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z
S
V
D
>Horizon 0±
H reference
Nadir Zenith Nadir line, a vertical line defined by gravity direction for D
A vertical angle is an angle observed in a vertical plane
D = SLOPE ANGLE = A vertical angle measured from the horizon (0± to 90±)
Convention: If above the horizon, an elevation angle and +ve
If below the horizon, a depression angle and –ve
z = ZENITH ANGLE = A vertical angle measured from the zenith
( 0± to 180±, most instruments show complete circle: 0± to 360± but can be
Reduced to between 0± to 180± i.e. if greater than 180± subtract from 360±)
Proportional relationship!
If slope is negative (falling) Then P, a and V are also negative and z > 90±
Also:
And so forth.