CUTTING TOOL

PROPERTIES, CONSTITUENTS AND APPLICATIONS

By Chandan Kumar
NIT Jamshedpur
2013 pass out batch
CLASSIFICATION
TOOLS
CARBON
TOOL
HSS
T- TYPE M-TYPE
COBALT
ALLOY
CARBIDEs
CEMENTED
CARBIDE
HIGH Co
CARBIDE
LOW Co
CARBIDE
CERMENTS
COATED
CARBIDE
CERAMIC
Al2O3
SILICON
NITRIDE
SIALON
DIAMOND CBN
CUTTING TOOL PROPERTIES
HARDNESS, HOT HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS, CUTTING VELOCITY
PROPERTIES
Tool Derivatives
properties
Remark Hardness (HK)
Knoop
hardness
Hot hardness
(HK)
Toughness (Mpa)
Transeverse
rupture strength
Velocity (m/min)
For ferous metal
carbon tool steel 600 100 5200 6 very low speed
HSS t-type, M-type 650 200 4100 30
cobalt alloy 650 500 2250 60
cemented
carbides
Low Co content 1800 525 1400 150
High Co content 1700 510 2400 150
ceramic Al2O3, 2100 600 400 600 lesst hardness
Diamond synthetic 8000 8000 1500 1000
speed for non-ferrous
metals
HARDNESS
CARBON STEEL
HSS
COBALT ALLOY
HIGH Co CARBIDE
LOW Co CARBIDE
CERAMIC
DIAMOND
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HARDNESS (hk)
T
O
O
L

M
A
T
R
R
I
A
L
Hardness (HK) Knoop hardness
HIGHEST
LEAST
HIGH
LOW
HOT HARDNESS
CABON TOOL
HSS
COBALT ALLOY
LOW Co CARBIDE
HIGH Co CARBIDE
CERAMIC
DIAMOND
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Hot hardness (HK)
HIGHEST
LEAST
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
TOUGHNESS
CERAMIC
LOW Co CARBIDE
DIAMOND
COBALT ALLOY
HIGH Co CARBIDE
HSS
CARBON TOOL
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TOUGHNESS
HIGHEST
LEAST
MEDIUM
HIGH
LOW
CUTTING VELOCITY
CARBON TOOL
HSS
COBALT ALLOY
LOW Co CARBIDE
HIGH Co CARBIDE
CERAMIC
DIAMOND
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Velocity
HIGHEST
LEAST
LOW
HIGH
MEDIUM
SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPERTIES
HIGHER HARDNESS, LESSER ABRASION
HIGHER HARDNESS, HIGHER WEAR RESISTANCE
HIGH HARDNESS WORKPIECE CAN BE MACHINED
HARDNACE
HIGHER THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HARDNESS AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURE
HIGHER CUTTING VELOCITY
HOT
HARDNACE
HIGHER THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND SHOCK LOAD
REDUCES FRACTURE FAILURE
TOUGH MATERIAL TOOLS CAN BE USED FOR INTERMITTENT CUTTING
OPERATIONS e.g MILLING
HIGHER TOUGHNESS , HIGHER FEEDRATE, HIGHER DEPTH OF CUT
TOUGHNESS
CUTTING TOOL COMPOSITION-
CONSTITUENTS AND PROPERTIES THEY INCORPORATE
ALLOY TOOLS
CARBON TOOLS
CARBON 0.6-1.5
PERCENT
INTRODUCES
HARDNESS BY
FORMING
CARBIDES
Mg, W, Mo, ETC VERY
SMALL PERCENTAGE
VERY SMALL HOT
HARDNESS
CARBON TOOL
ALLOY TOOLS
HSS
T-TYPE
TUNGSTEN18
HARDNESS BY
FORMING
CARBIDES
CHROMIUM 4
DEPTH
HARDENING
VENADIUM- 1
COMBINES WITH
CARBON
INCREASING
HARDNESS
INCREASES
TOUGHNESS
M-TYPE
MOLYBDENUM -8
HARDNESS BY
FORMING
CARBIDES
LESSER Mo IS
NEEDED THAN
W FOR SAME
HARDNESS
CHROMIUM- 4
-DO-
VENEDIUM- 1
-DO-
CARBON TOOL
ALLOY TOOLS
(PM)
COBALT ALLOY
COBALT (Co)-30
HOT HARDNESS
TUNSTEN (W) 10
HARDNESS
COBALT ALLOY TOOL
TOOL
CARBIDES CERAMICS DIAMOND CBN
ADVANCE TOOLS
CARBIDES
(SINTERED)
CEMENTED CARBIDE
NON-STEEL
WC-Co
HIGH Co
CONTENT
HIGH TOUGHNESS,
SMALL HARDNESS
LOW Co
CONTENT
LOW TOUGHNESS,
HIGH HARDNESS
STEEL GRADE
WC-Co + TiC + TaC
HIGH Co CONTENT
LOW Co CONTENT
CERMENTS
CERAMIC
TiN, TiC
METALLIC METALS
(BINDERS)
Ni, Mo
COATED CARBIDES
CARBIDES
COATING-Al2O3
ELIMINATES REACTION
WITH CARBON IN STEEL
CARBIDE TOOLS
CERAMIC
ALUMINA
VERY LOW
TOUGHNESS
SILICON
NITRIDE( SiN)
SIALON
ALUMINA
SILICON
NITRIDE
CERAMIC TOOLS
CUTTING TOOL APPLICATION-
APPLICATION ACCORDING TO PROPERTIES
CARBON STEEL
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE LEAST LEAST HIGHEST
OPERATION WOOD LOWEST SPEED ROUGHING
HSS
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE LOW LOW HIGH
OPERATION
VERSATILE FERROUS AND
NON FERROUS METALS
AND ALLOY
VELOCITY- LOW,
30 M/MIN
ROUGHING- MILLING,
TURNING
FINISHING- REAMING
COBALT ALLOY
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE
LOW LOW MEDIUM
OPERATION
STEEL. CAST IRON, Al, Cu MEDIUM ROUGHING-
CEMENTED CARBIDE( HIGH Co)
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE
HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM
OPERATION
STEEL GRADE-STEEL,CAST
IRON,
NON-STEEL GRADE- Al, Cu
MEDIUM ROUGHING
CEMENTED CARBIDE( LOW Co)
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE
HIGHER MEDIUM LOW
OPERATION
STEEL GRADE-STEEL,CAST
IRON,
NON-STEEL GRADE- Al, Cu
MEDIUM FINIDHING
CERAMIC (Al2O3)
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE
HIGHER HIGH LEAST
OPERATION
STEEL,CAST IRON,
Al, Cu
HIGH
LOWFEED RATE, LOW DEPTH
OF CUT, RIGID TOOL
MOUNTINGTO MINIMIZE
TOOL CHATTER
FINISHING
DIAMOND
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE
HIGHEST HIGHEST MEDIUM
OPERATION NON FERROUS METALS
AND ALLOYS- AS CARBON
DIFFUSES TO THE
WORKPIECE LEADING
CRATER WEAR
HIGH
LOWFEED RATE, LOW DEPTH
OF CUT, RIGID TOOL
MOUNTINGTO MINIMIZE
TOOL CHATTER
FINISHING
CBN
PROPERTIES HARDNESS HOT HARDNESS TOUGHNESS
VALUE
SECOND HIGHEST HIGH LESS (700)
OPERATION
HARDENED STEEL AND
CAST IRON
HIGH SPEED
LOWFEED RATE, LOW DEPTH
OF CUT, RIGID TOOL
MOUNTINGTO MINIMIZE
TOOL CHATTER
FINISHING
WHAT BRING THOSE PROPERTIES
ALLOY TOOLS
CARBON
TOOLS
CARBON 0.6-
1.5 PERCENT
INTRODUCES
HARDNESS BY
FORMING
CARBIDES
Mg, W, Mo, ETC
VERY SMALL
PERCENTAGE
VERY SMALL
HOT
HARDNESS
HSS
T-TYPE
TUNGSTEN(W)
18
HARDNESS BY
FORMING
CARBIDES
CHROMIUM
4
DEPTH
HARDENING
VENADIUM- 1
COMBINES
WITH CARBON
INCREASING
HARDNESS
INCREASES
TOUGHNESS
M-TYPE
MOLYBDENUM
(Mo)-8
INCRESES
HARDNESS BY
FORMING
CARBIDES
LESSER Mo IS
NEEDED THAN
W FOR SAME
HARDNESS
CHROMIUM- 4
-DO-
VENEDIUM- 1
-DO-
COBALT ALLOY
COBALT (Co)-30
HOT
HARDNESS
TUNSTEN (W)
10
HARDNESS