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Biology, 7e (Campbell)
Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms


Chapter Questions

1) Which of the following is a sensation and not a perception?
A) seeing the colors in a rainbow
B) a nerve impulse induced by sugar stimulating sweet receptors on the tongue
C) the smell of natural gas escaping from an open burner on a gas stove
D) the unique taste of french fries with cheese
E) the sound of a fire-truck siren as it passes by your car
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

2) An interoreceptor would detect which of the following stimuli?
A) a person rolling over in their bed
B) a drop of water falling from one's face onto one's arm
C) feeling the pain associated with a bee sting
D) a drop in blood pressure from standing too quickly
E) A and D only
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

3) Why are we able to differentiate tasts and smells?
A) The action potentials initiated by taste receptors are transmitted to a separate region of the brain than those
initiated by receptors for smell.
B) The sensory region of the cerebral cortex distinguishes something we taste from something we smell by the
difference in the action potential.
C) The brain distinguishes between taste, arising from interoreceptors, from smell arising from exteroreceptors.
D) Because we are able to see what we are tasting, the brain uses this information to distinguish taste from smell.
E) Taste receptors are able to detect fewer molecules of the stimulus, which means these receptors will initiate a
receptor potential before smell receptors do.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

4) Sensory receptors have all of the following functions in common except
A) increased permeability to sodium and potassium ions.
B) conversion of stimulus energy to membrane potential.
C) strengthening of stimulus energy sent to the nervous system.
D) processing information through graded potentials.
E) conduction of impulses to the central nervous system.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

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5) If a stimulus is to be perceived by the nervous system, which part of the sensory pathway must occur first?
A) integration
B) transmission
C) transduction
D) reception
E) amplification
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

6) What is the correct sequence of events that would lead to a person hearing a sound?
1. transmission
2. transduction
3. integration
4. amplification
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 4, 2, 3
C) 2, 4, 1, 3
D) 3, 1, 2, 4
E) 3, 1, 4, 2
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Application

7) Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin feels itchy. However, the itching stops after a few minutes and
you are unaware that you are wearing a shirt. Why?
A) Sensory adaptation has occurred.
B) Accommodation has increased.
C) Transduction has increased.
D) Motor unit recruitment has decreased.
E) Receptor amplification has decreased.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

8) Which of the following is a good example of sensory adaptation?
A) olfactory receptors ceasing to produce receptor potentials when triggered by the smell of the second batch of
cookies you are baking
B) hair cells in the organ of Corti not responding to high-pitched sounds after you have worked on the same
construction job for 30 years
C) cones in the human eye failing to respond to light in the infrared range
D) hair cells in the utricle and saccule responding to a change in orientation when you bend your neck forward after
you have been reading a book
E) rods in the human eye responding to mechanical stimulation from a blow to the back of the head so that a flash of
light is perceived
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

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9) Why does your arm feel cold when you reach inside the refrigerator to get a container of milk?
A) Circulating levels of prostaglandins increase.
B) The temperature of the blood circulating to the arm decreases.
C) Thermoreceptors send signals to the cerebral cortex where the change from room temperature to refrigerator
temperature is transduced.
D) Thermoreceptors in the skin undergo accommodation, which increases their sensitivity.
E) Thermoreceptors send signals to the posterior hypothalamus.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

10) Which of the following receptors is incorrectly paired with the type of energy it transduces?
A) mechanoreceptors-sound
B) electromagnetic receptors-magnetism
C) chemoreceptors-solute concentrations
D) thermoreceptors-heat
E) pain receptors-electricity
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Knowledge

11) What do hearing, touch, and a full stomach have in common?
A) The transducers are all proprioceptors.
B) The sensory information from all three is sent to the thalamus.
C) The sensory receptors are all hair cells.
D) Electrical energy is transduced to form an action potential.
E) Only A and B are correct.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Comprehension

12) Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor
B) muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor
C) gustatory receptor-chemoreceptor
D) electromagnetic energy-photoreceptors
E) motor neuron-thermoreceptor
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.1
Skill: Knowledge
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Figure 49.1

13) What is the structure diagrammed in Figure 49.1?
A) a neuromast
B) a statocyst
C) a taste bud
D) an ommatidium
E) an olfactory bulb
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Knowledge

14) What impact would a non-functioning statocyst have on an earthworm? The earthworm would not be able to
A) move.
B) sense light.
C) hear.
D) orient with respect to gravity.
E) respond to touch.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Comprehension

15) The pathway leading to the perception of sound begins with the
A) hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the basilar membrane, coming in contact with the tectorial
membrane.
B) hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tympanic membrane, coming in contact with the tectorial
membrane.
C) hair cells of the organ of Corti, which rests on the tectorial membrane, coming in contact with the basilar
membrane.
D) hair cells of the organ of Corti coming in contact with the tectorial membrane as a result of fluid waves in the
cochlea causing vibrations in the round window.
E) hair cells on the tympanic membrane that stimulate the tectorial membrane neurons leading to the auditory
section of the brain.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Comprehension

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16) The perceived pitch of a sound depends on
A) vibrations of the tympanic membrane being transmitted through the incus.
B) vibrations of the oval window creating wave formation in the fluid of the vestibular canal.
C) the region of the basilar membrane where the signal originated.
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Comprehension

The following questions refer to the diagram of the ear in Figure 49.2.



Figure 49.2

17) Which structure(s) is (are) involved in equalizing the pressure between the ear and the atmosphere?
A) 1 and 8
B) 5 and 7
C) 8
D) 9
E) 10
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Knowledge

18) Which structure(s) is (are) involved in equilibrium?
A) 2, 3, and 4
B) 2, 5, and 7
C) 4
D) 5
E) 7 and 8
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Knowledge

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19) Which number(s) represent(s) the structure or structures involved in transmitting vibrations to the oval window?
A) 1, 2, 3, and 4
B) 2, 3, and 4
C) 3 and 4
D) 4
E) 5
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Comprehension

20) Which number represents the location of the organ of Corti?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Knowledge

21) Hair cells are found in structures represented by numbers
A) 1 and 2.
B) 3 and 4.
C) 5 and 7.
D) 6 and 8.
E) 9 and 10.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Knowledge

22) Which of the following statements about either hearing or balance is incorrect?
A) The semicircular canals respond to rotation of the head.
B) Fish have inner ears that sense vibrations in the water.
C) The volume of sound is a function of the action potential that reaches the brain.
D) In mammals, the tympanic membrane transmits sound to the three middle ear bones.
E) In mammals, the middle ear bones transmit sound through the oval window to the coiled cochlea of the inner ear.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.2
Skill: Knowledge

23) What are sensillae?
A) smell receptors in animals with hydrostatic skeletons
B) mechanoreceptors that help birds remain oriented during flight
C) a specific type of hair cell in the human ear
D) insect taste receptors found on feet and mouthparts
E) olfactory hairs located on insect antennae
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.3
Skill: Knowledge

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24) Which statement below about taste receptors in humans is incorrect?
A) Each type of taste receptor can only be stimulated by a particular type of substance.
B) Taste receptors are modified epithelial cells organized into taste buds.
C) Depolarization in taste receptors causes the cells to release neurotransmitter onto a sensory neuron.
D) There are five categories of taste perceptions associated with taste receptors.
E) Transduction in taste receptors occurs by several different mechanisms.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.3
Skill: Knowledge

25) What portion of the brain has neurons that receive action potentials from chemoreceptor cells in the nose?
A) gustatory complex
B) anterior hypothalamus
C) olfactory bulb
D) occipital lobe
E) posterior pituitary
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.3
Skill: Knowledge

26) What do planarians, insects, and humans have in common?
A) photopigments, photoreceptors, and associated nerves
B) the ability to detect light
C) the ability to detect light and form an image
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Comprehension

27) Focusing the eye by changing the shape of the lens is called
A) zooming.
B) refraction.
C) conditioning.
D) habituation.
E) accommodation.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Knowledge

28) Which of the following would be affected by damage to the ciliary muscles?
A) hearing
B) dilation of the pupil
C) extension of the arm
D) accommodation
E) formation of vitreous humor
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Comprehension

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29) It is very difficult to sneak up to a grasshopper and catch it. Why?
A) They have excellent hearing for detecting predators.
B) They have compound eyes with multiple ommatidia.
C) They have eyes with multiple fovea.
D) They have a camera-like eye with multiple fovea.
E) They have binocular vision.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Comprehension

30) Individuals in which profession would be most affected by a vitamin A deficiency?
A) a baker
B) a piano tuner
C) a painter
D) a singer
E) a dancer
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Comprehension

31) Which of the following is a correct statement about the cells of the human retina?
A) Cone cells can detect color, but rod cells cannot.
B) Cone cells are more sensitive to light than rod cells are.
C) Cone cells, but not rod cells, have a visual pigment.
D) Rod cells are most highly concentrated in the center of the retina.
E) Rod cells require higher illumination for stimulation than do cone cells.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Knowledge

32) The axons of rods and cones synapse with
A) ganglion cells.
B) horizontal cells.
C) amacrine cells.
D) bipolar cells.
E) lateral cells.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Knowledge

33) Which of the following statements about vision is incorrect?
A) Perception of visual information takes place in the brain.
B) Rods contain the light-absorbing molecule called rhodopsin.
C) Rods are more light-sensitive than cones and are responsible for night vision.
D) The conjunctiva covers the cornea and keeps it moist.
E) Visual acuity is sharpest in the fovea because the ganglion cells have a small receptor field.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Comprehension

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34) Which of the following structures is the last one that sensory information would encounter during visual
processing?
A) ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells
C) primary visual cortex
D) optic chiasma
E) lateral geniculate nuclei
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Knowledge

35) If a baseball player is hit in the back of the head, which part of his brain would be the most likely injured?
A) the primary visual cortex
B) the thalamus
C) the optic chiasma
D) the lateral geniculate nuclei
E) the tectorial membrane
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.4
Skill: Comprehension

36) What structural feature(s) contribute(s) most to the diverse adaptations for animal movement?
A) sensory system
B) skeletal system
C) muscular system
D) nervous system
E) B and C only
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.5
Skill: Comprehension

37) What are animals with hydrostatic skeletons able to do that animals with exoskeletons or internal skeletons
cannot do?
A) elongate
B) crawl
C) live in aquatic environments
D) grow without replacing their skeleton
E) A, B, and D
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.5
Skill: Comprehension

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Use Figure 49.3 to answer the following questions.



Figure 49.3

38) The structure pictured in Figure 49.3 can be found in which types of muscles?
A) skeletal
B) cardiac
C) smooth
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Knowledge

39) Which section consists only of myosin filaments?
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Knowledge

40) Which section consists of both actin and myosin filaments?
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Knowledge

41) When an organism dies, its muscles remain in a contracted state termed "rigor mortis" for a brief period of time.
Which of the following most directly contributes to this phenomenon? There is no
A) ATP to move cross-bridges.
B) ATP to break bonds between the thick and thin filaments.
C) calcium to bind to troponin.
D) oxygen supplied to muscle.
E) glycogen remaining in the muscles.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Application

42) Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?
A) actin
B) troponin
C) tropomyosin
D) myosin
E) calcium-binding site
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Knowledge

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43) What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?
A) break the cross-bridges as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP
B) bind to the troponin complex, which leads to the exposure of the myosin-binding sites
C) transmit the action potential across the neuromuscular junction
D) spread the action potential through the T tubules
E) reestablish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Knowledge

44) Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminal of
A) T tubules.
B) motor neuron axons.
C) sensory neuron axons.
D) motor neuron dendrites.
E) sensory neuron dendrites.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Comprehension

45) Which function associated with muscle would be most directly affected by low levels of calcium?
A) ATP hydrolysis
B) the initiation of an action potential
C) the muscle fiber resting membrane potential
D) muscle contraction
E) muscle fatigue
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Comprehension

46) Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle
cell?
1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin
molecules using energy from ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which
depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
D) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
E) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Application

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47) Which of the following could you find in the lumen of a transverse tubule?
A) extracellular fluid
B) cytoplasm
C) actin
D) myosin
E) sarcomeres
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Comprehension

48) A sustained muscle contraction due to a lack of relaxation between successive stimuli is called
A) tonus.
B) tetanus.
C) an all-or-none response.
D) fatigue.
E) a spasm.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Knowledge

49) Which of the following are shared by skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
A) A bands and I bands
B) transverse tubules
C) gap junctions
D) motor units
E) thick and thin filaments
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.6
Skill: Comprehension

50) Which of the following could be associated with peristalsis?
A) hydrostatic skeletons and smooth muscle
B) hydrostatic skeletons and movement in earthworms
C) smooth muscle and contractions along the human digestive tract causing movement of the contents within
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 49.7
Skill: Comprehension


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Media Activity Questions

51) What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?
A) blind spot
B) choroid
C) fovea
D) sclera
E) aqueous humor
Answer: D
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Structure and Function of the Eye

52) The ________ changes shape to focus light on the retina.
A) vitreous humor
B) blind spot
C) cornea
D) lens
E) optic nerve
Answer: D
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Structure and Function of the Eye

53) A single muscle cell is referred to as a
A) myofibril.
B) muscle fiber.
C) muscle neuron.
D) sarcolemma.
E) sarcomere.
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Skeletal Muscle Structure

54) During the course of muscle contraction the potential energy stored in ATP is transferred to potential energy
stored in
A) the myosin head.
B) the myosin tail.
C) the thin filament.
D) actin.
E) the Z line.
Answer: A
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Muscle Contraction

55) Of these events, the first to occur when a motor neuron stops sending an impulse to a muscle is
A) the pumping of calcium ions out of the cytoplasm and back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) the release of myosin heads from the thin filament.
C) thin filaments slide back to their relaxed positions.
D) proteins on the thin filaments block actin's myosin-binding sites.
E) All of these events occur simultaneously.
Answer: A
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Muscle Contraction


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Self-Quiz Questions

56) Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?
A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor
B) muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor
C) taste receptor-chemoreceptor
D) rod-electromagnetic receptor
E) olfactory receptor-electromagnetic receptor
Answer: E

57) Some sharks close their eyes just before they bite. Although they cannot see their prey, their bites are on target.
Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects, and the sharks can find batteries
buried under the sand of an aquarium. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split
second before they bite in the same way that a
A) rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow.
B) male silkworm moth locates a mate.
C) bat finds moths in the dark.
D) platypus locates its prey in a muddy river.
E) flatworm avoids light places.
Answer: D

58) The transduction of sound waves to action potentials takes place
A) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells.
B) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter
that stimulates sensory neurons.
C) as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential
in a sensory neuron.
D) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds.
E) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes.
Answer: B

59) Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the vertebrate eye?
A) The vitreous humor regulates the amount of light entering the pupil.
B) The transparent cornea is an extension of the sclera.
C) The fovea is the center of the visual field and contains only cones.
D) The ciliary muscle functions in accommodation.
E) The retina lies just inside the choroid and contains the photoreceptor cells.
Answer: A

60) When light strikes the rhodopsin in a rod, retinal dissociates from opsin, initiating a signal transduction pathway
that
A) depolarizes the neighboring bipolar cells and initiates an action potential in a ganglion cell.
B) depolarizes the rod, causing it to release the neurotransmitter glutamate, which excites bipolar cells.
C) hyperpolarizes the rod, reducing its release of glutamate, which excites some bipolar cells and inhibits others.
D) hyperpolarizes the rod, increasing its release of glutamate, which excites amacrine cells but inhibits horizontal
cells.
E) converts cGMP to GMP, opening sodium channels and hyperpolarizing the membrane, causing the rhodopsin to
become bleached.
Answer: C

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61) Clams and lobsters both have an exoskeleton, but lobsters have much greater mobility. Why?
A) Clams have only adductor muscles that hold the shell closed, whereas lobsters have both abductor and adductor
muscles.
B) The paramyosin of clam muscles hold the muscles in a low-energy state of contraction, whereas lobster muscles
are very similar to vertebrate striated muscles.
C) Clams can grow only by adding to the outer edge of the shell, whereas lobsters molt and repeatedly replace their
exoskeleton with a larger, more flexible one.
D) The lobster skeleton can actively contract, while the clam skeleton lacks its own contractile mechanism.
E) Lobsters have a jointed exoskeleton, allowing for the flexible movement of appendages and body parts at the
joints.
Answer: E

62) During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions
A) break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP.
B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed.
C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber.
D) spread action potential through the T tubules.
E) reestablish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential.
Answer: B

63) Tetanus refers to
A) the partial sustained contraction of major supporting muscles.
B) the all-or-none contraction of a single muscle fiber.
C) a stronger contraction resulting from the activation of multiple motor units.
D) a smooth and sustained contraction, resulting from wave summation.
E) a state of muscle fatigue caused by the depletion of ATP and the accumulation of lactate.
Answer: D

64) Which of the following is a true statement about cardiac muscle cells?
A) They lack an orderly arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
B) They have less extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus contract more slowly than smooth muscle cells.
C) They are connected by intercalated discs, through which action potentials spread to all cells in the heart.
D) They have a resting potential more positive than an action potential threshold.
E) They contract only when stimulated by neurons.
Answer: C

65) Which of the following changes occurs when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts?
A) The A bands shorten.
B) The I bands shrink.
C) The Z lines slide farther apart.
D) The thin filaments contract.
E) The thick filaments contract.
Answer: B