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AP Calculus AB 2014

Solutions
J. Sloan
May 11, 2014

I have no aliation with The College Board

and cannot guarantee the correctness of these solutions


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Problem 1
Grass clippings are placed in a bin, where they decompose. For 0 t 30, the amount
of grass clippings remaining in the bin is modeled by A(t) = 6.687(0.931)t , where A(t) is
measured in pounds and t is measured in days.
a) Find the average rate of change of A(t) over the interval 0 t 30. Indicate units of
measure.
b) Find the value of A (15) Using correct units, interpret the meaning of the value in the
context of the problem.
c) Find the time t for which the amount of grass clippings in the bin is equal to the average
amount of grass clippings in the bin over the interval 0 t 30.
d) For t > 30, L(t), the linear approximation to A at t = 30, is a better model for the
amount of grass clippings remaining in the bin. Use L(t) to predict the time at which
there will be 0.5 pound of grass clippings remaining in the bin. Show the work that
leads to your answer.

a) The average value of A(t) on this interval is just the slope of the tangent line between
endpoints on the interval. This is given as
Rate of Changeavg =

A(30) A(0)
= 0.197 pounds/day.
30 0

b) Use a graphing calculator to evaluate


A (15) =

d
dt

A(t) = 0.164 pounds/day.


t=15

This means that at time t = 15 the weight of grass clippings in the bin is instantaneously
changing at a rate of 0.164 pounds per day.
c) The average value of the total mass of grass clipping in the bin on the given interval is
found by integrating A(t) over the interval, and then dividing by the interval width of 30
days. This is
30
1
A(t) dt = 2.75264 pounds.
A(t)avg =
30 0
The problem asks when the function A(t) is equal to this average value. Use a calulator
to solve 6.687(0.931)t = 2.75264, it comes out to t = 12.415 seconds.
d) In order to make a linear approximation (a tangent line to a certain point), we need a
point, and a slope. The point of interest is just (30, A(30)) = (30, 0.782928) found by
calculator. The slope at this point is
A (30) =

d
dt

A(t) = 0.0559762 pounds/day.


t=30

We will call the above value m. Then the tangent line approximation is given as
y A(30) = m(t 30).
To nd the value of t for which A(t) = 0.5, when there is a half pound of grass clippings
in the bin, set y = 0.5 and solve for t with algebraic manipulation and a calculator. The
result is t = 35.054 seconds.

Problem 2

Let R be the region encolsed by the graph of f (x) = x4 2.3x3 + 4 and the horizontal line
y = 4, as shown in the gure above.
a) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated about the horizontal line
y = 2.
b) Region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, each cross section perpendicular to the
x-axis is an isoceles right triangle with a leg in R. Find the volume of the solid.
c) The vertical line x = k divides R into two regions with equal areas. Write, but do not
solve, an equation involving integral expressions whose solution gives the value k.

a) First nd the where the two functions intersect using a calulator. Let a be the leftmost
intersection x value, and b be the rightmost intersection x value. We will use a and b for
the remainder of the problem to avoid numerical crowding. Using a calculator to set the
functions equal to each other and nd the intersection points gives
a = 0, b = 2.3
In order to account for an axis of rotation of y = 2, it is necessary to shift both of the
functions up by 2 units, which eectively places the new axis of rotation on the x axis.
Then the volume is just the dierence between the outer and inner portions of the object.
That is
b

(4 + 2)2 (f (x) + 2)2 dx = 98.868.

V olume =
a

b) The isosceles right triangles to which the problem refers look like this:

w
w
4

Both sides are denoted w since the triangleis isosceles. The area of the triangle is then
1
Areatriangle = w2 .
2
Since the width in this problem is specied by the distance between the two functions,
w = 4 f (x). Integrating across the whole x interval gives
V olume =

1
2

(4 f (x))2 dx = 8.518.
a

c) The integral equation is


b

(4 f (x)) dx =
0

(4 f (x)) dx,
k

since each integral gives the area of a section of the region, and the problem stipulates
that they be equal to one another.

Problem 3

The function f is dened on the closed interval [5, 4]. The graph of f consists of three
line segments and is shown in the gure above. Let g be the function dened by g(x) =
x

f (t) dt.
3

a) Find g(3).
b) On what open intervals contained in 5 < x < 4 is the graph of g both increasing and
concave down? Give a reason for your answer.
c) The function h is dened by h(x) =

g(x)
. Find h (3).
5x

d) The function p is dened by p(x) = f x2 x . Find the slope of the line tangent to
the graph of p at the point where x = 1.

a) By denition,
3

g(3) =

f (t) dt =
3

12 8 2
+ = 9.
2
2 2

The numerical values are just triangular areas between f and the x-axis. The last value
in the sequence of 3 is negative because the function is below the x-axis.
b) Since by denition,
x

g(x) =

f (t) dt,
3

we can use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to conclude that


g (x) = f (x).
Furthermore, taking the derivative of both sides again gives the relation that
g (x) = f (x).
6

If we want to nd when g is increasing and concave down, we want to know when g (x) > 0,
and g (x) < 0. This is equivalent, via the relations above, to inquiring about when
f (x) > 0, and f (x) < 0. So we want f to be above the x-axis, and sloping downward.
This happens on the intervals (5, 3) and (0, 2).
c) By the quotient rule,
h (x) =

5xg (x) 5g(x)


.
25x2

So
5(3)g (3) 5g(3)
25(3)2
15f (3) 5(9)
=
225
15(2) 5(9)
=
225
1
= .
3

h (3) =

Note that g (3) = f (3) due to the relationship established in (b). Also note that no
simplication is required once all values in the expression are numerical.
d) Taking the derivative of p(x) with the chain rule gives
p (x) = f (x2 x)(2x 1).
So
p (1) = f (2)(3) = (2)(3) = 6.
Note that f (2) = 2 because the slope of f can be geomtrically found to be 2.

Problem 4

Train A runs back and forth on an east-west section of railroad track. Train As velocity,
measured in meters per minute, is given by a dierentiable function vA (t), where the time t
is measured in minutes. Selected values for vA (t) are given in the table above.
a) Find the average acceleration of train A over the interval 2 t 8.
b) Do the data in the table support the conclusion that train As velocity is 100 meters
per minute at some time t with 5 t 8. Give a reason for your answer.
c) At time t = 2, train As position is 300 meters east of the Origin Station, and the train
is moving to the east. Write an expression involving an integral that gives the position
of train A, in meters from the Origin Station, at time t = 12. Use a trapezoidal sum
with three subintervals indicated by the table to approximate the position of the train
at time t = 12.
d) A second train, train B, travels north from the Origin Station. At time t the velocity
of train B is given by vB (t) = 5t2 + 60t + 25, and at time t = 2 the train is 400 meters
north of the station. Find the rate, in meters per minute, at which the distance between
train A and train B is changing at time t = 2.
a) The average acceleration is the average rate of change of the velocity function on the
specied interval. That is,
aavg =

120 100
110
vA (8) vA (2)
=
=
meters/min.
82
6
3

b) Yes, we can guarantee that there exists a time for which v = 100 on the given interval
because vA (5) is positive and vA (8) is negative. Because the function is dierentiable,
and thus continuous, the velocity function must pass through the x-axis, where v = 0.
c) The position of the train at time t = 12 can be found by taking the initial position given
in the problem, and then adding the change in position found by integrating the velocity
function. That is,
12

xA (12) = 300 +

vA (t) dt.
2

The right trapezoidal sum is given as


12

vA (t) dt 3
2

100 + 40
40 120
120 150
+3
+4
= 450.
2
2
2

Adding the initial value of 300 gives a nal result of 150 meters.
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d) A picture is in order.
N

s = 500 (3-4-5 triangle)

xB (t) = 400

xA (t) = 300
By the Pythagorean Theorem, we conclude that
xA (t)2 + xB (t)2 = s2 ,

where s is the distance between the trains. Taking the derivative of both sides implcitly
with respect to time gives
2xA (t)vA (t) + 2xB (t)vB (t) = 2s

ds
.
dt

Then
ds
dt

=
t=2

300(100) + 400(125)
300vA (2) + 400vB (2)
=
= 160 meters/min.
500
500

Note that vA (2) is taken directly from the table, and vB (2) is found to 125 by substituting
t = 2 into the given function.

Problem 5

The twice-dierentiable functions f and g are dened for all real numbers x. Values of f ,
f , g, and g for various values of x are given in the table above.
a) Find the x-coordinate of each relative minimum of f on the interval [2, 3]. Justify
your answers.
b) Explain why there must be a value c, for 1 < c < 1, such that f (c) = 0.
c) The function h is dened by h(x) = ln(f (x)). Find h (3). Show the computations that
lead to your answer.
3

d) Evaluate

f (g(x))g (x) dx.


2

a) The function f can have a relative minimum only when f (x) goes from negative to
positive. This occurs at x = 1.
b) Find the slope of the secant line on f (x) beetween the endpoints of the interval. This is
slope =

0
f (1) f (1)
= = 0.
1 (1)
2

Since this secant slope is zero, and the functions in question are dierentiable, Rolles
Theorem, a special case of the Mean Value Theorem, guarantees that there exists a c in
ther interval such that f (c) is equal to the secant slope of zero found above.
c) By the chain rule,
h (x) =

1
f (x)
f (x) =
.
f (x)
f (x)

h (3) =

f (3)
1/2
1
=
= .
f (3)
7
14

Thus

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d) This is a seemingly impossible integral which requires the use of a clever trick. Use u
substitution, letting u = g(x), then du = g (x) dx, which conveniently exists already.
Also, the boundaries must be changed from 2 and 3 to respectively g(2) and g(3) in
accordance with the substitution. Together, this is
3

g(3)

f (g(x))g (x) dx =
2

f (u) du.
g(2)

The integral of the derivative of f (u) is just f (u). So


= f (1) f (1) = 2 (8) = 10.

= f (u)

f (u) du = f (u)
g(2)

g(3)

g(3)

g(2)

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Problem 6
dy
Consider a dierential equation
= (3 y) cos x. Let y = f (x) be the particular solution
dx
to the dierential equation with the initial condition f (0) = 1. The function f is dened for
all real numbers.
a) A portion of the slope eld of the dierential equation is given below. Sketch the solution
curve through the point (0, 1).

b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the solution curve in part (a) at the point
(0, 1). Use the equation to approximate f (0.2).
c) Find y = f (x), the particular solution to the dierential equation with the initial
condition f (0) = 1.

a) The sketch of the solution curve is shown above.


b) For a tangent line we need a point and a slope. The point given is (0, 1). By the derivative
given,
dy
= (3 1) cos(0) = 2.
dx (0,1)
Thus the equation of the tangent line, through slope form, is
y 1 = 2x, y = 2x + 1.
Then
y(0.2) = 2(0.2) + 1 = 1.4.

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c) Seperating variables, we get


dy
=
3y

cos(x) dx.

The integration and algebraic solve is fairly straightforward. Just dont forget that the
left side picks up a negative sign once integrated due to the 3 y in the denominator.
dy
= cos(x) dx
3y
ln |3 y| = sin(x) + C
ln |3 y| = sin(x) + C2
|3 y| = C3 e sin(x)
3 y = C4 e sin(x)
y = 3 C4 e sin(x) .

Then taking into account the initial condition, we let x = 0 and y = 1 and solve for C4 .
1 = 3 C4 e sin(0) .
1 = 3 C4 e 0
1 = 3 C4 (1)
1 = 3 C4
C4 = 2.
Which leads to the nal conclusion that
y = f (x) = 3 2e sin(x) .

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