mbt bgU (Two Stage IF Amplifier))

J xU irfgl (tuned) bgU MF. J kh iz
bgUahf ntiy brwJ. V uL I.v~ bgUf
gagLjgLwd.

gf
m.
M.
.

J iliy mbt irif gyij bgUFwJ.

J V czwid mfkhFwJ.
J gil mfyij guhkwJ.

49

gFgh
gFF
220 K
180 K

eL
gFgh
iliy mbt iliy mbt
kh
kh
fy
iliy mbt
kh

gl 3.4
3.4(c) Uiy iliy mbt bgU ((Two Stage IF Amplifier))

ntiy br Kiw
j iy 2 x BF 195 ouhlf gagLjgLwd. I.v~
khf, j cL kW btpL f izfgLwd. itf
irfgl khf kW I.v~ irifF (455 nyh bA)
irfgLwd. cL d ouhl ngF brYjgLwJ.
btpL d fbyl UJ vLfgLwJ. ouhl I.v~ irif
gyij bgUwJ.
iliy mbt kh Kjik irfgl izRwhf
kW Jiz irfgl bjhl Rwhf ntiy brwJ. gil
mfyij guhkf (10 nyh bA kW brfl fhfSF ilna
Wfkhd iz (tightly coupling) gwgLwJ bgUfgl btpL irif
obllUF bfhLfgLwJ.
50

bghJ iliy mbt njitf

Kf ms nfh vj thbdh iyaij njbjLjhY bghJ
iliy mbt 455KHZ Mf ilFkhW totikfgLwJ. thW
totikfho W fzfhd thbdh iyafSF , mnj vif
I.v~ bgU iyfis mikf ntL. J eilKiw rhaiy. vdnt,
bghJ I.v~ Kiw gagLjgLwJ.

eikf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ey njbjLF w
ey czw
Fiwj l
bry Fiw
ey cW rkiy

iliy mbtiz khF fhuf (Factors deciding the IF)

m.
M.
.
<.

nH bfhLfgLs fhuf iliy mbtid khwd.

xgu gil (Broadcast band) iliy mbt FWlTlhJ.
m#br nrd lghoid jf Fiwthd I.v~ njbjLfgl
ntL.
g mbt lghoid jf mfkhd I.v~ njbjLfgl
ntL.
Fiwthd iliy mbtf ukhdit.

nkny cs fhufis fU bfhL, V.v thbdh V I.v~

diy 455 nyh bA Kj 460 nyh bA tiu gagLJwhf. gy
thbdh Vf I.v~, 455 KHZ vw k gagLjgLwJ.

gFgh (Dectector)
J gw myJ ulhtJ obll vd miHfgLwJ. J
Monah bgU kW I.v~ bgUF il gagLjgLwJ.
l ilnahLf, d ilnahLfshf ntiy brwd.
gFgh iliy mbt kh
iliy

OA 79

x KHf

mbt
0.01

irif

jha

1 K
0.01

fLghL
gFF

iliy
mbt
10 K

bgUUJ

brcz
mbt
bgUF

gl 3.4 (e) AM thbdh V fLogh RW

51

gf
m.
M.
.

J I.v~ irif UJ Monah irifia wJ.

M .v~ iriff toflgLwd.
V..F cL irif bfhLfgLwJ.

ntiy br Kiw
J , obll, ~l (Filter Condenser) vd _W fis
bfhLsJ. I.v~ kh izfgLwJ.
J xU ilnahL obll I.v~ d, ilnahoF bfhLfgLwJ.
I.v~ irif befo gh ir VgLbghGJ ilnahL ntiy br. mLJ
gho gh ir VgLbghGJ ilnahL ntiy brahJ. btpo gh I.v~
d clhfgL. J tofo bex cbrYjgLwJ. j
tofo M v~ iriffis tofo kW KG Monah d fgLwJ. j
Monah d, th fnuh tna Monah bgUF bfhLfgLwJ.
j m d V bexF bfhLfgLwJ.

x KHf jha fLghL ((AVC))

thbdh V ifdh fLgLJ (Manual) x fnuhF
(AVC Volume Control) TLjyhf jha x fnuh (Automatic Volume Control)
gF xW gagLjgLwJ. J btpoF uwid mwJ.

kFj (Fading)
nuonah mbt df gy VgL khWjf kFj (Fading)
vd miHfgLwJ. thbdh VW bfhSj (Reception), Vayh bgW
bfhsgl df bjhlJ khWwJ. Vbdwh gu Mbldh UJ
(Transmitting antenna) makly (Ionosphere) _y df VF Vaiy
(Receiving Aerial) tjilwJ. makly ml (Density) bjhlJ khWtjh
d nthnl{ bjhlJ khWwJ. vdnt Vf xU uw yhj
m d cUthfgLwJ. kFjiy jf xU jha x fnuh
ntiy brwJ.
nH bfhLfgLsthW V RW uL tiffshf d f
gLsd.
1.
2.

va jha xKHf fLghL RW (Simple avc circuit)

onyL jha xKHf fLghL RW (Delayed AVC Circuit)

va jha xKHf fLghL RW

vyh neufY bjhlJ bragLw jha x fnuh, va V
vd miHfgLwJ. j bfhif, M v~ kW I.v~ iyfSF
bfhLfgL gahir (bias) khWtj mogil mikwJ. obll
btpoUJ V gah ilwJ.
d gyF jFjthW V gah kh bfhoUwJ. mf d
gy gah mfkhf kW Fiwj d gy gah Fiwthf UF.

52

OA 79
0.01
iliy
mbt
1K

irif

0.01

68 K

Kj iliy
mbt
bgU

5 F/ 12V

10 K

ouhl
ngRF

brcz
mbt
bgUF

gl 3.4 (f) AM thbdh V AVC RW

ntiy br Kiw
nkny obll R, V bex izfgLsd. j bex xU
bul kW iggh flr gagLjgLwJ. obll ilnaho
JUtij (Polaity) bghWJ gah clhfgLwJ. ilnahL ndhF gah
izfgLtjh, v (Negative) gah ilwJ. thW ilj V gah,
nj nrfgLwJ.
V gah dGj thbdh mbt kW iliy mbt
ouhlf ngfSF bfhLfgLwJ. j gah dGj d
gyij bghWjJ. d gy rhjuzkhf (Noramal) UFbghGJ, gah
dGj rhjhuzkhf Ugjh, x rhjhuzkhf UF.
mf d ngh nrU nghJ, mfkhd v gah clhfgL, M v~
kw I.v~ iyf yhg FiwwJ. khwhf Fiwj d ngh nrU nghJ
Fiwthd gah clhfgL M v~ kW I.v~ iyf yhg mfwJ.
Kothf, d r khdhY xgh UJ u btpL x (Stable Audio
Output) VgL.

uTyf
1.
2.

J M v~ kW I.v~ iyf yhgij rW FiwwJ.

tik Fiwj iyaf xia bjthf nff Kotiy.

br cz bgUf
20 bA Kj 20 nyh bA tiu cs mbt bjhFig (Range)
bgUF bgU, br cz bgU vd miHfgLwJ. bghJthf brcz
bgU, dGj bgU, w bgU vd fgLwd.
53

gf
m.
M.
.

J br cz d dGj kW ndhlij bgUFwJ.

J xghid aFwJ.
J V Kirid mfwJ.

ntiy br Kiw
Vf Monah bgU, tUkhW fgLwd.
1.
K bgU (Pre Amplifier)
2.
brYJ bgU (Driver Amplifier)
3.
btpL bgU (Output Amplifier)

K bgU
J Kj iy dGj bgUahf ntiy brwJ. obl (Detector)
btpL (Output) j bgUF bfhLfgLwJ. J Monah irif
dGjij bgUFwJ. j btpL, brYJ (Driver) iyF
bfhLfgLwJ.

brYJ bgU (Driver Amplifier)

J ulh iy dGj bgU MF. J, K kW btpL
bgUfSF il ntiy brwJ. J Monah miyfis bgU brYJ
kh tahf btpL bgUF bfhLwJ.

Uiy dGj bgU

Monah miy dGjid thFtjh nthnl{ M~iga
vd miHfgLwJ.

br cz
miyf
gFgh
gFUJ

S1

P
S2
x KHf
fLghL

gl 3.4 (g) AM thbdh V brcz bgURW

54

J (RC) iz tif M~igauhF. th fnuhUJ 0.1 mfd _y

Q1 ngF bfhLfgL Monah miyf bgUfgLwJ. Q1 ngF
1 m (R1) _y gah dGj mfgLwJ. mj fbylUF 2.2K _y
mfgLwJ. j btpL C2 _y Q2 ngF ilwJ. Q2F ng
gah 220 K(R3) _y ilwJ. mj fbylUF oiut ouh~ghk
iuk _y dGj mfgLwJ. 0.01 mft vw nj ca mbt
tofoahf bragLwJ. jid nlh fbur fghl vW TWwhf.
brYJ kh brfl Z- btpL bgUF clhf
mikwJ. C1, C2 Ma uL iz njfshf bragLwJ.

btpL bgU (Output Amplifier))

J Monah fil bgU MF. J Monah irif wid
bgUF. vdnt J w bgU vd miHfgLwJ. J xghid aFwJ.
x btpL bgUf U tifgL.
m. kh gagLjgL Z- bgU
M. fhbkl bk bgU

Z- bgU

S1

S2

gl 3.4 (h) AM thbdh V brcz mbt btpL bgURW

J xU j Kid (Single End) Z- bgU MF. j iy xnu
khahd uL ouhlf gagLjgLwd. itfSF uL
55

cL iriff bfhLfgLwd. j cL xU brYJ

kh (End Driver Transfomer) gagLjgLwJ. j bgU btpL
, xU xghid bfhLsJ. j xgh xU nj _y
izfgLwJ. J xU A (fhu) yh (Hum-free) bgU MF.

cL iriff
1.
2.
3.

U iriff gagLwd.
it rkkhd dGjij (R) bgWsd.
mit xWbfhW 180 of khwhf ( 1800 out of phase) UF.

J xU sh B bgU MF. brYJ kh, vir Rwgl

uL brfl fhfis bgWsd. J njitahd iriffis ilf
brwJ. cLfsh bfhLfL iriffsh m ouhlf
aFwJ.
j iuk ilj Monah miyf brfl ilwJ. j A,
B vw U KidfY khWgl ~ng miyf ilF. A vw nkKid
miy gho jikia bgUFbghGJ B vw Kid miy befo
jikia bgUF. jdh Q2 KndhF gah Mf Q1 ndhF gah
Mf UF.
Q2 a Monah miyfis thF. A vw nkKid befo jikia
bgUFnghJ B vw Kid miy gho jikia bgUF.
bghGJ Q1 KndhF gah Mf Q2 ndhF gah Mf UF.
jdh Q1 a Monah miyfis thF.
thW xU neu xU ouhl aF iyF jsgL (Pulled), kw
ouhl aF iyUJ GfgLwJ (Pulled). Mfnt Riw
Z- m (Pushpull output) xU gt M~iga vW TWnwh.

mDTyf
m.
M.
.
<.

R V m w mf
R bkhj w (Overall efficiency) mf
brytfgL w (Power Consumption) Fiw
iur iy

uTyf
m)
M)
.

R ouh~ghk gagLjgLtjh lij milgnjhL,

j iy mf.
cgnahfgLjgL U ouhlf Fzf xnu khahf
yho Fiy (distortion) VgL.
Kiw Fiy mf.

fhbk bk bgU
J neuo iz (direct coupled) bgUahf ntiy brwJ. J
khia gagLJtiy. vdnt J kh yh Monah bgU vd
miHfgLwJ.
56

-DC
1.2 K

270

Spaker

AC 128

TR3

18 K
56
TR1

TR2

TR4

5MFD

22

BC 148

BC 158

1000MF

AC 127

10 K
2.2 K
300MF

100MF

3.3 K

2.2 KPF
+DC

gl 3.4 ((i)) br cz mbt bgU fhbk bk RW

j iy, kh gaghoid jgjfhf xU n#ho
ouhlf (PNP, NPN) gagLjgLwd. U ouhlf
vlf xwhf izfgLwd. cL iriff j ouhlf
ngfSF izfgLwd. j bgU btpo, x mf ks
nj _y xU xghDl izfgLwJ.
cL irif gho miu irbghGJ NPN ouhl ntiy
br PNP ouhl ntiy brahJ. cL irif befo miu ir
bghGJ, PNP ouhl ntiy br. NPN ouhl ntiy brahJ. t
U ouhlfS - bgUahf izfgLwd. btpo bkhj
ndhl xnwhblhW nrfgL, xghid aFwJ. xgh Monah
iriffis xahf khWwJ.

3.4.1 ggiy V Rwj

J ondl vd miHfgLwJ. J xU rkgLjgl uil
ilnahL gw (Demodulator) MF. J mbt gngwgl I.v~
irif UJ Monah irifia wJ. v~ v obll RWf flthW
tifgLjgLwd.

ggiy gFgh (Detector) tiff

1.
2.
3.

ouh ondl
~ghl - ondl
nunah gFgh
57

ouh ondl
J xU _wLF irfgl myJ lhf (stagger) irfgl
ondl MF. ir (tuned) RWf gagLjgLwd. itf
_W ahrkhd mbtfSF irfgLwd. Kj ir RW,
iliy mbtF irfgl fil I.v~ khahF. J
uL brfl fhfis bfhLsJ.
uL d ilnahLf gagLjgLwd. mitf brfl
fhfnshL izfgLwd. j m uL ~l RWf
izfgLwd. j ~l RWf, Monah ~l RWf MF. m
Monah irif tofo njf FWnf vLfgLwJ.
F0+ F2

F0- F2
gl 3.4.1 (a) FM ggiy ouh ondl RW
cL irif ka mbt UJ mfF nghJ Kj ilnahL
ntiy br kW ulhtJ ilnahL ntiy brahJ vdnt btpo Monah
irif xU gh ir nj itfgLwJ. cL irif Fiw nghJ
ulhtJ ilnahL ntiy br vdnt btpo Monah irif mLj
gh ir nj itfgL. filahf, btpo U gh irfS xW
nrfgL Monah irifahf vLfgLwJ. j Monah irif, bgUffhf
Monah bgUF bfhLfgLwJ.

~ghl - ondl
J ~ng kh (Phase Shift) ondl myJ ika ir (Centre Tuned)
ondl vd magLwJ. j R ika mbtF
irfgl uL ir RWf kL gagLjgLwd.
fil I.v~ bgU UJ (l) cL irif jF
bfhLfgLwJ. fil I.v~ kh iuk kW brfl fhfis
bgWsd.
uL d ilnahLf ntiy brwd. xU iz nj, (CC)
iukF, brfl kaKidF il izfgLwJ. vdnt
cL irif j iz nj kW gugu l (Mutual Induction) _y
brflF bfhLfgLwJ.
58

gl 3.4.1 ((b)) FM thbdh V ~ghl - ondl RW

iy U ilnahLf btpL dGj ika mbt
xnu msthf UF. j fhuzkhf btpL dGj {akhF. w
iyf (ika mbt ju) xU ilnaho btplhdJ mLj ilnaho
btpil l TLjyhf UF. bkhj btplhdJ ika mbtF
mfkhf Ujh ghothf, Fiwthf Ujh befothf mik. j
_y C miyf KY fgL Monah miyf jna fgL Monah
iyF jugLwJ.

nunah obll
j RW ondl RWl xJsJ. d ilnahLf vir
izfgLtJ jh j unaf ahr MF. l iy
gagLj njitiy. fil I.v~ kh uL ir RWfis
bfhLsJ.
iz nj (CC) kW iuk, brfl RUfSF ilna cs
gugu l _ykhf (Mutual Induction) cL irif bfhLfgLwJ j
m uL ~l njf izfgLwd. kW xU nyhL
bul gagLjgLwJ.
gngw yhj irif bfhLfgLnghJ, btpL irif dGj
rkkhf UF. cL irif khW nghJ btpL dGj khW, cL irif
mbt mfF nghJ, mf btpL dGj clhfgLwJ kW
cL irif mbt Fiw nghJ Fiwthd btpL dGj
clhfgLwJ. d ika mbt UJ mfFnghJ Kj
ir R m mfkhF. vdnt Kj ilnaho m mfF. nj
rka ulhtJ ir R m FiwJ, ulhtJ ilnaho m
Fiw. Mjyh m ghothF. d Fiw nghJ m
befothF.
59

Above resonance
5.5 MHz

Below resonance
D1
T1
VR1

C1

x iliy
mbt
cL

R1
C3

C2 VR2
R3

R4

D2

Below resonance

C4
e2

ovg RW

Above resonance

V3

R2
C6
C5

x KHf
fLghL
br cz
miyf br
cz
mbt
bgU

gl 3.4.1 ((c)) FM thbdh V nunah - oll RW

jkhf uL irif dGjfS xW nrfgL mj
Monah irif dGjfS xW nrfgL mj Monah irif bgW
bfhsgLwJ.

3.5 thbdh V miy

miy brj
J xU Via rahd iy Uf bra guhkF Eg MF.
J tUkhW fgLwd.
1.
miybk Eg (-Alignment technique)
2.
gGJfh Eg (Fault Finding technique)

nebrj (-Alignment)
V njbjLF w kW czwfis mfgLj, ir
RWfis ir brJ kW khWgL flrfis rahf mikJ bragL
Kiw miybk vdgL. J bjhluhf d thahf fgLwd.
1.
2.

I. v~ miybk (IF alignment)

M. v~ miybk (RF alignment)

I. v~ miybko iliy mbt khf (I.v~.o) ir

bragLwd. M.v~ miybko Mbldh kW Mnyl ir
RWf ir bragLwd.

njitf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

M. v~ d b#dnul
m l
FU oiutf
ko l
ntiy br V

60

iliy mbt ne brj

455KHz
IF
d
b#dnul

I.~
bgU

obll,
Monah
bgU

mV
m
nthl

RF
mbt
bryl

gl 3.5 ((a)) IF bgU iy nebr flgl

Via mikj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

V Vaiy Jof.
xgh l m liu izf
V Mnyl af TlhJ.
d b#dnul bldfis I.v~ bgU cL fnshL
izf.
V af TlhJ.
x fnuh mfgr iy Uf ntL.
nlh fnuh Fiwjgr iy Uf ntL.

b#dnuliu mikj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

b#dnuliu mj M iy Uf bra.
nkhL kW ng brylf njitahd iy Uf ntL.
mbt bryliu gagL njitahd I.v~ diy (455 nyh
bA) njbjLf.
M v~ m fnuh mj mfgr iy Uf ntL.
M v~ m f m bldf izfgl ntL.

rbrj Kiw ( Adjustment))

miybk F% oiut _y bragLwd. Kj m I. v~
kh ir bragLwJ. mj eL kh filahf cL I. v~ o
ir bragl ntL. m btpL fhL nghJ rbrtJ Kofgl
ntL. mjF wF midJ nfhfS bkGdh _lgl ntL.

thbdh mbt ne brj

1.
2.

J flthW fgLwd.
jh mbt (v.v~) miybk
ca mbt ( v. v~ ) miybk

Via mikj
1.
2.
3.

V Vaiy Jof.
xgh l m liu izf.
Mnyl af TlhJ.
61

4.
5.
6.
7.

Va f b#dnuliu izf.
V.. af TlhJ.
X fnuh mfgr iy Uf ntL.
nf flr Fiwj iy Uf ntL.
500KHz - 30 MHz
IF
d
b#dnul

I.v~,
obll,
Monah
bgU

M.v~
gF

RF

mV
m
nthl

mbt
bryl

.gl
gl 3.5 (b) R.F bgU miy br flgl

b#dnuliu mikj
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

b#dnuliu mj M iy Uf bra.
nkhL kW ng brylf mj njitahd iy Uf ntL.
mbt bryliu gagL, njitahd M.v~g dfis
njbjLf.
M v~ fnuh mj mfgr iy Uf ntL.
m nf mj m f izfgLwJ.

brKiw
mfgr mofhf ir Rwfis r bra ca mbt
miybkoF Mbldh k r bragl ntL. jh mbt
miybkoF fhf nfh r bragLwJ. m l mfgr
btpL fhL nghJ rbrtJ Kofgl ntL. r brtJ Wjgll
nfh kW k bkGdh _lgl ntL.

uh (Tracking))
V miybk Kojl, mj KG bjhFY J uhf Xnu
msthf bragLwjh vd ghf ntL. j juij guhkf iliy
mbt irif ( 455 nyh bA) rkkhf Uf ntL. V rkkhd I.v~
diy guhkgjF bragL braKiw ouh vdgL.
uh vdgL braghL kfis nglfis r brtj _y
iwntwgLwJ. kf ca mbt bjhF r bragLwd.
VnjD xU ngo, nf U gFfS rbraglh, vyh ngfY
V Ufukhf bragL.

3.5.1. gGJ mj (Fault finding))

J gGJ fh kW t brj vd uil cslsJ. J
xU Egkhd ntiy. jF RWgl (Circuit), neahd fUf (Tools),
nrhjid cgfuzf (Equipments) kW bghUjkhd cWf Mait
njitgLwd.
62

Kbdriff
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Kj Vf bga, kh (Model) kW ng iyf vif,

ouhlf, xUid RWf (IC) Matiw Ff ntL.
bk taiu nrhF tiu tiu wf TlhJ.
Via wjl, vj kW jta cWf ftfgl ntL.
tiu ris izF K nthnl{ h nrhjid nrhfgl
ntL.
nthnl{ bfhLfgll VnjD bgh, if, vj third Matiw
ftf ntL.
gGJfis nrhF nghJ myJ fhQ nghJ ir RWf ir
braglTlhJ.

braKiw
neahf kW r brtjF gogoahd braKiw gwgl ntL.
nH bfhLfgLs nrhjidf gwgLwd.
1.
iy nrhjid (Static test)
2.
aF nrhjid (Dynamic test)

iy nrhjidf
J Kjnrhjid vd miHfgLwJ. J VF ris bfhLgjF K
nrhF nrhjid MF. J flthW fgLwd.
1.
2.
3.
4.

bk fhL nrhjid (Main cord Test)

v.o. h nrhjid (HT short Test)
f nrhjid (Speaker Test)
ghit nrhjid (Visual Test)

bk fhL nrhjid
xbthU rhjdK bk taiu bgWsJ. jid nrhgJ bk
tafis nrhF nrhjid vdgLwJ.

ca dGj FWF RW nrhjid

J mf nthnl{ cs ris iyfSF il h csjh vd
nrhF nrhjid vdgLwJ.

xgh nrhjid
Vf ffis nrhF nrhjid f nrhjid Kiw MF.

ghit nrhjid
jta cWfis, vJs bghUfis ftF nrhjid, ghit
nrhjid vd miHfgLwJ.

ild nrhjid
J ulh nrhjid vd miHfgLwJ. J VfSF ris
bfhLfgl nrhfgL nrhjid MF. J fthW fgLwd.

63

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

d nrhjid (Signal test)

dGj nrhjid (Voltage test)
ndhl nrhjid (Current test)
jil nrhjid (Resistance test)
f nrhjid ( Programme test)

irif nrhjid
J irif FJj (Signal injection) vd miHfgLwJ. J btw
df bfhLfgL nl{fis nrhF nrhjid MF. j ntiyfhd
d b#lf gagLjgLwd. nrhjidah gGjilJs iyf
fLofgLwd.

dGj nrhjid
iyfis milahs bjjl mj j dGj nrhjid
gagLjgLwJ. vdnt cwfis milahs fhz j nrhjid
gagLjgLwJ. j nrhjidia iwntw dGj msfgLwJ.
nrhjidF nth l gagLjgLwJ.

ndhl nrhjid
J cWf tahf brY ndhlid msL gGjhd
cWfis fLoF nrhjid MF. J f Kakhd nrhjid MF. jF
ml gagLjgLwJ.

jil nrhjid
J gGJ milj cWfis cW bra mj jil kig msJ
nrhF Kiw MF. jF X l gagLwJ.

f nrhjid
J fil nrhjid MF. J btntW iyaf ffis rghF
nrhjid MF.

btFneu aF nrhjid (Soak Test))

gGjhd Via rbrJ, gGJ ljh vd mtjF Via btFneu
a, nrhjid bra ntL. nrhjid btFneu aF nrhjid (Soak Test)
vdgLwJ.

m nrhjid ((Vibration Test))

L L ntiy br Via r brj , mFiwghL owjh vd
bjJ bfhtjF Vila J mtila brj ntL. jF m
nrhjid (Vibratin Test) vW bga.

3.5.2. thbdh V gGJ r brj

thbdh Vf VgL FiwfS mjid r br KiwfS
bghJthf V VgL FiwghLfis U tiffshffyh.
m) iy~gh (Live Fault)
M) bl~gh (Dead Fault)

64

cUs gGJ ( Live Fault))

Via M brj rahd iyaf vLfhk x kL tjh, jid
iy ~gh vnwh.

cuw gGJ (Dead Fault))

Via M brJ Rjkhf vjj x tuho jid bl ~gh
vnwh.

1)

cuw gGJ ( Dead Fault))

ngl kW mj iz jfLfis Rj brj ntL,

ngl vndluhf Ujh mj m o nth tUwjh vd nrhf
ntL. m nth tuho.
iii.
gt fh, M- M~ R, gt ouhghk, lnahLf, fghl
Matid nrhf ntL. m tafis rahfgw itf
ntL. m nth tJ, bl Mf Ujh
iv. f, f iz nj Matid nrhf ntL.
v.
m ouhlf, gah jilfis nrhf ntL.
vi. oiut ouhghk, dGj bgU ouhlf mj gah
jilf Matid nrhf ntL.
vii. IF gF ouhlf, of njf, r ouhl Mait
FWF RW MUfyh.
viii. cyj <agwhf Ufyh.
ix. jhu mR LgL Ufyh.
i.
ii.

2)

V A tUj

i)
ii)

gnro o VF brtjh A tUwJ.

tofL njf gGjhUfyh.
gt ouhghk, ilnahLf Matid nrhf ntL.

3)

B+ FWF RW (Short Circuit) MFj

i)
ii)
iii)

m ouhlf h MUfyh.
oiut ouhghk, dGj bgUf h MUfyh,
tofL njf, IF ouhlf, r ouhl, f
njf h MUfyh.

4)

x Fiwthf ilj (Low Volume)

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

vndl m Fiwthf ilfyh.

m ouhlf (AC 128 x 2) nf{ MUfyh.
f, f iz nj Mait gGjhUfyh
IFT jtwhf miy bragoUfyh. mj nfh cilUfyh
th fnuh gGjhUfyh.
OA 79 oll ilnahL gGjhUfyh.

5) V vw iur kL csJ. iyaf

vLfiy ( No Signal)
i)

Mnyl fh gGjhUfyh.
65

ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

r ouhl BF 194B, mj gah nthnl{ nrhf ntL.

izj nj (Gang) gGjhUfyh.
ok h MUfyh.
ng R Xg MUfyh.
cyj <agW myJ fhg LgoUfyh.

6)

XU iyaf kL ilwJ.

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Mbldh fh miybk riy.

r ouhliu nrhf ntL.
izj nj gGjhUfyh.
IFT rahf miy bragl ntL.
cyj <agW myJ fhg LgoUfyh.

7)

iurYl Toa braghL

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Mbldh fh miybk riy

IFT miybk riy
Chassis F rahf v ilfhJ Ufyh.
okiu rahf miy bra ntL.
AC gt fh Loose Connection Mf Ufyh.

8.

rjJl Toa braghL

i)
ii)
iii)

Mnyl fh gGjhUfyh.
izj nj, ok gGjhUfyh.
Kj IFT kW Mnyl fhiy rahf miy bra ntL.

9.

_filjh ngh x ilj (Distorted -Audio)

i)
ii)
iii)

m ouhlf, f, f iz nj Matid
nrhf ntL.
IFT jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
m ouhlf xWbfhW bghUjyhk Ufyh.

10.

L L ntiy brj (Intermittent Reception)

cyj <agW myJ jhu mR rahf izyhJ Ufyh. mij

rbrJ PCB I m nrhjid brJ ghj ntL. mthW FiwghL
ojh..
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

11.

f gGjhUfyh.
th fnuh, M M~ R gGjhUfyh.
ngl rahf bghUjhkUfyh.
ngl vndl iz rahf yhkUfyh. Fiwghoid
r brJ btFneu Via a (Soak Test), nrhjid bra ntL.

VUJ nkhlh ngho rj tUj

VUJ L, L vd rj tjh Fiwghoid nkhlh ngho vd

miHnwh.

66

i)

ulhtJ B + ~l nj, of njf Matid

nrhf ntL.

12. xU V Fiwj mbt Kid ntiy brwJ, mf

mbt Kid ntiy braiy.
izj nj gGjhsJ.

13.

ia (Tuning) br bghGJ iur cUthwJ

i)

14.

izj nj gGjhsJ.

th To FiwFbghGJ iur cUthwJ.

th fnuh gGjhsJ, kbziz bfhL Rj brj

ntL.

15.

V iyaf l kh vLwd.

Mnyl fh kW Mnyl gF ok rahf miy

bragliy.

16. mf thKl Toa braghL : x msid Fiwf

Koaiy.
th fnuh gGjhUfyh myJ mj v iz
LgoUfyh.

dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjLf
1. Kj gu (Transmitter) _______ vgtuh 1887 ML cUthfglJ.
m) khnfh
M) nk# Muh
) J.L . ~ngL
<) bA bA
2. iknuh~ngh xU r khW rhjd (Transducer) mJ _______ ia x
diyfshf (Audio signals) khWwJ.
m) x
M) x
) fhW
<)
3. f vikahd thbdh V _______ MF.
m) l V M) V.v V
) v~.v V

<) bjhl V

4. Kj nuonah xgu iya iy 1927 _______ jhfglJ.

m) brid
M) o
) Kig
<) bgfq
5. xgh x miyfis _______ khWwJ.
m) x miyahf
) x miyahf
) M.v miyahf
<) Mnyl miyahf
6. V.v nuonah V gil mfy _______ MF.
m) 5 KH2
M) 20 KH2
) 10 KH2

<) 100 KH2

7. 20 bA Kj 20 nyhbA tiu cs mbt bjhFig

bgUF bgU _______ vd miHfgLwJ.
m) M.v bgU M) Mnyl
) V.v bgU
<) ftl
67

8. ggiy thbdh mbt viy _______ MF.

m) 88 MHz - 108 MHz
M) 100 MHz - 150 MHz
) 500 KHz - 30 MHz
<) 1.5 KHz - 30 MHz
9. ggiy thbdh I.v miy k _______ MF.
m) 10KHz
M) 30 KHz
) 10.7 MHz
<) 5KHz
10. thbdh Via M ON brjJ f Rjkhf vj j x
tuho mjid _______vnwh.
m) cUs gGJ
M) LL bragLj
) cuw gGJ
<) Fiwj x gGJ

II. xU y thijf ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

g~g Mga (Buffer Amplifier) vwh vd?

g mbt vwh vd?
brcz bgU vwh vd?
KbgU vwh vd?
thbdh V A x Vgl U fhuzfis vGJf.

III. xU y tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

bghJthf thbdh Vf gwgL bfhiff ahit?

R gngw thbdh V vwh vd?
thbdh mbt bgU gf ahit ?
ggiy gFgh(Detector) tiff ahit?
ggiy t l gahJ?

IV. xU gf ms ila
1. thbdh V gntW wfis t.
2. o.M.v~ thbdh V flglij tiuJ mj braghil
sFf.
3. thbdh mbt bgU Rid tiuJ sFf.
4. R kh thbdh V gagLjgL fLogh Rid
tiuJ sFf.
5. thbdh V cuw gGJ Vgl fhuzfis bjhFJ vGJf.
V. thd ila
1. R kh gu flglij tiuJ sFf.
2. ggiy gu flglij tiuJ sFf.
3. R kh thbdh V flglij tiuJ sFf.
4. Uiy iliy mbt bgU iy Riw tiuJ
sFf.
5. Z- bgU (push pull Amplifier) Riw tiuJ sFf.
6. bjhl thbdh V flglij tiuJ sFf.

ilf
1.<

2.M

3.m

4.

5.m

6.
68

7.

8.m

9.

10.

4. bjhiyfh xgu kW x th
(TV Transmission and Reception)
4.1 mKf - bjhiyfh xgu jJtf
bjhiy u elF fHfis e fzh fhzToa xU rhjdjh
bjhiyfh ( Tele - vwh u vision-vwh ghit) KjKj
bjhiyfhahdJ 1927 C.F. b#, J.L. ng vgtfsh cUthfgL,
1930 th ~ghbth vD Phfsh KGikahf
totikfglJ. bjhiyfh cUthfgLlbjwh mjF Kdjhf,
nfkuh cUthfgoUf ntL. Vbdwh o.. njhW vj xU gK
Kj nfkuh _y gl ofgoUf ntL vgij eh mnth. Kj
thfis (Vacuum tube) bfhL cUthfgl o. d Fiwfl
rhjdfshd ilnahLf, ouhlf kW I.. (IC)f bfhL
cUthfgL tUwJ. ntfkhf tsJ tUw j ehff cyf
bjhiyfh gF aikahjjhlJ.
bjhiyfh _W Ka ffis cslaJ.
1.
gl oj (Capturing Pictures - Camera)
2.
g brj, kW xguj (Recordings Transmission)
3.
glij o iu VgLJj (Reception or Reproduction)
j _W ffis gjh gFthahf (Stagewise) ghlf gof
nghf.

myLj (Scaning)
myLj vgij e ffnshL xlyh vthW eh xU jfij goF
nghJ, fzhdJ lJ Kid MuJ tyJ neh goJ bfhL brW
tyJ Kidia milJ, L jhdhfnt cldoahf lJ gfF tJ mLj
tia gof Muwnjh, mkhna o. nfkuhY, o. glFHhY
fthdJ elwJ.
nfkuh f eilbgWbghGJ iu Gj gkhdJ j_y gy
TWfshf fgLwJ. nfkuh vthW xU gkhdJ gy TWfshf
fglnjh mnjngh bjhiyfh t glFHh fgl mg
xW nrfgl ntL. braghlhdJ myLj _y fjgLwJ.
mjhtJ glFHh dQ JghUJ sa vyuh
fiwahdJ iu lUJ tykhf, tyUJ lkhf, nkUJ Hhf,
UJ nkyhf mirfgLw fF `myLj` vW bga.
o. iu xU KGikahd gl njhwkf ntLkhdh xU beho neu
15625 nf nfhLf njit. j myLj bragL ntf (gh ntf) f
mf vgjh e fQF myLj bragLtJ bjtiy. Vbdwh
ff iy jik, xU dho 16 xU gF (1/16 th of a second) MF.
branyhL Toa glij fzLnghJ fid kh fnahL
xlyh. iu kh iulgLnghJ buh#l by Kghf 24 gl
69

~nufshdJ xU beho neu fljhf ntL. mbghGJjh eh aghf

ghgJngh UF. iybawh iu njhWgit aghd ntfijl
Fiwnjh, mfnjh njhW.
mnjngh bjhiyfh iu 1 beho neu 15625 nf nfhLfshdJ
25 gl ~nufshf fgLwJ. mjgo xU ~nukhdJ ( 15625/25=625) 625
myLj nfhLfis bfhlJ. Mjyhjh xU KGgl iu
njhwkgjF 625 nf iyfS, branyhL Toa gl njhwkf ( 25x625)
= 15625 myLj iyfS njit vW ghnjh.
nf eilbgW bghGJ U Ka ffis eh ftd
bfhsntL.
1.

vyuh fiwahdJ ( Electron beam) iu lwUJ tyw

brYnghJ kL e fQF bj. Vbdwh lUJ ty
brYnghJ kLjh m glaf (Picture informations) UF.
ijjh onu iy (Trace Line) vnwh. j nfhlhdJ Arhl
myLj iy vW miHfgLwJ. J gl fhlgLsJ.

2.

fiwahdJ iu tywUJ lw tUnghJ mJ e fQF

bjaTlhJ. Vbdwh tyUJ l tUnghJ m vj gljik
Ugiy. (eh jf gogij id Tf) vdnt j nfhlhdJ e
fQF bjahk kiwfgl ntL. mjfhf shgR
gagLjgLwJ. j sh gRf gagLjgliybawh
mj tahdJ btis nfhlhf njhwkF. go tywUJ lw
tUw nfhLfisjh -onu nfhLf (Retrace Lines ) vnwh. J
gl fhlgLsJ.

W
Start of a line

End of a line

Retrace

Trace

Raster

gl 4.1 (1)
70

ta - myLj (myJ) nuhu myLj

(Sequential or Progressive scanning)

Beginning of 2nd field

3
5

End of 1st field

(a) Even Field

gl 4.1 (2)
vyuh fiwahdJ iu lJ nkKid MuJ onu nfhL,
-onu nfhL vd bjhlahf myL brJ Kidia milwJ. ijna
ta (m) buhu myLj (Progressive Scanning) vnwh. jf
Koahj y FiwghLf njhd.

f gh (Flickering Effect)
15,625 nf nfhLf 25 ~nufshf nf bragLnghJ (1 ~nu
Kojl UJ L fiwahdJ nk neh vLJ brygLnghJ
btof -onu nfhL VgLwJ. rka dhdJ btWikahf (m)
fWghf njhwkF J xU Fl neu oF. (0.04 sec) j neu f
Fiwthf UjhY, xU W khw VgLtij eh czu Ko. mLJ L
mLj ~nu Jtf btr ilF mj W L nj gh VgL.
goahf 1 behoF Fiwjgr 25 Kiw (25 gl nuf VgLtjh) U,
btr vd kh kh ffSF xU cWj VgLJtJ ngh j gh fG.
Jnt f gh vdgL.
ghig r bra nuhu nf Kiw y khw bragL l
nyL nf Kiw cUthfglJ.

tfnzhl myL Kiw (Interlaced Scaning)

mKf
buhu myLj Kiw xU iyahd gl njhwkgnjhL 625
Arhl (HL) nfhLf njit vW ghnjh. j 625 nfhLfS bjhlahf
nf bragLwJ. thW xU KG ~nu Kojl, bto -onu nfhL,
fiwia L iu nk gFF vLJ brwJ. rka d vJ
yhj fhuzjh mj Fl iknuh brf neu btlkhf njhwkF.
ij jf fhQ KiwahdJ gwgLwJ.
71

Beginning of 2nd field

1
2
3
4
5

313
314
315
316

Beginning of 2nd field

Beginning of 1st field

(c) KG nu

Retrace lines not shown

End of 1st field

(b) xiw gil tf

622
623
624
625

End of 1st field End of 2nd field

310
311
312
313

End of 2nd field

gl 4.1 (3)

bragL Kiw
625 HL bfhl xU ~nuik ulhfJ nf brtj _y j
ghghdJ rbragLwJ. mjhtJ, Kj vyuh fiwahdJ 2, 4, 6 vw
uilgil vfis (Even Field) nf brJ bfhnl tJ gl 2(a)
fhosthW 312 1/2 iy KojJ L btof -nu _ykhf
fiwahdJ nk bfhL brygL, 1, 3, 5 vw xiwgil vfis (Odd field)
nf brJ xU KG ~nuik br. j Kiwjh lnyL nf
Kiw vdgLwJ.
RUfkhf brhdh xU ~LF (Even Field) kbwhU ~L (Odd field)
(uily kW xiwy) mikJ nf br KiwF lnyL
nf Kiw vW bga, jidgl bjthf sFwJ.
mgoahdh xU ~nukhdJ U ~Lfshf fgL 312 + 312 = 625
nf bragLwJ. iy branyhL Toa gl njhwkgjF 25 gl
~nuf xU beho neu Vgl ntL vW ghnjh, mgoahdh 25 x 2
~LfshdJ Vgl ntL, iy buhu nf Kiwia
xLbghGJ nf ntfkhdJ mnj 1 beho neu 25 ~nufSF gyhf
(25+25 = 50) 50 ~Lf VgL tz bragLjgLwJ, mjhtJ btof
onu kW -onu ~LfshdJ 25F gyhf 50 ~Lfshf khwgLwJ.
nkY thW xU ~LF kbwhU L mikJ nf bragLtjh
il vj xU nfhL Lglhk bjhlahf nf bragLwJ,
1 ~nu 2 ~LfshfgL nf bragLbghGJ ntf mfgj
_y, btof nu, onu bragL nghJ btik kW fUikahf
njhW neu FiwfgLwJ. ljl j ntf e ffSF bjtiy.
Mf j lnyL nf Kiw _y f ghghdJ rbragljh
KiwahdJ bjhlahf gagLjgL tUwJ. nkY nf VgL
ntf vj khwK Vglhjjh gl gil mfyij mff ntoa
mtaiy.

glFHh
J btlFHh tifia rhjJ.
72

jnghija liy thf gagLjgL xnu th, glFHh kLnk.

J xU rhjhuz tif bgnlhL th MF. thf KGikahf bragl, rW
neu vLJ bfhtij nghy glFHh KGikahf bragl rW neu MwJ.
jdhnyna, bjhiyfhia M (ON) brjl x cl ilJ LwJ.
Mdh glFHh Nlhf rW neu Mtjh glfh jhkjkhf ilwJ.

gl 4.1 (3) fU -btis bjhiyfh t glFHh

mik
bjhiyfh thf gagLjgL glFHh kiwKf
NLgLjgL tif nfnjhL gagLjgLwJ. mjhtJ ll iH
_ykhf NLgLjgL, nfnjhL dQfis cwJ. tiw ju
glFHh fLgLJ , KLF , kW fil MndhL Ma
vynuhLf gagLjgLwd.

bragL j
nfnjhL dQfis ctjh dQ (Electrongun) Jgh vW
miHfgLwJ. nfnjhL, f vD bghUshyhd cUiis to
mikfgLsJ. cUis Kid njha rgl ll R myJ
nga kW uhoa MirLf R rgoUF. it
btggLjglh msffkhd dQfis cG. it dQ fiw
(Beam of Electrons) vW miHfgL.
73

mLJ fLgLJ GI (Control Grid) csJ, j dGj

nfnjhLl xLif rW v dGjkhf mikfgLsJ. GI
cUis totdh mik tlkhd JislgL mikfgLsJ. jdh,
nfnjhoUJ gutyhf bttU Vuhskhf dQf a gu tna
brYkhW MfgLwJ.
Kj MndhL vwiHfgL KLF o (Accelerating anode)
bfhLfgL ne dGjjh mjid RY xU y clhwJ.
yjh GI UJ ilfbgw midJ dQfS. f iuthf
xUnf xU to MfgLwJ. Jjh Kj vynuhlho by
is vdgL.
mLj vynuhlho by is, FF odh (Fovussing Gride)
VgLwJ. FF , ulh MndhL vW miHfgLwJ. J rW bga
ms UF. jF mf dGj mfgLwJ. j yjh
dQf nkY f a totkhf MfgL iu ahf
FwJ, Kiw vynuhnlo Kiw Fj vdgL. fhj Fj
(Electro magnetic focusing) Kiwia l Kiw mf gagLjfhuz, v
dGj ntWghLfdh Kiw ghfglhJ.
gij iu VgLJtjF dQ fiw iu KGtJ GkhW
bragl ntL. mjhtJ nffhdJ eilbgw ntL. jid fJtjF
o~s fh mikghdJ gagLjgLwJ.
dQ fiwia ntfgLj glFHh iu cw kW gftho
uh~ig R rgoUF. jF fil MndhL vW bga f cr
dGjkhf iu 18 KV mfgLwJ. jdh iuia neh ntfkhf
dQ fiwahdJ <fgLwJ. dQ fiw nkh xjiy
VgLJwJ. j uh~ig R mtl R (Aquadag coating) vW
miHfgLwJ. glFHh btY mtl R rgL jiulgLwJ.
jdh glFHh xU nj Rkh (1500 -2500 pf) nghy bragL f cr
dGjij a nerhukhf (Pre d.c) khWwJ.
glFHh iu xu ghg R rgLwJ. f ntfkhf tU dQ
fiwUJ ilj af Mw, iu nkhal ghg mQf
nty vyuhfis ca Mw klF khWLwJ. ghg mQ
nty vyuhfis giHa iyia mil bghGJ fhj Mwiy
btgLJwJ. j mbt ghit bjhF (Spectral region) miktjh,
ekJ ffsh, iu xahffhz KowJ. Jiz c. (Secondary emission)
dQfis rahf nrffhlh, mLJ tU Kjik dQfis
jLJ L. jid jf ghg nk mYaR rgLwJ.
mYdaR ca dGj csjh Jiz c dQfis
ftwJ. mtl 15 KV mfglh, fiw ndhl ( beam current) Rkh
0.5 mA Mf UF.

o~s nah
glFHh fGJghf, tikghdJ mikfgLsJ. J
dQ JghUJ btnaW dQ fiwia ir U (Deflection)
74

iu KGtJ H brwJ. braghoid glkhdJ sFwJ. iu,

gftho fiwia mirgjfhf (Horizontal Scanning) xU fh (Horizontal deflection
coil) mik, nkUJ mirgjF (Vertical Scanning) kbwhU fh (Vertical
deflection coil) mik gagLjgLwJ. fhf aFtjF, mit
fhj jik bgw ntL. mjfhf Kiwna 15,625 Hz fhfSF
jugLwJ.
iliy
o~s
nah fh

fhjir
nfhLf
neiy
o~s
nah fh

zD fiw

neiy
o~s
nah fh
fhjir
vbyuh
fiw

iliy
o~s
nah fh

gl 4.1 (5)

mr j (Aspect Ratio))
vjbthU glFHh Fl j jh jahfgL.
mjhtJ glFHh s 4 gF vwh mj cau 3 gF Uf ntL
(4:3)
glFHh sF, cauF cs j mr j MF.

bf fhu (Kell factor))

nf VgL nghJ xU uhl cs 625 Arhl nfhLfS
KGikahd gadhtiy. btof shfhf xU yF (field) 25 nfhLf
j 40 nfhLf vLJ bfhsgLwJ.
Mf 625 40 = 585 nfhLf, bragL nfhLf (active lines) vd
miHfgLwJ. nfhLf 70 nfhLf kLnk eisnfhLf (Effective
lines) MF.
Jnt bf fhu vd miHfgLwJ.

xgu kW nrd gil mfy

bjhiyfh xgu (TV Transmitter)
o.. nfkuh & TLgl miy gF
xgu iya _yfjhthd nfkuh _ykhfjh midJ
ffS gl ofgLwJ. mnjhL os kW - g cg
gFUJ os miyfS, uid miyfS cg bragL
os miyf nfkuhF, miyf nfkuh Mga gFF
jugLwJ.
75

nfkuh Mga gF, nfkuh oUJ tU gl miyfnshL

miyfshdJ izfgLwJ.
tiyfshdJ Fl msF za bragLwJ. Jnt
TLgl miyahF (Comosite Video Signal).

glbgU kW iuaf (Video Amplifier and Monitor)

jahfgl TLgl miyf njitahd msF thf
bragLwJ. tiyf ju nghJkhd msF csjh vd j iuaf
_y ffhfgLwJ.

ool & r (Distributor Switcher))

gFjh w iyaUJ tU miyfshdJ bgwgL
mtiyf njitahd msF thf bragLwJ. mj ju FJ ma
lY X khluhdJ gagLjgLwJ.

khLny kW xgu gF
bjhiyfh xgu, gl miyfshdJ R gngw Kiw (AM)
gngw bragl ntosjh mjfhd C miyf l
miyah _y cg bragL bgUfgL gngwgFF
jugLwJ.
Composite
video signal
TV
Camera

Camera
amp

HD VD

MB MS

Deflection and SP
Cen

Equalization and
Signal level
setting

Video
amp

Distributor
and
switcher

Crystal
oscillator

Audio
amp

N-monitor

Video
amp

DC
clamp

Modulated
RF amp

Power
amp

Transmitting
antenna

From other studios

Signal level
controls

Frequency
multiplier

RF
amp

VSB filter
and
combining
network

LS

LS
Audio
Audio
input processing
unit

Coaxial cable to
transmitter

Cable to
Distributor transmitter
and
switcher
Audio inputs
from other
studios

Audio
amp

Pre
emphasis
circuit

FM
Modulator

Crystal
oscillator

AFC

Frequency
multiplier

Power
amp

LS - Loud speaker

gl 4.1 (6)
gngW fjgL, thf bragL ouhlUF
mDggLwJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

gl diy (Video signal)

iliy kiwJof ( Horizontal blanking pulses)
neiy kiwJof ( Vertical blanking pulses)
iliy xaF Jof ( Horizontal Synchronisng leses)
neiy xaF Jof (Vertical Synchronishing pulses)

nkTa 5 Jof mla bjhF, TLgl miy vdgLwJ. gl

fhlgoUgJ _W nf nfhLfSfhd TLgl miyfshF. 75%
76

tiu nfkuh dYF, JofSF kW kiwJofSF

gagLjgLwJ. nfkuh d Fiwj RgF, fh btik
gFia mf R gF, fUik gFia, rhg w gFia FwJ.
12.5 vgJ f mfgr btik msthF. fh xbthU EagFF
VwthW d R ntWglhY, d ruhr (d.c.comonent level) UJ
bfhnlUF. mnghJ jh fUik, btik, rhg w ntWghLfis
czu Ko.

80

64S

xU t
neu

iliy

Jof

0.4

64S

bragL
t neu

Blanking
level

Ped. height

Ped.
height

cr btik
iy

0.2
0
0.2
0.4

P
0.6

gl
tuf
D.C level

20
12.5

D.C level

40

Ped. height
D.C level

60

52S

75
fUik iy

Composite video signal (percent of mix)

100

Darker than dark

v/v max

0.8
1.0
t

gl 4.1 (7) TLgl miyf

iliy kW kiw Jo guf

xU KGnfho fhy ms 64 iknuh dhof. onu nfho fhy
ms 52 iknuh dhof. onu nfho fhy ms 12 iknuh dhof.

neiy kW kiwJo tir

xU y (filed) fhy ms 20 dhof. m Vertical trace fhyms
18.72 dhof. Vertical retrace fhyms 1.28 dhof.

brnul (Serrated) g
Filed sync elF nghJ line sync M jlf Vglhk Uf it 4.7 iknuh
dho mfy cs 5 miu nfhLfshf fgLwJ. ijna btLl neiy
Jo Serrated Vertical sync Pulse vnwh. xiw y 312.5 vw
miunfhoUJ uil y 625 MtJ nfho KoY Mugjfhf
it 5 miunfhLfshf (27.3 iknuh dhof) fgLwJ.
Equalising pulses
t Vertical sync Jof jna fgLwJ. xiw kW
uilyf rahd Kiw iljh jh dl ghj rahf elF.
xiw y Mug KGnfhlhf uil y Mug miunfhlhf
csJ. Fiwghil FtjF 5 equalising pulses Jo KD D
gagLjgLwJ. tiw Kiwna Pre-equalising pulses kW Post-equalising pulses
vW miHnwh.
77

Field blanking period of 20 lines

2 lines 2.5 lines 2.5 lines
End of 2nd
field
624 625
1 2 3 4 5 6

5-Pt.
equalising
pulses

Vertical
sync
pulses

End of 1st
field

12.5 lines
7

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

5-Pt.
equalising
pulses

12.5 blanked lines

(A) Pulse train at the end of 2nd field

309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332

6 broad field
5 arrow
equalising sync pulses
pulses

5 arrow equalising
pulses

blanked lines

gl 4.1 (8)

Pre-equalising pulses
mit 5 miunfhLfshf 2.5 nfhLf fhy mikfgLwJ. jdh it
xiwy kW uily Ko line oscillator I synchronise brwJ. j
bkhj fhy ms 160 iknuh dhof.
Post-equalising pulses
5 field sync JofSF wF it 5 miunfhLf fhynjhL
MuwJ. jdh horizontal sync bjhlJ ilwJ. y kiwJo fhy
UyfY xnu khahf Uf ntL. xiw kW uil yfSF
ilna obuW KG nfhoUJ miunfhoF khWtjh horizontal sync-
fhy khl th clhwJ. j equalising Jofis nrgjh rahf
interlaced scanning elwJ.

gl gngw (Video Modulation)

onah miyfis 2 tiff gngw brayh
1. nekiw gngw (Positive Modulation)
2. vkiwgngw (Negative Modulation)

nekiw gngw
tif onah nfa R mfj btr ms TL. fUik ms
Fiw. mfgr btik ms 100% khLnyr ilwJ. mfgr
fUik ms kW byt Fiwj khLnyr ilwJ.

vkiw gngw
tif onah nfa R mfjh btr ms Fiw: fUik
ms TL. mfgr btik ms 12.5% khLnyr ilwJ. mfgr
fUik ms kW byt Mait 100% khLnyr ilwJ. ah
cgnahfgLjgL CCIR - B (Consultative Committee of International Radio - phase
Alternation by line - B) vkiw gngw Kiw gagLjgLwJ.
78

gl 4.1 (9)

vkiw gngw mDTy

Kiw iur miyfsh. ghgjF ilwhf fUik d
fUf njhWwd. it nekiw gngw Kiw. btik
d cUthF btik fis l ilW Fiwthf csJ.
iur g fUikia
neh efUj

gl 4.1 (10)

iur g
btikia neh
efUj

uTy
d r VgL O khwdh gl jik lghL
(impulsive interference) VgLwJ.

gl gil mfy & vestigial side band transmission

CCIR - PAL B Kiw onah gil mfy 5 MH vd zfgLsJ.
Single Side Band Kiw onah miyfis gug xU side band I filter bra
ntosJ. onah miyf mf mbtzhf Ugjh xU Side band I
KGtJkhf Filter bra ayiy Mfnt xU side band cl kbwhU side band
xU gFia izJ guwhf. Kiw Vestigial side band transmission
vdgLwJ.

mDTyf
1.
2.

gil mfy njit FiwwJ.

xU gFia kL tofLtJ Rygkhf csJ.

uTyf
xU side band xU gFia tofLtjF J r uakhwJ. mthW
tofL bghGJ~ng (Phase) kW R Fiy J VgLwJ.

79

bjhiyfh xgujYfhd nrd xJL

Channel
No
2 VLE

Sound Carrier

Frequency Range

Picture Carrier

47 to 54 MHZ

48.25 MHZ

53.75 MHZ

54 to 61 MHZ

55.25 MHZ

60.75 MHZ

61 to 68 MHZ

62.25 MHZ

67.75 MHZ

5 VLE

174 to 181 MHZ

175.25 MHZ

180.75 MHZ

181 to 188 MHZ

182.25 MHZ

187.75 MHZ

188 to 195 MHZ

189.25 MHZ

194.75 MHZ

195 to 202 MHZ

196.25 MHZ

201.75 MHZ

202 to 209 MHZ

203.25 MHZ

208.75 MHZ

209 to 216 MHZ

210.25 MHZ

215.75 MHZ

11

216 to 223 MHZ

217.25 MHZ

222.75 MHZ

12

223 to 230 MHZ

224.25 MHZ

229.75 MHZ

3
4

10

UHE 21 to 69 Channels

470 to 890 MHZ

4.2. nfkuh of ((Camera Tubes)

xU onah nfkuhit T.V l f vW miHfyh. j T.V
nfkuhf bkhj ehF tiff csd.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ifdhnfh
nk{ Mfh
ofh
sfh

Kj Kj fLofgl Ifdhnfh nfkuh oghdJ jdJ ntiyia

rtu brj nghY, gl btrjik, gl cW, gl MH
Matiw Ifdhnfh nfkuhth rtu ju ayiy. Mifah it
midY wJ sa nk{ Mfh nfkuh oghdJ Hf tjJ.
nk{ Mfh nfkuh oghdJ ms bgajhf mjid gagLJt
uk UjjhY ofh vD nfkuh oghdJ cUthfglJ. sfh
nfkuh o, ofh nghynt ms ajhf ifahSt vjh ofhid
l rW ju thjjhf cUthfglJ.
nfkuh o Fzf
xia khW Fz (Light Transfer Characteristics)
Kf jo HToa xnfwthW. m ndhl ilgij xU
nfkuh FHh xia khW Fz vnwh.

bgu bugh (Spectral response)

ekJ f czuToa x ntWghLfis nfkuh o czu ntL ij
nfkuh bgu bugh Fz vnwh.
80

czw (Sensitivity)
J xU bghU xbthU Ea gFia onah ffshf khW
wdhF. J xU nfkuh o njitahd ms Uj ntL.
fUik ndhl (Dark Current)
vjjkhd xjik Kf jo Hhj nghJ ilF f Fiwj
ms m d ndhl fUik ndhl vwiHfgLwJ.

ny Fz (Lag Characteristics)
X f ntfkhd ntWghLfis rahd Kiw czu Koahj nfkuh
Fzij ny Fz vnwh.

rh gt (Resolving Power)
fh btik, fUik gFfis czJ mjnfw m ilf
brtnj xU nfkuh rh gt vnwh.

6.1 nk{ Mf nfkuh o

nH cs glkhdJ nk{ Mfh nfkuh o FWF btL
njhwij fhwJ. _W gFf csd.
1.
nk{ brr
2.
nf brr
3.
koisa brr

nk{ brr
Kj sh nso c gF t, Mok, a
nghwtitfsh Md urhad fyit bfhl nghnlh nfnjhL
mikfgoUF, nfkuh by _y gkhdJ nghnlh nfnjho nk G
nghJ vyuhfshdJ mUJ btnabrY. go btnaW
vyuhf msthdJ, nghnlh nfnjho Gw x g msit
bghUJ UwJ. go btnaWw vyuhf, vyuh gkhf kh

gl 4.2 (1)
81

lhb# nsil milwJ. nghnlh nfnjho khWw mfkhf Ugjh

mjdh vj jkhd rhi#, njitf ayhJ. fhuzdh jh nghnlh
nfnjho cUthd gkhdJ mnfna jf Koahk mUnf cs lhb# nsil
tjilwJ. lhb# nslhdJ nghnlh nfnjhil l 400v gho jik
bfhljhf mikfgL Ugjh, nghnlh nfnjhoUJ btnaW
vyuhf midij lhb# ns jgf GJLwJ.
vyuh g lhb# nso G gF fa msyhd a
rgoUF. mjdh gF brfl vrid mf ms cLgQ.
f mf ntf bfhl vyuhf nghnlh nfnjhoUJ s lhb#
nsil brW jhF nghJ brfl vyuhf lhb# ns gF
izfgLs xabkZ dh (bka f tiy) bgwgL. j fhuzkhf
lhb# ns MdJ gho iyia milJLwJ.
j gho jik msthdJ nghnlh nfnjhL bgW x msit
bghUJ UF. f mf brfl vr fhuzkhf lhb# nslhdJ 4
myJ 5 klF nghnlh nfnjhil l mf ms gho jik bfhljhf
MLwJ. J jh g cz wid f mf ms ju cjwJ.
gl lhb# nso xU gFahdJ g bgW gFahf, kbwhU gF
nf eil bgW gFahf mikfgL UwJ . lhb# nslhdJ
f bkajhf Ugjh xU gf Vgl jik kWgFF
brWLwJ. lhb# nso jokhdJ 0.001 br. MF. fhuzdh
vj jkhd rh{ xU gf VglhY mJ mLj gFF vjhf
brWL. gF UJjh onah d vLfgLwJ.

2. myL gF (Scaning Section)

vyuh JghUj bttU vyuh fiwahdJ, lhb#
nsil neh brYjgLwJ. vyuh fiwahdJ ~nghf fh
cjah lhb# nso nk H brwJ. thW Gw vyuh nu ahdJ lhb# nso nk KGtJ GkhW bragl ntL. j ntiyia
brtjfhf osr fh gagLjgLwJ.
uL jkhd fhf csd. xW Arhl fh kbwhW
btof fh. Arhl fhYF njitahd 15625Hz miy Jo,
btof fhYF njitahd 50Hz miy Jo uL miyahf _ykhf
cg bragL jugLwJ.
lhb# nslhdJ {a dGj iy UF. Mifah nf
gkhf tU vyuhf lhb#lh <fgLw ntf FiwJL. nkY
- 4I m#L brtj _y lhb#LF brY vyuhf ntfij
FiwJ, lhb# KGtJkhf xnu msthf vyuhf GkhW brwJ. j
fhuzkhf lhb# nso brfl vr VgL th jfgLwJ.
thW jh Hj -ve jikia bgwbfhl lhb# ns, mjF nk bgW
vyuhfis <gjF tyhk njf MuJ L. go njf Muj
vyuhf Ulgl vyuh fiwahd (Returning Beam)vyuh
koiaa (Electron Multiplier) vyuh gFYs Kj ilnahoF brY.
82

bjhlahf gf nghnlh nfnjho H, mjnfwthW vyuh g

VgL lhb# nsil jhf, nkTa ff bjhlJ eilbgW. nf
bragL nghJ lhb# vLJ bfhw vyuhf ms, jh Hj
vyuhf msF izahf UF.
lhb# nsil nf brtjfhf vyuhfUJ btnawgL
vyuhf ms vbghGJ zfgl msthf (constant) UF .
Mifah lhb# ns vLJ bfhl vyuhf nghf, jKs
vyuhfis bfhnl vts vyuhf lhb# ns vLJ bfhlJ
vgJ fzlgL mjid., bfhL, gy klF bgUfgL mj _y
d ndhlkhdJ (signal current) vLfgLwJ.
j d ndhlkhdJ, lhb# nso Vw wfF VwthW
mikUF.
nk{ Mfh nfkuh oig bghWjtiu fU gFf G lf
UJ f mf ndhlK btis gFf G lf UJ Fiwthd
d ndhlK ilF. Vbdwh fUik gF x mfkhf
Ugiy., Mjyh nghnlh nfnjhoUJ bttU vyuhf ms
f Fiwthfnt UF. j fhuzkhf brfl vrdhdJ lhb# nso
VgLtJ iy. vdnt lhb# nsil rk iyF bfhL tu njitahd
vyuhf mta nghf, nf UJ tU midJ vyuhfS
mgona U l thf bragL RL btplhf jugLwJ.
vdnt j RL- ilgJ jh video signal MF. j onah d
MgolhdJ ff x msF Vg khWgL.

bgUF gF ( Multiplier Section)

lhb# nsoUJ l khf U tU vyuhf, vyuh
JghYs ilnahoF tJ nrUwJ. vyuh JghUJ
vyuhf btnaW lF mur vW bga. j mur vgJ
vyuh Jghia R xU cnyhf jL ngh mikfgL UF. J
300v gho jik bfhljhf mikfgoUF. jnghJ j cnyhf jfL
Kj fl koisauhf bragLwJ. ij mLJs gFf xnu khahf
mikfgl 5 iyia bfhl ilnahL koisa MF.
ilndhL No.3 ilndhL No.5
880V
1450V
v 2 & ilndhL
v1 300 V

nf fiw
vyuh Jgh
U fiw
(d ndhl)

brfl
vyuhf

d
btpL

ilndhL
No.2
600V

ilndhL
No.4
1160V

.01MF
20K
MndhL
1500V

gl 4.2 (2)
83

gl 5 iyf bfhl vyuh koisa gFahdJ fhlgLsJ.

vyuh koisa xbthU iy Rkhuhf ehF klF wid
TLtjhf mgobawh ilf Toa bkhjw ms 45 Mu
msthF. ij jh d bgU vnwh. filahf UJ
bttUw brfl vyuhf Mndho bgwgLwJ. j MndhLl
bjhl iz R1 vw nyhL bul izfgL UwJ. MndhL +1500v
dGjKila ris cl izf gLsJ.

6.2 ofh
gl xU ofh nfkuh o mikghdJ fhfgLsJ. J
nghnlh floo (Photo Conductivity) jJtij mogilahf bfhL
aFwJ. j mogil vdbtwh xgL khu lhb# nso
jil msthdJ Fiw.

gl 4.2 (3) ofh nfkuh o

j nfkuh o 1950- HfF tjJ. J ms ajhf UgjhY
gagLJtJ f vjhf UgjhY cldoahf ugy miljJ.
gl ofh nfkuh oUJ vthW d mlhdJ
vLfgLwJ vgij fhLwJ. cs lhb# nslhdJ bka
b#kha myJ Mok nghw fyitdh Md xU flJ x
fToa iH nk rgoUF . J ~ng nso (Face Plate) c
mikUF. jflJ R bfhl gFia jh d vynuhL myJ
ns vnwh.
d vynuhL cl izfgoUF ~nghnlh nya nk{
gFF RL vw nyhL bul _y DC risahdJ jugoUwJ. vyuh
JghUJ s Elector gkhdJ xU iyahd fhj ydhY
3,4 nghwitfdh VgLjgL fhj ydhY ~nghnlh floo
gFia xnu uh brW jhFwJ. thW brw vyuh fiwahdJ
84

Fiwj
ntf bfhljhf Ugjh mF brfl vr VgLtiy.
lhb# ns KGtJ j fiwahdJ nf bragl o bghUjgL
UF jF osr fhf cjwJ.
j nghnlh nya jokdhdJ 0.0001 c.m MF. J xU Rnyl ngh
bra gL. fUik w tU nghJ j jil ms Rkh 20 bkfh X. Mf
, xgL nghJ vyuhf Xl mfkhtjh, mj jil Fiwa MuF
. nghnlh flo nya vgF btr Gnkh mj Fl gF
jil ms 2 bkfh X msF FiwJL.
Image

Signal Plate

btik

fUik

nghnlh
nya

nfkuh d
btpL

nf g

vyuh
Jgh

gl 4.2 (4)
xahdJ lhb# nso bjhlahf GJ bfhoUF nghJ nghnlh
nya xbthU gF ~nu neuF VwthW nf bragL. lhb#
nso jil mjnfwthW mik. Mjyh jil ms khwkhdJ
cns Gw x msit bghWJ UF. byR _ykhf cns G x
gdh nf bragL lhb# nslhdJ jlUF vyuhfis
btnaw, lhb# nslhdJ gho jik bfhljhf khLwJ. j
rka vyuh JghUJ brY vyuhf lhb# nsil nf
bra , lhb# ns jdF njitahd vyuhf lhb# nsoUJ
U tJL . U tUw vyuhfis nk{ Mfh ngh
ofh vjF gagLtiy. Mdh mj l VgL d, vw nyhL
bul tna gyjugl dGjfis VgLJwJ. j RL mo
ilF dGjK nkny brhd ndhl MoL cns
Gw x msit bghWJ mikUF,
mf ndhldh, RL - ilF dGjK mfkhf ilF.
Mjyh btisgF G lf UJ mf dGjK, fUikgF
G lf UJ mf dGjK, fUikgF G lf UJ
Fiwthd dGjK ilF. nk{ Mfh ngh, koisa gF
njitiy. thW ilF m dyhdJ M~iga _y thf
bragL nfkuh oUJ bttU.
85

sfh
f tiy

fzho #d

MndhL

vyuh
fiw
btpL

vyuh Jgh

nfnjhL

nlh bragl
Rjkhd

xfToa d
ns SnO2

P nlh
bragl

SnO2
(b)

(a)

Rjkhd

gl 4.2 (5)
Fiwj wgrf bfhl ofh nfkuh oig fhoY,
FLgoahf mf wgrf bfhljhf j sfh nfkuh oghdJ
cUthfglJ. j nfkuh oghdJ ju thj glK, mf cz wndhL
Fiwj btrnyna bragl Toajhf mikfgLsJ.
gl sfh nfkuh o lhb# ns mik kW m d
fu vLF Kiw Mait fhfgLsJ. j lhb# nsil ju
w fUf midJ ofh nfkuh oig nghwjhF. j lhb#
nslhdJ PIN vw ilnaho _y (P-P type, I-Intrinsic, N-N type) btF wghf
bragLwJ. j cw o Mi[L vD jk rgLsJ.
J mf ms vyuhfis bfhljhf, lhb# nso d
nslhf mikwJ. J N tif Fiw flahf bragLwJ. Rjkhd by
nkhdhirL (Lead Monoxide) vD jkjh rgoUF. J xU Rjkhd
Fiw flahF. vdnt jh J I vw vG _ykhf FfgLwJ. j
Rjkhd FiwflahdJ W nlh bragL tif FiwflahdJ
W nlh bragL P tif Fiwflahf bragLwJ. j nk jh
vyuh JghUJ sa vyuh fiw tJ G. lhb# nso
jok 15 x 10 l msthF. gl sfh dyhdJ vthW
vLfgLwJ vgJ bjthf fhlgLsJ.
sfh cs nghnlh flo lhb# nslhdJ ofh csJ
ngh mikUF. xU W ntWghL vdbtwh, wf bragLw
86

Kiw kLnk khWgLwJ. sfh xbthU vbkL xU

njia ngh bragL xWbfhW bjhl izghf UF.
itf ndhF gah Kiw izfgL xah fLglToa
ilnahLlD izfgoUF. d vLfgL RW, flJ jik bfhl
(bka o Mi[lhdJ 40v ris bfhl) lhb# nsLl RL vw nyhL
bul _y izfgLsJ. UJ jh nfkuh m dyhdJ
vLfgLwJ.
vj gij bgw ntLnkh mj gkhdJ nfkuh byR _y ~nghf
bragLJ nghJ mj x gkhdJ o Mi[L rgl gF GwJ.
thW GnghJ, vj msF xahdJ j nk Gwnjh mjF Vw ms
vyuhfis btnaW. x vJ Hhj iy, vjjkhd khWjY
Vglhk nghf m ndhlkhdJ vJ ilfhJ. vdnt
ilfToa d ndhlkhdJ nfkuhD tJ Gw x msit
bghWnj UF.

nfkuh of xL mltiz
v
1.

Fz
x khWj

.Mfh
xgL cj

2.
3.
4.
5.

Ew
S/N j
ntf
bgu bugh

6.

af

f mf
30db
Halo lag iy
fF
<lhdJ
thdJ

7.
8.

iy
ms

mf
bgaJ

ofh
xgL
flJj
mf
50db
mf lag
eW

sfh
xgL
flJj
rW mf
50db
Fiwthd lag
t Fiw

vJ
vJ iuthdJ
iuthdJ
Fiw
rnw mf
aJ
eLju

4.3. fU - btis bjhiyfh th jJt - tz bjhiy fh

th jJt.
bjhiyfh thbdh thfis m gagLjgL bghUfis
bghWJ _W fshf fyh.
1.
btl FHh tif thf (Valve Type Receivers)
2.
liy tif thf (Solid Type Receivers)
3.
fy tif thf (Hybrid Type Receivers)

btl FHh tif bjhiyfh thf

(Valve Type Television Receivers)
Mug fhyf tif bjhiyfh thf ilnahL, oiunahL,
kW bgnlhL thf gagLjgld. tif thf aFtjF 140
Kj 300 nth tiu njitgL. J ms bgajhf. mf ms
btg VgljhY Fiwflfis gagL mLj iy bjhiyfhfshdJ
cUthfglJ.
87

l iy tif bjhiyfh thf (Solid State Television Receivers)

tif thf glFHhidju midJ gFfS Fiwfl
ilnahLf. ouhlf kW I..fsh Mdit. tif thf af 12
Kj 110 nth tiu njit.

fy tif bjhiyfh thf (Hybrid type Television Receivers)

tif thf os gFf (deflection stages) thfis kw
RWf (Circuits) ouhlf kW xUiz Yfis (Intergrated Chips)
gagLJwhf. tif thf af thfSF 140 Kj 300 nth
tiu, ouhlf af 12 Kj 40 nth tiu njit.
bjhiyfh th RWfis bjJ bfhtjF K midJ
gFfis g, mj brafis g Kj bjJ bfhnth.
20 fW / btis bjhiyfh th flgl kW sf

fU - btis bjhiyfh th flgl

Va
bjhiyfh miyfis bgWtjF (T.V. Reception) ah Mbldh
gagLjgLwJ. J ilfbgW midJ miyfis (iur cgl)
bgW diyfshf kh, bjhiyfh thfSF bfhwJ.

thbdh mbt od (RF Tuner)

J RF bgU. fy (mixer) c miyah (Local oscillartor) ca mbtiz
kL mDkF tofL RW (High pass filter) kW bghRWfis (Trap circuits)
bfhlJ. nfFL nrd bryl (Ganged Channlel) _y njitahd nrd (VHF
myJ UF) njbjLfgL. mtiw iyahd I.F Mf khWwJ. I.F miy, gl I.F
miy (38.9 MHZ) kW x I.F (33.4 MHZ) miy Matiw bfhlJ.

bghJ bghJ iliy mbt bgU

gF iuriy jLJ U. IF miyfis bgUFwJ. glgFgh
(Composite video signal) jna jit.

glgFgh (Video detector)

J C miyfis tofo TLgl miyia (Comopsite Video Signal) jna
fgLwJ.

glbgU (Video amplifier)

J brYJ bgU (Driver amplifier) kW btpLbgU (Output amplifier)
Matiw xUnf bfhlJ. TLgl miyia mf ms bgU Rkh 80
V(p-p) msF glFHh nfnjhoF bfhLwJ.

glFHh (Picture Tube)

J glmiyia dQ fiwahf (Electron beam) kh osr gF
cjah ttahf fhfshf (Pictures) khWwJ.
A.G.G. (Automatic Gain Control) iyaUJ tUw miyf r To
88

89

AGC
gah

220V, 50HZ,

nyhf
M
nyl

B+

C2

R1

R2

C1

S. IF = 33.4 MHz

P. IF = 38.9 MHz

onah IF
Mga
2/3 nl{

AGC
r

onah
obll

g Arhl

V.v.

btof
nAhL

Arhl
Mnyl
15625Hz

btof
btpL
bgU

Arhl
btpL
Mga

nah

Medium B+
voltages

g AGC,
AFC RWF

iud
fnuh

fhuh
fnuh

F
F

onah
Mga

Monah
gt
Mga

15625Hz

50Hz

Mga

th
fnuh

Monah
Mga

g Arhl
btpL gFUJ

btof
Mnyl
50Hz

ony

ACC il

5.5 MHz
nu RW

FF r
obll

fil
onah IF
Mga

r d

FM lnfa

r IF
Mga
5.5 MHz

gl 4.3 (1) fU - btis bjhiyfh flgl

Fiwj
dGjgF

iH dGj
(To F.F)

brgnul

VHF d

ig

nyhf
M
nyl

Varactor diode
Electronic tuning

RF
Mga

UHF
r

UHF d

AC dGj

VHF
Mldh

UHF
Mldh

EHT
buoga

EHT
MndhL

glFHh

tjhY FiwJ tjhY vbghGJ xnu ria tUF jUtjfhf J

gagLwJ. miy Vwjhfis R.F. kW I.F. iyf fLgL xnu
msthd r bfhl miy ilgjF J cj brwJ

xaf Jo gh
gh: (Syne pulse separator)
gF TLgl miyfUJ (Composite Video Signal) xaf Jofis
jna wJ.

o~unal (Differentiator)
gF xaf JofUJ iliy xaf Jofis (Horizontal
syne pulses) kL jna bjLwJ. J xU ca mbtid kL
mDkF tofL RW MF.

jha mbt fLghL

fLghL: (Automatic Frequency Control)
gF L.O.T. UJ ilfbgW U JofS (Fly back pulses)
iliy xafJofS (Horizontal syne pulses) xlgL ahrkhd
dGjij. ne fLghL dGjkhf (DC Control Voltage), filiy
miyahF mwJ. jdh iur miyfdh VgL iliy
xaf H jfgLwJ.

iliy miyah (Horizontal oscillator)

J F mikfgLtj nehf xgu yhj neufY t
nf eilbgw njitahd iliy mbt 15,625 Hz-I cg brwJ.

iliy brYJ kW btpL bgUf

iliy mbt U bgUfsh mfs bgUfgL. iliy
tisF RUSF (Horizontal deflection coil) mfgLwJ. osrfh (Deflection
Coil) iliy tisF RU. ntWgL fhjjik bgW glFHhUJ
ilF dQfiwia (Electron beam) t tahd nfhLfshf khWwJ.
tnfhLf (Scanning lines) _y fh ilfbgWwJ.

iliy btpL kh (Horizontal output Transformer)

iliy btpL khUJ (Horizontal Output Transformer) f cr
dGj Rkh 18000 nth AC cg bragL DC Mf khwgL
glFHh fil MndhoF bfhLfgLwJ.

lfnul
lfnul: (Integrator)
gF xaF JofUJ, neiy xaF Jofis (Vertical Syne
Pulses) jna bjLwJ. J xU Fiwj mbtid mDkF
tofL RW (Low pass Filiter) MF. tiyf neiy miyahF
mfgL neiy xaf H jfgLwJ.

neiy miyah (Vertical oscillator)

J F mikfgLtj nehf xgu yhj neuf t
nf eilbgw njitahd btof osr 50Hz miyfis cg brwJ.

90

neiy brYJ kW btpL bgUf

(Vertical deflection output amplifer)
gFf neiy mbtid bgU bto os RUSF
mwJ. btof osr RU ntWgL fhj jik bgW rlfis
(Frames) cUthFwJ.

xgF
xgF: 5.5 MHz bgU
xbgh Rdh (Sound Trap Circuit) 5.5MHz x I.F. miyfis jna
wJ.

rj iliy mbt bgU (Sound IF Amplifier)

ntiyf SIF bgUah bgUfgLwJ. R fLgLJ (Amplitude
limitter) gFah x IF miy R ntWghLf fLgLjgLwJ. F.M. gFgh
RW (FM Detector circuit) C miyfis tofo, xaiyia jna wJ.

br cz mbt bgU
gu KdGj bragl x miy (Pre-emphasised Audio signal) dGj
(De-emphasis) bragL giHa iyF bfhLtugLwJ. x bgUgF (Audio
amplifier) xaiyfis bgUks bgUFwJ.

xgh (Speaker)
F xaiyf fhjh nffgL rj miyfshf khwgLwJ.

rk bragl dGj (Regulated Power Supply)

1. SCR tif 2. STR tif 3. ouhl tif 4. SMPS tif vd buFnyl
gtris ehF tifgLwJ. j btpo 110 nth 12 nth
vLfgLwJ.

tz bjhiyfh (COLOUR TELEVISION)

tz bjhiyfh vwhny kdF X crhf wF. Vbdwh
glfis mj cikahd kW Jakhd wf ekF fhL. Jtiu
fU-btis bjhiyfh g kLnk fw cfSF tz
bjhiyfh mogilf g mKfgLJnwh.
fU-btis bjhiyfhF tz bjhiyfhF cs Kj
mogil ntWghL glFHh tzbjhiyfh glFHh _W vyuh
Jghf UF. Vbdwh, wf gy UjhY _nw _W wf
kLnk mogil wfshF. mit f, gir kW y wfshF. (Red Green and
Blue) j wfis mogilahf bfhLjh kw midJ wfS
cUthfgLwJ. j _W wf mogil jh gl FHh xbthU
wF xwhf _W vyuh Jghf gagLjgLwd.

tzfis fyj (Mixing of colours)

tzfis fyF KiwahdJ U tf bragLjgLwJ. (m)
Tl Kiw (M) fj Kiw

91

Tl Kiw
bk#jh
(f + y)
f

41%
30%

11%
100%
white

89%

kr
(f + gir)

ah
(gir + y)
70%

59%
gir

gl 4.3 (2)
(30% f + gir (59%) = kr (Yellow (89%)
(30% f + y (11 %) = bk#jh (Magenta) (%)
(11% y + gir (59%) = ah (Cyan) (70%)
f + gir + y = btik (White)
(30%)R + (59%)G + (11%)B = btik (100%)

fj Kiw (Subtractive method)

bk#jh
(btik - gir)
f
y
(btik - y -gir)
(btik - gir - f)

btik - y - gir

= f

btik - gir

= bk#jh
fU

btik - gir - f = y

ah
(btik - f)

btik - y

= kr

kr
(btik - y)

btik - y - f

= gir

gir
(btik - y -f)

btik - f

= ah

gl 4.3 (3)

j tzf fy KiwF Vw RWf gagLjgLwJ. mit fy

nk (Colour Matrix) fy bto (Colour Burst) RW nghwit MF,
mbkfh, b#k kW uhR ehLf tzbjhiy fh gij
VgLJ j xbthU Kiwia ifahwd. 1. mbkf Kiw NTSC
(National Television Systems Committee) vW 2. b#k Kiw PAL (Phase Alternation by line)
vW 3. uhR Kiw SECAM (Sequential Colour and Memory) vW miHfgLwJ.
e eho PAL - B KiwahdJ gagLjgLwJ, NTSC -F PAL KiwF
ilna cs ntWghLf

92

t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Fz

PAL-B

nrd gil mfy

onah gil mfy
l nfa x IF
gl IF
x IF
iyf/~nu
iliy mbt
nu mbt
L mbt
fy r - nfa mbt

NTSC

7MHz
0-5MHz
5.5MHz

6MHz
0-4MHz
4.5MHz
45.75MHz
41.25MHz
525 lines
15,750Hz
30 frames/sec
60 fields/sec
3.58 MHz

38.9MHz
33.4MHz
625 lines
15,625Hz
25 Frames/sec
50 fields/sec
4.43 MHz

4.4 bjhiyfh od jJt tiff

Jjh ekF njitahd iya miyfis bgW jU gF.

od tiff
vu tif
tif(Mechanical Type)

dQ tif (Electronic Type)

m. lbu tif
M. bkl tif

m. Ftif (Stick Type)

M. rfutif (Thumb wheel)
. ol tif (Digital Type)
7

izfgl fhf
6

5
4
3

6
5

10

10

1 12

11
2

bghJ mR
4

10

11
2

1 12

11

3
1
12

Mbldh
UJ

M.v~
bgU RW

r
RF

gl 4.4 (1)

nyhf
MRnyl
RF

lbu tif (Turret Type)

lbu (m) ou tif od btbtW nrdfSfhd RUf (Coils)
Jislgl ou nghw mik bghUjgoUF. ir RWf, (Tuned
circuits) j bghUjgoUF. f, ouKl bghUjgoUF.
njitahd nrdYnfw fhfis, ouik RHWtj _y njbjLfyh.
jdh Uw nrdiy njbjLf KowJ. VHF Band F mf
gagLjgLwJ.

bkl (m) nt~g tif (Incremental (or) Wafer type)

tif od, nt~g mLF xW mikfgoUF. RF bgU
kW fy MatWfhd RUf nt~g mikfgL, RHWtj
_y njitahd nrdYnfw irRWf njbjLfgLwJ. J VHF
BandF mf gagLjgLwJ.
93

dQa tif (Electronic Type)

Kiw ntnf ilnahL myJ ntul ilnahL _y ir (Tuning)
bragLwJ. xU ntWgL jil _y 0-33v tiu ntWgL ntnf lnahoF
mjh, tif lnaho njF jik (Capacitance) ntWgLjgLwJ.
j _y njitahd nrd njbjLfgLwJ. Band I, Band III kW Band U
Matiw njbjLF R xW gF UF.

F tif
Kiw sho F _y khW jil kid kh mj _y
0-33v tiu ntWgL, mj ir bragLwJ.

rfu tif (Thumbwheel)

Kiw sho grfuij uyh kh ntWgL jil k
khwgL ir bragLwJ.

yf tif (Digital Type)

Kiw E brayh (Micro Processor) _y ir dGj (Tuning Voltage -33v) khwgL ntnf lnahoF mfgL ir (Tuning) bragLwJ.
xU VHF od, ngy kh, ca mbtid mDkF tofo,
gu ouh RW, RF bgU, c miyah kW fy Ma gFfis xUnf
bfhl mikghF.
VHF od flgl kW sf

Va

gl iliy
mbt
btpL

jha fLghL igah

H.P.tofo
kW
ouhf

thbdh
mbt
cL

thbdh
mbt
bgU

izj njf

thbdh
mbt
btpL
ia
RW

fy

nyhf
miyah

fy
ia
RW

E ia
fLghL

gl 4.4 (2)

od gf
1.
2.

thf (Antenna) lir, th (Receiver) cL

lir bghUJwJ (Matching).
njitahd nrdiy nt~g R _y njbjJ njitaw miyfis
ouh RW kW ca mbtid mDkF tofoRW
Matwh tofLwJ.
94

3.
4.
5.
6.

r Fiwthd miyia bgU, mf d/iur j bfhLwJ.

Mfnt iuriy jLwJ.
miyah miyia thf _y btna gutlhk jLwJ.
njbjLfgl nrdiy f rahf ilf brtjF Ea ir
fLghL (Fine Tuning control) xid bfhLsJ.
njbjLfgl miyia, iyahd IF Mf khWwJ. od vthW ntiy
brwJ vgij ghngh.

thfUJ ilf bgw miyf ngy kh (Balun Transformer)

tna EiHwJ. bjhiyfh guj tuF cgl miyfisju kw
miyf ouh RWfdhY ca mbtid kL mDkF tofo
RdhY toflgLwJ. nfFL nrd bryl _y njitahd nrd
njbjLfgL mnrdYFa ir RWf bjhl ilwJ.
mit 1 RF bgU cL irRW (input tuned circuit) 2. RF btpL
ir RW 3. fy gFfhd ir RW 4. ir miyah RW Mait
MF.
njbjLfgl miy RF bgUah bgUfgL, fy gF,
miyah miyl fyJ IF btpL, khahf ilwJ.
IF miy, gl iliy (Picture IF), mbt (38.9MHz) kW x iliy
(Sound IF) mbt (33.4 MHz) Matiw bfhlJ. njbjLfgl nrd

mbt vthW IF Mf khwgLwJ vgij bghGJ ghngh.

vLJfhL
4 MtJ nrd mbt bjhF 61-68 MHz MF. gl C miyf, nrd
mbt bjhF Kj gFahd 1.25MHz-F wF mikUF. mjhtJ
61+1.25=62.25 MHz gl C miyf. x C miyf, nrd mbt
bjhF, fil 0.25 MHz-F K mikUF.
mjhtJ 68-0.25 = 67.75 MHz x C miyf
c miyah mbt = 101.15 MHz
VIF = c miyah mbt - gl C mbt
= 101.15 - 62.25
VIF = 38.9 MHz
S.I.F = c miyah mbt - x C mbt
= 101.15 - 67.75
S.I.F= 33.4 MHz

iliy mbt ouhRWf (IF ware Trap circuits)

miy ouh RW vgJ xU ir RW. (Resonant Circuit); xU njitaw
mbtid jLJ, njitahd mbtid mDF RW MF.
#J tifahd ouh RWf VIF gF gagLjgLwJ. mit 1. bjhl
iz ir tif. 2. gf iz ouh RW 3. cR tif ouh RW 4. mF
tif (Degenerative type) ouh RW kW 5 ghy tif (Bridge type) ouh RW.

95

Type of Trap circuits

Vcc

Vcc

Vo

Vo

Vin

Vin
C
Trap circuit

Trap
circuit

Parallel Trap

Series Trap
L

C1
Vin

C2
Vo

Bridged T Trap

Vcc

Vcc

Vo

Absorption
trap circuit

Vin

Vo
C

Vin

Degenerative
trap circuit

gl 4.4 (3)

bjhliz ouh RW (Series Trap Circuit)

J xU gf iz ir (Parallel resonant) (L kW C gf iz
Ugjh) RW MF. bjhliz ouh RW vwiHfgLwJ.
RW njitaw X miy myJ FWa tus njitaw miyfSF
mf lir bfhLJ njitahd miyfSF ff Fiwj lir
bfhLwJ.
96

gf iz ouh RW (Parallel Trap Circuit)

J xU bjhliz ir RW (L kW C bjhliz Ugjh) RW
MF. gf iz RW izfgLtjh gf iz ouh RW
vwiHfgLwJ. J njitaw miyfSF Fiwj lir bfhLJ v
brJ LwJ.

cR tif ouh RW (Absorption type Trap Circuit)

tif RW IF gF ouhl fbylUl izfgoUF.
njitaw miyfis mDkJ njitahd miyfSF mf lir
bfhLwJ. njitaw miyfis cRtjh (tofLtjh) cR tif ouh
RW vwiHfgLwJ.

ghy tif ouh RW (Bridged T Trap circuit)

L,C1,C2, Mat k jf ms njbjLfgL, njitaw

miyfis jLgjhf totikfgLwJ. njitahd miyf R

btpo ilwJ.

4.5 thbdh mbt (RF) onah iliy mbt (IF) kW onah

bgU iyf
SAW FILTER

Surface acustic wave filter vgj RUfnk Saw Filter vgjhF. J IF gF

miy ouh RF gyhf gagLjgL X liy cWghF.

eikf
jid gagLJtjh miy brj (Alignment) vD fodkhd g
njitiy jidgagLj Fiwj l nghJkhdJ, Fiwthd bry, f
bjthd gl ilwJ.
31.9 MHz, 33.4 MHz,, 34 MHz, 38.9 MHz, kW 40.4. MHz, Ma
mbtfSfhd ouh RWf IF bgUF K gagLjgLwJ.
bghRWfis ne brj , CRO ilF gL is (Response
curve) gl fhlgLsJ. thW ilf brjh, IF bgUf xL
bkhj r Rkh 8000 vD ms ilfbgW jdh onah oll gFF
Rkh 3 Kj 5 V (P-P) ms gl Iv~ miy ilF.

bghJ iliy mbt bgU

j iy bjhiyfh tf od iyF onah ollUF
il bragLwJ. onah I.v~ ( 38.9 MHz,) kW r I.v~ (33.4 MHz,)
df jF clhf bfhLfgLwd. bghJthf _W bgU
iyfshf bragLjgL. vdnt j Kj iyF kL V.I. aF
dGj bfhLfgL mj r fLgLjgLwJ. J kh iz
tif bgUahf totikfgLwJ. gF cL iy miy ouh
RWf izfgLwd.

gf :
1.

J onah I.v~ diy KG ms bgUFwJ.

97

2.

r I.v~ d js kL ( 5%) bgUf milwJ.

gl 4.5 (1)
jtif bgU bjhiyfh th njbjLF w kW
czw (selectivity and sensitivity) mfwJ.
mogil onah I.v~ bgU RWgl nH bfhLfgLsJ. nt
ouhf _y njitahd df njbjLfgL njityh df
xJfgLwd. jF cL df L nf tahf
bfhLfgLwd. Mjyh nu bfghl jfgLwJ. lhfL
o Kiw ifahsgLwJ. Kiw _W fhf btntW
mbtfSF o bragLwJ. jdh mbt gL (frequency response)
eF ilwJ. thfgl I,v~ miy onah obll gFF jugLwJ.

glgFgh (Video Detector)

gl 4.5 (2)
98

onah I.v~ miyfUJ C miyfis tofo, TLgl miyia

jna bjLgJ R gahF. lnahL D, fil I.v~o
JizRU bjhliz ndhF rh (reverse bias) Kiw
izfgLsJ. L1, L1, C2, L2, C3 Mait uL tofo RWfshf
mikfgLsd.

bragL j
fil I.v~ ouh ~ghk JizRUUJ ilfbgw onah
I.v~ dfUJ, ilnahL D ahdJ, befo miu I.v~ diy kL
mDkwJ. befo miu I.v~ miyYs C miyfis uL tofo
RWfshf tofLwd. jdh TLgl miy jna fgL, 2v (p-p)
ms btplhf ilwJ..
ilnahL D kbwhU g elwJ. onah I.v~ C miy.
(38.9 MHz ), r I.v~ C miy ( 33. 4 MHz ) ilnaho fyfggLwJ.
mthW fyfgL bghGJ. j uo ahrkhf (38.9- 33.4) 5.5.MHz
lnfa r I.v~ btplhf ilwJ.
j 5.5.MHz lnfa r I.v~ miy r ouh R _y
jna fgL, r I.v~ MggaUF bfhLfgLwJ.

glbgU (Video Amplifier))

gF xU brYJ bgU kW xU btpL bgU Matiw
bfhL mikJsJ.

glbgU gf
1.

gl miyfis mf ms bgU Rkh 80 V (P-P) ms glFHh

nfnjhoF mgJ kW.

2.

-nu nfhL fhyf (Retrace Periods) it brayw iyF brW

U nfhLfis kiwgJ Mait MF.
gl bgUia glFHh nfnjhLl izF Kiwf ehF
tifgL.

1.

ne iz Kiw (DC Coupling )

2.

gF ne iz Kiw ( Partial DC Coupling )

3.

khW izKiw (AC Coupling)

4.

khW izl Toa ne kWnjF Kiw (AC Coupling with

DC Restoration)

ne iz Kiw glbgU ( DC Coupling Video Amplifier))

mik :
RW xU brYJ kW btpL bgUfis (driver and output)
bfhlJ. brYJ bgUahf Q1 kW btpL bgUahf Q2 Ma
ouhlf gagLjgLwd. brYJ bgU aFtjF 12 nth
99

risUJ jilf _y mj ng kW fbylUF izf

bfhLfgLsJ. btpLbgU ntiy brtjF 110 nth
risUJ jil kW RU tahf mj fbylUF ,12 nth
risUJ, VR1 kW VR2 vD ntWgL jilf tna mj ngF
njitahd dGjf mfgLwd. VR1 kW VR2 Ma ntWgL
jilf Kiwna fhuh kW Jizfhuh fLghLfshf
bragLwd.

gl 4.5 (3)

ntiy br j
onah oll gFUJ ilfbgw Rkh 2 V (P-P) ks gl miyia,
brYJ bgUahdJ eF bgUf brJ, vl tna Rkh 4V (P-P) ms
glmiy btpoid mwJ. vl mikJs L.C ir rW gl
miyl fyJs 5.5 MHz x miyia jLF ouh Rwhf bragLwJ.
jdh glfh, xgilf (Sound bars) VgLtJ jfgLwJ.
100

glmiy, fhuh fLghL VRI tna btpL bgU ngid

brwilwJ. bgU gl miyfis eF bgU Rkh 80 V (P-P) ks gl
miyia, glFHh nfnjhoF mwJ. Q2 - vl iliy kW
neiy kiwF Jof (Horizontal and vertical blankung pulses) mfgLwd.
fhyf Q2 brayw iyF bfhL tugL. nu nfhLf e
ffSF bjahk kiwfgLwJ.
fh (Peaking Coil), ca mbtid wghf ilf
gagLwJ.
R fiw ndhl fLgLJ RW (Beam current limiting circuit)
gagLjgLwJ. ne iz Kiw, cL gl miy yho
glFHh btr f mfkh L. jdh glFHh M Fiw,
ilnahL kW 470 K jil fiw ndhl fLgLj cjwJ.
VR1 fhuh fLghlhf bragL, fh fUik, btik, kW
rhg w ntWghLfis rahfilf brwJ. VR1 Jiz fhuh
fnuh Mf bragLwJ. Jiz fhuh fnuh xU -br (Pre-set)
vw gh khW jil _y mikfgLwJ.

ne iz Kiw glbgU wf
1.
2.
3.

ca mbtid wghf ilf brwJ.

fh btik, fUik kW rhg jikfis rahf ilf
brwJ.
fiw ndhlij fLgL glFHhid ghJfhwJ.

ikf
1.

2.

3.

xGFgLjgl EHT ris njitgLwJ. fhuz, mf btik

iyf fiw ndhl mfkh EHT dGj rW FiwwJ.
mbghGJ rnw S (Blooming) vD gl is VgLwJ. eF
xGFgLjgl EHT risah is jfgLwJ.
cL gl miy ilfhj neuf glFHh btr mfkh,
glFHh - Mfhy FiwJ L. jid jf fiw ndhl
fLgLJ RW gagLj ntosJ.
Kiw Fiwj mbt wghf ilgjh, khd gwF bghGJ,
btw thfF ilF Vwjhl Toa RF miy, bjhiyfh
th beho neu, glfhia Ml brJLwJ. AGG gF wghf
adhY, is KGtJ jf Koaiy.

Keyed AGC

mik
cL miyf kW is-ng Jof ( Flyback pulses) iljh kLnk
gF a AGC dGjij bfhLF. cL miyf kW
is-ng Jof ilfho ouhl brayw iyF brW L.
U miyfS gFia af br rh nghW bragLtjh gF
Keyed AGC vwiHfgLwJ. ~isng Jof (Keying pulses) vW
miHfgLwJ.
101

iliy btpL khUJ (Horizantal Output Transfomer) 25 V (P-P)

ks is-ng Jof ( Flyback pulses or keying pulses) bgwgL IN 4148 lnahodh
UjgL, ouhl fbylUF njitahd vdGjid
ilf brwJ. ouhl ng Kid 2V (P-P) vkiw (-ve) gl miyf
gFgh gFUJ mfgLwJ. vlUF njitahd ne dGj (+ve)
12V risUJ AGC br (Preset) _y ilwJ.

aF j
ouhl flJ bghGJ, 2V (P-P) cr xaf miyf thfgL
fbyl ilwJ. jdh ilnahL kW LOT RU tna ndhl
ghJ C1 ndwkilJ, a nerhukhFwJ. Jnt AGC dGj
MF. ilnahL nj wf miltij jwJ. (lnahL
ndhF Kiw izfgLsjh). AGC dGj Rkh 1.5V to 4V tiu
ilwJ.

onyL AGC (Delayed AGC)

AGC dGj Kj I.v (IF) bgUfSF mfgL, miyf r
Vwjh r bragLwJ. thf iur KGtJ fLgLjgl
ntLkhdh RF gF bgUf mfkhf Uf ntL. tik Fiwj RF
miy cns tUbghGJ, ilF AGC dGj Fiwj RF miy cns
tUbghGJ, ilF AGC dGj rW jhkgLjgL RF bgUfSF
mfgLwJ. jdh RF miy eF bgUfgL, iur fLgLjgLwJ.

Keyed AGC Kiw eikf

1.
2.

3.

iliy kiwF fhy kLnk ouhl bragLwJ. kw neuf

ouhl brayW Ugjh iur bgUks jLfgLwJ.
AGC nj Fiwj kghf Ugjh, miy f ntfkhd (khd
gwgjdh VgL. lghL) AGC dGj ilfbgW RF kW IF
bgUf r ntWghL bgUks rk bragLwJ.
f ntfkhf nrdf khwglhY, tif AGC iuthf a iyahd
gl kW xia ilf brwJ.

glFHh aF dGj mfgL j (CRT Biasing)

glFHh nfnjhoF Rkh 80 V (P-P) gl miy dGj mfgLwJ.
ll iHF 6.3 AC bfhLfgLwJ. jdh nfnjhL kiwKfkhf
NLgLjgL Vuhskhd dQfis cwJ.
fLgLJ oF (G1) 0-50 V DC, btrfLgho (Brightness control) _y mfgLwJ. jdh iu btr ntWghL ilf bgWwJ.
btr fLghL xU ntWghL jilahF. j k 470 K MF.
KLF oF (G2) 150V DC mfgLwJ. J dQf
ntfid mfwJ. 1000V DC mfgl FF (G3) dQfis
iu ika FwJ.
fil MndhoF 18000 V DC mfgLwJ. jdh dQf ntf
f mfkhf UF. jdh ghg iu xJ, btrij bfhLwJ.
102

25V(P-P)
IN 4148
15v To 4v

56K

Winding
on LOT

D1
2V
(P-P)

TR1
12V
68K

1K
BC-158

.01MF
3K
AGC
preset

From Video
detector
1K

Fig. 10.8

570

gl 4.5 (4)
glFHh fGJgF bghUjgLs iliy kW neiy
tisF RUfdh dQfiw nkY G mirfgL dl
ghj elwJ. jdh iu KG btr (Full Raster ) ilwJ.
nfnjhL kW Lf `bgh ilbt vdgL nj (0.6pf/2kv)
izfgLwJ. dGj ntWghodh glFHh cns UF
vynuhLfSilna cns VgL bghia. J khWghijia ( by pass)
btna mikJ, bghia btna VglbrwJ. jdh glFHh
ghJfhfgLwJ.
fLgLjgL oUJ v bragL nj, thia braf
brj , jdJ ndwdh bjhlJ fiw ndhlid VgL
EHT dGjij wf brJ (Switch off spot) vD Fiwia jwJ.

4.6 xaf kW os gF
xaf Jo gh ((Sync Pulse Seprator)
mik
TLgl miyUJ xaF Jofis jna bjLgJ R
ntiyahF. ` tif bgU (Class `C ampifier) _y xaF Jofis jna
fyh.
103

R2

470pf
From video pre-amp

TR1
BC148A
120K

12v

220

1K

C1

220pf

47K

R1
47K

330pf

.01MF

Differentiator

C2

To Horizontal AFC

Integarator

To vertical
Oscillator

ouhl Q2 ngF cr (peak) cs xaF Jof, ng

gahfhd ne dGjhf ilwJ. fbylUF 12V risUJ 220
tna aF dGj mfgLwJ. vl v bragLwJ.

gl 4.6 (1)

aF j
ngF jna ne dGj bfhLfglhjjh, cr xaF Jof
ne dGjkhf (+ve voltage) mikJ, mit thfgL fbyl ilwJ.
F neiy kW iliy xaf Jof ilwJ .
C1, R1 vD ca mbtid mDkF tofo, iliy xaf
Jofis jna wJ. tofo Differentiator vW miHfgLwJ.
iliy xaF Jof, iliy AFC gFF mDggLwJ.
104

C2, R2 vD Fiwj mbtid mDkF tofo, neiy

xaf Jofis jna wJ. tofo Integrator vW
miHfgLwJ. neiy miyahF mDggLwJ.
Car Ignition, Mains supply spark nghwit xaF JofSl fyJ xaf
Hig VgLL. jdh gl FF myJ gL (Tearing). Mfnt
gF iur fLgLjgl ntL.
U tofofS iuriy bgUks tofo Ltjh gl iyahf
njhWwJ.

Anti hunt
circuit

AFC Filter

1KPF

180K

D2

IN4148
D1
180K

H.Sync
il iy
miyf

IN4148

68pf

pf

.1

56K
C2
.033
C1

100K

47KPF
1KPF

20V

47K

Winding on
LOT

DC fLghL
AFC dGj

jha mbt fLghL (Automatic Frequency Control)

gl 4.6 (2)
gF jhnd a, iliy mbt ntWghLfis fLgLJtjh,
jha mbt fLghL vwiHfgLwJ.
105

mik
iliy xaF Jof lnahLf bghJ nfnjhL Kid
mfgLwJ. LOT UJ ~isng Jof vLfgL ugg miyfshf
khwgL ilnahfSF bjhliz mfgLwJ.

bragL j
bghJ nfnjhL Kid U ilnahLfSF ilna rkkhd Mdh v
JUtKs dGj ilwJ. iliy xaf Jo
mbtF, ~isng UgbgW Jo mbtF mf
ahr Ujh, mf dGjK, Fiwthd ahrkhf Ujh Fiwthd
dGjK, dGjK btplhf ilF. btpL khWjik
fyjJ nejikahf (Pulsating D.C) UF.
C 1 R 1 C 2, AFC tofoahf bragL ikahd ne rhukhf (Puredc )
khWwJ. Jnt AFC fLghL dGj vdgLwJ. fLghL
dGj, iliy miyahF brW mj mbtid 15,625 Hz Mf
ne brwJ. (Locked) . jdh iu gl lUJ tykhfnth, tyUJ
lkhfnth eftJ myJ gl bjahk rhJ nfhLfshf njhWtJ Mait
jfgL iyahd gl ilwJ.

Ao
AFC tofo J jhkjJl fLghL dGjij mwJ. ij

Ao vnwh. jhd glfhia RY grfu nghw istit

( Gear tooth effect) VgLJwJ. ij jgjF 56K kW 0.1 mfd
gagLjgLwJ.

iliy miyah - (Horizontal Oscillator)

iliy ghj eilbgw 15,625 Hz njit. 15,625 HZ miyfis iliy
miyah cg brwJ.
os gF
gagLjgLwd.

miyahfshf.

fl

tif

miyahf

1.
Blocking Oscilator
2.
Multivibrator
3.
Complementary pair relaxation oscillator
4.
Overdriven sine wave osillator
5.
Ramp Generator
Mait MF.
iliy miyahahf gagLjgL ko itnul tif
miyah braghoid bghGJ ghngh.

106

+12V

R1

R2

il iy
nAhL
fLghL

R4

VR1

15,625Hz

C1
R3
iliy
brYJ
bgUF

C2
TR1

TR2
Cb

Ce
BC148B

BC148B
DC fLghL
AFC dGj

gl 4.6 (3)

mik
R 1, R 2 , VR 1, R 3 , R 4 , C 1 kW C 2 Mait miyah cg br
mbtid zF neukhf (Time constants) MF. Q1 kW Q2
ouhlf xnu tif ouhlf (BC 148B) Mf UF. R1 jil
tna Q1 ouhlUF njitahd fbyl dGj, 12 V risUJ
ilwJ. Q1 ng dGj, R2 tna ilwJ. Q2 ngF njitahd
dGj VR 3 kW R 3 tna ilF. Q 2 fbylUF njitahd
dGj .R4 tna ilF. Q1 fbylUJ C1 vD nj Q2
ngRl izfgoUF. Q2 fbylUJ C2 vD nj Q1 ngRl
izfgoUF. thW izfgLtJ netif }l (Positive
feedback) MF. Q2 ng fLghL AFC dGj mfgLwJ.

aF j
RW ml koitnul (Astable Multibrator) tifia rhjJ RF
ris dGj jugll Q1 , Q2 Ma U ouhlf fbyl
ndhl gha MuF. njhL iz nj (Coupling Capacitor) C1 C 2 -
}l bgW. vj U ouhlfS xnu neu flJ iyF bryhJ
vgj mogil, C1 fbyl ndhl gha fbyluhdJ mf gho
iyF brY. j gho iy C1 vw nj _y Q2 ngF
jugLwJ. Mifah Q2 MdJ f-M~ (Cut off) iyF bry, Q1 cr flJ
iyF brWL. C1 ,C2 }lkhdJ -Q1,Q2 - Kiwna cr flJ
iy, f-M~ iy vw iynyna Fl fhy itUF. xU Fl
107

neu fljl flrf jf }lfis wf br. C 1

wf brbghGJ Q2 - ng gah MdJ Fiwj befo jikia
bgWwJ. J Q2 it KndhF rh iyF (Forward Bias) bfhL brwJ. j
fhuzkhf Q2 fbyl ndhl gha MuwJ. befo dGj Q2
fbyl mff, C2 -tahf J Q1 -F ilf Q MdJ ndhF rh
(Reverse Bias) iyF jsgLwJ. Mf jnghJ Q2 thdJ flJ iyF brW
cr iyia milwJ. Q1 -MdJ f-M iyF brW LwJ. j iy
Fl fhy bjhl, L nkTa ff kh, kh bjhlU. j fhuzkhf
btpo rJu to miyf ilF. Mdh ekF ugg (Saw tooth) miy
tot njit vgjh ouhlf btpo njf (Ca, Cb)
gagLjgL miytotkhdJ khaikfgL ugg miyahf ilwJ.
iliy mbtf (Horizontal frequency) 15,625 Hz -I xnu msthf ilf bra
VR1 vD k khW jil gagLjgLwJ. Jjh H-hold vdgL. AFC
gFUJ ilf bgW o.. fnuh dGj Q2 ng jugLwJ.
jdh iurdh iliy mbt VgL H r bragLwJ.

iliy tisF gF (Horizontal Deflection Section)

gF xU brYJ kW xU btpL bgUfis bfhlJ iliy
mbt U bgUfsh bgUfgL, iliy tisF RUSF
mfgL, iliy ghjiy VgLJwJ.

mik & bragL j

iliy miyahUJ ilfbgw 15625 Hz2miyf, brYJ
ouhl BD115F mfgLwJ. BD115 fbylUF njitahd
dGj 110V risUJ R1 kW brYJ kh (driver transformer
) Kjik RU (Primary coil) tna vLfgLwJ. vl jiulgLwJ.
iliy miyfis BD115 th btpL gFF mwJ.
btpL ouhl BU205 ngF tiyf ilwJ. 110V
risUJ BU205 fbylUF, t btpL kh (Line Output Transformer
L.O.T) Kjik RU tna dGj ilwJ. vl
jiulgLwJ.
miy gh fhy (Trace Period) BU205 bragL miyia bgUFwJ.
miy U fhy BU205 braHwJ.
BU205 aF bghGJ LOT Kjik RU fhj y clhwJ.
ouhl braHj iy fhjy cslFwJ. jdh LOT
Kjik RU ika Rkh 6KV lgLwJ. J LOT Jiz RU
f cr dGjij (18 KV) clhFwJ. f cr dGj TV20
vD ilnahodh UjL, glFHh fil MndhoF mfgLwJ.
LOT UJ Boosted B+250V vLfgL glFHh LfSF mfgLwJ.
LOT UJ th gntW gFfSF ris vLfgLtjh J Jiz
gtris vW miHfgLwJ.

108

18KV

+110v
TV20
+110v

15,625Hz

+250V
33K
BA
PF
159

R1
100

C1

Boosted B+

BA 159
C4

BU205
Flyback
Pulses

TR1

+25V
BA 159

BD115

C5

To vertical
stage

6.3V AC
47

To
filament
of picture
tube

C3

R3
VL

gl 4.6 (4)

nlg ilnahL
BU205 aFbghGJ LOT j miyf (Self Oscillations) VgLwd.
tiyf befo iris nlg ilnahL jiuLwJ. jdh btpL
gF VgL dhw H bgUks jLfgLwJ. Mjyh, j ilnahL
Mw lnahL (Energy recovery diode) vW miHfgLwJ.

t btpL kh (Line Output Transformer)

J dGjij caJ (stepup) kW dGjij jhJ (step down)
Kiwf bragLwJ. mf mbt bragLtjh ~bgiu csf
gagLjgLwJ. ca dGjij ifahtjh shodh
mffh (heavy insulation) jik bragLsJ.
109

j ju bgaf
1.
2.
3.

Ug bgW kh (Flyback Transformer)

f cr dGj kh (Extra High Tension Transformer)
iliy btpL kh (Horizontal Output Transformer) MaitahF.

neiy miyah (Vertical Oscillator)

btof nf (neiy ghj eilbgw ugg miy 50 HZ njit.
gF tiyfis cg brwJ.

0.47f
TR1

47K

BC148B

neiy
cau
fLghL

56K

100K

lnul
gFUJ

.22f

4KPF

neiy
nAhL
fLghL

1K

neiy btpL
gFUJ }l

47K

25V

47f

50Hz

10K

neiy
brYJ
gFF

mik

gl 4.6 (5)
j RW nu miyah (Ramp generator) tifia rhjjhF. neu khfshf
R3 (100K) kW (C3 0.47 MF)gagLjgLwJ. ouhl Q1 ngF VR1 kW
R2 _yK, fbylUF R 3 R 4 _yK aF dGj +25v risUJ
mfgLwJ.
lnul gFUJ neiy xaf Jof (Vertical sync pulses) C1
tna gFF ilwJ. Q1 ngF, neiy btpL gFUJ
R1kW C2 tna }l mfgLwJ.
110

bragL j
RF ris mfgll R3 tna C3 ndw milwJ. C3
wfjh 50 Hz miyf cg bragL neiy brYJ (Vertical
driver) kW btpL bgUfsh (output amplifier) bgUfgLwJ. btpL
gF UJ }l gFF mfgLwJ. }l _y ilj
miyfis Q1 bgUFwJ. jdh 50 Hz miyf bjhlJ mf rs
miyahf ilwJ. VR1 vD khW jil _y ouhl ng
dGjij khdh, fbyl ndhl khW. jdh C3 ndw kW
wf fhy khW. j _y cg bragL mbtid khwyh.
VR1, V. Hold fnuh Mf bragL 50 Fz Hz miyfis rahf cg bra
cjwJ. V.Hold fnuhiy gagL, fh nkY G XLtij
fLgLjyh.
xgu cs rkaf lnul gFUJ ilF xaf
Jof, gu (Transmitter) neiy miyah miy ntfF
bjhiyfh neiy miyahia khWwJ. (Synchronizing).
V. Size myJ V.Height (VR2) vgJ brlhf gagLjgLwJ. jid
ntWgL, fh cauid Tlnth. Fiwfnth brayh.

neiy tisF gF (Vertical Deflection Section)

xU neiy brYJ (Vertical Driver) kW xU btpL bgUfis (Output amplifier) bfhlJ.

mik
neiy miyahUJ 50 Hz miyf neiy brYJ bgUF
(Q1) ilwJ. j btplhdJ Q3 (PNP) ngRl izfgLsJ. ris
dGj +25V, VR1 _ykhf Q2 (PNP) fbylUF R1, R2 kW R3 _ykhf Q3
ngF jugLwJ. Q2 ng, R2 kW R3 r izfgLwJ.
Q2kWQ3 vlf, R4 kW R5 jilfsh izfgLwJ. Q3
fbyl v bragLwJ. C1 njahdJ R4 kW R5 rF ilY
R1, R2 rF ilY izfgLwJ. Q3 fbyl v bragLwJ.
C1 njahdJ R4 kW R5 rF ilY R1, R2 rF ilY
izfgLwJ. Q2 kW Q3 vlf r UJ btpL vLfgL
neiy tisF RUfSl izfgLwJ.

bragL j
neiy miyahUJ 50 Hz ugg miyf Q1 _ykhf bgUfgL
Q3 ngF jugLwJ. R3 tahf Q2 ngF tiyf ilwJ. +25v
risUJ Q2 kW Q3 F aF dGj mfgLsjh, 50 Hz
ugg miy onu fhy Q2 KndhF gah Mf Q3 ndhF gha
Mf mikwJ. jdh Q 2 aF iyF jsgL, onu miyia
thFwJ. Q3 aF iyUJ GfgL braHj iyia milwJ.

111

1
neiy
miyahF
}l

TR3 AC188

neiy
miyah
gFUJ

TR1
BC148B
50Hz

neiy
brYJ
bgU

33

470

100

470

100mfd

100mfd

neiy
tisF
RUf

neiy
kiwJof
TR2 AC187

50Hz
25V

neiy aho
fnuh

gl 4.6 (6)

ugg miy nu fhy Q3 KndhF gah Mf, Q2 ndhF

gah Mf mikwJ. jdh Q3 aF iyF jsgL, nu miyia
thFwJ. Q2 aF iyUJ GfgL braHj iyia milwJ.
xU rka xU ouhl aF iyF jsgL knwhU ouhl
aF iyUJ afh iyF GfgLtjh tif bgU, jS
G tif bgU (Push -Pull type amplifier) vd miHfgLwJ.
thfgl ugg miyf Q2 kW Q3 vlf rUJ
vLfgL neiy tisF RUfSF (Vertical deflection coils) mfgLwJ.
jdh neiyghj (Vertical scanning) eilbgWwJ.
C 2 KidUJ ne iy miyahF }l (Feed back)
mfgLwJ. neiy kiwJofS (Vertical blanking pulses) R
btaoUJ vLfgL kiwJo bgUF blanking (Ampifier)
mfgLwJ.
112

4.7 iz gF (Power Supply)

o. t uhf af, mj midJ gFfSF zfgl
dGj jugl ntL. jid bragLj buFnyl gt ris RWf
gagLjgLwd.

rk bragl iz mta
o.. t RWfSF izfgl dGj VwjhfSl (Fluctuations) Ujh, mRWf gagLjgL ouhlf, d ilnahLf,
njf, LOT kW I..f gGjila neL. jid jgjF o.,
tfSF buFnyl gtris mta njitgLwJ.

buFnyl gtris tiff

mit 1) SCR tif, 2) STR tif, 3) ouhl tif, 4) Switched mode power supply
(S,M,P,S,) tif MadthF. t ouh l tif buFnyl gtris
R braghoid g ghngh.

bjhliz ouhl buFnyl gtris RW

(Series Transistor Regulated Power Supply)
glkhdJ bjhliz ouhl buFnyl gtris tif Rid
fhLwJ. RW vkiw }l jJtid (Principle of Negative Feedback)
mogilahf bfhL aFwJ.
4 x 2.2 Kpf
4 x 1N4007

Fuse

T1

+
110V

175V

-C
AC mains

8K2

10K

279K

Q1
SK305

Q2

BD115

Error
amp

220mf

IN4002

220 V

100K
IN4002 E

5.6K

-Q3 BU326

5.6V
zener

1K1

+21 V

IC
Regulator

Error
voltage

4K7

100mf
220V

Series
regulator

500
40W

2.2K

100Kpf

240 V

--

Voltage
adjust

+
12 V

260 V
4 x 2.2 Kpf
4 x 1N4007

100mf
25V

220mf
40V

gl 4.7 (1)

mik
RwhdJ _W ouhlf (Q 1, Q 2 Q 3) kW xU d ilnahL
Matiw bfhL cUthfgLsJ.
113

Q 2 vD ouhl vlUl d ilnahL bjhliz

izfgLsJ. Q 2 fbyluhdJ Q 1 ouhl ngh cl
izfgLsJ. Q1 fbyl gLjglhj o. dGj (unregulated dc
voltage) jugLwJ. Q1 vl buFnyl o.. btpL dGj
vLfgLwJ.

bragL j
R co gLjglhj o.. dGj jugLwJ. cL
dGj Vwjhf UjhY zfgl msthf j btpL
ilF cL dGj mfFbghGJ, btpL dGjK
mfF. iy Q2 fbyl ndhl mfwJ. j mfkhd
ndhl, R3 U KidfSilna mf dGj ia (voltage drop)
VgLJtjhQ 1 ng dGj FiwwJ. j isthf btpL
dGj FiwwJ. thwhf, btpL dGj iygLjgLwJ.
cL dGj FiwbghGJ, btpL dGjK Fiw.
iy, Q2 ng - vl dGj Fiw. j isthf Q2
fbyl ndhl FiwwJ. j Fiwthd ndhl R 3 U
KidfSilna Fiwj dGj ia VgLJtjh Q 1 ngh
dGj TLwJ. j fhuzkhf btpL dGj mfwJ. thwhf
btpL dGj iygLjgLwJ.
R btpoUj +11OV iyahf vLfgLwJ. kh
Jizf RUUJ IC RW _y 12 nth bgwgLwJ. UJ 12 nth
xgFF ris dGjkhf vLfgLwJ. 120 nth d ilnahL,
msffkhd dGj ghUJ. ghJfhwJ (Over voltage protection).
C1 kW C2 rtha njfshf (Reservoilr capacitors) bragLwJ R2
vD br btpL dGjij ntWgLj cjwJ (B+ adjustment).
iliy tisF RUSF brY tafJUt (Polarity) kh
izfgoUfyh.

14. iliy xaf H (Horizontal Sync. loss))

gl bjahk rhj fU nfhLf (Black slanting lines) kL njhW
is kW gl lUJ tykhfnth, tyUJ lkhfnth efU is
Mait iliy xaf H vdgLwJ.
H. Hold I m# bra ntL..... nfhLf ir khdh ..... AFC gF
FiwghLsJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

AFC ilnahLf gGjh Ufyh.

~isng Jof tU tia nrhf ntL; cyj <a gwhf
Ufyh. nfhLf ir khwho ...... miyah gF FiwghLsJ.
miyah ouhl gGjh Ufyh.
mj aF jilf, njf gGjh Ufyh.
I..ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
cyj <agW; jhu mR LgoUj.
114

gl 4.7 (2)

15. iliynfhL kL njhWwJ; x eW

neiy Jil gF (Vertical Sweep section) FiwghLsJ (F:
FiwghLl bjhlahf thia adh iu eLnt fU nfhL
cUth L. ilbt L a, nrhf ntL.)

gl 4.7 (3)
xU % oiut cj bfhL btof irbril (Vertical Size preset)
bjhL ghF bghGJ nfhL Modh myJ jh .... neiy miyah
(Vertical Oscillator) FiwghLsJ.
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

njiy miyah ouhl, V.Hold, gah jilf, nj

Mait gGjhUfyh.
I..ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
cyj <agW, jhu mR goUj.
nfhL Mlho myJ aho,,
neiy brYJ myJ btpLgF FiwghLsJ
gF ouhlf gah jilf, njf Matid
nrhf ntL.
neiy tisF RUSF brY iz taf LgoUfyh.
neiy tisF RUSF bjhliz cs nj Xg
MUfyh.
cyj <agW jhu mR LgoUj
neiy tisF RU Xg Mf Ufyh (mJ)
115

16. cau Fiwthd gl x eW (Insufficient Height sound ok)

gl 4.7 (4)
iu, nkY G Fl ms btr njhwhk eL kL gl
njhWtJ cau Fiwthd gl ( Insufficient height) vd miHfgLwJ. mjF
khnfh gl is vW bgaUL.

neiy btpL gF FiwghL csJ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

neiy btpL gFF Fiwthf ris dGj tuyh.

btof ir br jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.
neiy tisF RUSF bjhliz cs nj gGjh
Ufyh.
neiy btpL ouhlf, gah jilf, njf Mait
gGjh Ufyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUj.
I.ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.

7. neiy neaw gl (Vertically Non linear picture)) x eW

17.

gl 4.7 (5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

btof aho br (Vertical linearity Preset) jtwhf m#

bragoUfyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUj.
neiy btpL ouhlf mj gah bghUf gGjh Ufyh.
I.ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
fil I.id khw ntL.
116

18. neiy rhf is (Vertical keystone effect)

gl 4.7 (6)
1.

neiy tisF RU (Vertical deflection coil ) gGjh Ufyh.

19. btof l : x eW ((Vertical Jitter; Sound ok))

1.
2.
3.

gl nkY G Fjh, mis btof l vdgL.

V.Hold rahf m# braglhkUfyh.
lnul gF bghUf gGjh Ufyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUfyh.

19.

(m) gl jiyHhf njhWwJ

njhWwJ; x eW
(Picture upside down; Sound ok))
(Picture rolling from top to bottom or bottom to top; Sound OK)

gl 4.7 (7)

20. gl nkUJ Hhf myJ UJ nkyhf XLwJ x eW

gl 4.7 (8)
117

neiy tisF RUSF (Vertical deflection coil) brY iz taf

JUt (Polarity) khUfyh.
is neiy xaf H (Vertical sunc loss) vW miHfgLwJ.
Kj btof nAhL fnuhiy (Vertical Hold Control) m# brJ ghf
ntL. mbghGJ gl XL ir (Rolling direction of picture) khdh......
lnul gF gGJ csJ.
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

lnul gF nj, jil gFjhUfyh.

xaf Jo gh (Sync Separator) UJ lnul gFF
xafJof (Sync. Pulses) ilfhk Ufyh.
gl XL ir khwho...
neiy miyah (Vertical oscillator) gGJ csJ.
miyah ouhl, mj gah jilf, V Hold Matiw
nrhf ntL.
I.ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUfyh.
fil I.ia kh ghf ntL.

21. gl ikakhf iy, x eW

(Picture is not in centre; Sound OK)

gl 4.7 (9)
ikagLJ fhjf jtwhf m# bragoUfyh. bjhiyfh
th K fzhoia itJ bfhs ntL.
nah mik cs ikagLJ fhjfis m# brJ
glidikakh ilf bra ntL.

22. F is njhWj
F fhjf jtwhf m#
bragoUfyh. bjhiyfh th K
fzhoia itJ bfhs ntL.
nah mik cs F fhjfis
m# brJ F isid rbra
ntL.

gl 4.7 (10)

118

23. nguy tot gl (Barrel Shaped Picture)

nah mikYs F, tisa fhjf (Ring magnets) jtwhf
m# bragL Ufyh.
bjhiyfh th K fzhoia itJ bfhs ntL.
F kW tisa fhjfis rahf m# brJ Fiwid
f ntL.

24. bennlh (Neck Shadow

iu gl tlkhf njhW is
be nnlh vdgLwJ. glFHh fGJ
gF nah mik ndh efUjh
is njhW.
bjhiyfh th K fzhoia
itJbfhs ntL. nah mikid
glFHh rahf bghU, % _y KLf
ntL.

gl 4.7 (11)
25. iykha gl (Tilted Picture)

gl 4.7 (12)
nah mik nfhzyhf bghUjglh is njhW.

26. gl _iyf tis njhWj (Picture bend in corners)

gl 4.7 (13)
tisa fhjf vdgL _iyfis r br fhjf (Corner Correction
magnets) jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.
119

27. iu eL x kL njhWj
(A bright spot in the centre of the screen)
Fiwghoid Switch on Spot vW Twyh. iliy kW neiy
tisF RUfSF (Horizontal & Vertical deflection coils) brY iz taf
JofgoUfyh.
iz tafis rahf ftJ, tisF RUfSl izf
ntL.

gl 4.7 (14)

28. bkhj xaf H (Total Sync. Loss)

gl xnu rka lUJ tykh, nkUJ Hhf XL is, bkhj
xaf is (Total sync.loss) vdgLwJ.
xaf Jo gh R (Sync.Pulse separator circuit) gGJ csJ.
TLgl miy gh RWF tU juu ghijia nrhf. gF
ouhl, gah jilf Matiw nrhJ riy v khw
ntL.

gl 4.7 (15)
cyj <agwhf Ujh Uggw itfntL.

29. iu btr iy; x eW

(No raster (or) No light on the Screen ; Sound Ok)
Kj glFHh iH (~ybk) vwjh vW ghf ntL.
iH vjh...
120

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

G1, G2, F dGj tuhkUfyh.

onah m ouhl kW mj gah bghUf
gGjhUfyh.
nfnjhoF ris nth ilfkhUfyh.
CRT base glFHhl rahf bghUjhkUfyh.
EHT Rectifier TV 20 gGjh Ufyh.
iH vaiy v... (kw vynuhLf dGjf rahf
csJ.)
iHF 6.3 V ACilwjh vd nrhf ntL.
iH bjhlia nrhf ntL.

30. Fiwthd btr (Insufficient brightness)

(Ulhd gl) - (Dark Picture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

G1, G2, dGjf Fiwthf tuyh.

Brightness control gGjh Ufyh.
CRT base rahf bghUjhkUfyh.
onah m ouhl kW mj gah bghUf gGjh
Ufyh.
cyj <agW ; jhu mR LgoUfyh.

31. kfyhd gl (Poor contrast or dim picture) Mdh ey btr csJ.

1.
2.
3.

onah bgU ouhl, mj gah bghUf, Contrast Control

Mait gGjh Ufyh.
onah I.v~ gF jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
cyj <agW ; jhu mR LgoUfyh.

32. kfyhd gl; njitahd btr iy

glFHh gGjh Ufyh.

33. ~nghf FiwghL (Out of focus or defocus)

1.
2.

G3 dGj Fiwthf myJ mfkhf tuyh.

glFHh gGjhUfyh.

gl 4.7 (16)
121

34. glFHhD bgh VgLwJ (Arcing in picture tube)

Kj bjhiyfh afid Wj (OFF) ntL. gtris
gFia jna f(Isolate) ntL.
gtris btpL dGj msF mfkhf tUwjh (20 B/W 110 ;
14 B/W 10.4V) vd nrhJ mjfhd fhuzfis flJ mgGid Kj
r bra ntL.
mj wF glFHhD bgh Vglh gl FHh gGJsjh vd mJ
a gl FHhid bghUj ntL.

35. btR nghw gl (Silvery Picture)

mf btrKs fhfis ghF bghGJ btR aJ ngh
njhW, jid (Silver Picture) vnwh.
1.
2.
3.

glFHh bragho js (Weak picture tube)

glFHhid rbr mik (Rejuvenator) _y rbrJ, xus
Fiwghoid Fiwfyh.
a glFHhid bghUJtnj jF uju MF.

36. Smeared Picture

gl 4.7 (17)
fhfis xodhngh WW nfhLf (W) njhW is Smeared Picture
vdgLwJ.
J mf Low Frequency response-dh VgLwJ.
1.
onah m gFYs Peaking coil gGjhUfyh.
2.
onah I.v~ gF jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.

37. nfhLf kL njhWwJ : x eW

(Retrace lines only : Sound ok)
1.
2.
3.

onah m ouhl kW mj gah bghUf gGjh Ufyh.

glFHh G1, G2, MatF mfkhd dGj tuyh (t ris
jilf kid Fiwthf (jtWjyhf) bghUUfyh).
glFHh nfnjhL iH (Filament) FWFRW (Short circuit)
122

MUfyh (mJ) FWFRW MUjh, FWF Rid F

R (Short removal circuit) cj bfhL, Fiwia fyh.

38. nfhLfSl Toa gl; x eW

(Picture with Retrace lines : Sound Ok)

gl 4.7 (18)
1.
2.
3.
4.

onah m ouhl, kW mj gah bghUf gGjhUfyh.

G1, G2 F rnw mfkhd dGj ilfyh.
kiw bgU (Blanking amplifier) mj gah bghUf, kiwJof
(Blanking pulses) tU t Matiw nrhfntL.
jsj glFHh (Weak picture tube) Mf Ufyh (mJ)

38. (m) R M~ gh
o tiu M~ brj wF, iu eL njhW btr, R
M~ gh vd miHfgLwJ. FiwghL bjhlJ ojh ghg vJ
ujukhf fW o.. iu VgLL.
1.
2.
3.

G1 UJ v bragL nj Xg M Ufyh.
gh y ilnahL Xg M Ufyh.
.M.o. ng (CRT base) jsj izghf Ufyh.

gl 4.7 (19)
123

39. m. f (Snow) kL njhWwJ; iur kL csJ (glK,

f x ilfiy)

gl 4.7 (20)

M. fSl Toa gl (Snowy picture) iurYl Toa f x. (Noisy

program sound)

gl 4.7 (21)
nkTwgl U mFfSF, fhQ fhuzf kW rbr
Kiwid g, mFiwfis r bra ntL.
Kj, gGJs bjhiyfh thia, (th Ujh) ntW l /
o, ewhf cs Mbldh mik izJ nrhJ ghf ntL.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

mbghGJ gl kW x bjthf iljh....

Mbldh kW mjid rhj bghUf gGjhUfyh.
Mbldh ir kh Ufyh.
ilngh iz ~l ta bjhl, ngy ouh~ghk Matiw
nrhf ntL.
l, mj gtris Mait gGjhUfyh.
gl kW x bjthf ilfho........
bjhiyfh th gGJsJ.
odUF d iz ta LgoUfyh.
odUF B+, AGC dGjf rahf ilwjh vd nrhf.
AGC br jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.
RF od gGjh Ufyh.
onah I.v. gF jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
124

9.
10.
11.

cyj <agW; jhu mR LgoUj

onah I.v~ gF I.ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
fil I.. id kh ghf ntL.

40. glK x bghUjkW ilj

(Mismatching of Video and Audio)
~ig o brJ, x ewhf ilF bghGJ gl bjyhkY,
gl bjthf ilF bghGJ x iurYlD ilF is Mismatching of Video and Audio vdgLwJ.
1.
2.
3.

Mbldh, l, ~l ta Matiw nrhJ r bra ntL.

AGC br jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
od gGjh Ufyh.

40. (m). xU nrdf kL ilj

od gGjhUfyh.

41. gl ng cUt njhWj (Ghost Image)

gl 4.7 (22)
iu njhW cUtJl xodhngh njhW cUtidna ng
cUt (Ghost image) cnwh.
1.
ugfgl
d
Ug
MbldhF
ilgnj
FiwghoF fhuzkhF. Mbldhid rahf mikf ntL.
2.
ju Fiwthd l, ~l ta, od MatdhY FiwghL Vglyh.
42. Venetian Lines njhWj : x eW

gl 4.7 (23)
125

glfh nk fU btis nfhLf njhdh mjid Venetian Lines

vnwh J fhid kiwgjh, FiwghL Venetian blind effect vW
miHfgLwJ.

fhuz
Co-Channel interference -dh FiwghL VgLwJ xnu nrd xguggL
U ntW iyaf bjhiyfh th iljh, is VgLwJ.
VnjD xU nrd f rahf ilFkhW, Mbldhid mikf ntL.

43. Only plain raster : No program sound

bjhiyfh iu f (snow) yhk btW btr kL
njhW tJ Plain raster vdgLwJ.

fhuzf
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

odUF B+, AGC dGjf ilfhJ Ufyh.

odUJ onah I.v~ gFF brY, I.F Cable wire
JofgoUfyh.
od gGjh Ufyh.
Video I.F. Preamplifier, Video I.F. amplifier, Video detector gF ouhlf,
ilnahLf, gah jilf, I.F.T. -f, njf, VnjD gGjh
Ufyh.
Saw Filter gGjh Ufyh.
onah I.v~ gF I.. ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
cyj <agW ; jhu mR LgoUj.
onah I.v~, I.. ia kh ghf ntL.
onah brYJ bgU (Video driver amplifier) ouhl kW mj gah
jilf gGjh Ufyh.

44. vkiwgl (Negative picture) x eW (Sound Ok)

gl fUik gFf btikahf, btik gFf fUikahf
(o ~nghnlh befo ~ kh) njhWtJ vkiw gl (Negative picture)
vdgLwJ.

gl 4.7 (24)
126

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

onah oll lnaho JUt (Polarity) khUfyh.

mf AGC bias fhuzkhf Ufyh. V.. gF nj gGjhUfyh.
onah bgU gFUJ TLgl miy V.I. gFF ilfhJ
Ufyh.
L.O.T UJ ~isng Jof V.I. gFF ilfhJ Ufyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUj

45. mf gS (Over loading)

Mbldh myJ nf izig bjhiyfh izjl iu
fUikah L. is Xtnyho vdgLwJ. (y bjhiyfhf gl
be, myJ gl GgL (Pulling)

fhuzf
1.
2.
3.

AGC gF ouhl, njf gGjhUfyh.

I..ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.

fil I..ia kh ghf ntL.

46. gl eW x KY iy (Picture OK; No Sound)

fhuzf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

f kW mj iz taf kW iz nj (Coupling
Capacitor) Matiw nrhf ntL.
xgFF ris dGj ilfhJ Ufyh.
Earphone Jack xg M Ufyh.
m ouhlf, gah jilf, x I.v~ gF gGJ
Ufyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUj
th fnuh xg MUfyh.
I.ahf Ujh nth{ msf ntL.
fil I..ia kh ghf ntL.

47. ms Fiwthd x gl eW (Low Volume Picture OK)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Monah m gFF dGj rW Fiwthf tuyh.

f gGjh Ufyh.
xgF I.F.T. f , fhf , jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
th fnuh gGjh Ufyh.
xgF njf gGjh Ufyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUj
I..ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
fil I.ia kh ghf ntL.

48. _filjhngh x

(Distored Audio) ilwJ gl eW (Picture OK)

1.
2.
3.

f kW iz nj (Coupling Capacitor) gGjhUfyh.

x m ouhlf, gah jilf, njf gGjhUfyh.
x I.v~.o.f kW fhf jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
127

4.
5.

cyj <agW ; jhu mR LgoUfyh.

fil I..ia kh ghf ntL.

49. A Kl Toa x : gl eW
1.
2.

xgFF ris dGj vLfgL gtris gF lnahLf,

njf gGjhUfyh.
ulhtJ tofL nj (2nd B Filter capacitor) (xgF cs
nj) gGjhUfyh.

50. gl xgilf njhWj (Sound bars in picture)

gl 4.7 (25)
bjhiyfh th x tU bghGJ gl gil gilahf njhW
is Sound bars in picture vdgLwJ. r ouh, I.v~of kW fhf
jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.

glFHhid
ifahSbghGJ
Kbdriff
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

vLJ

bfhs

ntoa

glFHh fGJ gF bka fzhoyhdJ. YokeI bghU Uit

KLFbghGJ msffkhf KLfTlhJ.
CRT BoardI fHWbghGJ, bghUJ bghGJ ftdkhf ifahsntL.
iyba glFHh cilJ lyh.
glFHh btw mtlh id xo Shield ta _y Wfkhf fo
mij v brj ntL. v braho mf dia bfhLF.
fil MndhL Kidid fHW K m njs cr
dGjijey fhjik bfhl % oiutfis gagL
orh{ bra ntL.
glFHh btlkhf csjh mJ cila nelh mf mGjjh
nsh (Implosion) VgL fzhoJLf j mUYnshiu
fhagLL. Mfnt ftdkhf ifahs ntL.
glFHhdh (Picture tube) VgL bjhiyfis mjid vthW mf
abjhU glFHhid bghUJtJ vgij bjJ bfhnth.

128

glFHhdh VgL bjhiyf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Brightness control I To njitahd btr ilfhJ.

Contrast Control I To njitahd fUik ms ilfhJ.

nfnjhL v jsJ, kfyhd x ilgJ.

glFHhD yw bgh VgLj.
~ybk Xg M btrnk ilfhJ.
a glFHh thF bghGJ giHa glFHh khna thf ntL.

giHa glFHh gah dGj a glFHhF bghUJkhW

Uwjh vW ghf ntL. iyba a glFHhF VwthW gah
dGj ilFkhW bra ntL.

a glFHh bghUJ Kiw

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Kj fil MndhL Kidid orh{ brJ L fHw ntL.

CRT BOARD, YOKE Mat jna fH l ntL.
nfdo bghUjgLs ehF eLfis TUBULAR SPANNER bfhL
fHw ntL.
v taiu mfw ntL.
a glFHhid bghU ehF eLfis Tubular Spanner bfhL
KLf ntL.
btw idbaho L taiu Wfkhf fo mjid v brj
ntL.
YOKE, CRT BOARD Matid xw xwhf bghUj ntL.
fil MndhL Kidid izf ntL. oia brjh njitahd
Brightness,Contrast msfnshL gl ilF.

4.8 bjhiyfh ne brj

gGJ mj rbrj
bjhiyfh thia ne brj (Alignment of T.V.Receiver)
xU bjhiyfh thia miy bra r bra fl
rhjdf gagLwd.
ko l (20,000 X / Volt AC & DC)
gltoth (Video pattern Generator)
nfnjhL nu Myhnfh (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)
b#dnul (Sweep Generator of Wobbulator)
khf b#dnul (Marker Generator)
bthyhnfh (Wobbulsocope)
btlhnfh (Vectorscope)
MaitahF.

ko l : (Multimeter)
o.ia miy brtjF mf czw (Sensitivity) bfhl koliu
gagLj ntL. mj czw 20,000 Volt /AC/DC Uf ntL. mjhtJ
xU nth V.ianah, o..ianah msgjF, kol jil (Input impedance)
129

20,000 Mf UF. thW mfjil Ujh jh kolid bfhL

dGjid, RWf msF bghGJ, Rf dGj (Voltage
drop) Vglhk UF. Fiwj czw bfhl koliu gagL I.
nthnl{ (Pin Voltage) msjh, I..gGjila TL.

cr dGj nthl (EHT Voltmeter)

o. fil MndhoF (Final anode (or) Ultor) mfgL f cr
dGjij msf gagLwJ. j msF tu 0-30,000 V AC/DC jid
msgjF mf fh jik (Insulation) bfhl tafis gagLj ntL.
jid EHT PROBES vW miHnwh. f f mfkhd k cs jil
EHT Probe bjhliz izfgoUF.

gltoth (onah ngl b#dnul)

o. tfis ne brtjF, r brtjF gltoth bgJ
gagLwJ. mjfhf, rhjd gy totfis xia cUth jUwJ.

gaf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

gl btof, Arhl ne (Linearity) rahd cau Matiw

m#bk bragagLwJ.
glid rahf ikagLJj (Centering). rahd mr j, F
m#bk bra gagLwJ.
Contrast, Brightness. Focussing msfis rahf ilf brayh.
RF, IF xgFfis ne brayh.
fy of rahd fy ilf, ik kW xUKfgLJj (Purity
and convergence adjustment) bra gagLwJ.
xguyhj rkaf o. tiu r bra miy bra
gagLwJ.

gltoth Kgf mik kW cgnahfgLJ j

RF btpoUJ (R.F.Out) nfh Ma nf _ykhf o bghUj
ntL. Attenuator control _y RF miy ria ntWgL bfhsyh.

onah ngl b#dnul

....
....
....
btof
gh

M
M

Arhl
gh

uh
nA
ngl

brt
gh
fy ngl

gt

lh
ngl

Attenuator
RF

gl 4.8 (1)
130

1.

HORIZONTAL BAR PATTERN I gagL Vertical Size, Linearity Matid m#

2.
3.

I gagL Horizontal Linearity I miy brayh.

CROSS HATCH PATTERN I gagL Arhl kW btof gFfis ne
brayh. Focussing miy brayh.
7 BAR COLOUR PATTERN I gagL fy of tzgFfis ne brJ
rahd ms tz ilf brayh.
DOT PATTERN I gagL fy o xUKfgLJ (CONVERGENCE)
miybk brayh,
PURE WHITE PATTERN I gagL fyo Black level, White level m#
brayh.

brayh.

4.
5.
6.

VERTICAL HATCH PATTERN

nfnjhL nu Myhnfh (Cathode Ray Oscillosecope)

rhjd RUfkhf .M.X (C.R.O) vd miHfgLwJ. fU
iu miytotfis (Wave forms) fzh fhzyh.

C.R.O.
gf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

fhynfwthW khW (Time varying) miytotfis fhzgagLwJ.

xU o t RF, IF, Deflection, Sound Ma gFfis ne bra gagLwJ.
d dGj flayh.
o t gGid f gagLwJ.
VCR. VCP gGid f gagLwJ.
d mbtiz flayh.
Phase Shift I flayh.

b#dnul (Sweep generator)

o, t, RF, IF xgFfis miy brJ Response curve I CRO bgw
bjhF mbtid (Sweep Frequency) mwJ.

khf b#dnul (Marker generator)

o, t iyf miy brJ xU Fl mbtid t
Peak response Mf ilf bragagLwJ.

bthyhnfh (Wobbulosecupe)
J xU Wobbulator, CRO, Marker Generator Matid csla xU
rhjdkhF.

btlhnfh (Vectorscope)
J Colour Bar generator, CRO mla xU rhjdkhF.

miybk tir Kiw

1.
2.
3.
4.

Kj bgh RWf (Trap circuits) mjj mbtf miy

braglntL.
IF gFia miy bra ntL.
xgFia miy bra ntL.
odiu miy bra ntL.
131

ne br K ftf ntoait
1.
2.
3.

.X.X (C.R.O), b#dnul, o Matid l nf (Shielded Cable)

_y izj ntL.
t kW midJ rhjdfS bghJthf v bragLj ntL.
ey fh jik bfhl, fhjjik yhj % oiutiu gagLj
ntL.

gl iliy mbt (VIDEO IF) gFia ne br Kiw

Kj Arhl Mnyl, AGC gFf Matiw braf brj
ntL. gl fhoago izf ntL. t kW rhjdfis on bra
ntL.
1.
2.
3.

4.

CRO iu bj gL tisit (Response Curve) rah ilf brj

ntL.
bghRWfis miy brJ gL tisit (Response Curve) rah
ilf brj ntL.
IFT fis miy brJ 34 to 38 MHz mbt tuid gjL tis
(Response Curve) Flat Mf ilf bra ntL. xbthU mbtQF
Marker Frequency I kh miy brj ntL.
38.9 MHz, 50% kh ilFkhW miy brj ntL.
C R O
~nghf

bjhF
-khf
mbt
b#dnul
RF Out
CRO
ouh
khf
RWf

I.v~
bgUF dGj

lo
I.v~
bgUf

obll
nuh

50 Hz

gl 4.8 (2)

r iliy mbt ne brj(Sound IF Alignment)

khf b#dnul

b#dnul

RF
m

CRO
khf

5.5 MHz
r nl
M~ gh
5-6
MHz

r
I.v~
bgU

obll
nuh
50 Hz sweep

gl 4.8 (3)
132

1.
2.
3.
4.

gl fhoathW izf bfhLf ntL.

od nrd bryliu btWikahd nrdYF kh bfhs ntL.
Marker Frequency I 5.5 MHz ms itJ bfhs ntL.
Sound Trap, Sound IFT id miy b rJ 5.5 MHz I cr ms ilFkhW
bra ntL.

rahd mr j (Aspect ratio), F m#bk ika fhjfis

m# brj, ikagLJj.
1.
2.

toth njbjLf ntL.

ikafhjfis m# brJ Pattern I iu eLnt ilf brj
ntL.

CROSS HATCH PATTERN

rahd mr j ilf brj

brj.
1.
2.

Arhl aho fhiy m# brJ rahd iliy ne

ilf brj ntL.
Vertical Height, Linearity Preset I m# brJ rahd cau, aho
Matiw ilf brj ntL.

F m#bk
F kW tisa fhjfis (Ring magnets ) m# brJ
ngl-I tis. be yhk ilf brj ntL.

11.2 bjhiyfh th gGJ fhQj (Servicing of T.V. receiver)

xU th gGjh UF bghGJ mjid gLj bragL tKiw
r vdgLwJ. r vgJ UKa Kiwfis cslaJ.
1.
2.

gGjhd gFia fLoj (Locating the fault)

Fiw Fj (Trouble Shooting)

gGjhd gFia fLoj (Locating the fault)

xU th vj gF gGJ VgLsJ. vgij fLoF
Kiwia Locating the fault vnwh. th fhzgL mFia (Symptom)
bfhL gFia flayh.

FiwFj (Trouble Shooting)

th gGjhd gF vj bghU gGjh UwJ vgij flJ
mjid kh thia rahf af br Kiw, Fiw Fj (Trouble Shooting)
vdgLwJ.

xU bjhiyfh th gGjhtjfhd fhuzf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

mf neu bjhlahf thia gagLJj.

mfkhd dGj Vwjh.
mf btgkhd lf gagLJj.
mf m (Vibration) cs lf (v.fh. ngUJ) gagLJj.
th cw milj.
jsahd bjhls (Loose contact) L ta.
133

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

th btg btnawhjthW, w Jisfis J, gh ft

nghwtdh _o Lj.
d VgL fhyf, nf kW gt fh izfis fhk
Uj.
f ntfkhf nrdfis khWj (bkfhf odf kL).
bjhiyfh w Jisf tahf j Jj.
t btFehf Mdjh cw cs bghUf jsailj (Weak)
nghw gy fhuzfdh xU bjhiyfh th gGjhLwJ.

xU bjhiyfh th gGjh lhk, Kojtiu vthW guhkgJ

vgij ghngh.

bjhiyfhia guhkF Kiw

(Maintenance of Television receivers)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

dGj Vwjhf UJ bjhiyfh thia ghJfhf

bliyriu gagLjyh.
bjhiyfh th mf mtilahk ghJ bfhs ntL.
th cw nrU ia mofo Rj bra ntL.
L ta js iz yhk ghJ bfhs ntL.
th a bfhoUF bghGJ, th w J, gh ft
nghwtdh _lTlhJ.
d VgL fhy nf kW gtfh izfis f ntL.
bjhiyfh th w tahf cns j lhk ghJfhf
ntL.
vts wghf bjhiyfhia guhkjhY, xU th gGJ
VgLtij KY jf ayhJ.

xU bjhiyfh th gGjhlh, m VgL mFia ftdkhf

czJ gGjhd gF kW bghUfis fltJ g thf ghngh. mjF
K, r br bghGJ vLJ bfhs ntoa Kbdriffis Kj
mJ bfhnth.

bjhiyfh thia gGJ fl bghGJ vLJbfhs ntoa

Kbdriff
1.

2.
3.

4.

bjhiyfh thia nlo nrhjid (Static Test) (th afid

W L, cwKs bghUfis nrhgJ) br bghGJ, th
gtfh kW nf izid lntL.
nlo nrhjid br K mf dGjij nj itUF
njid wf bra ntL.
aF nrhjid (Dynamic Test) br bghGJ (mjhtJ, thia af brJ
dGj, ndhl Matid msgJ) ku ehfh mkJ
nrhf ntL. jdh ekF d VgLtij jfyh.
bjhiyfh th a bfhoUF bghGJ L.O.T. kW fil
MndhL Matiw iffdhnyh, kol nrhjid ffis
bfhnlh (kuehfh mkUjhY) bjhlTlhJ. bjhlhFj
d VgL.
134

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.
11.

th a bfhoUF bghGJ, (ftd Fiwthf) mf

dGjij nj itUF njfis wf
braTlhJ. brjh bga btorj VgLtJl, th gGjh L.
glFHhid ftdkhf ifahs ntL. glFHh cila nelh, c
bto (Implosion) VgL, fzho JLf j, mUYstfis gyj
fhagLL.
th a bfhoUF bghGJ, gw itj (Soldering) braTlhJ.
gtris B bril r br bghGJ (m# br bghGJ) ftdkh
bra ntL. jtwhf m# brjh B ris f mfkh gt
ouhlf, L.O.T. kW glFHh beho neu gGjh lTL.
gGjhd bghUis mf, a bghUis bghUJ K, jukhd bghUjh
vgij cW brj bghUjntL.
kol cj bfhL R msF bghGJ mUYs bghUfSl
FWF RW (Short circuit) brJ lTlhJ.
I.. gagLjgoUjh, nthnl{ (Pin voltage) msJ ghf ntL.
RW tiugl (Circuit diagram) go vj dGj rahf
tuiynah, mj rkjgl bghUfis nrhJ gGjhUjh
khw ntL. filahjh (njitba) I.ia kh ghf ntL.

bjhiyfh th VgL FiwghLf

bjhiyfh th VgL gntW FiwghLf, gF thahf nH
bfhLfgLsJ.

Va gF kW oddh VgL FiwghLf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

f kLnk bjhiyfh iu njhWwJ. iur kL

ilwJ. (Snow only; Noise only)
gl f njhWwJ. iurYl Toa x (Snow picture;Noisysound)
glK x bghUjkW ilj (Mismatching of audio and video)
Venetian lines

ng cUt njhWj (Ghost image)

XU nrdf kL ilj.

gl iliy mbtgF VgL FiwghLf

1.
2.
3.
4.

f kL iur kL (Snow only Noise only)

fSl Toa gl iurYl Toa x (Snow picture Noisy sound)
f yhk btWikahd btr kL (only plain raster) f x
iy (No program sound)
vkiwgl (Negative picture)

jha xKHf fLghL gFdh VgL FiwghLf

1.
2.
3.
4.

f kL iur kL
fSl Toa gl iurYl Toa f x
glK x bghUjkW ilj
Xt nyho

135

5.
6.

vkiw gl.
btWikahd btr kL (Only plain, raster); f x iy.

gl bgUdh VgL FiwghLf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

fUikahd gl (Dark picture); x eW

iu btr iy (No raster (light) on the screen); x eW
nu nfhLfSl Toa gl; x eW
nu nfhLfSl Toa gl; x eW
kfyhd gl (Poor contrast (or) dim picture)
Smeared Picture.

glFHh Rdh VgL FiwghLf

(Picture Tube Circuit Faults)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

fUikahd gl
iu btr iy
ryhj Fj (Out of Focus)
kfyhd gl
nu nfhLf kL
nu nfhLfSl Toa gl
bt Rl Tla gl (Silvery picture)
R M~ gh (Switch off spot)

iliy Jil gF
(Horizontal Section) VgL FiwghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

iliy xaf H (Horizontal Sync. Loss)

KY afhj iy (Dead Fault)
iliy neaw gl (Horizontally Non linear picture)
brFJnfhL kL njhWj (Vetical line only)
iliy rhf is (Horizontal Keystone effect)
gl is (Blooming of picture)
(Breathing) is
iliyahfgl koJ njhWj (Horizontal Fold over)
mfy Fiwthd gl (Widthless picture)
(Ringing)
fzho njhW cUt (Mirror image) ngh njhWj

neiy Jil gF (Vertical sweep section)

VgL FiwghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

iliy nfhL kL njhWj (Horizontal line only)

khnfh (Cinemascope) kh gl njhWj
neiy xaf iH (Vertical sync. loss)
neiy neaw gl (Vertically Non Linear Picture)
neiy rhf is (Vertically Keystone effect)
gl nkY G Fj (Vertical Jitter)
gl jiyHhf njhWj (Picture upside down)
136

fGJ gF (Yoke Section) fhjfdh VgL FiwghLf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

gl ikakhf iy (Picture is not in centre)

F is (Pincushion effect)
ngu tot uhl (Barrel shapped raster)
be nnlh (Neck shadow)
iy kha gl (Tilted picture)
iu eL x btr kL njhWj (A bright spot only, at the centre
of screen)

7.

bjhiyfh iu _iyf gl tisj (Bend in the picture at the corners

of the screen)

xaf gh gF (Sync. Separator stage)

VgL FiwghLf
1.

bkhj xaf H (Total Sync loss)

o~unal Rdh VgL FiwghL

iliy xaf H (Horizontal Sync. loss)

onul Rdh VgL FiwghL

1.
2.

neiy xaf H (Vertical Sync. loss)

gl nkY G Fj (Vertical Jitter)

r gF VgL FiwghL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

KY afhj iy (Dead Fault)

RUa gl (Shrunken Raster)
A gil kW A x (Hum bars and Hum in sound)
gl bewJ. (Wavy picture)
gl beJ bfhnl nkUJ Hhf XLwJ. (Picture rolling and way).
mfy Fiwthd gl (Wildthless picture)

xgFdh VgL FiwghL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

KY x iy gl eW (No sound; Picture good)

gl xgilf njhWj (Sound bars in picture)
ms Fiwthd x (Low volume)
_filjhngh x ilj (Distorted Audio)
A x (Hum in sound)
iurYl Toa x : gl eW (Buzz in Sound; Picture O.K.,)

mFia bfhL gGid flj

Jtiu xbthU gFY vbdd gGJf Vglyh vgij ghnjh.
, xbthU mFia bfhL xU t cs gGid vthW r
brtJ vgij ghngh.
1.

xU bjhiyfh th KY afiy (Dead Fault)

tiu M (NO) brj btrK x tuiy v, th

KY afhj iy (Dead Fault) MsJ vnwh.
137

gGid rbra
Kbdriff :
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

KgLbghGJ

fU

bfhs

ntoa

Kj gtris gFia nrhf ntL. mjF K gFid,

th kw gFfUJ jna Jl (Isolate) ntL.
mf dGjid njF njfis wf (discharge) bra
ntL.
cUF iH (Fuse wire) gGjhUjh, FWF RW VnjD
VgoUwjh vd nrhJ mthW Ujh mjid r brj ng
cUF iHia jhfbghU a ghf ntL.
gGjhd cUF iH Ma nuo nghynt bghUj nghF a cUF
iH Ma nuo Uf ntL.
gtris rahf aF gr, iliy btpL gF, iliy
brYJ gF kW iliy miyah gF vw tir go
mgFYs bghUfis nrhJ r bra ntL.

xU bjhiyfh th KY afhjjfhd fhuzf

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

gtris btpoUJ dGj vJ tuiy v...

gtfh, M-M~ R Mait gGjhUfyh.
AC Fuse, lnahLf, Ka tofL nj (Main Filter capacitor) Mait
gGjhUfyh.
buFnyl ouhl, mj aF jilf (Biasing resistors), dlnahL
Mait gGjhUfyh.
buFnyl, I.. ahf Ujh nthnl{ (Pin voltage) msf ntL.
nthnl{ rahf tuiy v, rkjgl bghUfis nrhf ntL.
cyj <agW (Dry soldering); jhu mR LgoUj.
fil buFnyl I..ia khw ghf ntL.
F : I.. id, kol _y, gGjh csjh vd fla ayhJ,
vdnt kh ghJjh (by replacement) gGid r bra ntL.
gtris btpoUJ dGj Fiwthf Ujh....
110 V , 12 V , Mat tofo njf rW js (Weak)
milUfyh.
B+ ris bril jtwhf m# brUfyh gtris btpoUJ
dGj mfkhf tjh.
B+ris bril jtwhf m# brUfyh.
buFnyl ouhlf, jil, njf, dilnahL Mait
gGjh Ufyh.
gtris btpL rahf iljh, kw gFfSl gtrisia
izf ntL kw gFfSl izjl, btpL
dGjfis msf ntL.
btpL dGjf (Voltage drop) milahk bjhiyfh,
bjhlJ afhk Ujh.
iliy btpL ouhl, mj aF jilf, iliy
brYJ gF, kW iliy miyah gF bghUf xg M
Ufyh.
138

11.

12.
13.

14.
15.
16.

kw gFfSl izF bghGJ btpL dGj 110V

milJ (Voltage drop) bjhiyfh KY afhk Ujh.......
iliy btpL ouhl nlg lnahL, ~isng nj, iliy
tisF RU, L.O.T., TV 20 Mat FWFRW (m) gF FWFRW
VgoUfyh.
(F: TV 20, L.O.T. kW tisF RUf bgUghY gF FWF Rwh
(Partial short) L. kol cjahY tiw Jakhf fla
ayhJ. f mogil tiw jhf kh ghJjh (by
replacement) gGid fla Ko.
iliy brYJ ouhl, kh aF jilf, ju
njf Mait gGjh Ufyh.
iliy miyah ouhl, aF jilf, njf, H.Hold
preset, (myJ) H. Hold Coil) Mait gGjh Ufyh.
F : iliy miyah 15,625 Hz miyia cg braho brYJ
(F
(driver) kW btpL (Output) bgUf KY ntiy brahJ ; jdh
th KY braHJ L.
miyah I..ahf Ujh nthnl{ msf ntL.
cyj <agW ; jhu mR LgoUj.
filahf miyah I.. id kh ghf ntL.

2. RUa gl (Shrunken Picture or raster)

gl 4.8 (4)
gl cau kW mfy tHfidl Fiwthf njhW. is
RUa gl myJ jgh jiy ms uhl (Stamp type rester) vdgLwJ.
FiwghL bgUghY a (14) bjhiyfh th (Portable T.V. receiver) f
VgLwJ.
L ris Fiwtjhnyh, xGFgLjgl gtris btpL
dGj Fiwtjhnyh, is VgLwJ. Kj, bliyr gagL
a ghf ntL.

139

fhuzf
1.
2.
3.

buFnyl ouhlf, aF jilf (biasing resistors) njf,

d ilnahL Mait gGjh Ufyh.
B+ br jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.
cyj <agW; jhu mR LgoUj.

A gil kW A x (Hum bars and Hum in sound)

1.
2.

gtris a nerhu (Pure DC) ilfhjnj jF fhuzkhF.

UJ ilnahLf, tofL nj, w kh, (Power Transformer),
gGjh Ufyh.
cyj <agW; jhu mR LgoUj.

gl 4.8 (5)

4. gl bewJ (Wavy picture)myJ gl beJ bfhnl XLwJ (rolling)

1.
2.

gtris a nerhu (Pure DC) ilfhjnj jF fhuzkhF.

UJ ilnahLf (Rectifier diodes), tofL nj, w kh (Power
Transformer) gGjh Ufyh.
cyj <agW; jhu mR LgoUj.

5. brFJ nfhL kL njhWj (Vertical line only)

iliy btpL gF, mJ iliy tisF RUSF brY
ghij cs bghUf gGjhdh kLnk FiwghL VgL. Vbd iliy
btpL, brYJ kw miyah gFf KY braHjh,
bjhiyfh th btrnk (uhl) VglhJ.

gl 4.8 (6)
140

1.
2.
3.
4.

iliy tisF RUSF brY iz taf LgoUfyh.

iliy tisF RUSF bjhl iz cs nj Xg M
Ufyh;
cyj <agW; jhu mR LgoUj.
iliy tisF RU, iliy aho fh Xg M Ufyh
(f mJ)

6. iliy neaw gl (Horizontally Non-Linear Picture (or) Poor Horizontal

Non Linearity)
1.
2.
3.

iliy aho fh jtwhf m# bragL Ufyh.

iliy tisF RU gF FWF RW MUfyh (f mJ)
L.O.T. gGjhUfyh (f mJ)

7. iliyahf gl koJ njhWj (Horizontal Fold over)

gl 4.8 (7)
1.
2.
3.

iliy btpL ouhl, L.O.T gGjh Ufyh.

iliy btpL gF jtwhd nj kid gagLJj.
iliy tisF RU gGjhUfyh.

8. iliy rhf is (Horizontal Keystone effect)

isF Horizontal Trapezoidal raster vw bgaU cL.

gl 4.8 (8)
1.

iliy tisF RU gF FWF RW MUfyh.

141

9. gl is (Blooming of Picture)

gl 4.8 (9)
bjhiyfh th iud fnuh kW fhuh
fnuhfis KGtJ Todh gl cau kW mfy mfkhF.
iud kW fhuh fnuhfis Fiwjh, cau kW mfy Fiw,
is gl (Blooming of Picture) vdgLwJ.
1.
EHT U (T.V.20) gGjh Ufyh.
2.
L.O.T. jsJ Ufyh.
3.
glFHh jsJ Ufyh (f mJ)

10. ( Breathing)) is
gl cauK mfyK jhdhfnt To Fiw. is is
vdgLwJ.
1. EHT U, (rectifier), L.O.T, glFHh gGjhUfyh.

11. mfy Fiwthd gl (Widthless Picture)

gl 4.8 (10)

1.
2.
3.

gtris btpL dGj J Fiwthf tuyh; gtris,

tofL njf gGjh Ufyh.
iliy btpL gG fbyl UJ v bragL ~isng
nj (Flyback capacitor) gGjh Ufyh.
iliy tisF RUSF bjhlizYs nj gGjh
Ufyh.
142

4.

iliy tisF RU, gF FWF RW M Ufyh (f mJ)

12. (Ringing)
gl
brFJ
nfhLf
njhWtijna (Ringing) vnwh,
jid (Picture is in Jail) vW TWtJL.
1. iliy btpL ouhl fthf
(leakage) Ufyh.
2. L.O.T. J js (Weak)
3. jtwhd njia nah ngyF
gagLJj.
4. iliy aho fhYF gf
izYs jil Xg M
Ufyh.
gl 4.8 (11)

13. fzho njhW cUt ngh njhWj (Mirror Image)

gl l, ty kh njhwkgijna fzho njhW cUt
vnwh.

gl 4.8 (12)

dhf
rahd ilia njbjLf
I-rahd
1.

2.

3)

bjhiyfh iu xU KGikahd gl njhwkf xU beho neu

_______ nf tf njitgLwJ.
m) 625
M) 1025
) 15625
<) 50
vyuh f iu lUJ tykhf, tyUJ lkhf
mirfgLtjF _______ vW bga.
m) Arhl nf
M) btof nf
) lnyL nf
<) ta nf
glFHh sF, mfyF cs j_______ MF.
m) bf fhu
M) tfnzhl ) mr j <) njw
143

4)

nfkuh o Kfjfo HToa xnfwthW btpL ndhl

ilgJ mj _______ vnwh.
m) bgu bugh M) fUik ndhl
) xia khW Fz <) xia khW Fz
CCIR PALB Kiw onah gil mfy _______ MF.
m) 10MHz M) 15 MHz ) 25MHz
<) 5MHz
onah glgFgh onah I,v miyUJ C miyfis tofo _______
miyfis jna wJ.
m) TLgl miyf
M) Monah miyf
) M.v~ miyf
<) gl miyf
bjhiyfh Arhl mbt _______ MF.
m) 625Hz
M) 50Hz
) 15625Hz <) 75Hz
btof nf eilbgw ugg miy _______ njit.
m) 50Hz
M) 75Hz
) 625Hz
<) 15625Hz
LOT ntW bga _______ MF.
m) jhtLF kh
M) catLF kh
) cr dGj kh
<) Mnlh kh
tz bjhiyfh glFHh _______ vyuh Jghf
gagLjgLwd.
m) IJ
M) uL
) _W
<) VG

5)
6)

7)
8)
9)

10)

II- xU y thijf ila

1. nf vwh vd?
2. glFHh vjifa nfnjhL gagLjgLwJ?
3. mtlh R vwh vd?
4. mr j vwh vd?
5. uL tifahd nfkuh of bgafis FLf.
6. fUik ndhl vwh vd?
7. l iy bjhiyfh tf vwh vd?
8. d gf uoid FLf.
9. onah oll ntiy ahJ?
10. btof miyah ntiyahJ?
III- xU y tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

tfnzhl tiuaW.
bf fhu sFf.
vyuh Jgh g ahJ?
fhuh o fUik ndhl vwh vd?
bjhiyfh t onah I.v, r I.v mbtfis FLf.
onah Mga ntiyf ahit?
fhuh fhnuh g ahJ?
Arhl miyah g ahJ?
vj cr dGj Arhl btpLgF cg
bragLwJ?
10. btof miyah g ahJ?
144

IV- xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

glFHh mikig gl tiuJ ghffis Ff.

TLgl miy gl tiuJ t.
d flglij tiuJ mj xbthU gFia sFf.
onah oll Riw tiuJ mj braghil miy totfSl
sFf.
btof os gF Riw gl tiuJ t.
bjhiyfh iu uhl (Raster) Vglhjjfhd fhuzfis bjhFJ
vGJf.
bjhiyfh t cau Fiwthd gl VgLtjfhd fhuzfis
bjhFJ vGJf.
xU bjhiyfh t gGJ VgLtjfhd fhuzfis bjhFJ vGJf.
tzfis fyF Kiwfis jf glfSl sFf.
bjhiyfh t tU gGJf VgLtjfhd fhuzfis
bjhFJ vGJf.
m) gl is (Blooming of picture)
M) neiy rhf is ( Vertical key stone effect)
) brFJnfhL njhWj (Vertical line only)
<) fzho njhW cUt ( Mirror image )

V- thd ila
1. glFHh ntiy br Kiwia glJl t.
2. bjhiyfh gu (Television Transmitte) flglij tiJ sFf.
3. fU btis bjhiyfh t flglij miy totfSl
tiuJ fhLf.
4. fU btis bjhiyfh t gntW gFf brafis
sFf.
5. ne iz (Directcoupled) Kiw glbgU (VIDEO AMPLIFIER)
Rid miytotfSl tiuJ sFf.
6. bjhiyfh KY afhjjfhd (Dead Fault) fhuzfis tirgl
vGJf.
7. nk{ Mfh fhuh o gl tiuJ mj braghil sFf.
8. ofh fhuh o gl tiuJ mj braghil sFf.
9. iliy tisF Rid (Horizontal deflection Circuit) tiuJ mj
braghil sF.
10. bjhiyfh t iu gLif trnfhL kL (Horizontal Line only)
bjwJ. mgGfhd fhuzij flJ t.

ilf
1.m

2.m

3.

4.

5.<

6.m

145

7.

8.m

9.

10.

5 - Monah, onah rhjdf

(Audio and Video Equipments)
mKf - uh~ngh
irjo g bragLs x miyfis Tone Arm vw ghf _y
diyahf kh ghlf kW iria nff cj rhjdF uh~ngh
(jL fU) vW bga.

jL g bjh Egf :
j Ka ghff :

RHY nkir (Turn Table)

X Kif (Tone Arm)
vLJbfhLF jiy (Pickup Head)
a (Motor)
ntf xGFgL (Speed Regulator)

RHY nkir (Turn Table)

J tlkhd mYa (m) v~F jflh bragl RHY ghfkhF. J
nkhlhUl neuoahf izfgoUfhJ. j RHY jo xU ug
rfu cuh iy mikfgLsJ. ug rfukhdJ nkhlh mRl
cuh iy UF. RHY jo lijl ug rfu l
Fiwthf, ug rfu lijl nkhlh m l Fiwthf
UF. nkhlh mR gyKiw RHW ug rfuij xU Kiw RHy br.
ug rfu gyKiw RHW RHY jil xUKiw RHy br. thW
nkhlh RHY wdhdJ cuh _y RHY joF fljgLtjh
nkhlh ntf mfkhf UjhY Fl ntfjh RHY jL RHY.
j RHY jonk jh irjLf itfgoUF.

X Kif (Tone Arm)

irjo nk ga itf gagL ghf Tone arm MF. gF
Pick up Head (or) Catridge vw gF j cl mikUF Tone arm cjah
irjo g bragLs x miyfis cuh kW w Vgl brJ
diyfshf kh bgUF clhf mwJ ir jo J Needle
rkkhf efUtjF mjDl xU Spring bghUjgoUF. vdnt jh irjo
J Tone arm efU nghJ nkL gsF VwthU efU.

vLJbfhLF jiy (Pickup Head)

J Tone arm Kid UF gFahF. j crystal cjah
irjo g bragLs x miyf diyfshf khw gagLwJ.

a (Motor)
J Fl ntf bfhl Fiwj dGj bragL Blower (or)
Universal motor MF. y tif Record Player f D.C. nkhlhfS gagLwJ.

146

Field winding

Regulator knob

Needle

Record player

Arm hold

Pick up Head (Crystal)

Turn Table

x th

gl 5.1 irjL fU ghff

ntf xGFgL (Speed Regulator)

nkhlh ntfwid fLgL irjo FLs ntf
fLghoid khw njitnfg ntffis khbfhs Speed Regulator
gagLwJ. 16 RPM, 35 RPM, 45 RPM, 78 RPM vw ntf nkhlh
ntfij kh mikfyh. j Rid 45 RPM vw iy itjh RHY
jlhdJ xU lF 45 RWf RHY vW bghUshF.

147

aF j
Record Player F njithd rhu mjl switch I On bra ntL.
iy Record bghUjgLs Turn Table MdJ RHy MuF. Record-
FLs ntfF VwthW Speed Regulator-I kh mikf ntL. wF
Crystal cl Toa Tone Arm vw ghfij irjo tto g bragLs
x miyfshdJ Crystal _y miyahf khwgLwJ. miyahdJ
Amplifier-F brY bgUfgL xgh Voice coil-F clhf
mfgLwJ. XghdJ x miyfis btgL nfL kH cjwJ.

5.2 ehlh g fU (Tape recorder)

g bragLs Tape I rhjd ga itJ ghlf ir kW ngR
xf njitgLnghJ x miyfshf nff cj rhjdF Tape Recorder vW
bga.
xth
cL

Kj
g
bgU

cL
bgU

ulh
g
bgU

Rt
o
nfl

ns
bgU
ng
bgU

miy
ah

m
F
bgU

ng
jiy

Monah
btpL

gl 5.2 ehlh g fU flik

Xg ehlh g Kiwf jJt

ehlh g Ka ghff :
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

ehlh (Tape)
jiy gF (Head)
nkhlh (Motor)
bgU (Amplifier)
x th (Microphone)
xgh (Loud speaker)
iz f (Supply wire)

148

xgh

m
F
gF

ehlh (Tape)
J brtf to Plastic fzhodh bragoUF ghlf ir kW
ngR x miyf g bragLtjfhf gagLwJ. ehlhit (Tape) U
Jjehf bka l g to UF. it C-30, C-60, C-90 nghw
totf Casette ilwd. it uL grfu mik J
RwgoUF.

jiy gF (Head)
ehlh g bragLs ntfF VwthW x miyia U nlig
efj gagLwJ. ehlh ntf rW mfkhFnghnjh myJ Fiwnghnjh
xaiyahdJ rW ahrkhf nfF. tikghdJ ehlh g
bragLs x miyia miyahf U bgU RWF mDwJ.

a (Motor)
tikghdJ ehlh mla grfu mikig af gagLwJ. it
nkhlhUl neuoahf bjhl bfhshk bg _y izfgoUF. mit
Fiwj w bfhl shaded pole motor myJ synchronous motor tifia rhjJ.

xbgU (Loud Speaker)

bgU _y mfJ mDggl diyfis Ug x miyfshf
khw J gagLwJ.

x th (Micro phone)
X miyfis diyfshf kh bgU RWF mDg gagLwJ. it
gagLw lF Vg gntW xkhf gagLjgLwd.

x KHf fLgL (Volume Control)

X miyf wid Fiwfnth myJ mffnth gagLwd. it
gy totf ilwd. tik khW jil tifia rhjJ. tlkhd
ikfh J fljh bghU J fhg R rgL mjJ jflhdJ eL m
RHYgoahf kbwhW jfL cuhgo bghUjgoUF. tF
ilna cs ilbt FiwnghJ jil FiwJ ndhl mfF.

iz f (Power card)
rhjdF ndhl brYJtjfhf gagL flia ris xa
myJ gt fhL vnwh. fU, t kW gir Ma _W wf
flf itfgoUF. t gho Mf, fU befo Mf
gir y iz bra gagLwJ.

bgU (Amplifier)
Fiwj w bfhl ndhlij mfJ xbgUF clhf
mDg gagLwJ. ehlh fU Ka Button myJ Switch f nH
bfhLfgLsd.

Record
Play back
149

Re/wind (R.W.)
Front Forward(F.F.)
Stop
Eject
Auto stop

mik
j mik gntW totf sho kW v~F jflh bragL
UF. jD xU Fiwj wDilajhf a totY xif a
(Synchronous motor or Shaded Plate motor) bghUjgoUF. j K gf
ehlh it gaitgjfhf fj jFj izl bghUjgoUF. j
myJ nkw ehlh g fUia af itgjfhf gl tif rhf
UF.aF Fiwj dGjij bfhLf U RW mikf
goUF. J khW dGjij ne dGjkhf kh RWF
mDwJ.

ntiy br j
rhjdF ndhl brYjgL jhtLF kh _y Fiwj
khW ndhlkhf kh U _y Fiwj khWndhlij ne
ndhlkhf nkhlhiu brwil. Eject vw gFia wJ nlig bghU
ns glid mGal jiygF MdJ ehlh J mGJ iy
bghUJ. nkhlh RHy MujJ nkhlhUl izfgLs bg _y
grfu mik RHW ehlhit efu brwJ. ehlh efU jUth
jiygFahdJ ehlh g bragLs x miyia diyahf kh
bgU RWF mDwJ. tikghdJ Fiwj diy bgU
xbgU th fhYF mDwJ. tikghdJ ehlh g
bragLs x miyia btgL nfL kH gagLwJ. nkfl
j ehlh g fUahdJ aFwJ.

gaf

L dQ rhjdkhf gagLwJ.
Tape gagL njitahd ghlf kW irfis nff cjwJ.
AC/DC Supply af Toa xU va tif rhjdkhf gagLwJ.
iyfSF VwthW gntW totf ilwJ.

5.3 bkjL(Compact Disc-CD)

J xU xa (Optic disc) tljL MF. ol Kiw jftfis
nrf cjwJ. Kj it xfis (Audio) kLnk nrf gagLjglJ.
wnf kw jftfS nrfglJ. 1982-Kj Monah CD-f gidF
tjJ. W(2010) tiu J xU eyjukhd Monah g rhjdkhf csJ.
xU eyjukhd CD- l 120mm MF. mGjglhj Monah CD-f
80 l tiu yhk XL (700 MB jftYfhf). a CD-f gntW lf
Rkhuhf 60 Kj 80mm tiu bfhoUF. it y rkaf jj CD-Mf
myJ bgha aahf bragL 24 l tiu Monah nrig brwJ.
150

ws bjh Egfsh VWbfhsgL jft nrfhf nkY

thfgl bjhEgfSl Toa y CD-fshtd. CD-ROM(Read only
memory), xU Kiw kL Monah g (Write once audio) kW jft CD-R. kWg
Clf CD-RW onah bkjLf (Video Compact Disc-VCD) Ng onah bkjL
(Super Video Compact Disc-SVCD) ifgl CD(Photo CD) gl bkjL (picture CD) CD-I
kW gy.
xU CD 1.2mm gUk Rjkhd ghfhgnd vw sho bghUsh
jahfglit. j vil 15gm Kj 20gm tiu UF. j eLgF xU
Jis, (Centre or Spindle hole) Kj RW tisa myJ eG (Clamping ring) gF,
fLgL (Staking ring), ulhtJ RW tisa (Mirror Band) jft gu (Data
area) kW gF Ma mikf xU CD- mikUF.
CD- nk gF mYa myJ btF mtkhf jf KyhK
rgoUF. J mj ugF (Reflection) braYfhf bragLwJ.
nkY j cnyhf glyij ghJfhf mj nk xU ghJfh (muF) R
rgLwJ. jft tuFf j nk ga itfgLwJ. bghJthf
CD- mL Kiwfshtd. iu mL Kiw (Screen Printing) kW v <L
mL Kiw (Off-set printing) MF.
CD- jftfis nrf, v tirgo a gsf vW TwToa
Ff(Pits) RHY tlghij, ghfhgndo ga itfgLwJ.
FfSF(Pits) ilna cs gF y(land) vd miHfgLwJ. xbthU
F 100 nm MHY 500 nm mfyY mikUF. j s 850nm Kj
3.5m tiu Ufyh.

gl 5.3 CD gly mik

ghfhgnd gly jftf gf(bumps) _y ga itfgLwJ.
B. gsgsF gly nyr ugwJ. C. nk R gsgs. D. glf iumR nk gF g brj. E. nyr fR.
CD- nk gf goa itfgL, mj w cs cz(Sensor)
gFF ugJ miyahf jft khWj bragLwJ. xbthU ghijF
ilna cs bjhiy 1.6m MF. CD- cs jftf 780nm miys bfhl
151

Fiwfl nyruh, ghfhgnd gly gF tahf CLUtgLwJ.

khWgl cau mik FgF kW yguf is, mj nk
ugfgL x brit khW. thW khWgL xbr nghnlh
ilnaho _y msfgL, jftf joUJ bgwgLwJ.
5.3.1 VCD (Video Compact Disc)
onah bkjL, mir gl kW xia bfhoUF. xU VCD-
VWbfhS bfhss 74/80 l, 650mb/700mb- UF CD-f KG
glJl Toa xia bgUF. VCD- gagLjgL g MPEG(Moving
Picture Expert Group) vd miHfgLwJ. J Monah kW onah kW onah
gfis nrJ itwJ. VCD-I midJ DVD afY (Players)
gagLjyh. nkY ij f DVD-ROM myJ CD-ROM Ma bkbghU
mogil afY (Software based player) gagLjyh. DVD- csij
nghynt bkDf (menus) kW ghlbjhF(text group)-fS gagLjgLwJ.
VCD xU va ifgl bjhF (Photo album) myJ rlfis(Frames), x
dl btgLJ jikilaJ. VHS ehlh mogil khit nghynt,
VCD- mnj w mikJsJ. VCD Fiwj bjtw jikia kLnk
bgUF. VCD- juij SVCD, CVD myJ DVD-nahL xL mayh.

5.3.2 MP3 CD
xU MP3 CD vgJ (bghJthf xU CD-R myJ CD-RW) MF. ol
xf nfhf g bragoUF. Vbdwh xjft go mj
mik UF. jdh xbthU nj nghJ CD-f KGikahf RHy
njitiy. jdh w bry FiwfgLwJ. RAM (Random Access
Memory)- ghlf jhjf (Skipping) ghJfhfgLwJ. ghlf sij
bghWJ vzw ghlf g bragLwJ. xU jukhd Monah CD(74 l)
18 ghlfis g br. xU jft (data) CD eLjukhd MP3 nfh 138
ghlfis g br.
ID3 vw iz MP3 nfh gaitfgLwJ.
J y
bragLfsh (Players) kLnk bra aY. y ij MP3 nfh brW
njo bgWt. MP3- xju CD- juijl Fiw. Vbd gnghJ y
Hf clhwJ. MP3 CD-f jftfSl Toa nfhfis bgUF.
btntwhd bragL (players) vghF mYtyfju UfhJ. y
rkaf jftfSl z braglhj iyF J jsgLwJ. y
viyfSF nk ij bragL itf KoahJ. mitahtd. viyF
mla bga nfh (File name), Jiz-ko(sub-fold) viy, nfhf
vif viy kW wfis FiwF g Mait MF.

5.3.3 DVD
DVD vgJ ol onah o(Digital Video Disc) myJ ol btrho
o(Digital Versatile Disc) vd miHfgLwJ. J xU tifahd xa jL,
nrF Clfkhf gagLwJ. J il-thd vgtuh fLofgL,
, nrh, njhgh vgitfsh ts bgwJ. j Ka ga, gl kW
jftfis nrJ itgjhF. CD- msit nghynt DVD-fS UF. Mdh
152

nrF ms mijl 7 klF mf. jft nr mogil it DVDROM, DVD-R, DVD+R(xU Kiw kLnk g) DVD-RW, DVD+RW(re-writable) kW DVD
RAM vd mikwJ. tiffsh jftfis nrf, mf gy Kiw bra
aY. DVD nyrf miys 650nm MF. vdnt x w tghf
UF. DVD onah kW Monah jLf gl kW x bjhFfis vjhf
bjhl bfhS tif totikfgLwJ. y tif DVD-f onah
fUJl (concept) jftfis nrJ g brwJ.
5.3.4. MP4
MP4 vgj Moving Picture Expert Group vgjhF. 1998-M ML
btlglJ.
MP4
vyh jkhd gfis bfhLsthW
totikfglJ. jnghJ MP4- xU nfh M-iy Eg Kndw
gagLjgLwJ. xU jukhd FG, onah kW mtkhd FpL (code)
mikig bgWsJ. MP3 bghJthf, ruhr izajs galhsfSF f
iuthd jhfij VgLsJ. MP4- mKf kfSF bjhlahf
tsia bfhLwJ. nkY mj galhsfSF caju xgu Clfij
bfhLwJ.
1999-M ML MP4- ju bt bgw jfju thjjhf, midJ
uhd bra tifY M-iy jft xgufY VWbfhsglJ. j
ftik, lLgtfSF vjhf MP4-I gagL, tiyajsY kW
gntW gaghoY bragl itwJ. tf mf gidia bfhLtu
J xU fUahf gagLjgLwJ. nkY y brhj gadhsfSF, mf fhy
jft vF, kW brhj brafSF gagL tif MP4
cUthfgLwJ.
MP4 xU egjFj gaghil, njitahdtfSF Fiwj gil
mfy jUwJ. vdnt xbthUtU MP4- gaid bgwyh. j Eg bllh(Desktop) kW Laptop- mf wid cUthFwJ. mf gyjU gntW
izajs bjhl ntffhf MP4 cjwJ.

5.3.5. q-nu-jL (Blue-ray disc) jJtf kW bjh Egf

q-nu-jL RUfkhf BD vd miHfgLwJ. J xU xa jlhF.
DVD- juij caj totikfglJ. J mf gyid, sfglfis
mfkkhf nrf 3- iya braghlhd (Play station-3) gl isahLfY
jUwJ. nkY kw jft 25GB jgly kW 50GB Ugly MatY J
gagLwJ. q-nu-jL, DVD kW CD msnyna ilF.
q-nu-jL(disc) vw bga q-nyr(Blue-Laser) vw brh UJ
bfhLtuglJ. xU DVD 650nm miys bfhl t nyriu
gagLJwJ. mijl Fiwthd 405nm miysij bfhl q-nyriu J
gagLJwJ. nkY DVD-I l 5 klF nrig jglyY, 10 klF
nrig U glyY mDkwJ. j jo gagLJ nyr w ykhf
(Blue) UjhY ghitF mJ Cjh (Violet) wkhfnt njhW. q-nu-jLf,
xa bgof(Juke boxes) mf jft nrfis itf mjDl
izfgLwJ. j nr bluh igLfshf msfgLwJ. Jnt f
caj ms nrghf q-nu-jLf gagLwJ.
153

5.4. g mil (Memory card)

g mil (y rka flash memory card myJ storage card vW
miHfgLwJ) vgJ a nr ClfkhF. J ghlf (text), glf
(pictures) Monah kW onah nghw gy jftfis nrf cjwJ. J f
a, vLJ bryjf tif mikj xU rhjdkhF. mf cgfuzf
j btgLJ g (Flash memory) gagLwJ. nkY gy bjhEg
tsY j g mil gagLwJ. mitahtd, SD(Secure digital card), CF
mil (Compact flash card), kh Clf mil (Smart media card) , id gil
(Memory stick) kW g Clf mil (Multi Media Card-MMC) MF. tif
milf btntwhd ms, bfhss kW iyia rhUF. CF(Compact
Flash card) bgo ms UF. MMC kW SDC uL jghjiy(Stamp)
ms UF. ituL nrF bfhss Rkh 1 GB(Giga Byte) ms
2002-M ML bfhLtuglJ.
mf milf, v khwhj iiahd g w csitfshf
ilwJ. g bragl jftf, Fiwj w Hfsh khwhk
iyahf UF. j Fiwj wid <Lbra njitiy. Vbd g
milf xU liy bghUshF. mir gFf iy. it fod
aufsh UgKoahj ghig milwd. jnghJ vjhf mfwToa
nrF Clffshd PC mil, kh fhL kW isahL g mil
Mait ilwJ. vY a milf, ajhf Fiwj w
njitY, mf bfhssY vLJbryjf tifY ilwJ.
5.4.1. USB (Universal Serial Bus) jJtf kW bjh Egf
USB vgJ xU w FghF (Special notes). jeg f mj
rhjdfSF ilna br bjhlig WwJ. bl (Intel) bra
m#g vgtuh fLofglJ. USB, gy bjhlf kW gff
Mjuthd khwfis bra LwJ.
USB-I izF f
rhjdfshtd. k, -nghL, ol nfkuh, lf, j Clf bra, x
a (Flash driver) btw fod a (hard driver) Mait MF. thwhf, gy
rhjdf USB jukhd iz Kiwfis ifahSwJ. USB jeg
ffSfhf totikf glhY, kh nghf, PDAS kW onah
isahL mik kW gyt w brYfshf csJ.
USB xU jukhd w viy rhjdkhF. 1994- xnu FGthf cs VG
Wtdf j Kndwij gagLaJ. mitahtd, Compaq, DEC,IRM,Intel,
Microsoft, NEC kW Nortel MaitahF. USB btw cs rhjdfis
ffSF izf lgLwJ. J kw f w izfshf
cs gy flfSF gyhf gagLwJ. cL gFfis FWa ms
gagL, bkbghUf braghil vjhf USB gagLwJ. Kj
1995- fh bl(intel) USB jahfglJ. 1996- USB 0.1 F(code)
mKf braglJ. j USB 0.1 F kh mikF jft k, 12mbit Mf
UF 1998 brlg btlgl USB 1.1 F (code) Kj mfy gaghlhf
mikjJ. J 12mb/s jft kig bfhl miu brarhjdkha jL

154

a (Disc-dirver)-F bfhLfglJ. nkY Fiwj jft ntf kghd 1.5mb/s

Fiwj gil mfy bragL #ho(Joystick) mikY gagLwJ.

I-gh) jJt kW bjhEg

5.5 ipod(I-gh)
ipod(I-gh) vgJ vLJ brY Clf brayh(Player) Mf
totikfglJ. j Eg 2001- ML mnlhg khj brYjgl M
bjhEgjh mKf braglJ. #] 2010- j bghU nkY y fod
a mogil mikj I-gh sh(hard drive based ipod classic), bjhL iu
I-gh(touch screen ipod), onah braw I-gh(Video capable ipod) kW fhng
I-gh(compact ipod) MaitfnshL izjJ. MP3 bragLf(players) ngh
yhk, Monah, onah nfh nkyhikia bfhL vjhf bra mDkfhJ.
Ipod- mjbfd jahf totikfgl kW Clf nfhf mla
bkbghUis bfhnl nfhfis ghfnth afnth Ko.
Clf nfhf I-gho ko (folder) mikf neikahd jft
js kiwJ itfgLwJ. kiwJ itfgl jft, brhj brayhsuh
kLnk Kiwahd ttif brW L btna bfhL tuKo. Clf
nfhf wF ifng g nfhf myJ ko fhy ms _ykhf Ug
bgwgLwJ. gy _wh eg gaghLfisTl vjhf g bra Clf nfh
I-gh mDkwJ.
gy ol ir(Music players) bragho mf nrfis jU rhjdkhf
mikJsJ. xbthU khF (model) mj bfhss khWgLwJ. j
viy 2GB ipod fyj (Shuffle) UJ 160GB I-gh shF bfhL
tuglJ. I-gh ju Clf bragho cs I-ngh (i-phone) kW I-ng(i-pad)
MatWl nrfgLwJ. I-ngh(i-phone) vgJ ir kW onah
gagho I-gh cl bjhl bfhLsJ. U rhjdfS I-gh- braiy
brjhY, it jj rhjdfshfnt fUjgLwJ.

5.6 nAh nal

xU khit nal brW ghjhjh wghf UF vw fUJ
W tiu UjJ. VCR- mKfjh kh glfis thlifF vLnjh
myJ brhjkhfnth th oUnj ghf KojJ. Mdh o.ia
nalnuhL xl KoahJ. Vbd mj mfykhd iu kW RWtl
xaik(surround sounds) mjF fhuzkhF. mJklkyhJ o. cs a
iu KGfhfS fhl Koahk y gFf kiwfgLwJ. nkY Fiwj
xjuK jF fhuzkhF.
gy jf Lf o.. miwia xU nAh naluhf khaikwd.
jF xU u#l(Projector) kW mjfhd iuia gagLJwd. J
mikgJ f bryit jU, nkY vnyhuhY j tria brJ bfhs KoahJ.
Mdh bjh Eg ts onyna Fiwj bry nalfis mikgjfhd
y thfis jJsJ. kf ij naliul Uahdjhf, mf
trahdjhf VW bfhld. naliu nghynt mfyiu, x
mik ilwJ.

155

oUnj bghGJnghF mikj xU Fl mQFKiwahF. nAh

nal vgJ jfhf totikfgl dQa rhjdfis bfhL
nal mDgt ml mikfgl mrkhF. rhjhuz bjhiyfh
khfis ghgijl, nAh nalf ghfgL kh Mj
mDgtij bfhLwJ.
nAh naliu mikf clhd vz, nal gagLa
rhjdfis nghynt onyna Fiwj bry mikf njitahdit :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

bga iu bfhl bjhiyfh (FiwjJ 27 inch)

bjthd fhia bgw FiwjJ ehF xghf(Speaker)
Rwtl xghfSF xia JbfhLF rhjdf
khit xgug myJ bragLj(Players) njitahd mik
tiwbayh Xl mikf xU miw

gl 5.6(a) nAh nal RWtl x V kW xghf

nAh naliu rhjhuz bjhiyfhUJ jJ fhLtJ
mj RW tisa xaikng MF. rahd RWtisa xaik uoUJ
_W xgh KgfY, uoUJ _W xghf gfthoY
myJ ekF wY mikgnjahF. Monah irif gy miytirfshf
fgL xghfSF bfhLfgLtjh, btntwhd xf gy
xghfUJ btgLwJ. x Kjik gF Kdh mikfgL
xghY, iu tyJ gf cstf ngR x tyJ gf xghY,
lJ gf iu ngRgtf x lJ gf xghY nffgLwJ.
_whtJ f eLnt mjhtJ iu rW nHh myJ nknyh
mikfgLwJ. j ika xgh f KakhdJ. Vbd, lJ kW tyJ
gf xgh UJ tU xfSF eTukhwJ. J midJ trdfis
nff itwJ. J Kgf cs xwid bjhiyfh iu
eLUJ tUtijnghy njhw itwJ. gf mikfgL
xghf kh gu(Background) xia Jakhf xwJ.
156

cjhuzkhf, eh FiuF x, XL , Mfha khd rj Matiw Twyh.

nkY J Kgf xghDl izJ y Eg mikf xia
vLJjUwJ. thW Monah, onah V _y J jU x mikig, nAh
nal ja gFahf Twyh.

5.6.1. lh~

lh~, ol vw bga jft kW Monah g Eg tsfhf,

lh~ Mtf VgLjgl xwhF. J cik lh~, nah
ol myfhf 1994- bfhL tuglJ. izJs y bjh
Egfshtd lh ol EX , lh ol iy, lh ol s, lh
ol RW , lh ol xg, lh ol kh, lh ol nah
cUth kW lh ol 5.1 cUthfS MF.

gl 5.6.(b) RWtl V-nAh nal jagFahf fhlgLwJ.

lh ol vgJ xU bghJthd bkhahf MW jj x miytiria
bfhlJ. J mf viyF thfgl bral, bghJthd gydhf 5.1
miytir mla rhjhuz viy bfhl xghfSF (20Hz to 20 kHz)
tHfgLwJ. (right front, centre, left front, rear right, rear left) nkY xU miytir
(20Hz to 120Hz) tiu xJfglJ. xU Jiz C~g braYfhf Fiwj
mbt wid jUwJ.
lh ol KjKj g-miytir kh xfhf bfhL
tuglJ. J x isfis VgLj, kh mirit cikahd mDgtkhf
fhl nrfglJ. J iuthf kh bjh JiwF f mtakhd xwhf
khaJ. jnghJ cyf ms VWbfhsgl jukhf RWtl x kW
khfY, nAh nalfY gagLwJ. xbth DVD a(Player)
kW S-nu-jL af, a fz ol nf kW
braifnfh br-lh(set-top) bgofY, Monah, onah VfY j lh
ol Eg bghUjgLwJ. mf onah isahLfY, lh ol
157

Monah Egij rhJsJ. mjhtJ KG kh RWtl x juij

vF brwhY Fl lh cauij bfhlhlyh.
Monah miyf ol jftfshf khwgll (J vnfho MF),
mj jft gFgL, wF jft bjhlfhf, tljo myJ MiyY wikahf JbfhLfgLwJ. j jft wF U bgWtjfhf
o-nfh(De-code) bragLwJ. lh ol vgJ ts bgw vnfho, onfho EgkhF. J cikahf g bragl xfisna Ug ilf
brwJ.
5.6.2. DTS (Digital Theater Systerm)
J g miytir Monah Egij bfhl xU bjhluhF. ol RW
tl xbjhF jw bgw mikf, tf Kiwfhf,
nalfY, Efnth caj gaghofhf J gagLjgLwJ. 1995tiu j ol K mDgtkhf bfhsglJ.
mogil kW bghJthd bkhgotkhf 5.1 miytir mikJsJ. J
lh ol mik nghynt Monah 5 Kjik miytirahf, jDl xU
w LFE(Low frequency effect) miytir Jiz C~gUfhf mikJsJ.
eilKiw a DTS khWgl mikf ilwJ. jDl 7 Kjik
Monah miytir, mjDl xU LFE khWghLf bghJthd mogil
mikj DTS nfh(DTS-core) kW thF jJt mikjJ. xU nfh DTS
jft Xlij bghUUjJ.
TLj jft njitfhf thd
Xlij(Stream) a khWghlhd ga jUwJ.
a ntWghlhd o-nfh Xlij J bfhl o-nfhl,
bfhLfgl tKiwf thf brwJ. j tia brYJ(backward) KiwF xJiHwJ.
nalf gagLa, Kndho Kiwahd 24 JL fhy FpLf,
byR tahf iu cUtfis fhLwJ. xU LED j fhy FpL jftfis
CLU goj wF DTS bra lF mDwJ. fhy Fpil gagL
iu Gj cUtf DTS xghij xUizfgLwJ. gmiytir DTS Monah g, CD-ROM g 1,103kb/s vw JL k
bragLwJ. j Monah g nal DTS KiwfY gagLwJ. nal
DTS bragLf nghFtuJ bkfh rj Monah jLfis oJ
itf, gof itwJ. j DTS mik WtglJ, xW, uL myJ
_W jLf g bragL jft xnu jo ga itfglJ. DTS-CDROM-f jtwhd glij jtwhd jLl bragLj KoahJ.

dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjL
1. irjo RHY nkir _______ M MdJ.
m) v~F jfL
M) jhujfL
) sho jfL
<) fhg jfL

158

2. ehlh g fU ehlh vbghUsh MdJ.

m) U
M) Jjehf kW Ufyit
) Jjehf
<) mYa
3. ehlh g fU _______ xkhtif gagLwJ.
m) fhg M) flr
) l
<) ild
4. xU ey jukhd CD-f l _______ MF.
m) 80 mm M) 110mm
) 60mm
<) 120mm
5. CD- xbthU g tfSF ilna cs u _______ MF.
m) 1.8m
M) 1.9 m
) 1.6 m
<) 2.6 m
6. MP3- nrfgL ol xf _______ got UF.
m) rlf M) nfh
) mltiz
<) gil
7. xU eLju CD MP3 nfh_______ ghlfis g bra
m) 138
M) 18
) 500
<) 100
8. DVD nyrf w_______Mf UF
m) s
M) Cjh
) MuR
<) t
9. _______ xU egjFj jft nrig Fiwj gil mfy jUwJ.
m) MP3
M) DVD
) MP4
<) CD
10._______
vgJ f mj rhjdfSF ilna br bjhlig
VgLJwJ.
m) DVD
M) USB
) IPOD
<) MP3
II. XU thijf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

irjo ntf vthW khwgLwJ?

ehlh g fU ehlh g bragl xia kiwf gagL bghU vJ?
CD-f vj bghUsh jahfgLwJ?
xU VCD- nrF bfhss ahJ?
MP4- thf TW.
CFC,MMC kW SDC Ma g milf msit TW.
sh I-gho viyia TW.
nAh nalf FiwjJ vjid xghf gagLjgLwJ?
lh ol vjid miytiria bfhlJ?
nalf jnghJ gagLJ xgu Kiw ahJ?

III. XU tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

irjL F tiuf
ehlh gfU cs glfis TW,
bkjL(CD) f mikJs gFf ahit?
VCD- gafis TW.
MP3 vwh vd?
DVD jft nr mogil mikj gtif DVD-fis TW.
S-nu-jo nrF msf g TW.
g mil (memory card) g RUfkhf TW,
USB gagL ntW y mikfis TW.
gntW tifahd I-gh fis TW.
159

IV. XU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

CD-f jahfgL Kiwia sF.

MP3- jft nrig g t.
MP3,MP4 xLf.
S-nu-o g vGJ.
bjhl Clfkhf USB vthW gagLwJ?
I-gh jJtij sF.

V. fl dhfSF thd ila

1. ehlhg fU afij sF.
2. nAh naliu mikF jij sF
3. DTS- g sF
4. lh bjh Eg g thf TW.
ilf :
1. m

2. M 3.

4. <

5.

6. M 7. m

160

8. <

9.

10. M

6 ouhtf
(Transmitters and Receivers)
brngh, brl ngh (Mobile) myJ fyh (Wireless) ngh vW
miHfgL. itf cL Mldhit bfhl, ifF mlF ngh MF.
o gagLJ ngh ngh myhk l L l Fiwj vig
bfhLjhYTl vLJ bry vjhf UF. il L btna btFu
brY kf xUtUl xUt bjhl bfhs J f njitgLwJ.

6.1.1 brnghf jJt

brngh cik Ut thbdhf MF. Kija th lh ngh
UjhY, mijl mf Kndw bfhl mik MF. eh brngh th
(Receiver) tna ngRbghGJ, xahdJ g bragL thbdh miyfshf khw
bragLwJ. j thbdh miyf fh gaJ Kjik iya cs
thia (Receiver) milwJ. miyakhdJ e miHig, (Call) bjhiyng tiy
mik (Telephone Network) _ykhf, eh bjhl bfhs U egUl bjhlig
VgL ngr itwJ. mnj ngh ntbwhU eg eik ng miHF nghJ mj
irif, tiyaik _y ekF mU cs iyaJF tJ nrUwJ.
miyaf thbdh miyfis mfgfKs gufSF mDwJ.
thW mDggl thbdh miyf e brngh _y L rj miyfshf
khwgLwJ. Kija fhyij l brnghf bjhiybjhl Ega guj
Kndwij bgW mwhl ehff thif iyahdjhf khlJ. Cuf,
bghUshjhu vLfgl Kj ts goahf brnghf wikahd lij
oJsd.
6.1.2 PCS (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE)
jeg bjhl nrit (PCS) vgJ 1900 MHZ vw thbdh gil fdlh,
mbkfh kW mbkf Ia ehLf ol bkhig nritfSfhf
gagLjglJ. CDMA, GSM kW D-AMPS Kiwf PCS mbtf
gagLjglJ. FCC kW bjh ehLfshd fdlh nghwit xJfgl ufa
mbt gil 1050 -1900 MHZ-I bfhL bkhig ngh braghil 1994-M
tUl gagLd. Vbd cikahd brYyh nghf
mbtgilahd 800-894 MHZ- mf Tl nrJsJ. jdh Ugf
gilfshf GSM nghf wikahf bragL. 800 kW 1900 MHZ
mbtgilia njbjLJ ntiy brwJ. vthwhD GSM cyf
nghf (y _W gil myJ ehF gil nghf vW miHfgLwJ)
vW VW bfhl tl mbkfh, Inuhgh nghw ehLfSF ij MjjJ.
btgf USA ehLf PCS bjhl VgLj GSM -1990I gagLJwJ.
(Sprint) vw fgna Kj PCS tiy mikig VgLaJ. J
USA- tiy mikig VgLaJ. J USA- cs ghonkh -thl
bknuh nghl gF GSM -1990 tiy mik csJ. dh Sprint j
tiyaikig (Network) CDMA bjh EgF khaJ. nkY GSM flikig
x ghoF (Omni point) gid brjJ. USA fhy T-bkhig xU

161

gFahf J mikjJ. jnghJ mbkfh gy gFf PCS mbt

jbjLfgL gagLjgLwJ
6.1.3. GSM (GLOB SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION) xgu
cyf Kiw bkhig bjhlghdJ f ugykhd, jukhd bkhig
bjhiybjhl Kiwahf cy csJ. GSM Tlik, mj ts UF
bjh tjf mikghd bkhig ng Clff kW cgahsf fz
go, 80%cyf bkhig rij, j junk gagLjgLwhf. 212 ehLfY
kW gy a unjrfY Rkh 4.3 a kfSF nk GSM Kiwia
gagLJwJ. GSM j Kndhofshd irif kW ngR ttif (Speech
Channel) f UJ khWgLsJ. Vdnt GSM ulh jiyKiw bkhig ngh
vW VW bfhsglJ. nkY J guj ms jft xgu gagLwJ
GSM jukdJ Efnth kW tiy mikig aFgt UtUF f
mDTykhf csJ. FWjft nrit (SMS) f Fiwj bry eil
KiwgLJt GSM Kndhoahf fwJ
6.1.4. CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) xgu
FpL ghFghL gtif ttifahdJ xU nrd (xU KfgL) bfhL
elJ Kiwahf, gntW nuonah bjhl Ega gagLwJ. J bkhig
ngh juf vwiHfgL CDMA 1 kW CDMA-2000F FHgij
VgLJtiy.
xU jj fnf nrd, gy
ouhlfis bfhL jftfis mDwJ
vw l xU mogil jJt MF. J gy
galhsfSF,
xU
gil
mfyij
gymbtfshf khjUwJ. j jJtnk
kosvwiHfgLwJ. CDMA gut
bgu EgaY (Spread Spectrum technology)
w FpL lf g brJ, gtif gut
bgu d Tlikig bfhLsJ.
vdnt gngwgl FpL iriff, br
bjhlig l m cajftfis bfhl gil
mfy cilajhf UF. gtif ttif xU
xikahd uid vJbtwh xU miwF
kf xUtnuhL xUt bjhl bfhs
UggLtJ nghyhF. VgL FHgfis
jf, kf ngR fhyij khbfhsyh (fhy khWghL) Fujuij
khbfhsyh (mbt khWghL) bkh tifia khbfhsyh (FpL
ghFghL). CDMA- xik fil cjhuzij bfhlJ. xnu bkhia ngr
bjjtf kL JbfhSkhW, kwtfsh ayhjgo FpL Kiw
mikUF. mij nghynt thbdh CDMA xU FG gaghlhsUF kL
FpL (Code) gJ bfhLfgLwJ. gy FpLf xnu nrdiy bfhoUjhY
mj Tlik cs galhsf kL mj Fl Fpo bjhl
bfhs Ko
162

CDMA gaf:
xU CDMA bkhig ngh
1. GPS FpL ghFghL (kos) xU Kdh gaghL MF. J mJ
nkY CDMA xUJ nkik bgwJ.
2. CDMA-xwh rijF bfhL tugl Qualcomm (Fthfh) ju IS -2000.
Fthfh ju IS -2000vgij CDMA 2000 vW Twyh. j ju gy tif
bkhig ngh fgfS, Fnshglh braifnfh tiyaik nrJ
ij gagLJwJ.
OMNITRACS-braifnfh mik l L l efU Eg
CDMA gagwJ
6.1.5. TDMA (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) xgu
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) vgJ xU nrd ttif Kiw
gjfgl Clf tiyaik MF. diy btntW fhy ghij J
gy galhsfSF clhd fhy ghij (Slot) mLjLJ Jjkhf g
guwd. J xnu khahd xguig gy iyafSF gjwJ.
(cjhuz thbdh mbt nrd) mnj rka nrd bfhssF jFj,
xU Fl gFia kL gagLj mDkfgLwJ. TDMA, ol 2G
brYyh Kiw cs y bkig bjhlfhd cyf Kiw (Global system) IS- 136,
j eg ol brYyh (PDC) kW DECT (Digital Enhanced Cardless
Telecommunications) jukhd, vLJ bryToa nghfY gagLwJ.
braifnfh guj viyf kW ifalf nuonah tiyaikfY
gagLwJ.
Data stream divided into frames

Frames divided into time slots.

Each user is allocated one slot.

Time slots. contain data with a

guard period if needed for
syncronisation

101010111010101

Guard Periods (optional)

TDMA Tlik jft gy rlfshY nkY rlf gy fhy

ghijahf fglij fhLwJ
TDMA gf:
gtif galhsfSF xU jj C mbtiz gjwJ.
f vjhf ifahsToa, bjhlyhj xguig brwJ.
ild TDMA ghijf nfl t mikJ jugLwJ.
xU y l VgL br ilWf ju CDMAit l Fiwj w
fLghL bryit bfhlJ.
caj xUizig bfhlJ. (CDMA it fhoY)
163

br ciH oj jik bfhlJ. (CDMA it fhoY)

mbt / ghij xJL rW fod
ciwl w JoJo kw rhjdfSl ilW VgLJ.

6.1.5 bkhig Kiwf TDMA

2G Kiw
mf 2G brYyh Kiwf, Fl yfd IS.95 juij bfhlJ.
itah TDMA mogil csJ. GSM, DAMPS, PDC, IDEN kW PHS ah
TDMA brYyh Kiwfhd cjhuzfshF. mbt eilY kW mfw
gil xgufY, ilWfis Fiwf GSM cl TDMA izwd. J
bghJthd tiffY ilWfis FiwwJ.
GSM Kiw, xUizj bkhig nghf, Kjik iya _y
teljgl cjufis vts Kdjhf brnghfsh xgug Konkh
mijl Kdjhfnt cjufis bfhL brt rhjid gilJsJ.
thbdh miyf x irntfij jhkj brtUJ
<LbragLwJ. bkhig nghf mj KG fhy ghijF xgu brtij
mDkgiy. Mdh xbthU fhy ghij KoY xU xUizj fhy
Kndhlij rbrJ xgu brwJ.
3G Kiw
mf Ka 3G Kiwf Kjikahd CDMA- mogilyhdJ.
fhy uif (Time division Duplex) xgj goa (Dynamic TDMA) kW xgj
a gtif lfY 3G mik ilwJ. CDMA cl iz, U bjh
EgfUJ mf eikf vLJ bfhwJ

6.2. mft (INFRARED)

mft xf (Infrared Radiation) vgJ fhj xf MF. j
miys 0.7 Kj 300 iknuhlUF UF. jF rkkhd mbt viy
Rkhuhf 1 UJ 430 THz (Terahertz) tiuF UF.
j miys, fQW x sijl mf. Mdh mjmiys
blhubA iknuh miyf f ir l Fiw. ufhrkhd Na x
cUthF xfR fl kl 1 nyh th / rJu lUF nkyhf UF.
j Mw 527 th mft f Y, 455 th fQW xY kW 32
th w Cjh f Y UF.
mft ff, thf uhQt kW muR thfF gagLwJ.
uhQt gagho cslaJ, yF clghL bghJ gyid, Ul fh,
brhj kW Jg Mait MF. uhQt myhj gagho cslaJ.
btgw ghFgh, btFu btgiy cz, Fiwj tiuaiu cs
fyh bjhl, x CLU fU, jgbtg iy Kd Mait
MF. tha mft bt mRjkhd gFfshd _yTW nkff
CLUt, a nfhfis fla, czs jahgLjgl
bjhiyneh gagLwJ. nkY gHfhy lbgaj y
bghUfis ghitl gagLwJ.
164

mQkl mft Mw bratif jftfis btbfhzJ,

_yT xU khW Uir af tahf, xU gaDs mbt
tiuaiufis j Mw iyah Kiwahd rk _yTWfis g ma
brwJ. mft x CLU fU, mbt kW br mogil
xguggL kW ftugL mft Mw tiuaiuia ffhwJ.
mft (Infrared) bghU t, y bkh infra vgj bghU
(below), t (Red) vgJ fQW x mf miys bfhl
tzkhF. mft xahdJ mf miys (Mdh Fiwj mbt)
bfhlJ. kjdh ghfgL x miysij l J mf. vdnt
brh mft vwhdJ

gaghLf:
mft tofo (Filters)
J gytifahd bghU bfhL
jahfgLwJ. xUtifahd ghrngh
shofh cUthfgLwJ. J btis
xUJ tU wkhiyia 99% nk jLJ
WJwJ. eilKiw cyf KGtJ mj
mft tofoia gagLJwhf.
uhQt, rl eltoif, bjhrhiy kW
thf gaghLf mft tofo
gagLwJ.

Ul fh (Night Vision)

gl 6.2 ((a)) mft

Ul fh

vbghGJ bragL iy UF
mft, u fQF yglhj
fhiaTl, mft miys nfkuh
tahf bjthf ghfKo. xU mlahd
U kiwfgoUF fhTl j
mft u fh _y iu bjthf
fhz aY btg ms g br fU:
(Thermography)

mft frh btF

bjhiy cs bghU btg
iyia maKo.
Vdnt J
bjnkhuh vwiHfgLwJ.
J uhQt, bjhrhiy gagho
cjwJ. x bgo 360, bjhiy cz
fLgho (remote control) cs LED
btahF mft xia
ol nfkuh tahf fhzKo

gl 6.2 ((b)) btg ms g br

fU eh cUt
165

gl 6.2 ((c)) nfkuh tahf bj LEDUJ

UJ btgL mft x

tfhl: (Tracking)
J VWbfhl Vfiz tfhL Kiwia nkbfhljhF.

btg_l (Heating)
mft fRf, ftdkhf jahfgl btg_L _yf
gagLwJ. njitahd lfis fbfhL btgnkwyh. nkY Mfha
khd wiff ciwUF gfoid cUfitf ff
gagLwJ. x CLUthj Kiw cz rikf, Nnlw, f caj
btgiyia bfhLf mft fR gagLwJ. bjhrhiy cg
Kiw, mft btg_l vgJ f ugykhdjhF. cjhuzkhf
tzR rbrj, shoif cUFj, sho gw itj, mR cyj
kW fodkhFj nghw ntiyfis bra mft btg_l gagLwJ

thiy a (Metrology)

gl 6.2 ((d)) braifnfh gl

IR (Infrared) braifnfh gl mnlhg khj 15 nj 2006 vLfglJ.
bknfh tisFlh nkgF NHnyhL bghUa o dYl Toa
fUnkf Tlf fhzgLwJ. jg btgiy braifnfh bghUjgl
Ezh nuonah lf, btgij myJ mft fir cUthfwJ.
j _y xU g bgw Mths mj l cs nkff tif kW
mj cau, y kW mgu cs btgiyia g bjthd Koit
Tw Ko.
166

6.3 ~S^ (Blue tooth)

~S^ vgJ cakl ghJfhl jeg gu tiyaik (Personal Area
Network PAN), iyahd kW efu Toa (mobile) rhjdf _y jftfis
Fiwj bjhiy gkh bfhs cj xU wj fyh bjh Eg
KiwahF. blfh gidahsuhd vr (Ericsson) vgtu 1994
cUthfglJ. Rs-232 vw jft flF khWgljhf mikf vz bfhL
cUthfgl xU fyh mik MF. J xUfik VgL gy
uidfis izJsJ. W ~S^ xU jj MtKs FGth
nkyhik bragLwJ.
~S^ vw brh nlZ shnl (Danish Blatand) vw brh
My totkhF. 10 who blkh muruhd Kjyh AuhL vgt
nl eho gntW thf Uj gHFodiu xwhf izjjh j
milbkh fhuzkhW j bghU, ~S^ vgJ cyf KGtJ xU
ju xUikgLJt, Kj bjhl Kiwahf mikjJ
~S^ gagLjgL thbdh bjhEg, mbt gaF gut
bgu (Spread Spectrum) vd miHfgLwJ. J jftfis gy a
JLfshFwJ. nkY 1 MHZ mfy, 2402 Kj 2480MHZ tiu bfhl
miyia 79 gilfshf J bgUJLfshf xgu brwJ. J cyf ms
ck bgwhk, bjhrhiy, Phd kW kUJt (ISM) nghwt 2.4
GHZF Fiwj mbt gil gagLwJ.
~S^ xU rilig mogil (Packet based) Kndhoahd khl moik (Master-slave) flik UwJ. xU khl xnu rka 7 moikfSl
bjhl bfhs Ko vw jJt mogil ntiy brwJ. vikahd
mik jj ghij riligia khl, uil v ghij xgu, xiw
v ghij x V brwJ. moik jF Kughlhd brayhf uil v
ghij x Vf, xiw v ghij xgug brwJ. Mdh midJ
mikY khl xgu br nghJ (uil v ghij) moik xgu
brwJ (xiw v ghij).
~S^ ghJfhghd t bjhl clhf, rhjdfilna jftis
gkh bfhs VghL brwd. jFcjhuzkhf ml brfis
mD dQ rhjd (FAX), bkhig nghf, bjhiyngf, nylh, jeg
f, mL rhjd, GPS tif thf, ol nfkuh, onah isahL
mikf nghwtiw Twyh.

gaf
~S^ xU jukhd br bjhl KndhoahdJ. J Fiwj w
bfhL Fiwj viy bfhl mikghF. Vbdwh rhjdf thbdh
xgu br bjhl Kiwia gagLJwd.
mDkfgl caj fw tiuaiw
Class
mW
dBm
Class 1
100
20
Class 2
2.5
4
Class 3
1
0
167

(VwjhH) s
~100l
~10l
~1l

mf mikf gaDs tiuaiuahd sh 2 rhjdf

thfgLsJ. sh 1 cl izf njitahwJ. J ca Egw
kW sh 1 rhjd xgu w bfhL wikahf bragLwJ
fUJU (Version)
Version1.2
Version2.0 + EDR
Version3.0+ HS

jft viy (Data Rate)

1 Mbit/s
3 Mbit/s
24Mbit/s

gl 6.2.1 ((a) ~S^ bkhig ngh bAbr

gaghLf
~S^ bkhig ngh bAbrlhdJ
bkhig nghF, nA - bAbroF (Hand-free-Head set) ilna
fyh bjhlig VgLJwJ. J jnghija ugykhd xU gaghL
MF.
jeg f (Personal computer PC) Fiwj gil mfyij bfhL
Fl viyF fyh tiyaikig bfhlJ.
fyh bjhlig PC- cL kW btpL k, rhgyif kW
mL fUfSl VgLJwJ.
nfhfis khw, thd bjhl ilf, njFa akd kW
idlYF OBEX rhjdfis izwJ.
nrhjid fU f bjhlig kh mikwJ. nkY GPS V, kUJt
fUf, (Bar Code) JL ufa FpL, Ezh fU kW
nghFtuJ fLghL rhjdfY gagLwJ.
a sgufis ~S^UJ mDg aY. (sgu rhufis
mLjtUF)
U bjhyf tiyaikF fyh ghykhf csJ.

gl 6.2.1 ((b) ~S^ rhjd

168

6.2.3 GPRS (General packet radio service)

bghJthd rilig thbdh (Packet radio) nrit (GPRS) vgJ xU bkhig
jft nritia GSM bkhigngh galhsfSF ilf brtjhF. J
vnghJ 2.5G vnw tfgLwJ. mgobawh ulh jiyKiw (2G)
kW _wh (3G) jiyKiwF ilgl EgkhF. GSM tiyaik TDMA
gagLjhj nrdiy bfhL ahakhd ntf jftfis gkhw brwJ.
Mug iy kw jufis ftu GPRSI thf vzUjJ. Mdh mjF
gyhf mj tiyaikig ahit GSMF gjfglJ. vdnt xnu
tifahd tiyaikghd GPRS kLnk ga csJ. GPRS. GSM cl
xUikgLjglJ.
GSMju fyJs giHa jft ir RW bjhlUJ GPRS
ntWglJ. GPRS rilig (Packet) ir vgJ jft mD njitUF
nghJ kL, xnu nrd gy galhsfSF gjF KiwahF. tiyjs
njl (Web browsing), bkiy (E-mail) bgw kW cldo bria bgw
GPRSI gagLJ cjhuzf MF. tHfkhf GPRS jft Kiw brfis
mDg bgw xU nyh igoF (Kilobytes) iy za bragLwJ. J
xU RW ir jftfis mDg bgw xU dhoF iy za
brtJ nghy mik.
GPRS- tF 8 vgij 4+1 vd Twyh. j bghU 4 ghijf wf
(download), 1 ghij Vw (upload) gjfgLwJ. j cUtu got (profile)
NiyfSnfg mfkhf tiynjl lnyh bragLwJ. xU
gaghlhs brfis mDtij l e-mail mfkhf bgw j cUtiu
got gagLwJ.
GPRS- tF 10 vgij 4+2 vW miHfgLwJ. 4 ghijf
wf (download), 2 ghij Vw (upload) mDkfgLwJ. Mdh 5
ghijfSF nk rka gagLJtiy. cldo JL brfis j
cUtiu got NiyfSnfg mDg gagLwJ
XbthU ghij mfgoahd 14.1 nyhig / dho brwilwJ
Download

upload

GPRS 4+1 57.6 kbit / s

GPRS 3+2 43.3 kbit / s
CSD 9.6 kbit/s
HSCSD
28.8 kbit /s (2+1)
HSCSD
43.2 kbit /s

14.4 kbit /s (class 8 &10)

28.8 kbit /s (class 10)
9.6 kbit/s
14.4 kbit /s (2+1)
14.4 kbit /s (2+1)

GPRS- UJ jft nrit fhQ nritfis brwJ.

1. Kj tiu (point to point)
2. xU UJ gy F (point to multi point)
3. FWjft nrit (SMS)
4. Kftyhj nrit
dh gyid mff

169

6.2.4 ifgl fU (Camera)

cUtfis gl of cj fU nfkuhthF jahfnth
bjhltirahfnth, xlndh, x yhknyh gl vLf onah nfkuh
gagLwJ, bga nfkuh mFuh(Camera obscura) vw brh UJ
jUfglJ. y bkh lh rhg (dark champer) vwhwJ. nfkuh
xU Ulhd miw csJ. m xU gf C Jis ms btr cns EiH
ms xU w csJ. mjF kWgf fhia gl of VJthf xU btgu
cL. CJis wF nk xU ik nghw mik csJ. J fh
xia gl oF neu kLnk cns mDkF, wF ikia _oL.
fh x msF Vg j neu mik.
nfkuh _y gy tf fhf Faij Jakhf mikfyh.
va tif nfkuh iyahd Fa (Focus) kW mfw nfhz (Wide angle)
bfhl by _y Fl viy (3 l) cs midJ fhia vLf
a C Jisia (aperture) bfhoUF. j tr bghJthf iyk kW
xU eg ifahS nfkuh fhzgLwJ. tif nfkuh nknyna mj Fa
viy tu (Focus range) FfgoUF. nfkuhit gagLJnth, bghU
juij CJ wF Faij r bra ntL. y nfkuh J Fplhf
bfhLfgoUf. viy fhQ (range finder) nfkuh nk cs U izahd
byRf _y fhia Fa brayh. xU byR kL cs nfkuh cs
byR mf w csjhf UF. U byR nfkuh cs xW bghUSF
mUY kbwhW FaF mUY izahf UF.
giHa nfkuhf xia gl RUnyh myJ ifgl jfonyh gl
owd. onah kW ol nfkuhf dQa, ndw bgw (CCD)
U rhjdf _y cUtfis gl oJ xU ehlh nrJ itwJ myJ
khWwJ ij f g brJ wF Ug bgwyh.
iugl nfkuh glf bjhl tir (Sequence) iwa fhf gl
ofgLwJ. mirah ifgl (still camera) vLF nfkuhit gagL, xU
ouh mij ef mir cUtij gl vLf Ko. ed ol nfkuh
vbghGJ fzylfh afik. iyahd kW mir g bratifF
il mikJsJ.
3D glfis vLF nfkuhF Onah nfkuhf vW bga. Onah
nfkuhf mRgl kW eG glf vLf U byRf mUfUnf
mikfgLwJ. Onah nfkuhdh byoFy mRfl 3,4,5 myJ mjF
nkgl byRf csd.
glRU nfkuh Ka gFahd jftfis mL gF, vLfgL
ifgl njia befo glY g brwJ.
nfkuh jah tiff.
Canon
Konica
Leica
Olympus
170

Nikon
Minolta
Pentax
Sony
6.2.5 VGA
Video Graphics Array (VGA) vw f fh ju KjKj 1987- IBMM rijF bfhL tuglJ. VGAit ndho bghUahf Kdh EGA
kW CGA uh mlhlUF Twyh. MCGA vgJ Tl IBMM
cUthfglJ. Mdh J VGAit nghy UjhY mijl f vikahd
totij bfhlJ.
VGA, midJ , KG v uh bratif kW fbgh bjh
Ega gagL vGJ, v bratif Ma uil MjwJ. y
jukhd uh bra tiffshtd
640x480 in 16 colours
640x400 in 16 colours
320x200 in 16 colours
320x200 in 256 colours (Mode 13h)
ijnghy VGA ju bratif mj Kndhoahd EGA, CGA kW MDA
Matiw mjDila xUfik a, Mtzf myhk bra tifia
MjwJ.

bra l
Mtzyhj, Mdh ugykhd 66 fy bratif, Xbratif vd
miHfgLwJ. J njitahd bjhEg bralfis uh
khdfis cUthFwJ. j bratif nkh 13h- rhaiy.
ahghu mf fZlkhd, eZlUJ y tifah uh braghLf
wJ

ghl bratif
jukhd f bjhEg vGJ kW vf j bratif 80x25 kW
40x25 bratifah MdJ. XbthU miw 16 fy tiff 8 K
mikF, 8 mikF njbjLfyh. j gf f L
(Blanking) mikghf cUthfyh. j fl njF mik fyuhf
16 fyfis nj brayh.
VGA gagLJgtf fU btis kW fy bratif ulnk
njbjLwhf. Mdh fU btis mf gagLJtiy. fy
bra l rhg wkhf gagLjgLwJ

AhLnt bra
fy bral tif xbthU iu cik 2 igfshf
FlgLwJ. iy myJ g ig, tHfkhd gfhf eilKiw
gig mikF kW caiy iglhdJ. a lij gagL gntW
iyfis mjhtJ fy, fl, g (Character), mik kW gytF
gagLwJ
171

VGA nfkuh
mf ol nfkuhf kW dQ rhjdf (nfkuh csit) VGA jnghija junk gagLwJ. j y gaghLf W yt cjwJ.
VGA nfkuh csnfkuh g myJ g milf _ykhf cUtf
neilahf nrfgLwJ. wF j cUtf f mrhf khwgLwJ
myJ TV iu bghJ kf ghitF nf tahf bjhl bfhLfgL
iulgLwJ.
VGA jFil nfkuh vLF glf 640x480 bfhoUF.
mjhtJ gl mfy 640 [ Mf Uf. VGA nfkuh vLfgL glf
bgUghY Fiwj lijna nrf vLJbfhS
VGA nfkuh gagL lf
brngh
isahL nfkuh
ca bkfh [ nfkuh
igdhFy
VGA tifahdJ mj msF kLnk ju mj bjF iy. 640x480
[ vgJ 0.3 bkfh [Yf rkkhd cUtij bfhLF. j bj glij
bgjhF nghJ FiwwJ. vdnt ed khl kW TV iuf 1280x1024
gagLjgLwJ.

6.2.6 gltif (PIXEL type)

bkfh [Yfhd rij Xl, f eynj ekh U eggLwJ
mrjgtrkhf J vJ iy. [ vif gy fhufis ghgJ
mj ey ju xnwahF. nkY mf [f vnghJ eyjhf Ugiy.
[ k mj ju vW TwToa, mj toa Ja, fy Ja,
af viy, iur, fiy EQf MF. [ j ju, vzw nghnlh
ilnahLfis rhjJ. it by ey ju kW cz fyitia zf
gagLwJ. nghnlh ilnaho ms, nfkuh cWf ju, ryhj iy
nfkuhD cs cUtij r br braKiw bkbghUf, cUtfis
goa nrF got nghwit zfgLwd. btntW cz
mik kW nfkuh totik ah btntW iwfis brwJ.

toa Ja
toa Ja vzw [ l cz mik kW cz
mik nthL bghUJ by w Matiw bghUJ by w
Matiw bghUJ mikwJ. bra t vthW fhia msgJ
vgjhF. ilbrh vgJ toa Jaij KndwhJ, Vbd vLfhj
cUtij cUthfhJ.

fy Ja
w cz mikf xGFgLJ fy Jaij bfhoUF. it
xU r lmikF xU nghnlh ilnahil kL bfhoUF. nkY
172

Xufis Rs gFf fhL fy Jakwitahf UF. Vbd

xbthU fy nrdY jta rf myfhuyhj Kiw mogil
fzlgoUF. r lij vif mfFnghJ mJ brrh
(cz mik) tahf ghF fiyit FiwF.
Foveon sensorf _W nghnlh ollf xU r l mikF
njitgLwJ. nkY mjdh myfhuyhj fiy it (art facts) FiwJ mf
fy Jaij cUthFwJ. mrhjhuzkhf mj Ja w cz mikig
l eilKiw Fiwthf UwJ. j Eg xU y nfkuhf kLnk
ilwJ

af viy
r l mik, ms kW iw fhu br nghnlh ilnaho
ms ituL af viy bga isit VgLJwJ. mf juKs
cz mikfns mf Jaij bfhLF. nkY bga af viyia
btplhf bfhLF. J r k nrJ RAW nfh ghJfhfgLwJ.
xU khWgl Fiji film super CCD, super CCD, SR Mait U nghnlh ilnahLfis
xU r l mikF gagLJwJ. mf Egw bfhl nghnlh
ilnahLf Hfis msL brwJ mnj rka Fiwj Egw nghnlh
ilnahLf ca xia msL brwJ

6.3 miu-uil fbjhl (Half duplex)

OR

gl 6.3(a) xU va miu-uil fbjhl

xU miu-uil fbjhl (Half duplex) Kiw Uirf
brbjhlig tHFwJ. Mdh xU rka xU ir kLnk bjhlig
tHF. cjhuzkhf xUt xU irifia bgW U mD tiu J neu
xguig W itwJ.
miu-uil fbjhl KiwF cjhzkhf eilngia (th-lh)
Twyh. J Ut thbdhia ngh bragL. Kj ngRgt ng KojJ
over vw brhiy TKof ntL. wnf mLjt ngrKo. Kiw
xU rka xUt kLnk bjhl bfhs Ko. Vbd UtU ngr
gagLJtJ xnu mbtzhF.
J xU ey xUizghf, xU l rhiy UwK xU nghFtuJ
fLgLJtf br braiy xUF. jirahf bragL br
173

bjhl Kiwf, U tf jftfis izwJ. br bjhlfhd fhy

xJL, fod bghUf bfhL miu-uil fbjhl fLgLjgLwJ.
jdh njityhj miytir (Channel) aFtiy. cjhuzkhf iya A
xU Kid xU dho neu jftfis xgunghJ, mnj rka iya
B kbwhU Kid mnj dho neu jftfis xgug mDkfgLwJ.
thW j RH L L gagLjgLwJ.

6.3.1 KG-uil fbjhl (Full duplex)

gl 6.3(b) xU va KG uil fbjhl mik

KG-uil fbjhl (Full duplex) bghJthf ifalf thbdhf
fhzgLtiy. j bry kW fyhd mikng jF fhuzkhF. xU
KG-uil fbjhl myJ U uil fbjhl U irfY xU
rka bjhlig mDkF. miu-uil fbjhl ngh myhk, J
mLjLJ ffis mDkF. yt f bjhiyng tiyaik j
KG-uil fbjhl Kiwna gagLwJ. mjdh UgfY xnu
rka ngr, nff KowJ. J xU ey xUizghf Ut rhiy
nghFtuij xUF. cjhuz, bjhiyng brlng (bkhig) MF.
Ut nuonahfshd KG-uil fbjhl xU bris
xgutjF Vg totikfgLwJ. J xU mbtiz, Vf ntbwhU
mbtiz vLJbfhwJ. vdnt jF mbt uil (Frequency division duplex) vW bga. J mf ufSF L L vjhf
bjhl bfhS iyafSF gL bfhLfgLwJ. Vbdwh
brbjhl xgug vnghJ VjhtJ xU mbtiz bfhL xnu ir
gaF.
KG-uil fbjhl Mfha t bjhlig mLjLJ Unrho ff
_y VgLJwJ. neilahf izF rhjdf xU nrho x gug, xU
nrho Vf mikfgLwJ. J f wikahf, RWNH nkhj yhk
brwJ. J jft bjhl bfhssit UklfhFwJ.
miu-uil fbjhlig l KG-uil fbjhl mf ga
csJ. Kjyhtjhf fhy zhtiy. jdh kW xguF j rl
(Frame) njitiy. Vdnt nkhj jfgLwJ. ulhtjhf KG jft
bfhs U irfY ilwJ. Vbd brYJtJ, bgWtJ
jjahf elwJ. _whtjhf iyaf (m ika) mLjt,
xguig KGikahf KoF tiu fhUf njitiy. Vdnt F xnu xU
xguig kL xbthU irU nrhofSF gagLwJ
174

tuyhW KaJt thj, mogil Kiw y ff 1960 kW

1970 f mikjitahD, it KG-uil fbjhligna
gagLd. Vbd miu-uil fbjhl, kWxgu VglToa W
jhkjij, thF kW g mF lf Vgiy.

6.3.2 miytir viy (Channel range)

Xir bragl brnghf xU jj miw (cell) V xU gF
(1/7) uil Fu miytir (duplex voice channel) ia bgWwJ. mjhtJ xbthU
brnghD V xU gF miytir aFwJ. mjdh it rkyh
mbtiz bfhLoUjhY, mitfSF nkhjf UfhJ.
xU efuF xU ifng 832 C mbtiz gagLJwJ

xbthU miw xU miHF U mbtfis gagLJwJ.

mjhtJ U miytr aF. vdnt F xbthU C 395 Fu
miytiria bgWsJ.

mgoahdh xbthU miw 56 Fu miytiria bgwyh. ij 56 kf

xnu rka jf brngh bjhl bfhsyh vW Twyh. xUfikj
j brYh Kiwna. Kj jiyKiwahf (1G) br ng Eg fUjgLwJ.
ulh jiyKiw (2G) vyif (digital) Kiw xgu bragLwJ.
jdh miytir vif mfJsJ. cjhuzkhf TDMA vyf
Kiw, 3-klF, xUizJ Kiwial jftfis 168 miyir
vLJbrwJ.
brnghf Fiwj w xgufis mjD bfhoUF. mf
brnghf U d tikia bfhoUF. mit 0.6 th kW 3 th
MF. cq iyaf Tl Fiwj w xgufns brwd. U
gaf csJ.

Xgu iya kW nghf jfSF clhd miwia (cell) L

btFu bt bjhl bfhs KoahJ. it 56 mbtfis L
gagL, efuF bjhlig VgL bfhwJ.
rhjhuz fy (battery) dGjijl Fiwj dGjnk brngh
xguF nghJ. mjhtJ a fynd, ifalf brnghfSF
njit. XbthU efuY brYyhf mf vifs iyafis
rhJsJ.

xU bga efu Wfzfhd nfhufis (Towers) bfhoUF.

Vbdwh efu iwa kf, mj Fiwj bry fhuzkhf
gagLJwhf. XbthU efu cs xbthU C xU ika
mYtyfij bfhoUwJ. mJ if brlng aF mYtyf (Mobile
Telephone Switching Office - MTSO) vd miHfgLwJ. j mYtyff gy
bjhiyng izfis, rhjhuz y mogil Kiw ifahL, midJ
cq iyafis fLgLJwJ.

6.3.3 ifng mbtf(Cell phone Frequencies)

brngh Kija fhy UlhdJ vd bfhsgLwJ. kf cik,
brl bjhiybjhl wik Wtgl thbdh bjhiyng mik jf
175

fhf gagLj idjd. thbdh bjhiyng (radio-telephone system) tif

xU ika nfhu (tower) efu eLnt mikfgLwJ. j nfhu tna 25
miytirfis bgwyh. j ika Mldh nehf, eh fh gagLj
mf w bfhl xgu. mnj rka midtUnk ij gagLj ayhJ.
Vbd mj Fiwj miytir jF fhuz.
xU mtkhd Kiw brYyh Kiw efuf W W miwfshf
(cell) fgLwJ. Jnt efuF mgh mbtfis gagLj
mDkwJ. vdnt a fzfhd kf xnu rka brnghfis
gagLj Ko. CB thbdh myJ elng (Walkie-takie)ia xL nghJ J
f wjjhf fUjgLwJ.
KG uil - miu uil fbjhl xl eilng kW CB thbdh
uL miu- uil f bjhl rhjdf MF. CB thbdh Kiw Ut
xnu mbtiz gagL bjhl bfhSnghJ, xUt kLnk xU neu
bjhlig bgwKo. Mdh KG-uil fbjhl U ntW mbtfis
ngRgtfS nfgtU gagLJtjh, xnu neu UtU bjhlig bgwKo.

miytir
xU eilng (th-lh) xU miytia kL bgUF. CB thbdh
40 miytir aF. xU brnghdhdJ 1,664 kW mjF nkY
miytia bfhlJ.

viy (Range)
xU eil ng (Walkie-takie) 0.25 th xguia bfhL 1 ik bjhiy
xgu braToaJ. Mijl mf w bfhljhd CB thbdh 5 th w
bfhL Rkh 5 ik bjhiyF xgu brwJ. brnghf jf
miwfSFns aFwJ kW mit egKoahj viyia jUwJ. xUt
W ikfSF mgh UjhY, j ciuahliy Fl fhy KGikF,
brYyh Kiw bgwKo.

gl 6.3(a) miu-uil fbjhl gaghL

miu-uil U xgufSnk xnu mbtiz gagLJtjh
xU rka xUt kLnk ngrKo.

176

gl 6.3.(b)KG-uil fbjhl gaghL

KG-uil fbjhl U gufS UntW mbtiz
gagLJtjh xnu rka UtUnk bjhl bfhL ngr Ko. vdnt
brnghfS xU KG-uil fbjhl rhjdkhF.
Ia ehLf xUfikj brngh bjhl Kiw 800
mbtfis bgW efuij flJ gagLJwd. Cf efuij WW
JLfshf (cell) wJ. xbthU JL Fiwj ms 10 rJu ikfis
bfhoUf. xU bga mWnfhz rl ikj xU a mWnfhzkhf
JLf (brf) fUjgLwJ.

gl 6.3.(c)brJLf flik
xbthU JL (cell) xU cq iyaij bfhoUF. mnf,
xguF njitahd nfhu kW xgu rhjdf mla a folK
UF.
1960-M Mo mbkf Ia ehLf thbdhng vw brh
ga UjJ. j bghU U tf ngr-jS (Push-to-talk two way) vw
thbdh tif rhjdf bfhl mikghF. J a FHgkhd brhyhf
thbdh bjhiyng kW thbdhngfSilna UjJ. gHfhy Ut
thbdh ga Ujjhf fhz ayiy. 1930-M Mo xUizj
brbjhl FG (Federal communication commission) gy thf fhuzfSfhf
thbdh bjhiyng aFefis, jF mogil cik bfhLJ af
itjJ.

thbdh bjhiyng vw ng (Radio telephone Versus phone)

ngh vw brhF Kndhoahf Kija fhyf US- gagLa
fyh Fu Kiwia Twyh. brh xUizj Fu (analog voice) vw
177

bghUis bfhLjhY, Ukoahd br bjhl Kiw vW TwToa

jbjhl myJ nkh FpL (Morsce code) vgjF vuhdJ. J Utthbdh myJ xUt bjhiybjhl vw bjhFF mlF. cjhuzkhf
flfiu rhj thiyfis ma gagL KiwahF. J mbkN thbdh
Tlik kW US- cs xUizj bjhl FG (Federal Communication
Commission) xGFKiw ugykhdjhF.
6.4 WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
xU bjhiyng, x bjhlghdJ, Ut thbdh xgu kW
Via bfhL WtgLwJ. J fyh bjhiyng vW TwgLwJ.
fyh cL f (Wireless Local Loop) vw brh fyh brbjhl
vw brhnyhL izjJ. fil ik/ Kj ik iz bjthd giHa
bjhiyng nrit (Plain old telephone service POTS) kW mfw gil
izajsK (Wide band Internet) bjhiyng thoifahsfSF tHfgLwJ.
mLj fhy taikfhf, mfw gil fyh ttif (BWA),
iythbdh ttif (FRA) kW fyh ttif nghwit nrfgLwJ
fyh cL f (WLL) juf
brl ng (Mobile)
CDMA
TDMA
GSM
UMTS (3G)
jeg ifng Kiw (Personal Handy-phone system)
iyahd myJ cq tiyaik
DECT
LMDS
IEEE 802.11, Fiwj viy brl (mobile) izajs kW tiyaik
ttif nritfhf totikfglJ. cikahd jufhf WLL
jDl izfglJ.
WiMAX myJ IEEE 802.16 vgJ Kjikahd Clfkhf
WLL-F khaJ. eilKiw mf brayhf 802.11 MAC kW 5GHZ
bragLwhf. j juij l (Intel) nkY caaJ. jdh
mikfSfhf braifnfh izajs ttif csJ

6.4.1 braifnfh bjhiyng (Satellite telephone)

xU braifnfh bjhiyng myJ nrngh (Satphone) vw tif,
brlng (Mobile phone) tifahF. J braifnfhis Rs tisghijia,
y cs a lij izgjF gyhf izwJ. xU flik
jgl Kiwia rhjJ. J xU Fl gFia kL ftJ brwJ.
brlngf, rhjdf, Kidf vW miHfgLwJ. Kija
fhyJ braifnfh nghf, ifalfkhf, ms kW vilia xLnghJ
1980 kW 1990-f gagLa brlngia ngh UF. Mdh bga
178

ugF Mldhit bfhoUF. jnghija braifnfh nghf

rhjhuz brlng msit nghynt UF. y Kjikahd
braifnfh ngf js ntWghL Tl yhk rhjhuz kh ngh (smart
phone) nghnw UF. yt brbjhl vF ilfiynah, (btFu)
mFTl iuthf brYt nr nghf ugykhdit.
btFu fg brgtfSF Vg fg iyahf, bjhl bfhs
trahf xU mik UF. mLfgl dQa rhjdf bfhl
xU mykh, gh kunjhL izfgl xU ir brYJ iknuh miy Mldh
Mait UF. itah braifnfhis bfhL, jirahd ghij
brY. Ut braifnfh bjhiybjhl nritF nkyhf VOIP gagL
WtgLwJ.

dhf
I.rahd ilia njbjL
1. brnghf cik_______ MF
m) Mldh M) th lh
) bjhiyng
<)Ut thbdh
2. brngh th tna ngR xahdJ g bragL _______ miyahf
khwgLwJ.
m) miy
Mthbdh miy
) x miy
<) brz miy
3. cyf ngh vW miHfgLtJ _______ MF
m) CS M CDMA
) GSM
<) TDMA
4. mft f vgJ _______
m) xf
M) fhj xf
) thbdh miy
<) x miy
5. cUtfis gl of cj fU _______
m) ifgl fU
M) f
) brngh
<) thbdh bgo
6. VGA nfkuh vLF glf ms _______ Mf UF
m) 640 x 480 M) 460 x 480 ) 460 x 840 <) 640 x 840
7. xU miu-uil f bjhl (Half duplex) _______ irf
brbjhlig tHFwJ.
m) xU ir M) gy ir ) U ir <) ehFir
8. yt fbjhiyngf gagL mik fU _______
m) miu-uil bjhl
M) KG-uil
) fyh bjhl
<) braifnfh bjhl
9. jj miw (cell) ........................... gF uil Fu (duplex voice) miytiria
bgWwJ.
m) 1/7
M5/7
) 1/8
<)7
10. braifnfh ifng (cell phone) RUfkhf...........................vW miHfgLwJ.
m) nr ngh
M brngh
) bkhig ngh
<)th lh

179

II. xU y thij ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

brngh tU miHig vj _y eh bgWnwh

brnghf vj w bfhl xgufis gagLJwJ
KG-uil fbjhl KiwF U cjhuz bfhL.
ulh jiyKiw (2G) brnghf gagLJ Kiw ahJ?
brngh gagLJ miytir vts?

III. xU tf ila
1. brngh vwh vd?
2. PCS, GSM, CDMA, TDMA J vGJ
3. CDMA gafis TW
4. mft ff vbfF gagLwJ.
5. ~SL vwh vd?
6. nfkuh ntiy ahJ?
7. miu-uil, KG-uil fbjhl Kiwia xL.
8. braifnfh ngh ntiy ahJ?
9. WLL vgJ vd?
10. WLL juf ytiw TW
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.

brngh jJtij t
2. TDMA xgu g RUfkhf TW
3. miytir kW viyf g t
4. thbdh bjhiyng braghil t

V. uL gfSF fhk ila

1. nfkuh tiffis t
2. brngh -mbtiz t
3. 3.PIXEL-g t

ilf:
1.(<)

2. (M)

3. ()

4. ()

7.()

8. ()

9. (m)

10. (m)

180

5. (m)

6.(m)

7. yftif f
( Digital Computer)
7-1 f (Computer) KDiu:
f vgJ xU dQ rhjd. tufis nrfJ KiwgL eh
bfhLw Ffgo bragL. bkbghUS lbghUS mla xW.
mitf gntW totikf Uwd.
f vw brhUJ f tjJ. f vgJ fzL
(fhFny) vw bghU jU. e mwhl thif fzLj vw tHF
ekF eF gHfkhdnj eh Tl, fj, bgUf vD fj brafis
gy Nufis mwhl ifahSnwh. va fzLf Fiwj neuijna
vLJ bfhS. Mdh fyhditfSF mf neu njitgL. fzo
Jakhd rahd Ko Ka. vdnt itfisbayh kdbfhL
Jakhf iuthf fzL bra xU fUia fLofnto
kjMuh <Lglh. j isthfnt fl vw rhjd wjJ.
eh W ghF f Mug fhy Ujij fhoY ntWglJ.
ifahS jf, ntf, Ja Mat ts VgLsd. e mwhl
thif f njit mfJsJ. khdf, unt Jiwf
obf Kg brj, bjhiyng kW flz brYj, tf
gzij Litf, vLf, kUJt M, thiy Kd nghw
Jiwf f gaghL f f mf.
vgo UD fF X tiuaiw cL. kjf fzLfis
jhfns brwd. Mdh f rhjd X Cik rhjd. mJ rahf bragl
rahd flisfis l ntL. vdntjh eh f vthW bragLwJ
vgij mJ bfhs ntL.

7-1-2 xik (Analog)

riP brfis J bfhs y gf xik gagLwJ.
cjhuzkhf muhL fhwGjkh KF nfhz msid bfhL
thiy mGjfis J bfhsyh. mGj FfS mGj, Xl,
khw kW bkhj mGjfis fhLwd. bgwgL brf w aa
msLfshf khwgLwd (x, x, btgiy, mGj, iyghL nghw)
iknuhngh khwgLtJ nghy r w rahf khwgLwJ.
FpLf vj xU kil bgW. XbthU FpL btntWgl
bghUis FF. xbthU FpL bghUSilanj. vLJfhlhf
btgiyia Ff xU nth vgJ 1e I FF. gogl mik 10
ntLf 10 e I 10.1 nthLf 10.1e I FF.
xL Kiw xGFgLjY xW. j Kiw y mogil
FpLf xU g khwgLwJ. x khw (Amplitude) bragL x
miyfshf khwgLwJ.
xik mik vgJ dQ mikng. ol dQ nghyyhk
mdyh l bjhlJ khW FpLf csd. ol dQ uL
181

khWgl klfns csd. mdyh vw brh FpLF nthLF ilna

cs bjhligna sFwJ.

7-1-2 yftif (Digital)

ol l vgJ iyaw kfis bfhL fzL bjhEg.
Mdh khwh mdyh l bjhlJ kfis bfhL brfis
mnwh. ol l vf iyawjhD xf, cUtf kw
msLf khwToajhf, khwhjjhf Ufyh. ol vw brh o (m)
ol (uiyFF y bkhbrh) vgUJ tjJ. uf
fzLjYF gagljh ol vw brh bghJthf dQ rhjdf
Fghf ulokhd fzo ol MonahY, ol nghnlhuhY
gagLwJ.
7-1-3 ( DC-Digital computer)

yftif f ts
jfhy fhzgL gntW tifahd fbghfis g
fhngh mitf Ijh jiyKiwF cajhD, tot, w, idw
kW cgnahngh vifia bghWJ gy tiffshf fgLwd.
bghJthf tU f tifgLjgLwd.

1. Ea f (Micro Computer)
J ntf kW nrfF w mogil fbgh fil tifia
rhjJ. j CPU iknuhuhrruhf bragL. vL a iknuhuhrr
jfLfis bfhL Kj iknuh fl braglJ. gutyhf mfkhf
gagLjgL jeg f (PC personal computer) j tifia rhjJ. PC
Vuhskhd kW m rhjdfis ifahSwJ. 16 , kW 32 ,
fbsyh 8 tsna. IBM PC. PC-AT vgitf iknuh
flUF vLJfhLf.

2. a f (Mini Computer)
Xnu neu xWF nkgltf gagLJgo totikfglJ J.
mf ms brfis nrfJ itJJbfhS wD ntfJl bragL
wD bfhlJ. xnu rka gntW cgnahghsf gy tifY
gagLJgo mikjJ. tif f bgUks tufis nrfF
Wtdf gagLjgLwJ. cq gF gY (LAN) tiff
gagLwJ.

3. Kj iy f (Main Frame Computer)

tif f 32 iknuh uhrr mntfJl bragL. mf
brfis nrF w bfhlJ. gntW cgnahghsfS gagLjyh.
bghJthf tif ff tuf ikakhfgL bragLwd. itf
mfygu bebt (WAN) fLgLJ fhufshf bragLwd. DEC, ICL
kW IBM 3000 tiff tif fF vLJfhLf.

182

4. catiff (Super Computer)

mntf kW iyafkhd au Jjh. kw ffSl
xLnghJ tifff ntfkhf bragL. gytiff bragL
Eg bfhlJ. Wfzfhd iknuh uhrr xnwhL xwhf izJ
tif f mikgJ xU tif. Kakhf Ng f thiy
KdF, ca kUJt MuhY bjhiyYzjYF, khd
totikF kW ma, bjhEg JiwY gagLwJ. (v.fh) CRAY
YMP, CRAY2, NEC SX-3, CRAY XMP kW ah PARAM.

yftif f mogilf
f vwh vd?
f vgJ cns mDggL tufis nrfJbfhL,
bfhLfgL mfSnfg y Kiwf myJ totf Kofis
bfhLF xU dQ rhjd. vtif ahrkhd ntiyfis Tl br.
rgsgoa jahf gagLjyh. mLjfznk mfia Muh
ntiynfh myJ rhugo jahfnth gagLjyh.

5. idw (Power of Remembering)

fbghahdJ mfkhd brfis tufis nrfJ itJ
bfhS. vjbthU bria f nrfJ itJ bfhL njitgL
bghGbjyh myJ gy MLf gagLjyh. f w
cgnahghs njitia bghWJ mik.

6. mw iy (No IQ-Inteligent Quotience)

f xU Cik au. mJ cgnahgt cju jhnd vj
ntiyia brahJ. cgnahgt jh vd bra ntL, vj Koit vl
ntL vgij Ko bra ntL. f jhdhfnt vj Koit vLf
KoahJ kjid nghy.

7. czik (No feeling)

czf, kdbtG, Rit, m kW mDgt vJ fiy.
lneu ntiy brjhY f fisgiltiy. cgnahnahg
ntWghLfS bjahJ.

8. nrf (Storage)
mfgoahd tufis nrfJ itJbfhs jfthW f bkh
vdgL csik csJ. ulhtJ tifahd sh (Floppies) nghw
mikY tufis nrfJ itJ bfhsyh. j shfis fF
btna itJ bfhsyh ntWfF vLJ bryyh.

7-2-4 f njhwK ts (Generation)

16 M who bjhla f njhw jrka eh ghw
msF ts bgUwJ. jrka eh ghw f flj 50 MLf
iuthd khwij bgWsJ. j fhy flij f ts vw
mogil 5 fshf fyh. R r cgnahfgLJtij
183

bghWJ xbthU fhyflK ntWgLwJ. ehbshWF ruhrahf xbthUtU

gagLJtij bghWJ fgLwJ. jid bra vjid fhykhF? xU
eh uL ehf myJ xUthu? xU a f ntiyia xU y
dhof brJL vgJ cdF bjkh? mwhl bjhiyfh eh
bjJ bfhw thiy Kd btgiy, <ugj, fh mGj
Maitf gntW lfUJ nrffgL mjid MuhJ fna
ekF brhwJ. xU y lf f bga tufis nrfJ
Koid jUwJ. xU dho xU fahdJ xU aDF mfkhf
mfis VWbfhL bragLwJ vgJ ekF MrakhdJ jh. mjdh
f ntfij iknuhbrf 10-6 sec myJ 10 -9 ehndhbrf j
msoUJ xU f vts ntfkhf bragLwJ vgij mayh.

2. Ja (Accuracy)
xUt ntfkhf gy iHfSl fzL brtjhf itJbfhnth.
mgogl Ko cgnahfyhjJ. ntnwh mrK UwJ. 15I 7M tFgjhf
itJbfhlh 2 mokhd khW Koit 2.141 fzL brJ 4 M lUjkhf
Koit 2.1428 vW fhngh. xUt 9 lUjkhf 2.142857143
Koidfhgh. Vdnt ntfnjhL f Jakhd, rahd Koit
fhzyh.

3. Cf (Diligence)
f fisngh, ftdFiwnth, nrhnth VglhJ. iH gy
kneu ntiy br. aDF mfkhd fzLfis brtjhf UjhY
xnu khahd rahd JaJl bragL. f jwik xnu
ntiyia Ug Ug brbghGJ kjidl wghf brwJ.

4. gw (Versatility)
f vgJ fj rkghLfis ntfkhf br xU dQ rhjd.
Mdh mij jho gyjkhd ntiyfis mJ brwJ. mjid gy jkhd
kfSF gntW gl ntiyfis br xU khah#hy bgo vnw brhyh.
xU rhjhuz kjDF f vgJ jhdhfnt ntfkhf bragL fzL
fU. fia g bjj xU kjDF gufis bfhL ntfkhf
bragL xU aukhF. gufis VWbfhL, xGFgL, y
fj brafis jhdhfnt brJ eh Ua Koid jUwJ.
vdnt f tufis khW xU rhjdkhf bfhsyh. gntW
ghlf nj bgW kbgfis nghwJ guf. tF cs
midJ khztf bga, taJ, ghd, vil, cau nghwit guf.
xU eho kf tUkhd, nrf, KjLf nghwit guf.
br ntiynfg ffis tifgLjyh.
tufis VwJ. nrfJ itJ bfhwJ. tifgL eh
UathW itJbfhwJ. nrfJitJs gufis Ubgw,
Ua got Koit g bra cjwJ. tU ghlf f
braghLf g mfkhf mJ bfhsyh.

184

gl 7.1 jeg f

f gf:
f Ka gfis g fhngh. ntf, Ja, Cf,
gw kW idbfhSj Ma jiyf J g thfyh.

ntf (Speed)
f ntfkhf bragL vgij eh mnth. eh kfz nghL
fzLfis xU fahdJ xU y dhof brJLwJ. xU Mu
kjf ruhr khjtUkhdij fLof gfgLwh vgjhf
itJ bfhnth. jfhf mtf vyh tifahd tUkhdij nrff
ntosJ.

1. KjjiyKiw ff:
KjjiyKiw ff bjah thfis (Thermion Valves)
gagLaJ. jf tot bgjhf, mitf J vGJtJ
fodkhf Ujd. jjiyKiw ff y:
ah (ENIAC) J jh 1946 mbkfh bgntah
gfiyfH #h vf kW #h kh vgtfsh flgl Kj dQ
fahF. J vyuh bkf blnul kW fhFnyl
(Electronic Numerical Integrater and Calculator) vd bgalgld. ah 30 x 50
mosK 30 l vil, 18000 ntf ofS, 70000 gfis 10000
bfghlfis 1,50,000 th r njit bfhlJ. iwa grd f
ahif l rthjjhf csJ f a tot.
vth (EDVAC) vyuh o Mnlhnko fl 1950
totikfglJ. f cnsna tufis nrfJ
mfis mD mik itfglJ. gufS mFfS
mUnyna Ugjh gw ntf mfjJ. f cnsna
mfis nrfJ itF tr UjJ.

w Kj jiyKiwff:
vrh (EDSAC)
vyuh ony nlhnu{ Mnlhnko fliu (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer) 1949 nf{ gfiyfHf v.. totikjh.
185

th (UNIVAC), tr (Universal), mfo (Accounting), fl

(computer) vf kW kh 1951 totikfglJ.
Kj jiyKiwf tiuaiw (viy):
tUtd KjjiyKiw f Ka FiwghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.

bragho ntf f Fiw.

r mf vLJbfhlJ.
WtjF mf l njitglJ.
nuhuh w f Fiwthf UjJ.

2. ulh jiyKiwff:
1955 MLth ouhl vD rhjd Kj jiyKiwf
Uj vy ofis kh mikf cjaJ. ouhlf ofis l
ajhf mf braghLwD cilaJ. ouhl iHnah (filament)
myJ btggLJ njitnah iy. cg bry f Fiw. thW
f tot XusF FiwfglJ.
ulh jiyKiwjh bru uhr (CPU) vw fUJ,
idgF, f bkh, c mD gufis (input) bgwgL Kof
(output) nghw fUJf ts bgwd. j fhy fl nuhuh bkh
nfhngh COBOL, ~nghouh FORTRAN nghwit tsailjd.

ulh jiyKiwff y:
1. IBM 1620 Kjyh jiyKiwfnahL xLif J to aJ.
ma nehfF bgUghY gagLjgLwJ.
2. IBM 1401 j tot aUJ eLju msF UjJ. ahghu
mf gagLjglJ.
3. CDC 3600 j tot bgaJ. ma nehfF gagLjgLwJ.

3. _wh jiyKiw ff:

_wh jiyKiw ff 1964 mKfgLjglJ. mitf
blnulL r (ICs) gagld. j ICf (Chips) bkjfLf
vdgld. xU a IC gy ouhlf, bulf, bfghlf xU a
bka nfh jfo mikfgLsd. f tot nkY jhaJ.
j fhy fl IBM-360, ICL-1900, INM-370 kW VAX -750 Ma ff
tsailjd. j fhy fl jh ng (BASIC) vD cakl f
bkh ts bgwJ. fhy ff to ajhf, Fiwj
iyilajhf, mf idrsjhf braw mfKsjhf
Ujd.

4. ehfh jiyKiw ff:

iwa d eh ghF jfhy ff 1975-ms Vgl ehfh
jiyKiw ff. iknuhuhrr vdgL xU nfh bkjo mikj
(LSIC) yh{ nf blnul r csJ. iknuh uhrr
ts fhuzkhf f jfoyhd chips vgij CPU- itf
KojJ. ff Eff vdgld. d LSICfis kh VLSIC
186

gagLwd. Mug ehf mf lfis MuJ bfhl ffis

bghGJ xU nki# J itJlyh. g UF jeg f
ehfh jiyKiwfahF.

5. Ijh jiyKiw f
1990- ff Ijh jiyKiw ff vd miHfgLwd.
f mntf bragL. mnjhLTl izahd ntbwhU braY br.
braif m mKfgLjgL jhdhfnt KobtLF w bgwJ.
f D ts bgW bfhnl UwJ.

7.2.3 f bkh ts:

jfhy vyhtif uid fhg, bkh Ka gF
twJ. f tsia nghynt gntW klf bkhkhw
bgUwJ. f D ts bgW bfhnl UwJ.

1. Kj jiyKiw bkh (au bkh)

Kj jiyKiw f bkh midJ mfS (flisf)
ulokhd totnyna bfhLfgld. au bkh myJ mojs bkh (Low
level language) vwiHfgld. ulokhd tot bfhLfgl flisfis
vGJtjnfh myJ gogjnfh f fodkhf UjJ. tU ulokhd
flisia ft:
1) 01000011001

2) 010101010011

2. ulh jiyKiw fbkh:

ulh jiyKiw fbkh, flisf idFf vGjgL
nuhuh vjhfgld. j milahs bkhflisf TL bkh
vdgLwJ. flisfis iwntWt vyh nkh fS
ulokhdF khwgLwd. mbrs vW bkhbga rhjd F
gagLwJ. nkh vD id Fpil vGjgL nuhuh nrh
nuhuh vd miHfgLwJ. nrh nuhuh ulokhd tot Mbr
nuhuh vdgL.
nrh nuhuhik Mbr nuhuh Mf khw mbkf nllL
nfhL gh gnk lnr bghJthf gagLwJ. mbr bkhia
ifahStjF tU cjhuz vLJfhL.
Source Program

e.g. ADD A, B, R1
MOVE R1, S

Assembler

translated by assembler

Object Program

0101 00101010
0100 00010111
187

iknuh uhrr-I cgnahJ vyuh fnuhYfhd nuhuhfshf vGj

mbr bkh nuhuh gagLwJ.
v.fh fkakhfgl
ubaLF (printer)
au
fkakhfgl bjhiyng D gy.
C bkh vgJ nuhuh bkhf xW. mbr bkhia fzl
gagLwJ.

3. _wh jiyKiw bkhf: (cakl bkhf)

_wh jiyKiw bkhf, My bkh milahs FpLfS vfS
gagLjgL f Mizf wfgld. _wh jiyKiw fbkh
cakl bkhahF. bghJthf gagLjgl caiy bkh vdbt
nghuh (FORTRAN), ng (BASIC), nfhngh (COBOL), ghf (PASCAL),
nuhyh(PROLOG), (C), ++ (C++). j bkhf mf cs xU
KGikahd cUgoF fl nuhuh myJ nrh nuhuh vW bga.
mfis bragLj nrh nuhuh xU bjhFghsuhnyh myJ J
bfhgtuhnyh ulokhd totkhf khwgLwJ. My cs nrh
nuhuhik Mbr nuhuhkhf bkh
u (Run) vw flis vTo nuhuhik LwJ. cgnahghsiu
kLfis brYj brJ cldoahf Koit mil khl
btpLwJ. xU bralij il brJ f C>,D>, vgd nghwitfis
fhLnkahdh mil bgwyh. xU nuhuhik f bragLj tU
vLJfhil ft.
_wh jiyKiw fbkh bragl tU gof bfhLf
gLsd.
nrh nuhuh
figy
Mbr nuhuh
vl nuhuh
f
u nuhuh

7.2.4. ika brayf (CPU) Ka f

tU gl fhoago xU fahdJ mogil IJ Ka
braf gfis brwJ. J f totij bghWnjh vF
braglJ vgij bghWnjh my.
188

mitf
cL (Input) vw bga cns brYjgL guf myJ
flisfis VW bfhSj
gufis jdFns nrfJ itJ bfhs
cgnahgt njitnfg gufis tifgLj
btpL (Output) vw Koit mj
f cnsna vyh brafis fLgLj
it xbth braghLfis tUkhW thngh
cL (INPUT) f gufis mD ll
f vgJ eh bfhLF gufis VW tifgL bragL.
xU dQ rhjd vgJ ekF bj. vdnt Kiwahd bragho _y
cL vgJ gufis VW f itgjhF.

f bral
jft
cL

cL
myF

nrF
myF

btpL
myF

fLghL
myF
ika
brayf
fj Vusz
brayf

gl 7.2 :f mogil braf

nrfj(Storage)
f cns mDggL gufis, lgL flis
cns iyahf nrJ itJ bfhS gna nlhnu{ vdgL. Kiwahd
g bjhlFtjF Kng gufis f brYjgl ntL.
gufis f brYJbghGJ CPU- ntf mfkhf UF. vdnt
nrffgLtjh iuthf Ko ilF. j nrfF myF iuthf
bragl mjnfwthW mikfgLsd. midJ gufis,
flisfis iyahf nrJ itJ bfhwJ.
gufis, flisfis cth nrfJ itJbfhS
mF totikfgLsJ.
tU Ka gfis nrfF myF brwJ.
midJ gufis, flisfis iyahf nrJ itJ bfhwJ.
ilgl KoF nfna nrfgLwJ

braghL (Processing)
ff jdF bfhLfgl Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj nghw fj
brafis rahd Kiw brjny braghL (Processing) vW bga. ika
189

brayf (Central Processing Unit), njitahd ju (Data) kW flisf (Instruction)

nr gFUJ bgW bfhLfgl flisfSF Vg fj brafis
brwJ. nkY mj ju kW flisf nr gFF Ug mDggLwJ.

btpL (OUTPUT)
J bfhLfgl ju kW flisf Ko MF. nkY f
btpo ilF jftf mj cgF ghJfhfgL kjdh
thfToa tot jUwJ. nkY btpL jftf mj cw
nrfgL ekF njitahdbghGJ btplhf bgwgLwJ.

fLghL (Control)
f flisf gogoahf iwntwglhY mj cL kW
btpL nghw braghLf midJ fLghlf (control unit)
fLgLjgLwJ.

braghL myF (Functional Unit)

nkny Twgl midJ brafis f jdJ btntW gFf
_y gJ bfhL bragLjgLwJ. f mj braghil bghWJ
_W myFfshf fgLwJ. mitf tUkhW
1. fj Vusz brayf (Arithmetic logical unit) (ALU)
2. fLghlf (Control unit)
3. ika brayf (Central Processing Unit)

fj Vusz brayf (Arithmetic logical unit)

eh f co jufis (Data) g brnghJ mJ Kjik
nr my nrfgLwJ. ALU myfh Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj
nghw fj braghLfS flisfS iwntwgL njitahdbghGJ nr
gF UJ btplhf bgwgL mLj braghLF gagLjgLwJ.

fLghlf (Control unit)

f mLjgF fLghlf (Control unit) MF. mJ f
bragLjgL flisf midij nkghitL xGFgLJwJ.
fLghlf f flisfis tirgL bragLjgLwJ.
f bfhLfgL flisfis Kjik nr gF UJ bgW
flisfSF jFjhngh miyfis btL mLjgFF gogoahf
mDwJ. bghJthf fLghlf xU switch board operator nghy bragLwJ.
fia gy judh xnu rka gagLJnghJ mJ mtf L
flisfSF Vg bragL cL kW btpLfis wgl bfhLwJ.

ika brayf (Central Processing Unit)

f ALU kW CU gFf nrJ ika brayf miHfgLwJ.
vdnt ika brayf f KjikgF MF. mJ f braghL
flisf kW Ka brafis brwJ.
ika brayf myJ brayf xU dQRW MF. J f
flisfis bragLJwJ .
190

 ika brayf bjhlahd flisfis gogoahf bragLJwJ.

mj bragL ntf ika brayf fofhu fLgLjgLwJ.
ika brayf f flisfisgogoahf iwntWwJ.
lbgoa (Intel Pentium) AMD, wghd ika brayf MF.
ika brayf cWf:

fj Vusz brayf
fLghlf
ON board cache memory
fLghlf (Control unit)
fLghlf gS (load) VgJ kW jj flisfis VW bfhtJ
MF.
mj flisf xU bkh tot UF. mJ machine code vW
miHfgLwJ.
vu FpL (Machine code) xWF {aF ilgljhf UF.
fLghlf flisfisfshf njitgLnghJ bgW gogoahf
bragLJwJ.

fj Vusz brayf: (Arithmetic logical unit)

ALU myF Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj nghw fj brafis
bragLJwJ. midJ ffS fod bjhFghf vfj mikY
csJ.
On Board Cache memory:

ika brayf braghL:

gl 7.3 Processor

jufis RAMUJ bgWtijl ntfkhf

csJ. Vuhskhd ikabrayf on board cache
memoryia bgWsJ. mj idtf f ntfkhf
bragLJwJ. mJ xU eLiy nr gFahf
csJ. juf kW flisf m g bragL
ekF njitahdbghGJ RAM _y f ntfkhf
vLfgLwJ.

cL rhjdf (Input Devices):

irgyif (Key board), Ro (mouse) Kjad cL rhjdf MF. mit
f bjhlila rhjdf MF. #ho (Joystick) kW game pad
isahLF Ka rhjdkhf csJ.

Ro (Mouse)
J iknuhrh nlhfis af
(Microsoft windows) gagLwJ. Ro rhjdij mG,
Roia ug milJ efJnghJ mJ iu
njhW mJ riPfis fbghF mD
iu fhL. njitahd xiw nj bra ntoa
l Roia itJ Ro nk cs lJ
bghjhid mGj ntL.
191

gl 7.4

irgyif (Key board)

gl 7.5

jufis cl W mf gagL rhjd MF.

J Ka cL rhjd MF. fia gagLJnth
j irgyif cs My vGJf kW vfis
gagL jlR brt.

nuf gh (Tracker Balls):

gl 7.6

J Ro mo gJ nghy UF. mJ uh
oirduh gagLjgLwJ (Graphic designer). mj gij
RHWnghJ iu njitahd l ia mikf
Ko.

tUo (Scanner):
J glfis ciuia cl cj. j J
itfgLs fhj csij xU glkhf fbgh
bfhLF.

gl 7.7

bjhL milf (Touch pads)

bjhL milf iuKf bghUjgLwJ.

mJ mGjij bfhLwJ. bjhL milf bghJthf
rJu to irgyif mo UF.
fia gagLJnth jfsJ uiy bjhL
mil FWnf mirgjh iu efU. m
uL glf bra gagLwJ.

gl 7.8
xngdh (Light pen)
ngdh to cs J iu J izf
goUF. j Kidia iu J itjh mj l
xU neuij fzL ngdh bjhL l magL.

#ho (Joystick)

gl 7.10

gl 7.9

mnef isahL #hoif gagL

isahlgLwd. mJ f isahLf
iu bghUis milf gagLwJ. mJ f
kakhfgl bjhrhiyf filr vuf
gagLjgLwJ.

btpL rhjdf (Output devices)

fbghUJ bttU jftfis btl cj rhjdf
btpL rhjdf MF. mJ fl izfgoUF. t
iuafK (Monitor) mRbgh (Printer) gutyhf gagLjgLwJ.

192

iuaf (Monitor)
mf ms gagLjgL btpL rhjd. J fhiu vdgL.
fbghl izfgoUF J bjhiyfh bgo nghW UF. J
CRT mikig bfhLsJ.

gl 7.11
liy iuf (Solid state screens)
liy iuf LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) vW miHfgLwJ. m f
a ouhlf xia cH brwJ. m cUtij clhFwJ. LCD
iuf kof (Laptops) gagLjgLwJ.

mRbgh (Printer)
gytifahd mRbghf nyr mRbgh (Laser), ikR
mRbgh (inkjet printer), m mRbgh (Dot matrix printer)
gytif w f btpLfis cLgQwd. mitf
tgo (hard copy) vdgL glfS ciufS mlgl
gffis bgw cjwJ.
gytifahd mRbgh nyr mRbghf bga
Wtdf gagLjgLwJ. mit mLtmf
wid ntfij bgWsJ.

gl 7.12

gytif mRbghf xL

Mug iy
mrof xU
gfF MF
bry
ntf
mf fz
High volume
iur jik
mRw

m
mRbgh

ikR
mRbgh

nyr
mRbgh

Fiw

eLju

mf

Fiw
Fiw

mf
eLju

eLju
mf

iy
mf
Fiw

iy
Fiw
eLju

M
Fiw
mf

193

gl 7.13
tiuf (Plotters)
tiuf xU btpL rhjd MF. mJ mRbgh nghw mik
UF. Mdh bghJthf mf cUtfis mrof cjwJ. jhis (Paper)
tiu KD D mirwJ. mnj rhjdf nkgF xW myJ
mjF nkgl ngdhf jhis (Paper) gLif tr mirf ngdhf
FJtr (vertical) mir gl tiua cjwJ. ytifahd tiuf tz
ngdhfis bgW tzglfis clhf gagLwJ.

Xgh (Speakers)

gl 7.14

jfhy f njitahd bkbghU ciueil

brz miyfis bfhLsJ. kw tif
bkbghU ir kW ju rjfis bfhLsd.
f CD _y iria DVD _y glij
cLgQwJ. f _y nuonah xgu f
kW bjhiyfh ffis nff Ko.

bjhFgh (Compliers) kW lul (Interpreters)

bjhFghf f flisfis kjdh JbfhS
iyUJ vudh J bfhS iyF khWwJ.nkY mij
bkhbga brwJ. mJ Mb# nfhL (Object code) vW miHfgLwJ.
bjhFghf bkhbgaghf MF. mJ KG jftfis (High level language)
vu bkhahf khWwJ. nghuh (FORTRAN), nghuh bjhFghf gagLwJ.
lulf (Interpreters) jftfis vu bkh flisfshf khWwJ.
nkY mij xbthU tahf g brwJ.

7.3 afKiw (Operating system)

J galhsUF tbghUSF (Hardware) xU ghykhf csJ. J
thf kW mj braghLF Ka fUahf csJ.

afKiw tiff:
uL Ka afKiwf csd. mitahtd
jglt gagLJ afKiw (Single user operating system)
gy gagLJ afKiw (Multi user operating system)
afKiwF cjhuzf (Example for operating system)
nlh afKiw (Windows operating system)
d afKiw (Linux operating system)
194

bjhFgh (Compliers) kW lul (Interpreters) xWikf

bjhFgh

lul

1. bjhFgh KGjftfis
brwJ.
.

lul jftfis
bkhbgaJ bjhFwJ

2. gogoahf bjhFfgl
bkhbgafgl jftf
jftf xU tL (Disk) _y
RAM MnrffgL
nrfgLwJ. nkY njitahd njitahd bghGJ
bghGJ gagLjgLwJ
gagLjgLwJ.
3. bjhFgh jftf ntfkhf
bragLwJ.

lul jftf
bkJthf bragLwJ.

4. mf bkhf bjhFghid
lul gagLJwJ.

f Fiwj bkhf
gagLJwJ.

dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjLf
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

f xU_______ MF. mJ gufis nrfJ KiwgL eh

bfhLw Ffis J bfhL bragL.
m)dQ rhjd
M) a rhjd
) vua rhjd
<) cgfuz
f mfkhd brfis, tufis_______ itJ
bfhS.
m)fLgLJj M) WJj
) miHj
<) nrfJ
f xU dho xU _______ F mfgoahd mfis VW
bragL.
m)1000
M) a
) 100
<) 5000
EDSAC-fia 1949 nf{ gfiy fHf _______ vgt
totikjh.
m M.V.Wilkes
M) khnfh
) J.L ~nghL
<) Muh
f ALC gF CU gF nrJ _______ vd miHfgLwJ.
m)fj Vusd brayf
M) fLghlf
) ika brayf
<) idtf gF
Ro f ._______fis af gagLwJ.
m)irgyif
M) mRbgh
) o (Disk)
<) iknuhrh nlh
f irgyif _______ fis cl mf ms gagLj
gLwJ.
m)jftf
M) glf ) cyfgl
<) vGJj
nfnjhL nu-o iu _______ vd miHfgLwJ.
m )iuaf (Monitor)
M) irgyif
) Ro
<) mRbgh
195

tiu (Plotter) xU _______rhjd MF.

m)cL
M b) btpL
) ju
<) yh (logic)
_______ f flisfis kj JbfhS iyUJ vu
J bfhS iyF khWwJ.
m) bjhFgh
M) mRbgh
) irgyif
<) o (Disk)

9.
10.

II.xU y thij ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

f vwh vd?
CPU thFf.
ALU thFf.
uL cL rhjdf bgafis FLf.
#h, o (Joy stick) vwh vd?

III. xU tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

f nrfF gF (storage unit) Ka gfis vGJf

fLghlf Ka gfis vGJf.
ALU gF gfis vGJf.
VnjD uL btpL rhjdf bgafis vGJf.
VnjD _W mRbgh (Printers) bgafis vGJf.

IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

mdyh (Analog) kW ol (digital) ffis g t.

VnjD uL cL rhjdfis glJl t.
VnjD uL btpL rhjdfis glJl t.
f Fzeyfis t.
t.
1. CPU
2. ALU
3. fLghlf

V. thd ila
1. f tsia g sFf.
2. xU f mogil braghil fl glJl sFf.
3. cL kW btpL rhjdfis glJl sFf.

ilf:
1) m
6) <

2) <
7) m

3) M
8) m

4) m
9) m

196

5)
10) m

8 . jft bjhiybjhl
(Telecommunication)
mKf
8.1 x iH f (Optical Fiber Cable )

mik

gl 8.1

x iH f (OFC) xW myJ xWF

nkgl ~iggfis bfhLsJ, Mof
igg jkf
sho mLFfsh
jjahf wj Kiw _lgL ghJfhghd
ciw RWNHyh ghfhjthW tirahf
mLfgoUF.

bghJthf ~iggf cilahj bkGF nghw bghUsh mia jhF

j mikfgoUF. sho ciwah _lgoUF mj ciw mjF
tikia, x xUJ kbwhW CLUthkY ghJfhwJ mJ (Cross talk) vw Fiwghil FiwwJ, x iH f (OFC) o c gF
gagLJ nghJ tisaTo igg fLfsh mikfgoUF Fiwj
vils sho ciw rhjuhz nff gagLjgLwJ. nf
xbthU KidY w tif x iH (Optical Fiber) izghdhf
izfgoUF mJ mj nfis xgu kW VF rhjdfSl v
izf gagLwJ.

gl 8.2 ko ~igg nf

gl 8.3 lJ : LC/PC izf

tyJ : SC/PC izf

nf tiff

OFC: Optical fiber, conductive

OFN: Optical fiber, nonconductive
OFCG: Optical fiber, conductive, general use
OFNG: Optical fiber, nonconductive, general use
OFCP: Optical fiber, conductive, plenum
OFNP: Optical fiber, nonconductive, plenum
OFCR: Optical fiber, conductive, riser
OFNR: Optical fiber, nonconductive, riser
OPGW: Optical fiber composite overhead ground wire

197

8.2 Ez
iy x gu, V (MicroWave Transmission and reception))
Eziy
Eziy xgu vgJ Eziyfis mDtJ, VgJ MF. mJ
Eziy iz _y bragLjgLwJ, Eziy iz Eziy
thbdh vjia Eziy nfhu nk bghU Eziy xgu iya
_y bragLjgLwJ.

Eziy xgu ghit u bjh Eg

Eziy xgu ghit u bjh Eg (Line of Site) vW miHfgLwJ.
Eziy xgu rahd Kiw eilbgw uL Eziy xgu
nfhufSF ilna cs fhW kly wj btahf caj kiyf,
folf kW ntW j bghUsh kiwfglhk Uf ntL . mthW kiw
bghU il Ujh mJ Eziy xguF ilW isF vdnt
Eziy xgu f Fiwj ms bragLjgLwJ, nkTa
fhuzfsh Eziy xgu LAN myJ kw nghFtuJ JiwF rhjfkhf
csJ .

xik (Analog) myJ yf (Digital) Kiwf Eziy x gu gF

Eziy rhjdf mdyh kW ol Kiw Eziyfis xgu
brwJ.
Eziy xgu mdhy Kiw mf brydij bfhLwJ. Vbd
Eziy x guig bragLj a cgfuzf kW g nghFtuJ
rhjdf njitgLwJ.
ol Kiw Eziy xgu f vjhdjhF Vbd ol
xgu a xwhF. mJ ol bjhl Kiw jfhyF Vw tif csJ

.Eziy
Eziy x cs iuafK (Monitor)mj wfS
Eziy xgu Kiw mj xgu rhjd iua ( Monitor) csJ.
mj cjah xgu VgL FiwghLfis neuoahf ghJ mgGfhd
fhuzij flJ gGij galhsfSF eik cldoahf bra
Ko.

Eziy xgu VgL gGJfis ngh ((Ring Polling)) _y Fj

Eziy xgu iyaf midJ xU tisa mik csJ. vdnt
Eziy xgu iza js cs iuafij mj ed bjh
Egij gagL x gu VgLw FiwghLfis ngh
(Ring Polling) Kiw clDFl t bra Ko. Eziy juf (Data)
xU iyaUJ mLj iyaF gogoahf mDggLwJ. nkY
mUJ juf bgwgLwJ. jF ngfh (backhauling) vW bga.
Eziy iya braglhj bghGJ bjhl xguF jftf brfshf
(Message) uL iyafSF il mDggLwJ. mj cjah vF
FiwghL csJ vgij vj iya bragl iy vgij flJ r
bra Ko.

198

Eziy xgu iyaf cgfuzfis ghJfhF KDA 864 RTU

KDA 864 RTU vgJ jfhyf Eziy xgu rhjd cs iuaf
brafis fLgLJ. xU bjhiyu fLghL (Remote) MF. mJ 19 mss
ifalf bgoah mikfgLsJ. m 64 myhu izfS 8 fLghL
izfS csd. mJ nkY _W TLj myFfSl izfgL
Eziy xgu iyaF mf wid bfhLwJ. mJ 202
nkhlf(Modems) Eziy ng ghLf (base bands) 0-4 kW FSK nkhl
4-8, 8-12, ng ngLfis bgWsJ. mJ Eziy xgu rhjdfSF ey
wid bfhLwJ.

8.3 branfhfS mj gafS (Satellites and their application)

braif nfhf mj braghLfis bghUJ gy tiffshf
fgLwj. mitf xU Fl ntiyfhf VtgLwd.
braif nfhf thiy Muhfhf bjhiyfh x, x
guFF miyfis mDg VtgLwd. mitf bfhLfgl
ntiyfis wgl br j totikf gLwd.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

xgJ tifahd braif nfhf nH fhlgLsJ.

muhe braif nfh (Astronomy Satellite)
mkh bg lo braif nfh (Atmospheric Satellite)
fnf braif nfh (Communication Satellites )
ehnf braif nfh (NavigationSatellites)
fidr braif nfh (Reconaissance Satellites)
nkh br braif nfh (Remote Satellites)
r m bu braif nfh (Search and Rescue Satellites)
ng vnshnu braif nfh (Space Exploration Satellites)
thiy braif nfh (Weather Satellites)

1. muhe braif nfh (Astronomy Satellite)

muhe braif nfh xU bjhiyneh (Telescope) mik
jF nghJ bj mJ RW tl ghij iy WjgLwJ. mJ
fhW kl iy WjgLtjh mj ghit ekJ fQF bj
j csJ.

gl 8.4 Ng nehth ol nfy

sh nAh

thr

muhe braif nfh gaf

mjid gagL eruf gl vLfgLwJ.

mjid gagL Na kl cs uff glfis of
Ko.
199

mj gadh gy uff nkgu tiuglij of Ko.

bjhiy bjhl braif nfh (Communication Satellites)

bjhiy bjhl Kiw braif nfh gagLjglho eh
bjhiyfh ff ifng, bjhiyng, ng, ng#, thbdh nghw
ffis gagLj KoahJ. Vbd bjhiy bjhl braif nfh ekJ
thif Ka fUahf csJ.
bjhiy bjhl braif nfh thbdh kW bjhiyfh, bjhiyng
nghw fUf xguig XlUJ kbwhU lF mDwJ kW
VwJ. braif nfh yhj fhyflf bjhiy bjhl Jiwia bjhiy
uF gagLj Koahj iy UjJ. nuonah kW thbdh miyf
nenfho brtjh braif nfhf RWghij iy
WtgLwd. braifnfh njit xguF f ey Kiw cjahf
csJ. braif nfh bjhiybjhl xU Ka rhjdkhf csJ . Vbd
mJ miyfis XlUJ kbwhU lF mDwJ xU y
braif nfhf ouhghl (Transponder) vdgL dQ rhjdij
bgWsd. ouhghlf miyfis Vw, thFj kW kW xgu
brj gfhf gagLjgLwJ.

ehnf braifnfh (NavigationSatellites)

tif braif nfhf 1950 cUthfglJ. mj cjah
fgf braghL ffhfglJ. nkY mj cjah eLfl brY
fgf braghL UJ ghf ayhj iy cs fgf
braghil ffhf Ko.

thiy braif nfh

thiy braifnfh bjhEgK bjhiybjhl braif nfh
bjh Eg xnu khahdit MF.
thiy braif nfh braghil gagL cyf vj l
btgiyia f iu fLof Ko bjhiyfh iyaf
mwhl thiy iyik Jakhf ekF bjwJ m thiy braif
nfh gF f KakhdjhF

thiy braif nfh gaf

thiy braifnfh _y cy gy gFf btgiyia ma
KowJ.
thiy braif nfh _y thiy mif kiH, a, fl w
Kjatiw bjthf bjJ bfhsyh.

8.4 uhlh (Radar)

uhlh vgJ xU bghU UF lij fla cj mikghF. m
fhj miyf gagLj gLwd. mjid gagL khd, fg,
nkhlh rhjdf braghL mjhtJ mj ntf brY ir uL
khdfSF ilna cs bjhiy Kjatiw Jakhf fLof Ko.
uhlh vgJ (Radio detection and ranging ) MF. uhlh ( Range and Direction Finding ) vd
bghJthf miHfgLwJ.
200

uhlh mik xU xguig bfhLsJ mJ nuonah miyfis cg

brwJ. mj miyfis gagL bghU vj ir csJ vgij
Jakhf fla Ko mj miyf L xU y mbt khWjfSl
s tUwJ. mj miyf Fiwj rl s tUtjh Vj kW Vfis
gagL mj miyf thfgLwJ. thW uhlh bghU vFsJ
vgij fl, nkY bghU vFsJ vgij x miyf myJ xia
VgL bghU fl. uhlh cjah fl miy gu nghFtuJ
fLghL, uhQt braghL Kjatiw fla Ko .

tuyhW
Phf kW bghatYefsh uhlh totikfglJ.
1895 mbyrhl nghngh (Alexandar Popou) vw uZa uhQt gia nrj
aa nghjidahs nfhbAu o (coherer tube) vw d clhF l
uijil fl fUia fljh.
mjF mLj ML 1897 gh nf
ouhliu m izJ uL xnu
l Ujh mJ nkhndhnlo
af (Monostatic operation) MF.
ouhlU, tU jjahf
UjhmJ ignlo af (bistatic
operation) MF. gy ouhlfS
myJ gy tfS gagLjglh mJ
konlo af (Multistatic operation)
MF. bgUghY nrhdhf nkhndnlo
af bragLwd.

gl 8.5 uhlh mik

Mo nrhdhf g miyfis
cg brwJ mJ (PING) vd
miHfgLwJ.
mJ
L
vbuhfgL vnfh (enho) miyfshf
khWwJ. mj miyf bghJthf dQ
Rwh cUthfgLwJ.

uhlh gaf
uhlh braghil gagL mj iu bghU bjhiyit fla
Ko. uhlh braghL gy Jiwf gagLwJ. mj braghL Kj
uhQtJiw Fl lf vFsJ fl mik khd gwj
ga tuf, fg nghFtuJ kW rhiyf ga tufis maKo,
mj cjah mf g _l cs lfY bghUis bjthfghf Ko.
fggil gagLjgL uhlhf uL fgfSF ilna cs
bjhiyit flJ mit xWl xW nkhjhk UF iyia
clhFwJ. nkY fl bry ntoa yif bjthf bjJ bfhs
Ko mj cjah fl nghFtuij bjthf ifahs Ko.
201

gl 8.6 uhlh Vj mik

jJt (Principles)
uhlh gagLjgL o (dish) myJ Vj thbdh miyfis cg
brJ Fl yif neh mDwJ. mj miyf s tU jikia
gagL bghU jik, l, mj braghL Matiw mJ bfhs Ko
mj braghLF m f gagLjgLwJ.

nrhdh (Sonar)
nrhdh (Sound Navigation and Ranging) vgj RUf MF. m mD l
jJt gagLwJ. J uL _ fgfSF ilna cs u kW
fl MHij fla gagLwJ. nrhdh mj braghL bghUJ uL
tifahf fgLwJ.
1. gh nrhdh (Passive Sonar)
2. Mo nrhdh(Active Sonar)

gl 8.7
202

nrhdh braghil khF fhuf (Performance factor)

nrhdh fLoj, Ul iyia mj, tifgLJj Mait
m gagLjgL VF cgfuzf kW RWNH iyia bghWJ
mikwJ.
nkY Mo nrhdh xgu rhjd myJ gh nrhdh Fl
yif mila mDggL xia bghWJ mikwJ.

xia brY l (Sound Propagation)

nrhdh braghL x ntf khWghlh ghfgLwJ. bghJthf
e nk gF fl iu l ntf Fiwthf csJ. x ntf
_yT bkhj gFah ghfgLwJ. bgUghY _yTW btgiy
kW mGjjh ghfgLwJ.

Mo nrhdh (Active Sonar)

Mo nrhdh rj miyf ouhlY tY gagLjgLwJ.

gl 8.8 Mo nrhdh braghLf

dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjLf
1.

2.
3.

4.

Eziy xgu vgJ _______ Eziy iz _y mDtJ,

VgJ MF
m) thbdh miyfis M) Eziyfis
) Monah miyfis
<) khLnyl miyf
Eziy xgu _______vW miHfgLwJ,
m) ghit u bjhEg
M) miy
)xUik
<)iz
Eziy rhjdf mdyh kW ol Kiw Eziyfis _______
brwJ
m) mDwJ
M) khWwJ
)xgu <) iz
Eziy iuaf braghLF gagLjgL bjhiyu
fLghL_______ MF
m) KDA 864 RTV M) KDA 812 RTV )KDA 836 RTV
<) KDA 846 RTV

203

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

braifnfhf xU Fl ntiyfhf_______
m) jwJ M) VtgLwJ
)fgLwJ,
<) WjgLwJ.
muhe (Astronomy Satelite) braifnfh xU _______mik
jFnghJ bj.
m) igdhFy
M) gJ
) gl,
<) bjhiyneh.
bjhiybjhl braifnfh thbdh kW bjhiyfh, bjhiyng
nghw fUf _______ XlUJ kbwhU lF mDwJ.
m) rkh
M) xguig
) ju
<) brf
uhlh mik xU xguig bfhLsJ mJ _______cg brwJ.
m) nuonah miyfis
M) M.v miy
) Monah miyfis
<) khLnyl miyf
uhlh vgJ xU _______ UF lij fla cj mikghF
m) bghU M) miy
) <) cnyhf
Mo nrhdh_______ ouhlY tY gagLjgLwJ.
m) rjmiyf
M) x
) miytot
<) I.v miy

II..

xU y thijf ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

OFC tiuaW
uL j OFC nff bgafis vGJf.
Eziy iz tiuaW
uL j braifnfhf bgafis vGJf.
uhlh vwh vd?

III..

xU y tf ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Eziy xgu kW V tiuaW.

bjhiybjhl braif nfh gf ahit?
uhlh gaf uoidTWf.
nrhdh braghil khF fhuf g tiuaW
ehnd braifnfh g tiuaW

IV..

xU gf ms ila

1.
2.

Eziy xgu kW V g sFf.

bjhiybjhl braifnfh g sFf.

V..

thd ila

1.
2.

uhlh braghL g sFf

nrhdh braghL g sFf.

ilf:
1.M

2. m

3.

4.m

5. M 6.<

204

7.m

8. m

9. m

10. m

9. kUJt dQ rhjdf
(Medical Electronic Equipments)
9.1 mKf
kUJt rhjdf neh jikia ma tifgLj myJ
kUJt iyfis ifahs cjtToa tif totikfgLwd. it
bghJthf fLikahd ghJfh jufSl totikfgLwd. kUJt
rhjdf kUJt bjhEg bjhF cslaJ.

kUJt rhjdf gy mogil tiffshtd:

neh mFia m rhjdf kUJt gloF aufSl
cslaJ.

cjhuz: ifbah (ultrasound) kW MRI auf PET kW CT Ezh

(Scanner) kW vnu (X-ray) auf.
neh (therapeunic) rhjdfSl cl cslaJ. cgLJ FHh
(interior Pump) kUJt nyr kW LASIK mWit ir auf MF.
ca Mju rhjdf nehah cl braghLfis ghJfhf
cjwJ. csla rhjdfshtd: kUJt th (M#) rhjd,
(Ventilater) kuJnghf br a (Anasthetic) Eiupu au ECMO
kW neh m au Mait MF.
kUJt tifghLf kUJt gahsf nehah iyfis msl
mDkwJ. tifgLjgL msfshtd:
nehah ciy mF kW kw myFf ujJl fyJs
thf.
kUJt MTl rhjdf, uj, W kW kugQfis
jirahf myJ MuhJ ma cjwJ.
neh mF m kUJt rhjdf, y nehffSfhf onyna
gagLjgLwJ.

cjhuzkhf: kr fhkhiy kW neh fLgLJ fUfshf

xU ca kUJt rhjd bjh Egm (Bio medical equipment technician BMET)
vgJ ciy m fUahf Mnuha ftd tHF Kiw UwJ.

9.2 vynuh-fhonah uh (Electrocardiography)

J jaJofis (braghil) miy Jofshf khW fUahF.
ja xGfw Jofis (jftfis) btgLJwJ. J cl c
cWf, utfis btnawnth myJ cFjnth br FHhahf
uj ehsfis ftF myfhf kW neh mFia mJ bfhs
gaLwJ. Mjhu iyjikia cWbra Fiwj mbt viy
mtakhwJ ca mt g kw irifUJ jgl gaDs ECG
iriff ngh gy fhufis rkur brwJ. Mjhunfho iyawjik
bjhl kW jik khwUJ MuwJ. J jirahfnt
iyahd Mjhunfho Rid nfhUwJ.
205

nehah cl bghUjgL iz thf UJ bgwgL

Mwf gS nj br irF bfhLfgLwJ. iz neh _y
j irif khWghL bgUf gFnahL izfgLwJ. Kiy
bgU (pre-amplifier) ehF khWghL bgUf (differential amplifier) iyfshf csJ.
xU jKidl j bgUfgl btpL irif w bgUF
bfhLfgLwJ. j w bgU btpL jKid, vGJnfh au
bghUjgLwJ. mbt nj tiyaik (network) xU R-C mikghF.
Tikahd vGJnfh mik cL irifF Vg iyahd fhj mirit
FwJ.

brKiw:

iz flf nehah Kif kW fhfSl izfgLwJ.

nj brj l njh nk ECG fig mG, t wkhF tiu
njf ntL.
nehah nkir cWfis izF fia mj KidfnshL
cs izig jf ntL.
ON/OFF bghjhid mGj ntL.
w ON sF v. vGJnfh Kidia eLgFF bfhL tuntL.
Mugiy (start) bghjhid mGal fhj efu JtF.
1m V-I mG wF vGJnfh btgiyia rbra ntL. fl
iyia nj brantL.

gaghL:
ja VgL khWghLfis fla gagLwJ.

gl 9.2 rhjhuz ECG miy tot

9.2 .o. nf kW mluh r (C.T. scan and ultra sound)

fl nlhnkhuh (C.T)
.o. nf au vgJ xU w tifahd X-f aukhF. xU
rhjhuz X-f bragho clD xU jj X-f fiwia
brYJtjFg, gy nfhzf iyia gl of cjwJ.
206

_is cUtij glof VwthW totikfgLwJ. jnghJ J

D Kndwkilj bragho csJ. cl bra cUt (virutually) yhj
vj iyia gl of cjwJ.
xU nehah motW gFia nf bra ntLbk, gnrhjid
br K MW k neu tiu nehah vJ rhlTlhJ vd TwgLwJ.
mtfSF nfnuh uh (gastro grafin) mla gyyh kzKs X-f
rha ut 45 lF K Fof bfhLfgLwJ. xU y rkaf J eu
C _y brYjgLwJ. J Fl gFia bjthf fhl cjwJ.
nf gl ghgjF xU bga irj g ngh UF. nf
bragL nehah cl, tlkhd Fif nghnw myJ nfd wj
tlgF cs gLif gLf itfgLwJ. mj gLif gl vLf
VJthf KD D efU. j bragho nehah cl ifah
bjhlgLtiy. gntW nfhzf vLfgL glf vifia
bghWJ nrhjid s mik.
f cs fLgLJ cJ (control bus) _y fhy, MndhL
dGj (kv ) kW f dhw (ma) Mait fLgLjgLwJ. mf
dGj bfhl DC w X-f aFwJ.

gaghLf

eL eu kly, vY Wneh kW kh gFfis nf bra

gagLwJ.
motW (abdomen), L kW fGJ gFia nf brwJ.
thbdh (fhj) miy ir (Radio theraphy) lf gagLwJ.
nkY .o. nf Jakhd gnrhjidl bjhlilaJ. J bghWs
fiyEQffis cUthFwJ.

9.3 (b) muh r (Ultra sound )

muh r vgJ kjdh nffToa caj viy bfhl
mbtiz fhoY mf kila, xU RHY x mGjkhF j
xtughdJ xbthU egUF jFjhngh khWgl ToaJ. j VwjhH
msthd 20 kHz xia ey cl Mnuha Ugtf. s tad ahtU
nffyh vdnt 20 kHz vgJ mluh ro xU Fiwj viyahf TwgLwJ.
mluh r cUthf gntW l gagLwJ. cjhuzkhf Clf
CLU, ugF jft, Clf cflikig sfkhf
btgLJwJ. Uff gagLJ, cjhuzkhf btsthf
ntilahLtjfhf gagLJ x, xU mluh r gig bfhljhF.
Medical and Destructive
Lowbass notes

Infrasound

Animals and Chemistry

Acoustic

Diagnostic and NDE

Ultrasound

gl 9.3 (b) (i) x miytir viy

207

mluh ro xU Kakhd gaghL nrhndhuh (Sonography). J

jh fUig tsailj fU glfis cUth jUwJ. nkY J
mf vif gntW gagho csJ.

gl 9.3 (b) (ii) nrhndhuh _y

vLfgl jh t

gl 9.3 (b) (iii) HF b#k

vLfgl mluh r nrhjidgl

9.4 dQ uj gnrhjid rhjd (Electronic Blood Pressure Apparatus)

dQ uj gnrhjid vgJ ifdh afgL iuaik,
kfL ehlh, sF tl Kf (dial ) msL Matiw bfhL, uj
mGjij g br rhjdkhF. uj mGj rhjhuz iy, mf kW
Fiwj iyfis msl gagLwJ. onyna fUia bfhL uj
mGj iyia iu _y Jakhf mayh. ol uj mGj
fUf ehF tiff ilwJ. mitfshtd

gh ms jirahf (semi automatic) bragL fU

KG ms jirahf bragL fU
kfL tif fU
KG ms jirahf -7 idf (7- memory ) bragL fU

j fUf ah uj mGjij K if nkgF ja

klF bghUjgL rahd ms fzLwJ. j msf ah,
iu _ykhf gnto ga itfgLwJ myJ mL btna jUwJ.

9.5 yf Kiw btgiykh (Digital Thermometers)

ol btgjil fy ( Thermistor ) bghJthf cL (built in) msF
flia (probes), czo (sensor ) fis bfhLsJ. Jakhf
msl, khwKoahj tifY jahfgLwJ. ol btgndh
(Thermocouple ) msF flfsh bghUjgL vj xU bjhFia
VWbfhS rYifia bfhLsJ. it xU btntW btgiy viyia
bfhlJ. mit K-tif, T-tif.
K-tif btgiykh 9-mFy viy btgiyia msL brwJ.
UtiffS Jakhf, ewhf msfis msF. Mdh ol btgjil
fy ( Thermistor ) ah tiuaWfgl cL flfis bfhlJ. flf
ciljh ntbwhU a btgiykhiajh gagLj ntL.
btgndh, ol btgiykh vghF juij jUwJ
kW bghUjgL flf bfhLF g, mfy viyia bfhoUF.
208

midJ QA iyWjgl, caj ju bfhl btgndh, ol

btgiykh mf eif gagLwJ.
btgjil ol fy
cyf ms gyjugl ju
jahfgLwJ. midJ mogil, bghUfis nrhwJ. jdh Efnth
eyjukhd bghUis thf KowJ.

9.6 vynuh vr~nsh uh (EEG Electro Encephalo Graphy )

EEG vgJ gy euf braghil dhwyhf cUth, x fl
gFF tHF xU nkiy mikghF. J _W tifahd thf
(Electrodes) msl bfhLsJ. mit jiynkgF, fhof gF (cortical) kW
MHgF rhjhuzkhf _is (cortex) VgL miy bjhFf

gl9.6 (a) vynuh vr~nsh uh

1. Mgh miy : 8 Kj 13Hz, 20-200uV btgF (Occipital region) g.

J bghU F iy miyf njhwhJ. bghU iykhWghlh
J khWgL.

2. lh miy I kW II:: 14 Kj 30Hz tiu. _is aFnghJ miy

mbt 50Hz. lh I _is bragLnghJ kiwJ lh II miyia
njhWF. g, KgfY kW y Fl lf kL
ilF.

3. lh miy : 4 Kj 7Hz tiu mf cz btgho (emotion)

mGjjh njhW miy. J iyyhk njhwToa gF.

4. Mgh miy : 3.5Hz Mj f nghJ, Rjukhf bragL nghJ

njhW _is wgF kW gF njhW.

209

xUiz vgJ euf braf midij xWikgLJtJ.

dho (synaptic) cL izf kW ju brgFf cbrafis
xizgjhF.
w_is gntW gFf, xnu khahd brafis btgLJwJ.
jF y l cLf njitgLwJ. Etiyd bratif (reticular
activation system RAS ) j ngnkf (pace maker) Kiwia tHFwJ.

gl9.3(b) EEG miy totf F nghJ

EEG gy tifahd t nehfis Muha, t neh cUthF
_isgFia nehf gagLwJ.
neh isth euf mf mGj clhwJ. J buoFy
(reticular) braghLKiw, rkhfgLwJ.
U tifahd tf:
1. bghJthd t (generalized epilepsy)
2. gF t (partial epilepsy)

gl9.6(d) bghJthd t miytot gF t

210

miytot

9.7 yf Kiw (Digital) X-ff:

ol X-f au, xU X-f FHh kW X-f a (driver)
Ma gFf mlUF. X-ff nehah cl CLU nghJ, mj
cUtij dh cs nfkuh gl oF. y Ka mogil X-f FHh
fLgLJwJ. nkY J cUtfis M brJ CRT iu bja itwJ.
ol nfkuh j cUtij bgW ol iriffshf kh ig~g x fl
_y Ka (Main base station) flJwJ.

Ka mik (Main base station)

X-f FHhia af, fLgLj brwJ. ig~g FHh tahf

ol nfkuhl bjhl bfhwJ.
fod jL (hard disc) glfis kWbraghofhf nrJ itwJ.

9.7 ol X-f
-f flgl

midJ fLgL Kiwfis cUt bjfhf bjhl bfhs

brwJ.
cUtfis MuhJ, fod jo (hard disc) nrfJ, izfgl CRT
iu X-f cUtfis fhLwJ.
LatticeSc

ispPAC

FPGA

CPLD

Power Manager

gagL rhjdf:

dgl jfL (lattice sc)

FPGF
w tH
CPLD

dgl jfL (lattice sc) braghL:

ol Kiw CCD- cl bjhlig bfhLwJ.

jha nyrUl neuo bjhl bfhlJ.
211

gaf:

gyif guig FiwwJ.

CML neilahf nyrUl bjhlig VgLJwJ.
bra neuij FiwwJ.
caj SERDES bra, mik juij mfwJ.

isp PAC braghL:

CCD oll btgiyia ghJfhwJ.

jha nyr w fLghil bfhlJ.
nyr ilnaho Ko life flag csJ.

gaf:

xUfikj }l fLgL tahf wj bra eilbgWwJ.

ol btgiy mik bfhlJ.
H-{ cl va bjhlig VgLJwJ.
nyr cs ilnahL ilnahL khWghLfis rk brwJ.

FPGA braghL:

tHfkhd DSP, FIR kW IIR togh

ADC cl bjhl
nrF Kiw (Glue logic) : idthw bjhl

gaf:

vjhd vjhd it tHFwJ.

nrF Kiw (Glue logic) fhf mf ntfij jUwJ. mntf fLgLJ
(buffer) nkyhik.
gtif caj bra bfhl MAC (Multipliy & Accumulate Primitive).
DSP _y btpil mfgLJwJ.
af (On-chip) PLL, neuij fLgLj FHh izfhf
csJ.

CPLD braghL:

CPU cJ(bus) iyahd aunjhL bjhl bfhLsJ.

gtifahd idbjhlig, ORT42GS TL bragL FPGA kW CPU
cl VgLJwJ.
SDRAM bjhl.

gaf :

DSP, CPU braghil fhUF iyf (wait states) yhk

mfgLJwJ.
gJiw (multi-port) SDRAM H yhj af brwJ.
FIFO bral kW jft gkhw kfSfhf, nrf, bghUj
brwJ.

212

w nkyhik braghL:
midJ braghoF njitahd wid tHFwJ.

gaf:

gyif guig FiwwJ.

juij caJwJ.
btgLJ neuij FiwwJ.
9.8 ehndh bjh Eg (Nano technology) kW gaghLf
ehndh bjh Eg RUfkhf ehndh Eg vd miHfgLwJ. J
bghUf msit, mQ kW _yTW msF fLgLJ bjh EgkhF.
j Eg 1 Kj 100 tiu cs ehndh my bghUf myJ rhjdf
flikig bfhL tUwJ.
ehndh bjh Eg w rhjdfSfhf thfgl xU a _yTW
Raflik mikJ xU bga Ugij brJsJ. j ehndh
msnfhgo mikj xU a bghUf neilahf mQ ms fLgLj
nrhfgLwJ.
j a bjh Eg v fhy ey nghoia VgLJ. j Eg
cUthF bghUfS rhjdfS mf ms gagho csJ. cjhuzkhf
kUJt dQa, c aua kW Mw cUthf.
kbwhU tif, ehndh bjh Eg gy a bjh Egfis mKf
brwJ. mitahtd, eRjik (toxicity) kW RWNH isf. j
mik gJiw br FGfSl nghoia VgLJwJ kW jwfis
ftJ ehndh EgF rhwwJ.

gl 9.8 (a) xU Rjkhd jf (100) nkw flik,

xbthU j mQ mikig fhLwJ.
213

xU ehndh l (nm) vgJ xU a myJ 10 Kj 9 tiu cs xU

ehndh bjh Eg gagL y mQFKiwfshtd, UJ nk (bottom up)
_yTWbfhif mogil bghUf kW rhjdf ah _yTW
nrkfis bfhL jhdhfnt nta Kiwgo TL nrwd. kbwhU
mQFKiwahd nkUJ (top-down) Kiw ehndh bghUfmQkl
fLghL yhk xU bga cik iyia WwJ.
gl~y C60vw gh (buck ball) xU telahf fhg
mikghd m~y csJ. ~y cs xbthU gF xU Ka
fUthf ehndh bjh Eg Fil tUwJ.
ehndh Egga Kj fUJ There is plenty of Room at the Bottom vw
jiy, 1959- ML org 29- fhbl vw l elj mbkf aa
mik fl r ig~nk (Richard Feynman) vw aa tYd
vgtuh ngrglJ.
mfykhF. fhg - fhg iz s myJ xU mQ cs
_yTWf ilbt 0.12 Kj 0.15nm MF. J ntW tif c brf
fa ms vW TWyh. Cjhuzkhf ghOah ms 200nm MF. nkY
ehndh l msit, ia m cs xU a fnyhL xL msthf
Twyh.
gyjkhd aa fUJf, j Fiwfgl msKiw
btgLjgLwJ. xwhf a-au isf kW gFaua isf TW fUJ gF-ms is (Quantum size effect) MF.
ehndh ms Fiwfgl bghUf btntW gf mnj bghUsh
bga ms bfhL jahfgl xUizj gfnshL xlgLwJ.
cjhuz, x CLthj bghU jnghJ x CLU (copper) fod bghU v
(aluminium) fiuahj bghU fiu (gold), itbayh ehndh bjh Eg
rhakhwJ.
ed braif nta, vj xU mQY xU a _yTiw cUthf
Ko vw ia milJsJ. j a tKiwf, btntW kUJ
jahY gagLwJ.
_yTW ehndh bjh Eg, ehndh Egij gagLJ bghahsfsh
_yTW jah miHfgLwJ. _yTW mik ehndh bjh EgJl
j flikig VgLJwJ. J njitahd flik aufis
totikwJ. ehndh cg cs jah fUjhdJ bjhlyh jw
bjh EgUJ bjthf ntWgLjgLwJ. nkY it ehndh bjh
Eg cgia brwJ. mitahtd, fhg ehndh FHh kw ehndh W
bghUf.

gaghLf
gaghLf:
mf gaghLf, y viyf bfhnl gagLJwd. Kj jiyKiw
(First generation) bragLJ ehndh bghUf, illha-il-MirL cs
Na fkiw bghUshf (Sunscreen) gagLwJ. nkY mHF bghUf kw

214

czbghUf, fhg wntWik tot #&nfh ehlh (gecko tape) cgF

gagLwJ. t (bta) czbghUfis fLtjf (pack) JfSF,
neh jL kW L cgnahf bghUshf gagLwJ. Jjehf MirLf
Na kiw bghUshf (Sunscreen), w Rf, bglhf, bt mik
ehfhfSF rgL thZ Mf kW a (cerium) MirL vbghU
idahf gagLwd.
ehndh Eg xU Ka gaghlhf, dQ Jiw gagL
MOSFET- a ehndh flf ~10nm s csJ. F flf fa
ehndh ms csJ. jnghija ehndh bghUf l Vglhj tif
jahfgLwJ. cjhuzkhf t y ehndh bghU fhYiu (snacks)
jahfis fLoJsJ. J fh VgL Jehwij fG Rj
brahknyna FiwwJ. nkY t ehndh JQFf. ghoafis
iygLJgitfshf fhg bghU mla jhtufis ijgjF
gagLwJ.

dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjL
1.neh jikia gl oJfhL fU_______
m) .o.nf
M)cgLJ FHh
) Eiupu fU
<)ECMO
2. onya _______neh iyia fLgLjyh.
m) janeh
M)kr fhkhiy
) Wneh
<) t neh
3. _______ jaJo miyfis diyahf khjU fU
m) ol X-f fU
M)btgiykh
) dQ uj mGj fU <) ECG
4. kjdh czugL fFiwj muh r miy viy_______
m) 20Hz
M) 2kHz
) 20kHz
<) 200kHz
5. muh ro xU Ka gaghL_______
m) nahbju
M)uj mGj
) ja nfhshW
<) nrhndhuh
6. dQ uj gnrhjid fU msL Kf _______
m) tl
M) rJu
) brt
<) tl
7. vynuh-vr~nsh uh (EGG) vgJ _______braghil dhwyhf
khjUwJ.
m) ja
M)_is
) eu
<) tWgF
8. lh miy _______viyia bfhlJ.
m) 4 Kj 30Hz
M) 4 Kj 7 Hz ) 8 Kj 13Hz <) 3 Kj 3.5Hz
9. ehndh Eg_______ tiu ehndh my bgUfis totikwJ
m) 1-100
M) 10-100
) 1-10
<) 100-1000
10. jnghija ehndh Eg rhakhd xwhf _______x CLUthj bghU
x CLU bghUshf csJ.
m) Jjehf
M)jhu
) jf
<) mYa
215

II. xU y thij ila

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

neh neh mFia ma gagL fUf uL TW.

vlhnfh fU ahuh vnghJ fLofglJ?
ECG J TW.
ol btgiykh Uifia vGJ?
ehndh gagho Kj fUij Tat ah?

III. xU tf ila
1. dQ kUJt rhjdf ytiw TW
2. .o.nf ga uL TW
3. EEG vwh vd?
4. EEG gagL ehF jkhd miyfis TW
5. ol X-f mik g TW
6. ehndh bjh Eg vwh vd?
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ECG mik vthW bragLwJ?

.o.nf braghil t.
muh r bragL j TW.
EEG vnrhjidia g t
ol X-f fU gafis bjhFJ TW

V. uL gfSF fhk ila

1.

ehndh bjh Eg kW mj gafis thf TW

2. VnjD ehF tifahd kUJt dQ rhjdf g RUfkhf t

ilf:
1.m

2. M 3. <

4.

5. <

6.m

216

7.

8. <

9. M 10. M

kh dhjh
dQ rhjdf
neu : 3 k

kbgf: 200
gF -m

vyh dhfSF ilaf

15
15x11 = 15

I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

1. _______ xU yhf RW, uL yf _W-xW vf _y TLjiy
brwJ.
m) miuTo
M) KGTo
) tl
<) fgh
2. mbt gngw C mbt irif _______Vwh ngh khWgL.
m) mbt
M) iw
) mfy
<) R
3. f vikahd thbdh V _______ MF.
m) l V
M) V. v. V
) v~. v. V <) bjhl V
4. thbdh Via M brjJ f Rjkhf vj j x tuho
mJ_______gGJ vdgL.
m) cauw gGJ
M) cUs gGJ
) LL bragLj
<) Fiwj x gGJ
5. vyuh f iu lUJ tykhf tyUJ lkhf msf
gLtjF _______ vW bga.
m) Arhl nf
M) btof nf
) lnyhL nf
<) Fta nf
6. CCIR-PAL - Kiw onah gil mfy_______
m) 10 MHZ
M) 15 MHZ
) 25 MHZ
<) 5 MHZ
7. tzbjhiyfh glFHh _______ vyuh Jghf gagLj
gLwd.
m) 5
M) 2
) 3
<) 7
8. ehlh g fU ehlh _______vw bghUsh MdJ.
m) U
M) Jjehf kW U fyit
) Jjehf
<) mYa
9. brngh th tna ngR xahdJ g bragL_______ miyfshf
khwgLwJ.
m) miy
M) thbdh miy ) x miy <) brz miy
10. mft f vgJ ._______
m) xf
M) fhj xf
) thbdh miy
<) x miy
11. f mfkhd brfis gufis _______ vLJ bfhS.
m) fLgL
M) W
) nrfJ
<) mJ
12. braifnfh ifng (Cell phone) RUfkhf_______ vW miHfgL.
m)nr ngh
M) br ngh
) bkhig ngh <) th lh
13. f ALC gF CU gF nrJ _______ vd miHfgLwJ.
m)fj Vusd brayf
M) fLghlf
) ika brayf
<)idtfgF
217

14. uhlh mik xgu _______ cg brwJ.

m)nuonah miy
M) Monah miy
) iknuhnt miy
<) khLny miy
15. jnghija ehndh Eg rhakhd xwhf_______ x CLUthj bghU
x CLU bghUshf csJ.
m) Jjehf
M)jhu
) jf
<) mYa
II. xU thij ila (vyh dhfSF )
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

15
1=15
15x1=15

_W tif ko itnulf bgafis FL.

jiujs mikfgL Mbldh vJ?
Kj Mbldhit fLojt ah?
g mbt vwh vd?
KbgU vwh vd?
glFHh vjifa nfnjhLf gagLjgLwd.
mtlh R vgJ vd?
irjo ntf vthW khwgLwJ?
nAh nalf FiwjJ vjid xghf gagLjgLwJ?
ulh jiyKiw ( 2G) brnghf gagLJ Kiw ahJ?
KG-uil fbjhl KiwF U cjhuz bfhL.
uL cL rhjdfis TW.
CPU, ALU -tJ vGJ
uhlh vwh vd?
neh mFia ma cj fUf uL TW.
gF -M

III. VnjD 10 dhfSF kL xU tf

10 x4
4 = 40

il vGJ
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

AND nf - tiuaW
KG To - tiuaW
gngw tiffis TW
thbdh Vf gagLjgL bfhiff ahit?
v~. v. oll tiff ahit?
bf fhu - sF
bjhiybjhl braif nfh gaf uL TW.
bkjLf mikJs gFf ahit?
gntW tifahd I-gh (i-pod) fis TW.
f nrfF gF (Storage unit) Ka gfis vGJf.
_W tifahd mRbgh bgafis vGJ.
ehndh bjh Eg vwh vd?

218

gF -

IV. VnjD 5 dhfSF kL xU gf ms ila.

dh v 49 - flha dh

5 x 10 = 50

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

mlkoitnuliu t.
ah Mbldhit g t.
R.F bgURid tiuJ sF.
bjhiybjhl braif nfh g - sF
bjhl Clfkhf USB vthW gagLwJ.
t.
1. CPU
2. ALU
49. glFHh mikig gl tiuJ ghff F
(myJ)
flt braghil RUfkhf TW.
1.ECG
2.muh - r

gF -<
V. VnjD 4 dhfSF U gf ms thf ila.
(dh v 55 - flha g mF dhthF)

4 x 20 = 80

50. fltF RUfkhf g vGJ

1. miuTo
2. KGTo
3. miu fgh
4. KG fgh
5. - sh
51. FM t flglij tiuJ sF.
52. bjhiyfh t flglij tiuJ sF.
53. bjhiyfh KY afhk Ugjfhd fhuzfis tirgLJf.
54. brngh - mbtiz t.
55. f cL kW btpL rhjdfis sF
(myJ)
fnf V flglij tiuJ sF.

219

jehL muR
Kjg - 2011

FG jiyt
Kidt u.n.jh. tjhghD
nguha kW Jiwjiyt
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry- 636 011.

yhaf
Kidt v. runrf

br h. rkh bkA#,

iz nguha,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.

iuahs,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.

U. brh. mjf,

Uk f. ckhknft

bjhf Ma,
muR nkiyg,
Vjh - 636 117.
nry khtl.

bjhf Mia,
muR nkiyg,
nkLgo ,
nry - 636 111.

ghlf jah : jehL muRfhf

g f aff, jehL.

60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.
bt MbrKiw mnlh :

brKiw - I
1.

R.F.d b#dnul kW .M.X mj

2.

ko itnulf Riw (IC) 555-I gagL mikJ mj

braghil mj.

3.

NOR, NAND, EXOR nf mj

4.

miu To, KGTo kW sh flik kW nrhjid

5.

xU jLtot (Dish) Mldhit mikJ nrhJ fhLf.

6.

Monah Mgga gFia TBA 810 (IC) -I gagL mikJ

bragLfhLf.

7.

vnfhl kW o-nfhlf flik kW nrhjid.

8.

R kh thbdh thia (AM) mikJ mj btntW iyf

dGjfis msLf.

9.

xU v.v (FM) thbdh thia mikJ mj btntW iyf

dGjfis msLf.

10. xU R kh thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ rbrj.

11. xU v.v thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brJ fhLf.
12. v.v thbdh thia CAX 1619 kW TBA 810 (IC)-I gagL mikJ
a fhLf.
13. xU AM thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brf - Fiwj
x VgLj (Low Sound)
14. xU V.v thbdh th VgLs gGij A x (Hum Sound) flJ
r brf.
15. FM thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brf. (ff
iurYl ilj (Noisy Reception)
iii

brKiw - II
1.

ngl b#dnul kW ~g b#dnul g mj

2.

xU bjhiyfh t VgLs gGij flJ r brJ a

fhLf - wj gGJ (Dead Fault).

3.

bjhiyfh V iu mf fSl Toa gl bjwJ. (Snow

Picture) gGJfhd fhuzij flJ rbrf.

4.

tz bjhiyfh V (Colour Television Receiver) vj j tzK

(No Colour) njhwiy gGfhd fhuzij flJ tiu a
fhLf.

5.

tz bjhiyfh V (Colour Television Receiver ) f tz

(retrace) nfhLf gGJ VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ
Via a fhLf.

6.

tz bjhiyfh V (Colour Television Receiver) gir tz

(retrace) nfhLf gGJ VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ r brJ
tiu a fhLf.

7.

tzbjhiyfh V (Colour Television Receiver) y w nfhLf

gGJ VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ r brJ tiu a
fhLf.

8.

bjhiyfh V iu gfthL nfhL (Horizandal line) bjwJ.

mgGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ tiu a fhLf.

9.

bjhiyfh V iu neiynfhL (Vertical line) bjwJ.

mgGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ Via a fhLf.

10. bjhiyfh V VgL gGJfis flJ rbrf - cau Fiwj

gl (Heightless Picture)
11. bjhiyfh V xiy (No Sound) gl ewhf csJ gGfhd
fhuzij flJ rbrf.
12. bjhiyfh t btisw nfhLf (Retrace Lines) kL bjwJ.
gl iy gGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrf.
13. DVD nsa VgLs gGid flJ rbrJ a fhLf - wj
gGJ (Dead fault)
14. gGid flJ r brf, DVD nsa No Disc gGJ.
15. miyng (CELL PHONE) mj kW guhkj
16. TV/ DVD nkh g mj kW guhkj
17. bjhiyfh tf gagLjgL gt ris v.v..v (SMPS)
mik, braghL g mj.
iv

nrhjid v -11

d b#dnul kW .M.X mj
R.F.
d

nehf
R.F d b#dnul kW .M.X Mat mogil braghLfis
mj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

1.

bghU/cgfuzbga
R.F d b#dnul
CRO

vif
1
1

R.F d b#dnul bragL bfhif

J Monah mbt (A.F) kW nuonah mbt (R.F) miyfis

clhFw xU dQ rhjdkhF. j cjah 150KHz Kj 30MHz
tiuyhd thbdh miyfis, 400Hz ks Monah miyfis,
jjahf kW khLny brJ 100KM ms xgug Ko.
1. ON-OFF R : J b#dnuliu afitf, afij Wj
gagLwJ
2. iy njbjLgh (Mode Selector) : J xU tifahd af R MF.
J _W jkhd miyfis nj brwJ, mit 1) C miy 2) gngw
miy 3) Monah miy vj miyia njbjLnwhnkh mJ btpo (Output)
ilF.
3. gil njbjLgh (Band Selector) : J msnfh cs njitahd
ngfis njbjLf gagLjgLwJ. jF nu njbjLgh
vd miHfgLwJ, thbdh V btntW ngfis nrhf.
jid gagLjyh.
4. mbt njbjLgh (Frequency Selector) : njitahd mbtfis
njbjLf KfgF A, B, C, D, E, F, G tiuyhd mbt kLf
KHz kW MHz msf bfhLfgLsJ. njbjLghid kh mikF
nghJ Fl mbt FKis W bgwyh.
5. yhg fLgLf (Gain Controls) : R.F kW A.Fmiyf ria
fLgLj J gagLwJ. J xU khW jilahd bghlnah lf
MF.
1

6. btpL Kid (Output) : njbjLgh _y njbLfgl miyia

bgwyh. Kid nf izJ nuonah Vf cs
RF, AF, IF gFf miy kig nrhfyh.

3. R.F d b#dnul gaf

1. d b#dnuliu bfhL a msyhd miyfis xgu bra aY.
J xU A.M gu (Transmitter) MF.
2. thbdh Vf RF, AF, IF iyfmbtfis negL xU iur
yhj x btpil ilf brayh.

II. CRO - nfnjhL - nu - Myhnfh

RWf btpo ilF gy tifahd mbtfis iu
miy totfshf fhL x rhjdkhF.

gl 1 (m) RF d b#dnul Kf njhw

2

gl 1 (M) CRO flgl

gl 1 ((
) CRO Kfnjhw
3

.M.x - mik
_W Ka mikf csJ.

1. vyuh f gF
iH, nfnjhL Mait. iHah nfnjhL
NLgLjgLnghJ nfnjho UJ vyuhf fiwahf btahF.

2. fGJgF
_W LfS X, Y vd U n#ho mirF jLfS mikUF.

Kj
nfnjhL gF UJ btahF vyuh fiwia fLgLJwJ. x
ne nfhlhf khWwJ.

ulhtJ
ne nfhlhd vyuh f ntfij KLFwJ

_whtJ
vyuh fiu iu ikaF vLJ brwJ.

mirF jLf
it x,yjLf vd miHfgLwJ tF mfgL
dGjjjh vyuh fiwfis tisf Ug KowJ j KiwF
vynuhlho o~s vW bga.

1. X-jLf
jLf
J ilng vD RWl izfgL ugg
(Saw tooth) miyia cUthFwJ iu ika G ia l tykhf
(Horizontal) efu brwJ. J iu cs X- mrhF.

2.Y-jLf
jLf
bgUf btpL RWl izfgLwJ y jflhdJ iu
ika G btria nkUJ Hhf (Vertical) efubrwJ. J
iu y-mR MF.

3. iugF (m) KfgF

o.ia nghynt Y iugF csJ, J xU fhW fgl xU FHh
MF.
1. AC/DC R-I OFF iy itJ cL miyia bfhLf ntL.
bgUah bgUfgl miyf y jLfSF bfhLfgLwJ.

2. Volts/Div vw fLgL cjbfhL iu bj miyia

ajhfnth bgajhfnth fhzyh.

3. of RW - iu miytot efJ bfhnl UF vdnt ofiu

gagL ilng gF UJ tU miyia rW jhkjgLJ nghJ,
ghf ntoa miyia iyahf itJ mjmiys, mbt kW
4

 msit fzlyh.

4. .M.x gaf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

fhynfg khW (Time varying) miytotfis fhzgagLwJ.

xU o. t midJ gFfis ne bragagLwJ.
d dGj flayh.
d mbtiz flayh.
VCR, VCP, DVD - nghw rhjdf gGJfis flayh.

CRO - Kf njhw cs fLgLf

1.

ON-OFF-R J CRO-it njitahd dGj bfhLJ af, mj

braghil Wj j ON - OFF R gagLwJ.

2.

xbr / (lo) - vyuh f x jik myJ ufhrij

kh mikF fLgLahF. vyuhf, iuia nkhJ
vifia fLgLJwJ. ij xU khW jilia bfhL
fnuh o dGj msit To FiwF nghJ ilf bgwyh.

3.

nghf - iu miynfhLf Jakhf bja fLgL

gagLwJ. nghf MndhLF bfhLfgL dGjij kh
mikgjdh F Ja ilF.

4.

iu - J xU tifahd sho iuahF. J CRT njhw csJ.

tiugljh cs nfhLf nghy mlgoUF. Jnt uho
vdgL. j nfhLfns Myhnfh msLf MF.

5.

X-mik
mik - j fLgL cjah iu njhW miy totij
FJ trjh nkY, Gkhf KGtJ efj aY. J clhf bfhLF
dGjij To FiwF nghJ VgLwJ.

6.

Y-mik
mik - j fLgL miy totij gLif tr tyJ wnkh
myJ lJ wnkh KGtJ efj aY.

7.

- (br Fiwgh) J btof Mga yhgij 10 klF

bgUFwJ.

8.

jiu - clhf bfhLfgL bgUia ju kwit jiuiz

bragLwJ njitahd dGjfis kL msL bra gagLwJ.

9.

iy - iu njitahd miytotijbgw j fLgL

gagLwJ gy tifahd of iriff _y j miyfis bgw Ko.
mitahtd - 1. cL, 2. iy, 3. btpL.

10. bryl - Arhl bgUF njitahd cL iriff j

bryliu gagL bgwyh.

Ko
thW d b#dnul kW MX flik braf kW mj
gafis mJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 2

ko itnulf Riw (IC)555-I

)555-I
gagL mikJ mj braghil mj
nehf
ko itnulf braiy (IC) 555-I gagL mj

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

bghU/cgfuzbga
(IC) 555
jil 1 K,5 K, 100 K
nj 0.01 F
ouhl (NPN)
.M.X
unghL

vif
1
2,3,1
2
1
1
1

ml ko itnul
gy tot miyfis cg br RwhF. j mik IC 555-I
gagL mikfgLJ. tif koitnulfSF iyahd iyf
iy. j btpL J neu mfkhf J neu Fiwthf UF.
vdnt j btpL xU rJu (Square) tot miyahf mik. j R
btpL kW nj dGjK miyto fhlgLsJ.

gl 2 (m) : ml ko itnul - (IC) - 555

6

1.

nj njf neu rkghL (Timing for charging capacitor)

Tc = 0.693 (RA + RB)C ms

2.

nj wf neu rkghL
Td = 0.693 (RB) C ms

3.

bkhj btpL fhy ms

T = Tc + Td
= 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C ms

4.

mbt ms
1
1
1.44
F = ----- = ----------------------- (or) ---------------- KHZ
T
0.693(RA + 2RB)C
(RA + RB)C

+Vcc
8

1K
7

1K

Vout

5K
Q1

0.01pf

LC

LC

5K

Q1

gl 2 (M) : ml ko itnul braghL flgl

Voltage
across capacitor

2
Voc
3

C
1 Voc
3
Vcc

out put
Time
T

gl 2 () : ml ko itnul btpL miy tot

7

+5 V

100 K

55

4
3

IC 555

6
6

7
2

gl 2 (<) : nkhndhnl ko i
tnul
itnul
4
R

+ Vcc

SK

+ Vcc

Trigger
+ Vcc

Threshold
comparator

Threshold
Reset
R

SK

SRFF
S

0.01Fd

2
Trigger

C1

3
output

+ Vcc
Output

Trigger
comparator

5K

gl 2 (C) : nkhndhnl
btpL miytot

gl 2 (c) : nkhndhnl ko
itnul flgl

nkhndhnl ko itnul
RWF xU iyahd iyf cL Kj j btpL Fiwj
iy UjhY of br nghJ caj iy btpL ilF vwhY
8

xU Fl fhy ms J L Fiwj iynf tJL. L caj

btpL ntL vwh Riw L of brantL (IC) 555 -I
bfhL nkhndhnl RW mikfgLsJ.
caj ms btpo fhy msthdJ flthW fzlgLwJ
T = 1.1 (R x C) Sec
R = jil ms Xf ()
C = nj ms ~ghuo (F)
1.
2.
3.
4.

bfhLfgl bghUfis bfhL RW izfglJ.

dGjgF R M braglJ
CRO- tU btpL dGjfis msl ntL.
fzogo, braKiwgo ilj mbtfis xl
ntL.

Ko
bfhLfgl (IC) 555-I bfhL ml, nkhndhl Riw
mikJ mj braiy kW btpL miy totfis mJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 3
NOR, NAND, EXOR jf th (Logic gate) mj
nehf

uL cLf bfhl mogil nfLfshd TTL, (IC)- I gagL

mikJ mj cik mltizia rghj

njitahd bghUf / cgfuzf

t.v
1
2
3
4
5
6

bghU / cgfuz bga

DC buFnyl gtris ( 0 - 5v )
NOR nf 7402
NAND nf 7400
EXOR nf 7486
LED
unghL

vif
1
1
1
1
10
1

brKiw
1. ungho (IC) -I bghUj.
2. gt risia M br.
3. (IC)- fSF gl fhosgo jf cL (Logic input)
bfhLJ btpil fhz.
4. +5V DC cL 1 vd, 0V DC cL 0 vd vLJ bfhs ntL.
it jf cLfshf A,B vd FfgLwJ.
5. risia W izfis f.
9

1) NOR nf
NOT-OR nfL izjJ, OR nfo jiy braghnl NOR nfo
braghlhF.
1.
2.
3.
4.

a njw _ykhf NOR nfo rkghL Y = A + B

A, B vw cLf 0 vD nghJ Y btpL 1 vUF.
btpLf mfkhf Uf, cLf Fiwthf UfntL.
bfhLfgl cik mltiz_y braghil rghfyh.

2) NAND nf

NOT-AND nfL izjJ AND nfo jiy braghnl NAND nf

braghlhF.
1. a njw _ykhf NAND nfo rkghL Y = AB
2. A, B vw U cLf 0 Mf myJ VnjD xU cL 0 Mf
1 Mf Ujh kLnk btpL 1 Mf UF.
3. cik mliz_y braghil rghfyh, nkY LED x _yK
mayh.
NOR GATE
yh FpL
A
IC 7402

cL
B

gl 3 ((a))
NOR GATE
RW sfgl

0 (m) 5 V

14
3

330

cL
0 (m) 5 V

LED

gl 3 ((b))
10

IC 7402 mik - NOR GATE

+5V

cik mltiz
yh cL

yhbtpL

Y = A+B

gl 3 ((c))
NAND GATE

yh FpL

IC 7400

cL

gl 3 ((d))

RW mik NAND GATE

0 (m) 5 V

A
IC
7400

cL
0 (m) 5 V

LED

gl 3 (e)

cik mltiz

NAND GATE

yh cL
A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

yh btpL
Y = AB
1
0
0
0
11

IC 7400 mik NAND GATE

+5V

gl 3 ((f))
EX- OR GATE

yh FpL
A

IC

cL

Y =A + B

7486

gl 3 ((g))
RW mik EX-OR GATE
+5V

0 (m) 5 V
1

A
IC 7486

cL
0 (m) 5 V

330

2 B
LED

gl 3 ((h))
12

IC 7486 mik EX-OR GATE

+5V
IC 7486

gl 3 ((i))
EX-OR GATE
cik mltiz
yh cL

yh btpL

Y=A+B

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1
0
0
0

3) EX-OR GATE
EX-OR nfo gl 7486 (IC)-I bfhL fhlgLsJ.
1. a njw _y EX-OR nfo rkghL Y = A + B = AB + AB
2. A.,B vw cLf xWbfhW kh UF nghJ, kLnk btpL
ilF
3. cik mltiz _y ij mayh.

Ko
NOR, NAND kW EX-OR nff mik, bra kW cik mltiz
Matiw mJ bfhnl.

13

nrhjid v - 4

miu To, KGTo kW

sh flik kW nrhjid
nehf
U cLf bfhl miu To, KGTo kW sh Mat
braghil (IC) -I gagL mj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.

bghU/cgfuzbga
(IC) 7486
(IC) 7408
(IC) 7432

vif
2
2
1

1. miu To ((Half adder))

uL ulokhd vfis xnu neu To, Sum kW Carry btpil
jUwJ.
EX-OR nfo btpL Sum Mf AND nfo btpL Carry Mf
ilwJ.
2. A, B vgJ uL cLfshF.
3. miu To uL Uko vfis kLnk TlKo _whtjhf
tU Carry-I fz vLJbfhshJ.

1.

2. KGTo ((Full adder))

1. KGTo vgJ 3 Uko vfis xnu Kiw To mjdh tU
btpL Sum kW Carry Matiw jUwJ.
2. KGToahdJ jdJ 3 cLfis mjF Kdh xU Tl
UJ tU Carry I Tl vLJbfhS.
3. U miu Tol OR nf xW izfgLwJ.
4. A, B, C vd _W cLf S, C vw U btpLfS csd.
5. Sum vw btpL A + B + C vw braiy Carry vw btpL A.B + B.C
+ C.A vw braiy jUwJ. glK, cik mltiz KGTo
braiyfhLwJ.

3. sh
sh braf ah yhnfil bfhL bragLwJ xWF
nkgl cLfS, xU cik btpL, Jiz btpL cL. j
cLf mLj khw tU tiu bjhlJ oF.
Flip Flop - gy tiff
1.
2.
5.

SR sh
CSR sh
J.K sh

3.
4.
14

D - tif sh
T - tif sh

1. SR sh
J xU mogil RwhF S(set), R(Reset) vw U cLfS Q.Q vw
U btpLfS csd. j bra ghil cik mltiz _y mayh.
2. CSR sh
nffY, shY cL iriff xnu neu khWtJ
rhaiy, mjfhf sh gRf gagLjgLwJ vdnt jF shL
SR sh vW bga.
SR kW C vw c^fS Q, Q vw btpLfS cL. ehF NAND
nfLf fyitahF. glK mltiz j braghil ma itwJ.
1) miu To ((Half adder))
a. FpL tiugl

miu
To

cL

btpL

gl 4 ((a))
cik mltiz (Truth Table)
S=A+B
C=A-B

yh
btpL

yh
cL
A

C0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
1

0
1
1
0

b. yh tiugl
IC 7486

IC 7400

gl 4 ((b))
2. KGTo (Full Adder)
a. FpL tiugl

KG
To

cL

Cin
gl 4 ((c))
15

btpL

cik mltiz (Truth Table)

yh
btpL

yh
cL
A

Cin

C0

0
0

0
0

0
1

0
1

0
0

0
0

1
1

0
1

1
0

0
1

1
1

0
0

0
1

1
0

0
1

1
1

1
1

0
1

0
1

1
1

S=A+B+C
C = A.B + B.C + C.A

b. yh tiugl

gl 4 ((d))
3. D - tif sh
CSR sh kbwhU totkhF brfis nrJitf gagLwJ,
vdnt jF Data Flip-Flop vW bga. j mik kW bra glY,
mltizY bfhLfgLsJ.
4. T tif sh
fzL braYF njitahd f Kakhd FF MF vdnt jF lh
(Toggling) sh vW bga CSR- btpLfis L cLfSl (Feed
back) izJ bragL KiwahF mik, mltiz_y braghL
magLwJ.
5. J.K sh
CSR- R = S = 1 vw iy mDkfgLtiy. vdnt J.K sh _y
ij mikfyh.
1. J ehF NAND nf mlaJ
2. U cLf J, K vd csJ
3. Q, Q vd U btpLf csJ. j mik, bra mltiz _y
mayh.

-sh (Vw wf jf idtf)

1.
1.SR -sh

iy mltiz
RW

cL

sh

S R
0 0
1 0
0 1
1 1

btpL

gl 4 ((e))
16

Q
0
1
0
-

Q
1
0
1
-

Comment
Initial
Set
Reset
Not allowed

2. CSR -sh

iy mltiz
RW

cL

C
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

btpL

gl 4 ((f))
D-TYPE -sh

3.

S R Q Q Comment
0 0 0 1 Initial
1 0 0 1 Since clock is
1 0 0 1 absent
1 1 0 1 no action
0 0 0 1 No change
1 0 1 0 Set
0 1 0 1 Reset
1 1 * * Not allowed

iy mltiz
Logic
Input
D
0
1

btpL

cL

Logic
Output
Q Q
0 1
1 0

gl 4 ((g))
T-TYPE -sh

4.

iy mltiz

IC 7434

Logic Logic
Input Output
T
Qn+1
1
Qn
1
Qn

btpL
cL

gl 4 ((h))
5.

J-K- -sh
RW

cL

btpL

gl 4 ((g))
17

Since clock is
absent
no action

iy mltiz (Truth Table)

yh cL

yh btpL

Comment

Initial

Since

clock is absent

no action

No change

Set

Reset

Toggling

Ko
U cLf bfhl miuTo (Half Adder) KGTo (Full Adder) kW
sh tiffis, mj, mik, braiy mltiz _y bjJ
bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 5

xU jLtot (Dish) Mldhit

mikJ nrhJ fhLf
nehf
xU jLtot (Dish) Mldhit mikJ mJ bragL jij nrhJ
mj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.

bghU/ cgfuz bga

DTH Mldh (Direct To Home)
LNB (Low Noise Block down Convertor )

rhoiy t
RG6 nfh. Ma nf

vif
1
1
1
25 metre

jL tot Mldh (DISH)

xgu bragl dfis braifnfh _y bgW blr
tUFbfhLF xU V MldhthF.

o Mldh mikF nghJ ifahs ntoa tKiwf

I.. l khj (Kj o Mldhit mikF lij

khf ntL).
1.

o Mldh mikfgL l wj btahf UfntL.

18

Mldhit kiwF bghUshf ku, kiy, fol kW fgf

yhk UFkhW ghJbfhs.
2. bjthf ghitF bj l kW branfh nfhz msF
(ir) UFkhW njbjLfntL.
3. gtiy UJ 20 mou mikf ntL.
4. o Tiunjh, khonyh, btRtnyh, njh mikfyh.
II.. jiuiz
1. xU ey jiuizng njityhj gjfis jLF.
2. o, df _y VgL isf tiu ghF. nkY tiu bjhL
nghJ h mgha VgL cUF Mgij isfyh. vdnt
Mldhit foghf jiuiz bra ntL.
3. Mldh jiuiz o jiuiznghL, myJ jahf xU
mo FHh gagL jiuiz brayh.
III.. Mldhit bghUJ Kiw
1.

Mldhit fhWF, kiHF mirahjthW, UghkY, cWahf

iyahf js bghUjntL.
2. MldhUJ blrDF bfhLF ouh xU RG-6 nfshf
Uf ntL.
3. MldhUJ tUF brY nf iz 25 lUF
UfntL.
4. nffis yjoahfnth, Rt tahfnth bfhL tuyh.

Metal
Reflector
Flat head bolts

LNB
Self-locking nuts
Retainer nut
Philips head screw

LNB support arm

Mast

Nut, star washer, hex

head bolt

Mounting foot

gl 5 ((a)) jL tot Mldh gFf

19

Mldhit bghU nrhjid brj

1.

branfh iria khJ Mldh jhia js JisL

bghUj. mij mirJghJ mj cWia rghf.
2. bfhLJs nfhz msgo o-(AZ-EL)-I jh rahd FU bfhL
bghUj. (AZ-gfthL nfhz, EL - nk nfhz)
3. LNB-I U-tot ngh, F% bfhL glYsthW oFF vir
bghUj ntL.
4. wF Mldh, LNB, t kW blDfhd nf izfis
izf.

nrhjid brj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

blid M brJ iu gl bjthf bjgo Ja ia

bra.
gl bjthf iyba o- AZ-EL - ia bjthf bj tiu efj.
midJ nrdfS bjthf bjjl - LNB- d liu bghU
rj msit nrhJ caj d ilF tiu r brJ wF Wj.
midJ rahf mikjl o- gf nfhz msit bg
bfhL FJ bfhs. J dh nfhzmsit rghf cj.
nfhz msit rghF nghJ gf Ughyhd bghU VJ yhk
ghJbfhs ntL. Vbd J jtwhd nfhzms fhLtjF
VJthL.
midJ rghjl Mlhdh cW iyia cW bra.
Dish

Feed horn
and LNBC

Mast

gl 5 ((b)) jL tot Mldh mik

20

gl 5 ((c))

gl 5 ((d))

Ko
nkbrhd Kiw xU o Mldhit mikJ, nrhjid brJ
bliu glij bjthf mikabrnj.

zfgl y nfhz msf

l
Kig
bl
brid
nry

Lat
18.93N
28.67N
13.08N
11.63N

Long
72.85E
77.23E
80.30E
78.13E

AZ

EL

128.56
146.26
130.79
123.63

56.37
51.24
67.03
66.09

21

nrhjid v : 6

Monah Mgga gFia TBA 810 (IC)-I

I
gagL mikJ bragLfhLf.
nehf
Monah Mgga gFia TBA 810 (IC) -ia gagL mikJ mj
braiy mj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

bghU / cgfuz bga

vif

TBA 810 (IC)

4 8 f

1
1
1,1,1,1
1,1,1

10K th fnuh
150, 56, 1, 100K jilf
0.01 F,0.1F, 0.004Fnj
330 PF

220 F/12v

100 F/12v

6V DC Power supply

Avo l (or) ko l

nrhjid
1. R csthW midJ bghUfis izf.
2. vlhtJ id 0.1F nj cjah th fnuh eL
Kidl izf.
3. (IC)- 9 - 10 fis xwhf izJ jiul.
4. (IC)- 12-tJ F jiuF il fiu R
csthW izf.
j izf Koj wF Monah Mgga gF 1-tJ F +6V
izig R csthW izf. d Monah Mgga afij
nrhJ (IC)- xbthU Y dGjfis msL ca msit
bfhLfgLs mltiz rghf.

mGj mltiz
TBA 810 (IC)

dGj

6V

0V

0V

5.9 0.1V 1.2V 3.8V

22

10

11

12

0V

0V

0V

0V

3.2V

Ko

Monah Mgga Riw TBA 810 (IC) -I gagL mikJ mj

afij dGj msLfis msL Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

23

220V
50Hz
Supply
P

10

2 X 1000
F/12V

56

330 PF

12

11

xgh

220
F/12V

220
F/12V

gl 6 : Monah Mga kW btpL gF TBA 810 IC

Power Supply

,
1O K,
,V/C
4 IN4001

9
6

10

TBA
810 IC

100
F/12V

0.1
F

1OO K

100
F/12V

cL
Monah
miyf

0.004
F

150

0.01
F

nrhjid v : 7

vnfhl kW o-nfhlf flik

kW nrhjid
nehf
vnfhl kW o-nfhl mik brayhfij mj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

bghU/ cgfuz bga

vif

(IC) 74147
(IC) 74148
(IC) 7442
(IC) 74148 ons (7 JL)
jil 330

LED

1
1

1
10
10

I.. vnfhl
kj (Manual) FpL tufis (code) au m Fplhf khjU
mikghF. v FpL rhjdf (ir) R braghlhf gagLwJ.

1. jrk - BCD vnfhl

0 Kj 9 tiuyhd xbthU vF Vg (irfis) RRfis
mGJ nghJ mJ RWF BCD Fplhf khwgLwJ. mjhtJ gjokhd
vF - ulokhd vzhf khwgLwJ. jF NAND nf gagLwJ.
(IC) 74147 - gagLjgLsJ. 10 mokhd v ehF yf ulokhd
vzhf khwgL mlitiz
0

0000

1
-

0001
-------

------1001

cjhuz : 3 vw Fpil (ir) bjhL nghJ btpo 0011 vd

ilF.

2. vL yf - <yf vnfhl
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(IC) 74148 gagLwJ. nkY NAND nf gagLwJ.

skhd vtia FpL to khjugagLwJ. (c-) 537 vw
vzhdJ. FpL to 1101101011 vd khwgLwJ.
v FpL tHFtY nrfJ itgY j RW gagLj
gLwJ.
Fiwj cLf Tl btplhf ilwd.
24

II.. o-nfhl
onfhl vgJ xU ol fyit tifahF. j co mfgl
ol nfhil njitahd vF khjU xU yh RwhF.
BCD - to - 7 JL onfhl (7 Segments) : 7 JL LED mik f
ugykhdjhF BCD mik UJ v tot khjU RwhF.
(IC) -744 - I gagL cL kW btpLf gl fhlgLsJ.
A, B, C, D vd ehF cLfS a Kj b tiu 7 btpLfS
csd.
(ii) 9 Kj 8 tiuyhd btpLf xbthW 7 JL LED-fSl
izfgLwJ.
(iii) 7-LED-f MndhLfSF bghJthf nfnjhLf mikwJ.
(i)

5V
330
1

11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
10

2
3

I/P

4
5
6
7
8
9

16
9

IC
7447

7
6
14

330

330

330

LED

A (LSB)
B
C
D CMSB

GND

gl 7 ((a)) 1. vnfhl (IC) - 74147 - I gagL

btpL fhQ RW (jrk - <yf)

5V
A
(LSB)

B
BCD
Input

C
D

15

16

1
2

14

3
4

13
12

BCD - to - 7
segment
Decoder

5
6
7

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

7-Segment
Output

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

a
f

e
d

O/P

GND

gl 7 ((b)) 2. Ml BCD vnfhl(vL yf - <yf)

25

5V
0
1

10
11

12

13
1

3
Octal
Input

4
5
6
7
EI

2
3
4
5

16

IC
74148

Binary
Outputs

6
14
15

Carry
Outputs

GND

gl 7 ((c))
BCD - to - 7 Segment o - nfhl
(<yf - 7 JL)

Ko
vnfhl kW o-nfhl- Riw (IC)-I gagL mikJ mj
braghLfis mJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v : 8

R kh (AM) thbdh thia mikJ

mj btntW iyf dGjfis msLf.
nehf
xU R kh (AM) thbdh thia mikJ mj gntW iyf
dGjfis msLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1..
2.
3.

bghU/cgfuz bga
AM nuonah t
6V gtris
AVO l (myJ) kol

vif
1
1
1

nrhjid
1. bfhLfgl vyuh bghUfis bfhL ro csthW
R kh nuonah tiu izJ bfhs.
2. R kh nuonah tiu gt risl izf.
3. bfhLfgl AVO l myJ ko l cjah R kh nuonah
t 1) ftl (Convertor Stage) 2) IF Mga 3) Monah Mga
kW btpL ouhlf dGjfis msL mltiz
csgo rghf.
26

BF 194 B
BF 195 C
BF 195 D
OA 79

gl 8 : V.v thbdh th RW

OA 79
BC 148B
BC 158B

AC 187
AC 188

6V

Speaker

27

dGj msL mltiz

t.v

ouhl
bga

gF

BF 194 B

ftl

dGj
C

B
0.5V

E
0V

5.8 V

BF 195 C

IF Mga 0.8 V

0V

5.7 V

BF 195 D

IF Mga

BC 548 B

AC 187 (I)

AC 188 (II)

0.8V
Monah
Mga 0.5 V
Monah
btpL gF 3.8 V

0V

5.8V

0V

5.5 V

6V

3V

Monah
btpL gF 1.2 V

3V

0V

Ko
xU R kh nuonah t gntW iyf bragL Kiwia mt
dGj msL Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v : 9

xU v.v (FM)) thbdh thia mikJ

mj btntW iyfdGjfis msLf.
nehf
xU v.v thbdh thia mikJ mj btntW iyf
dGjfis msLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1
2
3

bghU / cgfuz bga

v. v nuonah t
6V gtris
AVO l (myJ) kol

vif
1
1
1

nrhjid
1. bfhLfgl dD bghUfis bfhL R csthW
v.v. tiu izJ bfhs.
2. v.v nuonah tiu 6VDC gt risl izf.
3. bfhLfgl AVO l myJ kol cjah mbt gngw (FM)
thbdh th 1) fbtl, 2) IF Mga 3) kW Monah Mga
kW btpL gF ilF dGjfis msL mltiz
csthW rghf.
28

29
S

0.1
F
10

2 X 1000
F/12V

TBA
810 IC

gl 9 : v.v thbdh th RW (IC TBA 810)

10

1OO K

56
100
F/12V

8
9

F/12V
100

150

4
12

330 PF

0.004
F

cL
Monah
miyf

1O K,
,V/C
,

Powe Supply

CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh

220V
50Hz P
Supply

ggiy
thbdh
Vj

xgh

220
F/12V

220
F/12V

0.01
F

dGj msL mltiz

t.v
1.

dGj

gF
CAx1619 (IC)

6 VDC

cL dGj
2.

Monah Mga
kW btpL gF
TAB 810 (IC)

dGj

v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

6 VDC
0
0
5.9
1
1.2
3.8
0
0
0
0
3.2

Ko

xU FM thbdh, gntW gFf dGjfis msL

mltizgo rghFKiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v : 10

xU R kh thbdh th VgLs
gGij flJ rbrj
nehf
xU R kh thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1
2
3

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGJs V.v thbdh th
AVO l (myJ) kol
RF/AF d b#dnul

vif
1
1
1

thbdh th VgL gGij flj

bghJthf thbdh th Utif gGJf VgL. mitahtd.
30

31

820

gl 10 : Rkhw (AM) nuonah t (BELL 700 IC)

1K

SPAKER

1)
2)

iy gh (LIVE Fault) cUs gGJ.

bl~gh (Dead Fault) cuw gGJ.

nkTa gGJf vjifa gGJ t VgLsJ vgij Kj

fla ntL.

1. cUs gGJ ((Live Fault))

Kj tiu ON brJ ffis nj bra ntL. tiu
ONbrjl t ff VJ yhk x kL tjh mJ cUs
gGJ vd miHfgLwJ.

V.v. t VgL cUs gG tiff

1) Fiwj x VgLj (low volume)
2) A x (Hum sound) kW iur x (Noisy sound)
3) nkhlh ngho x (Motor Boating sound)
4) x (Whistling sound)
5) L L aFj (Intermittent fault)

2. cuw gGJ (Dead Fault)

tiu ON brjl f vjj x yhk Ujh mJ
bl~gh (Dead Fault) vd miHfgLwJ.

nrhjid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Kj tiu ON brJ af. f vj x yhk UjJ

vdnt t cuw gGJ (Dead Fault) csJ vgij cW bra.
gtris dGjij msl. rahd ms Ujh
t Monah Ma kW btpL gF dGjij msl,
rahd ms Ujh,
fiu nrhf. f thfh (Voice coil) wUjij (Open)
cW brJ bfhnl.
mj fiu L mnj ks a fiu izJ rhl bra.
L tiu ON brJ af. t ey iy aaJ.

Ko
V.v thbdh th VgoUj gGij flJ gGij tiu
eyKiw aFtij bjJ bfhnl.

32

nrhjid v - 11

xU v.v thbdh th VgLs

gGij flJ r brJ fhLf.
nehf
xU v.v thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brJ fhLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v

bghU / cgfuz bga

v if

1.
2.
3.

gGJs v.v thbdh th

AVO l myJ kol
RF/AF d b#dnul

1
1
1

thbdh th VgL gGij flj

bghJthf thbdh th U tif gGJf VgL mitahtd.
1. iy ~gh (Live Fault) cUs gGJ
2. bl ~gh (Dead Fault) cuw gGJ
nkTa gGJf vjifa gGJ t VgLsJ vgij Kj
fla ntL.

1. cUs gGJ ( Live Fault))

Kj tiu `ON brJ ffis nj bra ntL. tiu `ON
brjl t vj f yhk x kL tjh mJ cUs gGJ
vd ma.
FM t VgL cUs gG tiff
1. Fiwj x VgLj ( Low volume)
2. A x (Hum Sound) kW iur x ( Noisy sound)
3. L L aFj (Intermittant Fault)
4. x ( Whistiling Sound)
5. nkhlh ngho x ( Motor Boating Sound)

cuw gGJ ((Dead Fault))

FM tiu `ON brjl f vj j x yhk Ujh mJ
cuw gGJ (Dead Fault) vW miHfgLwJ.

nrhjid
1. Kj tiu `ON brJ af. f ff Fiwj x UjJ.
2. th fnuhiy mf ms To f x Fiwthfnt UjJ.
vdnt t Fiwj x gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
3. gtris gF dGjij msl. rahd ms Ujh
4. d TBA 810 (IC) Monah Mga gF dGjij msl.
dGj fFiwj ms Ujh
33

34
S

0.1
F
10

2 X 1000
F/12V

TBA
810 IC
5

gl 11 : v.v thbdh th RW (IC TBA 810)

10

1OO K

56
100
F/12V

8
9

100
F/12V

150

12

330 PF

0.004
F

cL
Monah
miyf

,
1O K,
,V/C

Powe Supply

CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh

220V
50Hz P
Supply

ggiy
thbdh
Vj

xgh

220
F/12V

220
F/12V

0.01
F

5. TBA 810 (IC) gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ TBA 810 (IC)I
roUJ a (IC) -I izJ rhl bra.
6. L tiu aa nghJ t mf xl aaJ.
Ko
v.v t VgLs gGij flJ mgGij tiu ey
Kiw aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 12

v.v thbdh thia CAX 1619 kW TBA

I gagL mikJ a fhLf.
810
(IC)-I
nehf
xU v.v thbdh th Rid mikJ mjid a fhLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v

bghU / cgfuz bga

v if

CAX -1619 FM RWgyif

TBA 810 Monah RWgyif

FM Mldh

xgh 8/5W

6 V DC gt ris

AVO l myJ kol

nrhjid
1.
FM thbdh thia mikf ro csthW midJ vyuh
bghUfis NLnfh cjah izf.
2.
FM Mldhit CxA 1619 I ca izl izf.
3.
CAX 1619 RW gyif btpL gF th flnuh
nkKidia eL Kid (Hot end) ia TB 810 Monah RWgyif cL
izl izf.
4.

th fnuh Kidia (Earth end) jiul izf.

5.

TBA 810 Monah RW gyif btpL iz fiu izf.

6.

CAX 1619 kW TB 810 RWgyifia 6V DC gtrisl izf.

7.

d gtris MbrJ nf flriu m# brJ FM iyia

ffis njbra.

Ko
FM tiu mikJ 88 MHz Kj 108 MHz tiu gil mfy cs midJ
ffis nj br Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
35

0.1
F
10

8
9
7

2 X 1000
F/12V

TBA
810 IC

56
100
F/12V

gl 12 : v.v thbdh th RW (IC TBA 810)

10

1OO K

1
12

330 PF

0.004
F

150

xgh

220
F/12V

220
F/12V

0.01
F

cL
Monah
miyf

,
1O K,
,V/C

Powe Supply

CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh

220V
50Hz P
Supply

ggiy
thbdh
Vj

100
F/12V

36

nrhjid v - 13

xU AM thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ

r brf - Fiwj x VgLj ((Low Sound))
nehf
xU AM thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brj - Fiwj
x VgLj (Low Sound)

njitahd bghUf
t.v

bghU / cgfuz bga

vif

gGJs AM thbdh th
(With low Sound) (Fiwj x)

AVO l myJ ko l

RF/AF d b#dnul

tiu nrhj
1. tiu (ON) M brJ af.
2. iya ff Fiwj x iljJ.
3. th fnuhiy mf ms U iya ff Fiwj
xnyna iljJ. vdnt t Fiwj x (Low Sound) gGJ csJ
vgij cW brJ bfhs.

gGJ Vgl Toa gFf

1. gt ris gF.
2. Monah Mga gF.
3. IF Mga kW oll gF.
nrhjid
1. ko l cjah gtris R btpL dGjij msl.
2. gt ris btpL R 6V F Fiwthd dGj iljJ. vdnt
gt ris gFia kL jahf J dGjij msl dGj
6V DC rahf iljJ vdnt Monah Mga kW btpL R gGJ
csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.
3. Monah Mga kW btpL gF izfgLs midJ
vyuh bghUfis nrhj o-f flr (Decoupling Condenser)
220 F/12V - f (Leakage) Ugij cW bra.
4. o- f flr (Decoupling Condenser) 220 F/12V F gyhf mnj ks
a flriu mnj l rhl ma _y izf.
5. d tiu ON brJ aanghJ t ffis mf xl
nff KojJ.

37

SPAKER

gl 13 : Rkhw (AM) nuonah t (BELL 700 IC)

1K

820

Ko
bfhLfgl R kh thbdh th VgoUj Fiwj x (Low
Sound)fhd fhuzij fljij mgGij tiu ey Kiw aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
38

nrhjid v - 14

xU V.v thbdh th VgLs

gGij A x (Hum Sound)) flJ r brf
nehf
xU V.v thbdh th VgLs gGij 50 Hz A x (Hum Sound)
flJ r brf.

njitahd bghUf
t.v

bghU / cgfuz bga

vif

gGJsV.v thbdh th

AVO l myJ kol

tiu nrhj
1. tiu ON M brJ af.

2. t ff A x (Hum Sound) l nflJ.

3. vdnt t A x (Hum Sound) gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.

gGJ Vgl Toa gFf

1. gt ris gF. (Power Supply stage)
2. Monah Mga kW btpL gF.
3. IF Mga gF.

nrhjid
1. tiu ONbrJ ffis nflnghJ f 50 Hz A x (Hum Sound)
nflJ.
2. Kj gtris gFia nrhf. gt ris gF izfgoUj
kh tHfij l mf NnlaJ.
3. clnd tiu OFF brJ L kh -I nrhf.
4. kh nfhf (Cores) jsJ mf ilbtl fhzglJ.
5. kh gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
6. khia mj izUJ fH mjFgyhf mnj ks a
7. d tiu ONbrJ aa nghJ t mf xl A x (Hum
Sound) gGJ yhk aaJ. nkY kh mf Nnlwhk aajh
50 Hz A x gGJ fglJ.

Ko
V.v R kh thbdh th VgoUj 50 Hz A x (Hum Sound)
gGfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij tiu aF Kiwia bjJ
bfhnl.

39

40

820

gl 14
14: Rkhw (AM) nuonah t (BELL 700 IC)

1K

SPAKER

nrhjid v - 15

FM thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r

brf.(ff iurYl ilj ((Noisy Reception))
nehf
FM thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brf. (ff
iurYl ilj (Noisy Reception)

njitahd bghUf
t.v

bghU / cgfuz bga

vif

gGJs FM t

AVO l myJ ko l

tiu nrhj
1. tiu ONbrJ af. iya ff midJ iurYl iljJ.
2. o flriu njitahd ms r (adjust) brJ iur ms
Fiwaiy.
vdnt t iur x (Noisy reception) gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.

gGJ Vgl Toa gFf

1.
2.
3.
4.

Mldh kW od gF
Mnyl gF.
oll kW mij rhj lRW
Monah Mga kW btpL gF.

nrhjid
1. tiu ONbrJ ffis nj bra. ff iurYl
nflJ.
2. nf flr cs Mldh okfis miy bra. iur x
Fiwaiy.
3. nf flr cs Mnyl okfis miy bra. iur x
Fiwaiy.
4. vdnt Mnyl fh nfhiu r (adjust) bra. f iur x
FiwJ mf xl nflJ. miy brtij W fhiy bkGF _y
(Seal) bra.

Ko
bfhLfgl FM t VgoUj iur x gGJfhd fhuzij
flJ mgGij tiu rahd Kiw aF jij bjJ
bfhnl.

41

42
S

0.1
F
10

2 X 1000
F/12V

TBA
810 IC
5

330 PF

12

gl 15 : Rkhw (AM) nuonah t (BELL 700 IC)

10

1OO K

56
100
F/12V

8
9

100
F/12V

150

0.004
F

cL
Monah
miyf

,
1O K,
,V/C

Powe Supply

CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh

220V
50Hz P
Supply

ggiy
thbdh
Vj

xgh

220
F/12V

220
F/12V

0.01
F

brKiw - II
nrhjid v
v-11

ngl b#dnul kW
~g b#dnul gmj
nehf
ngl b#dnul kW ~g b#dnul g mj

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU/cgfuz bga
ngl b#dnul
~g b#dnul

vif
1
1

onah ngl b#dnul

o. tfis ia brtjF, gGJghgjF, gl tothf bgJ
gagLwJ. rhjd gy totfis, xia cUth jUwJ.

Kf njhw kW cgnahfgLJ j
1. nuonah mbt btpoUJ bghJ UR jtl (Co-axial cable) _ykhf
bjhiyfh bgo bghUj ntL. brFiwgh (Attenuator) _y
nuonah mbt miy ria kh mikfyh.
2. HORIZONTAL BAR PATTERNI gagL vertical size, linearity Matiw
uik brayh.
3. VERTICAL BAR PATTERNI gagL horizontal size, linearityI ia brayh.
4. CROSS HATCH PATTERNI gagL horizontal kW vertical ia brayh.
Focussing ia brayh.
5. DOT PATTERN-I gagL fy o. xU KfgLJ (Convergence) ia
brayh.
6. PURE WHITE PATTERNI gagL fy o. fU iy, btis iy r
brayh.
7. xgFidia bragagLjyh.

gaf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

gl gLiftr (Horizontal), FJtr (Vertical) ne (Linearity) rahd

cau uik bragagLwJ.
glid rahf ikagLJj (Centering), rahd mr j (Aspect ratio),
F (Pin cushion) uik bragaLwJ.
fU btis ntWghL (Contrast), x, x w (Brightness), Faf
(Focussing) Matiw ia brJ rahf ilf brayh.
nuonah mbt, iliy mbt rahf ilf brayh.
xgFfis ia brayh.
fy o.f fy ilf, ik kW xUKfgLJj bra
gagLwJ.
43

6. xgu yhj rkaf bjhiyfh Via gGJghf, ia

bra gagLwJ.

onah ngl b#dnul

......
......
......
......
......
btof Arhl
gh
gh
M
M

brt
gh
fy ngl

uh
nA
ngl

gt

lh
ngl

Attenuator

RF m

gl 1 (m) : ngl b#dnul Kf njhw

gl 1 (M) : g b#dnul
44

mbt
fLgL

45

bt
mbt
fLgL

_y

ndhl

btpL
bgU 2

ilnahL jil
toth RW

bgU 1

xL M/V
bjhifpL

fLgL
N/W

iy

_y

ndhl

nkiy

btpL

dGj

mbt

gl 1 () : ~g b#dnul flgl

~g b#dnul
~g b#dnul vgJ gy tot miyfshd ir miy, rl miy kW
Knfhz (Triangular) miyfis cg br rhjdkhF.

~g b#dnul Kf gF kW bragLJ j
1. mbt fLgLia gagL njitahd U j ndhlfis
xGFgLjyh.
1. ca ndhl
2. jh ndhl
2. ca ndhl _y, bjhifpL (Integrator) RWF njitahd dGj
tHfgLwJ. vdnt j btpL ndhl xU ne nfhlhf Fl fhy
ilbt cawJ. jDl izfgl nj ndhl To
Fiw nghJ ndhl miy r TL , Fiw.
3. dGj xL gy m RW koitnul (Votage comparator multivibrator)
R tiy mik iyia rW kh mikwJ. j khw ca
ndhlij OFF brJ, jh ndhlij ON brwJ. Fl fhy
ilbt iy kh L ca ndhl ON M, jh ndhl
OFF-iyF tJL.

4. miy totf
1. nk kW ndhl _yf tHF dGj fhuzkhf bjhifpL
R btpo Knfhz (Triangle)miy tot ilwJ.
2. bjhifpL btpil xL gy m RW tahf bgW nghJ rJu
(Square) tot miyf ilF.
3. ilnahL jil RW tahf Knfhz tot miyfis xUizJ
v tot miyfis bgwyh.

5. bgU iyf
U bgUiyfS njbjLj miy totfis xnu neu jjahf
btLwJ.

~g b#dnul Ka braghLf
~g b#dnul Ka brafshtd
1. 0.01HZ Kj 1000 KHZ tiuyhd mbt miyfis cg br.
2. rJu, Knfhz, v tot nghw ntWgl miy totfis
cg br.
3. 1% Ja bfhl Fiwj mbt miy cg br.

Ko
thW ngl b#dnul kW ~g b#dnul nghwt bra,
Kf mik fLgLf kW ga Matiw mJ bfhnl.

46

nrhjid v
2
v-2

xU bjhiyfh t VgLs gGij flJ

r brJ a fhLf. wj gGJ (Dead Fault)
nehf
xU bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flJ rbrJ a
fhLf - wj gGJ (Dead Fault).

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
AVO l myJ ko l

vif
1
1

bjhiyfh V VgL gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh tiu ON brJ af.
2. V iu f (Raster) kW gl njhwiy. xgh
(Speaker) vjj x iy.
3. V KY afhjjh t wj gGJ (Dead Fault) VgLsJ vgij
cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1. Kj Via ON brJ cL AC 220V, 50HZ dGjij msl.
rahd ms U nkbjhlu.
2. ON OFF Switch I nrhf. rahf U mLj iyF bry.
3. AC,(Fuse), FWiH gtrisgF cs ghytot U, DC togh
nj mgF izfgLs jilfis nrhJ DC btpL
R dGjij msl. dGj (11OV, 18V, 12V) rahd ms
U nrhjidia nkbjhlu.
4. gLiftr (Horizandal) btpL ouhl fyl R dGjij
msl dGj Fiwj ms U clnd Via WL
Arhl btpL ouhliu nrhf, ouhl ewhf Ujh
mLj gFia nrhf.
5. L.O.T gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ L.O.T (Line output Transformer) ia
roUJ a L.O.T ia izJ rhl bra.
6. L Via af V iu , xgh x VgL.

Ko
gGJs KY afhj bjhiyfh t VgLs gGij
mjfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij tiu L aF Kiwia
bjJ bfhnl.

47

48

AGC
gah

220V, 50HZ,

nyhf
M
nyl

B+

C2

R1

R2

C1

S. IF = 33.4 MHz

P. IF = 38.9 MHz

onah IF
Mga
2/3 nl{

AGC
r

onah
obll

g Arhl

V.v.

btof
nAhL

Arhl
Mnyl
15625Hz

btof
btpL
bgU

Arhl
btpL
Mga

nah

Medium B+
voltages

g AGC,
AFC RWF

iud
fnuh

fhuh
fnuh

F
F

onah
Mga

Monah
gt
Mga

15625Hz

50Hz

Mga

th
fnuh

Monah
Mga

g Arhl
btpL gFUJ

btof
Mnyl
50Hz

ony

ACC il

5.5 MHz
nu RW

FF r
obll

fil
onah IF
Mga

r d

FM lnfa

r IF
Mga
5.5 MHz

fU - btis bjhiyfh V flgl

Fiwj
dGjgF

iH dGj
(To F.F)

brgnul

VHF d

ig

nyhf
M
nyl

Varactor diode
Electronic tuning

RF
Mga

UHF
r

UHF d

AC dGj

VHF
Mldh

UHF
Mldh

EHT
buoga

EHT
MndhL

glFHh

nrhjid v
3
v-3

bjhiyfh V iu mf fSl
Toa gl bjwJ. ((Snow Picture))
gGJfhd fhuzij flJ rbrf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V iu mf fSl Toa gl bjwJ.
(Snow Picture) gGJfhd fhuzij flJ r brj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGJs bjhiyfh t
AVO l myJ ko l

vif
1
1

t VgLs gGij flj

1.
2.
3.

bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.

iu gl mf fSlD, x iurYlD UjJ.
vdnt t mf fSl (Snow Picture) Toa gl gGJ VgLsJ
vgij cW bra.
uggh
Uir - Va
af

xgu
iz

irif irF Vg
mik
bjhiyfhbgo

ah tif
Mldh

Jiz ghku

tiko

gl 3 : bjhiyfh V iu fSl Toa gl bjj

49

nrhjid
1. tiu ON brJ af, iu mf fSl Toa gl
bjyhk UjJ.
2. Kj bjhiyfh Vaiy nrhf. rahd ir Ujh,
3. Va ir bfhL brY fl (Feeder wire) kW tYoia (Booster)
nrhf. ey iy Ujh
4. V Va cL kW izfis nrhf, rahf Ujh
5. miynj (Tuner) B+, AGC, VIF Ma f izfis nrhJ mt
dGjfis msl. B+ 12V, AGC 1.2V rahd ms Ujh
6. miynj gGJ (Tuner) vgij cW brJ giHa njia L a
njia izJ <a gW (Solder) bra.
7. L Via aa nghJ iu glK, ngR bjthf UjJ.

Ko
bfhLfgl gGjilj bjhiyfh V VgoUj mf fSl
Toa gl (Snow picture) vw gGfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij
L tiu bjthf aF Kiw bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 4

tz bjhiyfh V ((Colour Television Receiver))

vj jtzK ((No Colour)) njhwiy
gGfhd fhuzij flJ tiu a fhLf
nehf
tzbjhiyfh t (Colour Television Receiver) vj j tzK
(No Colour) njhwiy gGfhd fhuzij flJ tiu a fhLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU/ cgfuz bga

gGJs tzbjhiyfh t
ko l

vif
1
1

t VgLs gGij flj

1. tiu ON brJ af.
2. t iu tz yhj gl(No Colour) bjjJ.
3. fy fLgia (Colour Control) njitahd ms uik (Adjust) brJ gl
fU btisahfnt bjjJ.
4. clnd Via WL V tz yhj gl njhWj gGJ
(No Colour Fault) csij cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1. tiu ON brJ af.
50

51

IF

irif

m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL

tz
irif

bgU

Y K

f kW
x fL
gLJ RW

thU

(G-Y)

cl

4.43MHz

tzgF

bgU

RGB bgUf

To kW
y aF
bgU

To kW
gir aF
bgU

To kW
t aF
bgU

glFHh

tz
btis
glFHh

gl 4 : tz bjhiyfh V tzf cUthF gF flgl

xUiz
gh kW
AGC U

gl
gFgh

2. gliu gl vj tzK (No colour) yhk fU btis glkhf

bjjJ.
3. Kj Mldh kW mjDl bjhlila cWfis nrhf.
4. bjhiyfh bgo RF bfhfy (Socket) kW mijrhj iz
xaf rahf izfgLsjh vgij nrhf.
5. miytir njt (Channel Selector), E ia fLgL (Fine tunning control)
rahf ia (Tune) bragLsjh vgij nrhf.
6. tz gil mD bgU (Chroma and Band Pass Amplifier) rahf
bragLwjh vgij nrhf.
7. tz m RW (Colour Killer Circuit ) rahf bragLwjh vgij nrhf.
Ko
tz bjhiyfh t tz yhj gl (No Colour) vw gGJ
VgLtjfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij t tz gl VgLJ
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 5

tz bjhiyfh V ((Colour Television Receiver )

f tz ((retrace) nfhLf gGJ VgLsjfhd
fhuzij flJ rbrJ Via a fhLf.
nehf
tzbjhiyfh V (Colour Television Receiver f tz
(Retrace) nfhLf gGJ VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ Via
a fhLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l

vif
1
1

V VgLs gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh tiu ON brJ af.
2. t iu gl VJ Vgliy. Mdh iu f w nfhLf
kL bjjJ.
3. clnd tiu W L t f w nfhLf vw gGJ
VgLsJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1.
2.

Via ON brJ af.

V iu f w nfhLf kL VglJ.
52

53

IF

irif

m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL

tz
irif

Y K
bgU

f kW
x fL
gLJ RW

thU

(G-Y)

cl

4.43MHz

tzgF

bgU

RGB bgUf

To kW
y aF
bgU

To kW
gir aF
bgU

To kW
t aF
bgU

glFHh

tz
btis
glFHh

gl 5 : tz bjhiyfh V tzf cUthF gF flgl

xUiz
gh kW
AGC U

gl
gFgh

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

glFHh f nfnjhL (Red Cathode) dGjij msl.

dGj Fiwthf Ujh.
mj RW rhJ izfgLs jil, kW njfis
nrhf.
glFHh f nfnjhL RWl bjhlila ouhl, kW (IC)I nrhJ dGjfis msl.
glFHh ng gGJ csjh vgij nrhf.
glFHh ng gGJ Ujh myJ iz js Ujh a
ngi[ izJ <agW (Solder) bra.

Ko
bjhiyfh t iu f tz (retrace) nfhLf njhW
gGJ Vgljh mgGfhd fhuzij flJ Via rbrJ aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
v- 6

tz bjhiyfh V ((Colour Television Receiver))

gir tz (retrace) nfhLf gGJ
VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ r brJ
tiu a fhLf.
nehf
tzbjhiyfh V (Colour Television Receiver) gir tz
(retrace) nfhLf gGJ VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ tiu
a fhLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

vif

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l

1
1

bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.
2. V iu gl VJ Vgliy Mdh iu gir tz
nfhLf kL bjjJ.
3. clnd Via W L gir tz nfhLf vw gGJ VgLsJ
vgij cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1. tiu ON brJ af.
2. t iu gir tz nfhLf kL VglJ.
54

55

IF

irif

m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL

tz
irif

Y K
bgU

f kW
x fL
gLJ RW

thU

(G-Y)

cl

4.43MHz

tzgF

bgU

RGB bgUf

To kW
y aF
bgU

To kW
gir aF
bgU

To kW
t aF
bgU

glFHh

tz
btis
glFHh

gl 6 : tz bjhiyfh V tzf cUthF gF flgl

xUiz
gh kW
AGC U

gl
gFgh

3. glFHh gir w nfnjhL (Green Cathode) dGjij msl.

dGj Fiwthf Ujh.
4. mj RW rhJ izfgLs jil, kW njfis
nrhf.
5. glFHh gir w nfnjhL RWl bjhlila ouhl, kW
(IC)-I nrhJ dGjfis msl.
6. glFHh ng (Base) gGJ csjh vgij nrhf.
7. glFHh ng gGJ Ujh myJ js Ujh a ngi[ izJ
<agW bra.

Ko
bjhiyfh V iu gir tz nfhLf njhW gGJ
VglJ mgGfhd fhuzij flJ Via rbrJ aF Kiwia
bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
7
v-7

tzbjhiyfh V ((Colour Television Receiver))

y w nfhLf gGJ VgLsjfhd
fhuzij flJ r brJ tiu a fhLf.
nehf
tz bjhiyfh Via (Colour Television Receiver) y w nfhLf
gGJ VgLsjfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ Via a fhLj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l

vif
1
1

bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flj

1.
2.

bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.

V iu gl VJ Vgliy. Mdh iu y w nfhLf
kL bjjJ.
3. clnd tiu W L t y w nfhLf vw gGJ VgLsJ
vgij cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1.
2.
3.

tiu ON brJ af.

t iu y w nfhLf kL VglJ.
glFHh y w nfnjhL (Blue Cathode) dGjij msl.
dGj Fiwthf Ujh.
56

57

IF

irif

m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL

tz
irif

Y K
bgU

f kW
x fL
gLJ RW

thU

(G-Y)

cl

4.43MHz

tzgF

bgU

RGB bgUf

To kW
y aF
bgU

To kW
gir aF
bgU

To kW
t aF
bgU

glFHh

tz
btis
glFHh

gl 7 : tz bjhiyfh V tzf cUthF gF flgl

xUiz
gh kW
AGC U

gl
gFgh

4.

mj RW rhJ izfgLs jil, kW njfis

nrhf.
5. glFHh y w nfnjhL (Blue Cathode) RWl bjhlila ouhl,
kW (IC)-I nrhJ dGjfis msl.
6. glFHh ng (Base) gGJ csjh vgij nrhf.
7. glFHh ng gGJ Ujh myJ js Mf Ujh a ngi[
izJ <agW bra.
Ko
bjhiyfh t iu y w nfhLf vw gGJ Vgljh
mgGfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij via rbrJ aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v-8

bjhiyfh V iu gfthL nfhL

(Horizandal line)) bjwJ.mgGfhd fhuzij
flJ rbrJ tiu a fhLf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V iu gfthL nfhL (Horizantal line) bjwJ.
mgGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ tiu a fhLf.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l

vif
1
1

bjhiy
fh V VgLs gGij flj
bjhiyfh
1.
2.

bjhiyfh tiu ON brJ af.

iu gl myJ f (Raster) vJ njhwiy. Mdh iu
eL gftho (Horizandal) btw nfhL kL njhaJ.
3. clnd tiu Wj. t gfthL nfhL (Horizandal line) gGJ csJ
vgij cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1. t iu gfthL nfhL (Horizantal line) gGJ csjh t neiy
R (Vertical Sweep) gF gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.
2. tiu ON brJ af, xU FU oiut cjah neiy (Vertical size)
br-I (preset) bjhL ghf. iu cs nfhL Modh myJ jh
neiy miyah (Vertical Oscillator) gGJ vgij cW bra.
3. neiy miyah gF izfgLs ouhl myJ IC
f dGjij msl. Gj rahdms Ujh.
58

4. neiy brYJ myJ btpL gFia nrhf.

5. neiy tisF gF izfgLs iz flfis nrhf.
rahf Ujh mLj gFF bry.
6. neiy tisF RUSF bjhliz izfgLs njia
nrhf, nj wj iy myJ FWFRW gGJ VgoUjh
a njia izJ <agW bra.
7. L Via a ON brj nghJ gfthL nfhL kiwJ iu KGtJ
f (Raster) njhaJ.
uggh
Uir - Va

af

irif irF Vg
mik

xgu
iz

bjhiyfhbgo

ah tif
Mldh

Jiz ghku

tiko

gl 8 : o. iu gfthL nfhL njhWj

Ko
bjhiyfh V iu gfthLnfhL (Horizantal line) gGJ
Vgljfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij L Via ey Kiw
aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

59

nrhjid v
9
v-9

bjhiyfh V iu neiynfhL
(Vertical line)) bjwJ. mgGfhd fhuzij
flJ rbrJ Via a fhLf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V iu neiynfhL (Vertical line) bjwJ.
mgGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ tiu a fhLf.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

vif

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l (Multimeter)

1
1

uggh
Uir - Va
af
xgu
iz

ah tif
Mldh

irif irF Vg
mik
bjhiyfhbgo
Jiz ghku

tiko

gl 9 : gl bjhiyfh iu njhW neiy nfhL vw

gGij fhLwJ
60

bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.
2. iu gl myJ f (Raster) vJ njhwiy. Mdh iu
eL neiy btw nfhL (Vertical line) kL njhaJ.
3. clnd Via Wj. V neiynfhL gGJ (Vertical line Fault) csJ
vgij cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1. V iu neiynfhL (Vertical line) vw gGJ VgL csjh
neiygF (Vertical Sweep) gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.
2. neiy tisF RUSF brY iz fl nrhf iz
ewhf Ujh,
3. neiy tisF fhiy ko l _y nrhf, fh ewhf Ujh
4. neiy gF izfgLs ne fhiy (Linearity Coil) nrhf,
fh ewhf Ujh,
5. neiy tisF fhYF bjhl iz izfgLs njia
nrhft, nj wJ (Open) myJ FWFRW (Short Circuit)
VgoUjh a njia izJ <agW (Solder) bra.
6. L Via ON brJ af t neiynfhL gGJ (Vertical line
Fault) iu KGtJ f (Raster) njhaJ.

Ko
bjhiyfh V neiynfhL gGJ (Vertical Line Fault) Vgljfhd
fhuzij flJ mgGij L tiu ey Kiw aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
10
v-10

bjhiyfh V VgL gGJfis

flJ rbrf - cau Fiwj gl ((Heightless Picture)
nehf
bjhiyfh t VgL gGid flJ rbrj - cau Fiwj
gl (Heightless Picture)

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l

bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.
2. iu cau Fiwthd gl (Heightless Picture) VglJ.
61

vif
1
1

3. clnd Via Wj. t neiygF (Vertical stage) gGJ csJ

vgij cW brJ bfhs.
uggh
Uir - Va

af

irif irF Vg
mik

xgu
iz

bjhiyfhbgo
Jiz ghku

tiko

gl 10 : bjhiyfh iu cau Fiwj gl njhWj

nrhjid
1. V iu cau Fiwthdgl (Heightless Picture) njhajh
neiygF gGJ csij cW bra.
2. V neiy gF (Vertical Stage) dGjij msl, rahd
ms Ujh.
3. neiy bril (Vertical Height Control) uik bra gl cau khwhk
Ujh
4. neiy tisf RUSF bjhl iz izfgLs njia
nrhf rahf Ujh
5. neiy btpL gF izfgLs ouhlf kW mjDl
bjhlila jilf, njfis nrhf, rahf Ujh
6. neiygF (Vertical Stage) (IC) gagLjgoUjh (IC)f
dGjij msl, dGj khw myJ Fiwthd dGj
iljh (IC)ia RUJ a (IC) ia izJ rhl
(Solder) bra.
62

7. L tiu aF nghJ cau Fiwj gl vw gGJ iu KGtJ

f (Raster) njhaJ.

Ko
bjhiyfh V cau Fiwj gl (Heightless Picture) vw gGJ
Vgljfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij L tiu ey Kiw
aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
11
v-11

bjhiyfh V xiy ((No Sound)) gl ewhf

csJ gGfhdfhuzij flJ rbrf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V xiy (No Sound) gl ewhf csJ gGfhd
fhuzij flJ rbrj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v

bghU / cgfuz bga

1.
2.

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l ((Multimeter)

vif
1
1

bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.
2. iu gl ewhf njhaJ. Mdh xgh x njhwiy. clnd
Via Wj.
3. V xgF (No Sound) gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.

nrhjid
1. t gl ewhf njhWwJ. x kL (Sound) Vglhjjh V Monah
bgU kW btpL gF gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
2. Monah bgU kW btpL gF dGjij msl rahf
Ujh.
3. xgh iz kW xgh th fhiy nrhf rahf
Ujh.
4. Monah bgU kW btpL gF izfgLs IC f
dGjij msl rahf Ujh
5. x fLgLia (VolumeControl) nrhf gGJ Ujh a fLgLia
izJ <agW (Solder) bra.
6. L Via aF nghJ iu bjthd glK xgh x
njhaJ.

63

uggh

Uir - Va

af

xgu
iz

irif irF Vg
mik
bjhiyfhbgo

ah tif
Mldh

Jiz ghku

tiko

gl 11 : bjhiyfh gl csJ.
Mdh xiy vgij fhLwJ.

Ko
bjhiyfh t gl ewhf csJ. xgh x iy (No Sound)
gGfhd fhuzij flJ Via r brJ aF Kiwia bjJ
bfhnl.

nrhjid v
12
v-12

bjhiyf
h t btisw nfhLf
bjhiyfh
((Retrace Lines ) kL bjwJ. gl iy gGfhd
fhuzij flJ rbrf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V btisw nfhLf (Retrace lines) kL bjwJ.
gl iy gGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrj.

64

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.

bghU / cgfuz bga

gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l ((Multimeter)

vif
1
1

bjhiyfh V VgLs gGij flj

1. bjhiyfh Via ON brJ af.
2. iu gl iy. Mdh rhthd btisw nfhLf (Retrace lines) kL
njhaJ.
3. clnd tiu Wj. V (Retrace) nfhLf VgL gGJ csij
cWbra.
uggh
Uir - Va

af

irif irF Vg
mik

xgu
iz

bjhiyfhbgo

ah tif
Mldh

Jiz ghku

tiko

gl 12 : bjhiyfh iu btis w nfhLf

bjtij fhLwJ.

nrhjid
1. Via ON brJ af.
2. V gl btpL ouhlf kW mijrhj bghUfis nrhJ
mgF dGjij msl rahf Ujh,
65

3. glFHh G1 G2 Ma Kid (electrode) dGjij msl rahf

Ujh.
4. glFHh nfnjhL, iH (Filament) FWFRW (Short Circuit)
VgoUfyh. mthW Ujh nfnjhL, iH (Short Circuit)
FWFRiw f ntL.

Ko
bjhiyfh t btisw nfhLf (Retrace Lines) gGJ
Vgljfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij Via ey Kiw aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
13
v-13
DVD nsa VgLs gGid flJ
rbrJ a fhLf - wj gGJ (Dead fault))
nehf
DVD nsa VgLs gGid flJ rbrJ a fhLj wj
gGJ (Dead fault).

njitahdbghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.

bghU / cgfuz bga

bjhiyfh t
DVD nsa
ko l ((Multimeter)

vif
1
1
1

VgLs gGij flj

DVD nsa
nsa
1. DVD nsaiu bjhiyfh bgol izJ ON brJ af.
2. DVD nsa afiy.
3. clnd nsaiu W L nsa wj gGJ (Dead fault) csJ vgij
cW brJ bfhs.

nrhjid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

DVD nsaiu ON brJ af.

DVD nsa cL AC iz fl dGjij msl,
Gj rahd ms Ujh
w kh KjikfRU kW JizfRU
dGjij msl dGj rahd ms Ujh
JizfRU btpL gF izfgLs ghy tot U kW
mjDl bjhlila njf buFnyl (IC) ia nrhf.
U ilnahL myJ togh njf myJ (IC) gGJ Ujh
a (IC) I izJ <agW bra.
L DVD nsaiu ON brJ af.
DVD nsa L ey iy aaJ.
66

RW tL
ol
irif

jfw
go

xUfik
irif
gh

irif
bgU

AMP

nyr

btpL

Mo
V

gl 13 : DVD nsa flgl

Ko
gGJs DVD nsa VgLs gGij flJ rbrJ L tiu
aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
14
v-14

gGid flJ r brf,

DVD nsa No Disc gGJ.
nehf
DVD nsa VgLs No Disc gGij flJ r brj

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.

bghU / cgfuz bga

bjhiyfh t
DVD nsa
ko l ((Multimeter)
MP3 Disc

vif
1
1
1
1

gGJ flj
1. DVD nsa kW bjhiyfhF njitahd dGj izig
bfhLf.
2. DVD ia bjhiyfhl izf.
3. DVDI, bjhiyfhia ON bra.
4. DVDI wJ MP3 Disc - I bghU _l.
5. DVDY bjhiyfh iuY No Disc vW tjh DVD No Disc
vw gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.

gGfhd bghJthd fhuzf

1. DVD MP3 oif nk, gF kh nghoUfyh.
2. DVD a Driver (or) nkhlh ntf njitahd ms yhUfyh.
67

3. DVD Laser gF UJ Disc G xf Hhk UUfyh

myJ nyr gF gGJ Ufyh.
4. nyr gF UJ bttU xff o gL nghJ Mof
byrh mJ ftuglhk UUfyh.
5. vdnt Mof byR gGjilJ Ufyh.

gGij rbrj
1. nkbrhd gGJfis tirahf nrhjid brJ fl nghJ byR kLnk
gGjilJsJ
2. gGjhd byir kh a byi[ izjl No Disc gGJ
bjhiyfh iu glK, x bjthf VglJ.
RW tL
ol
irif

jfw
go

xUfik
irif

irif
bgU

gh

AMP

nyr

btpL

Mo
V

gl 14 : DVD nsa flgl

Ko
DVD No Disc gGJ Vglfhd fhuzij flJ mij rbrJ
aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v
15
v-15

miyng (CELL PHONE) mj kW guhkj

nehf
miyng bra kW guhkgijg mj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.

bghU / cgfuz bga

brngh

vif
1

mKf
brnghf fyh nritia brwJ. jfhf j cnsna Mldh
mikfgLwJ. eh brngh tna ngR nghJ, mj x miy gbragL
thbdh miyahf khwgLwJ. J fhW tna gu cq iyaij
milwJ, iya, eh ahl ngr Unwhnkh mtUF tiyaik _y
bjhlig VgLjUwJ.
68

brngh cs ir kW gy gFf
1. ON kW OFF
brnghid af j iy glid gagLjyh.

2. ons (Display)
brnghid
fhzgL. mit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

ON

br

nghJ

iu

fl

xUfik

d tik
ngl iy
FpLf (Message, lock, alarm etc.,)
tiyaik bga
fofhu
lJ, tyJ, kW eLgf iraik (Left right hold)

3. irgyif
irgyif cs
njitahdtfSl ngryh.

vfis

mG

eh

bjhl

bfhL

4. Call Key
eh ahl bjhl bfhs ntLnkh mt viz v
gyif myJ nrJ itfgl Call register-UJ bgW j glid
mGJ nghJ bjhlig bgw Ko.

5. Navikey
J xU ehF t xUfik irahF. Vfdnt khd brj kw
ffis afyh.

6. Left and right sectionkey

goa
UF
ffis
nj
bra,
Select Menu > Setting > My Shortcuts > Left Selection myJ Right Selection vW bry ntL.
Add myJ Remove bra Left key gagLj ntL. ffUJ btnaw
right key Exit - I mGj ntL.

7. END key
eh brngh ng Kojl END vw Key-I cldoahf mG bjhlig
Wj ntL.

8. Micro Phone
eh ngh cs ik tna ngR nghJ, mJ x miyia miy
myJ thbdh miyahf khjUwJ.

9. Charger Connector
brnghid rh{ bra gf tho mjbfd bfhLfgl Jis rh{
id bghUj ntL.
69

10. FM Connector
FM thbdh Mldhit rhJ myJ rhuhkY UF. xU y
nghf jbfd j bghUf cL. ij bghUjnghJ kLnk
thbdhia bjthf nffKo.

11. Ear Piece Speaker

ekF tU brngh miHfis, nkny mikfgl f tahf
nffyh.

12. Camera Lens

njitahd cUtfis, myJ onah glJLfis, brngh
mikJs nfkuh byR _y vLfyh. iyahd cUtijbgw Select menu > Media
> Camera vd ffis bragLjyh. eh brYJtiu gloJ
bfhnlUF. brngh vLj glfis nrF gil (Memory card) myJ
ngh cs nr mik _y nrfyh.
9

10

11
2
12

7
6
8

gl 15 : brngh mik mj gFfS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

On/Off
Display
Left and right selection key
Navi Key: 4-way scroll key and middle selection
Cell key
Keypad
End key
Microphone
Charger connector
Audio connector
Speaker
Camera
70

SIM gil nglia bghUJ Kiw

brngh dh mikj ciwia mfw, Kj a mGj bfhLJ
_oia mfw ntL. SIM gilia vLJ mj nk cs jf wbjhl
mikig nehathW bghUj ntL. wF mj mikig _ol ntL.
j Kiwnyna nglia bfhLJs vrifia ftdkhf g
bghUj ntL.

brnghid ghJfhF Kiw

fl tf brnghid ghJfhfyh.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

cyj l brnghid itfntL. <u goUUjh, nglia

fH KGtJ cyU tiu lntL.
mRj kW mGfhd lf brnghid itf TlhJ.
Fj kW btgkhd lf brnghid itf TlhJ.
brnghid mjbfW bfhLJs tKiwfnyna brW wf ntL.
brnghid nH nghlnth, jlnth, Mlnth TlhJ. nkY fodkhd Kiwf
brnghid ifahs TlhJ. jtdh cns mikJs RW mik
cilJ mj w mik bfLL.
ntbghUfis ut, nrhf bfhL brnghfis Rj braTlhJ.
brnghF tzrha rTlhJ.
bkikahd J bfhL, byRfis Jilf ntL.
mjbfW bfhLfgl, myJ mDkfgl iz flfisna
gagLj ntL.
brnghid OFF brj wnf rh#iu ON myJ OFF bra ntL.
brnghid rh{ brJ bfhoUF nghJ ngrTlhJ.

Ko
thW brngh bra kW ghJfhF Kiwia mJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 16
TV/ DVD nkh g mj kW guhkj
nehf
xU TV/ DVD nkh fnuh mikig kW mJ bragL Kiwia
g bjJ bfhSj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.

bghU / cgfuz bga

TV/ DVD nkh fnuh
bjhiyfh
DVD nsa
71

vif
1
1
1

mKf
bjhiyfh kW DVD nghw dQ rhjdfis njitahd bghGJ
af Wj gagjgL bjhiy fLgL (Remote Control) - mik
kW mJ bragL Kiwia g bjJ bfhSj.

mik
bfoahd sho myJ v~F nghw bghUdh bragL tot
brtf mik UF.
TV bjhiy fLgL (Remote Control) cs Ka gFf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Power ON OFF
Menu
Channel (+, -)
Time
Zoom
Games
Colour
Auto Scanning
0-9 Buttons
Volume (+ - )

1. Power ON OFF
J nkh fnuh t w UF. ij mGJnghJ
bjhiyfh iu-X, X VgL.
2. Menu
bkD vw j gliz mG Channel, Sound, Picture Matiw +or ()
bfhL njbjLfyh.
3.
3.Channal (+, )
Utif glf mikJsd. + vw gliz mGJnghJ nk
Channal-fis njbjLfyh. (-) vw glid mG gf nrdiy
njbjLfyh.
4. Time
Kakhd brfis Fj neu ghf jtwyh. tif neuf
f neuij njbjLJ Time vw glid bfhL g brJ mikjh,
jhdhfnt mf mnjneu iu bjgo br nkY Fl
neu mij jhdhfnt Wj Ko.
5. Zoom
tif glid mG iu glfis l, Fiwf Ko.
6. Games
bjhiyfh VnjD xU isahL g bragoUF. mij
bragLj j glid mGjyh.
72

gl 16 (m) : bjhiyfh bjhiy

fLgL njhw

7. Colour

gl 16 (M) : DVD bjhiy

fLgL njhw

T.V iu njhW fhf fy msit tif glizbfhL

rbrJ bfhsyh.
8. Auto Scanning
ekF njitgL Channel- viz Auto Scanning bfhL mayh.
0-9-Buttons
9. 0-90-9-Buttonsfis gagL Channel-fis rahf cldoahf njbjLf
Ko.
10. Volume (+ -)
tif glfis gagL x msit ToFiwf aY.

nkh fnuhiy guhkF Kiwf

1.
2.
3.
4.

bjhiyfhia ON brjwnf nkhil gagLjntL.

bjhiyfhF, nkhoF Fiwj ilbt 7M Uf ntL.
xnu neu U nrd glfis mGjTlhJ.
bjhiyfh w nkhil afTlhJ.
73

5. Channel fisnah, xianah, mofo khWnghJ nkh gGjhfyh.

6. DC- ris kLnk gagLjntL.
7. nkho cs nglfis j clndna khw ntL.
8. nkho gagLJ nglf uL xnu khahf Uf ntL.
9. xU J ngl, xU giHa nglkhf UfTlhJ.
10. nkhil mofo nH HkhY, <u glhkY ghJbfhs ntL.
DVD nkh fnuh cs Kaglf
1. Power ON OFF
J DVD-I ON bra, OFF bra gagLwJ.
2. DISPLAY
iu njitahd jftfis jUwJ.
3. DISC MENU
DISC MENU- cs brfis btnaw, cns

mDkff

brwJ.
4. OK
eh nj br ffismDkF gldhF.
5. PREV
Kija ffis L bfhL tu gagL gl
6. RETURN/TITLE
Kija fnfh myJ jiyf cs gFnfh bry gagL.
7. STOP
ffis Wj gagL gl
8. PLAY/PAUSE
jfhfkhf Wj myJ bragl itf gagLwJ.
9. SUBTITLE
bkh tifia njbjLF gl
10.
ffis ntfkhf K efj, efj gagL gl 2x, 4x,
8x, 16x, 32x
11.
ffis nk, bkJthf efj gagLwJ . , ,1/8,1/16,
12. SETUP
bkD cs mikig, cns mDkf, btnaw cj.
13. NEXT
elJ bfhoUF f UJ mLj fF clnd bry
gagLwJ.

74

14. MUTE
jfhfkhf xia Wj gagL.
15. AUDIO
Monah bkhianah myJ nrdiynah njbjLf cj.
nkh fnuhiy guhkF Kiwf
1.
2.
3.
4.

DVD- cs brrhUF neuhf itJ nkhil af ntL.

DVD- F, nkhoF ilna ntW bghUis itJ afTlhJ.
ey jukhd nglfis kLnk gagLj ntL.
nglfis , + - ghJ rahf izf.

Ko
TV/DVD - f nkh fnuhf mik, m cs Ka glf
brafis kW nkhil guhkF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.

nrhjid v - 17

bjhiyfh tf gagLjgL gtris

v.v..v (SMPS) mik, braghL g mj.
nehf
bjhiyfh tf gagLjgL gt ris v.v..v (SMPS)
mik, braghL g bjJ bfhSj.

njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.

bghU/cgfuz bga

vif

SMPS gt ris

v.v..v (SMPS) gt ris

fU btis, kW tz bjhiyfh tf gy tifahd gt
risf gagho csd. m KakhdJ SMPS gtris. J AC cL
dGjij DC Rjkhd buFnyl gt risahf khw brJ jUwJ. J
IJ gFfshf fgLwJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

cL U kW togh (Input Rectifier and Filter)

ca mbt ir (Higher Frequency Switch)
w kh (Power Transformer)
btpL U kW togh (Output Rectifier and Filter)
fLgL RW (Control Circuit)

1. cL U kW l (Input Rectifier and Filter)

gF cL AC 220V, 50VHz dGjij ghy tot U kW togh
RW _y Rjkhd DC dGjkhf khWwJ.
75

2. ca mbt ir (Higher Frequency Switch)

gF ca mbt ir Mf MOSFETfS U ir ouhlfS
(Bipolar) gagLjgLwJ.
gF DC dGjij ca mbt AC rJu miyfshf khw brwJ
j RW (Chopper) rhg Kiw bragLwJ.

3. gt kh (Power Transformer)
gF gt kh njitahd ms AC dGjij mff
Fiwf brwJ.

4. btpL U kW togh (Output Rectifier and Filter)

gF tUF njitahd ks AC dGjij DC ahf kh
Rjkhd buFnyl gtrisahf kh jUwJ.

5. fLgL RW (Control Circuit)

gF }l Rwhf (Feed back) gagLwJ. RW btpL RWF
ca mbtir ouhlUF il izfgLsJ.

cL U
kW togh
cL
AC
dGj

btpL U
kW togh

SMPS w
kh
ca mbt
ir

ir
gh (or)
jLF
miyah

iH
bgU

PW

SW 1

xGF
bragl
btpL
FW
SW 2

EW

PW - Kjik RU
FW - }l RU
EW - iH cz RU

mf
dGj
ghJfh

SW - Jiz RU

gl 17. SMPS gt ris flgl mik

Ko
bjhiyfh tf gagLjgL (SMPS) gtris mik kW
mj braghL g bjJ bfhnl.

76