CC2413 Fundamental Psychology

for Health Studies

Lecture 11 & 12
壓力與健康)
壓力與健康
Stress & Health (壓力與健康

Lecturer:
「你有壓力，
你有壓力，我有壓力」
我有壓力」
巴士阿叔 - Bus Uncle

Missing a flight!
What type of stress is it?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50
nNQdgkpTE&feature=related

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Lesson Plan
(A) Definitions of stress & its basic nature

(B) The process & Major Types of stress

(C) Responses & Effects of stress

(D) Intervening variables

(E) Coping strategies & Stress Management

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 壓力)?
壓力
(A) What is stress(壓力
• Think of & write down an incident that is
stressful to you
• ________________________________
________________________________

• any circumstances that threaten or are

perceived to threaten one’s well being and
that therefore, require one’s coping ability
(Weiten, 2004)
• the physical, emotional, cognitive, and
behavioral _____________to events that
are appraised as threatening or challenging

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(A) I. Stress: the concept
• may refers to both the stimulus
(stressor) or response (strain)
• Stressors – something external in
the environment that cause a stress
reaction
• e.g. a major exam, a big date, conflict
with one’s boss, an earthquake
• Strains – physiological,
psychological / emotional, &
behavioral responses
• Intervening variables – e.g.,
cognitive appraisal, personality,
social factors, coping styles &
strategies, etc.

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(A) II. Stress: Its Basic Nature
認知評估)
認知評估
• Cognitive appraisals (認知評估
• stress lies in the eye of the beholder
主要壓力源):
主要壓力源
• Major stressors (主要壓力源
extremely stressful events →
Catastrophe or major life events
日常生活瑣事):
日常生活瑣事
• _____________ (日常生活瑣事
routine every day events or minor
annoyances of everyday life
• Cumulative nature of stress
壓力的累積性)
壓力的累積性
(壓力的累積性
• create great strains – accumulation of
daily hassles was an even better
predictor of emotional & physical
health than were the major events in
people’s lives

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(B) Overview of the Stress Process

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(B) III. Major Types of Stress
改變)
改變 – having to adapt
1) Change (改變
• Holmes and Rahe (1967) – Social
Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) – Life
Change Units
• e.g. death of a spouse – 100, divorce –
73, personal injury or illness – 53,
marriage 50, pregnancy – 40, change
in eating habits – 15, etc.

壓迫)
壓迫 – expectations to
2) Pressure (壓迫
behave in certain ways
表現)/ __________(從
• Perform (表現 從衆)

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(B) III. Major Types of Stress
3) Frustration (沮喪沮喪)
沮喪 – blocked
goal, failures and _________
• e.g. computer hanged when you
are hurrying for a paper, losing a
parent

衝突)
衝突 – two or more
4) Conflict (衝突
incompatible motivations or
behavioral impulses compete
for expression
3 types of conflict:
• Approach-approach
• Approach-avoidance
• Avoidance-avoidance

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(B) III. Major Types of Stress
• Identify which type(s) of stress you (or the
woman who missed the flight) have.

• Which type(s) of stress do you think

patients are most likely to experience?

• How do you know that you are stressful?

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(C) I. Responding to Stress
1) Emotionally – negative & positive emotions

漢斯．
漢斯．賽黎)
2) Physiologically – Hans Selye’s (漢斯 賽黎
exposed animals to both physical &
psychological stressors to determine effects
• stress reactions are nonspecific → ANS
• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (一般適 一般適
應症候群)
應症候群
警覺 → fight-or-flight response (戰或
警覺)
• Alarm (警覺 戰或
逃反應)
逃反應
抗拒)
抗拒
• Resistance (抗拒
耗竭)
耗竭
• ______________ (耗竭

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(C) I. Responding to Stress
3) Behaviorally
• Coping strategies – efforts that people take
to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the
effects of stressors
• maladaptive vs. adaptive/healthful
• defensive vs. constructive
挫折
• Frustration-aggression hypothesis (挫折
─攻擊假設
攻擊假設)
渲洩/
渲洩 洗滌)
• Catharsis (渲洩 洗滌 - release of emotional
tension
自我放縱
自我放縱)
• Self-indulgence (自我放縱
• e.g. eating, drinking, smoking, shopping

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(C) I. Responding to Stress
3) Behaviorally
自我防衛機制)
自我防衛機制
• Ego Defense mechanisms (自我防衛機制
• mostly unconscious strategies that we use to
defend ourselves against threat, trauma,
reduced internal conflict, diminish stress &
anxiety
• Some major defense mechanisms:
• 否認)
否認
Denial (否認 Which type of defense mechanisms
was used by the woman who missed
• 壓抑)
壓抑
Repression (壓抑 her shark fin soup?
• 轉移)
轉移
Displacement (轉移
• Regression (倒倒退)
• 合理化)
合理化
Rationalization (合理化
• 投射)
投射
Projection (投射
• 幻想)
幻想
Fantasy (幻想
• 昇華)
昇華
____________________ (昇華
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Im7W1AnDmgA&feature=related

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(C) I. Responding to Stress
Class Exercise (Defense Mechanisms)
• Identify what defense mechanisms did Debbie
exhibit? (Disc II 34:30 – 40:03)

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(C) II. Effects of Stress
1) Physical
• Psychosomatic
心因症)
心因症
diseases (心因症
• physical ailments with a
genuine organic
basis that are caused
in part by psychological
factors, especially
emotional distress…
• e.g. high blood
pressure, skin
disorders, asthma, and
migraine headaches

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 (C) II. Effects of Stress

1) Physical
↓ Immune functioning (免疫功能
免疫功能)
免疫功能
& common cold

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(C) II. Effects of Stress
2) Behavioral & Psychological
倦怠/職業枯竭症
倦怠 職業枯竭症)
• Burnout (倦怠 職業枯竭症
• exhaustion and cynicism brought by chronic
work-related stress

• Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)

創傷後壓力症候群
• a psychological disorder resulting from the
experience of a traumatic event (e.g., war,
rape, major disasters, etc.), with symptoms
such as anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep,
reliving the event, and concentration problems
lasting for more than one month

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(C) II. Effects of Stress
2) Behavioral & Psychological

• Psychological problems and

disorders
• e.g. sleep problems, depression,
eating disorders, etc.

• __________________
• promote personal growth /self-
improvement

「欄王」劉翔 – Olympics’ winner, Liu Xiang is finally back

on track after 13 months' lay-off due to his leg injury.

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(D) Intervening variables
1) Personality Type
• Type A - ambitious, competitive (強烈競爭性),
extremely hardworking, impatience (i.e. easily
annoyed) and exceedingly time conscious (無耐性
及具有時間急迫性), and tends to have high levels of
憤怒與敵意)
憤怒與敵意
anger and hostility (憤怒與敵意

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(D) Intervening variables
1) Personality Type
• Type B - relaxed, patient, easygoing, less driven
and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger

• Type C - pleasant but repressed person, who tends

to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who
finds expressing emotions difficult.

• ____________________(Type H) - a person
who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger
and hostility of the Type A personality.

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(D) Intervening variables
2) Other Factors

• Explanatory style: Optimism → tendency

to expect positive outcomes

• Social Support System

• ___________________ immune functioning
& mental health
• ______________________ likelihood of PTSD

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(E) I. Coping Styles & Strategies
• Two types of Coping:
• behavioral & psychological strategies
• Problem-focused coping: coping strategies
that try to eliminate the source of a stress or
reduce its impact through direct actions.

• Emotion-focused coping: coping strategies

that change the impact of a stressor by
changing the emotional reaction to the
stressor.

• Which type of coping is better?

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(E) I. Coping
Styles &
Strategies

Gender
Differences
in reaction
to the
diagnosis
of cancer

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(E) II. Stress Management
• Reappraisal
• ______________
• Releasing Pent-up emotions
• Managing Hostility & Forgiving
Others
• Learning to relax
• Minimizing
physiological
vulnerability

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 Conclusion
1) The Biopsychosoical Model

2) Stress can have both positive & negative aspects

意識/知覺
意識 知覺)
3) Next topic: Variation in Consciousness (意識 知覺

4) References
**Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology
(International edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River,
N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Weiten, W. (2008). Stress, Coping, and Health. In
Psychology: Themes and variations (Briefer version, 7th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning.
** Assigned Readings: Ch 11 – pp. 430 - 469

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 Conclusion
5) Web resources (Death, Personality,
Psychological Disorders, Stress)
1) Hospice Care
http://www.hospicecare.org.hk/eng/about.html
2) Freud’s Theory
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/mytheory/freud/
3) Internet Mental Health
http://www.mentalhealth.com/
4) Stress Management
http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~stress/
5) The Mental Health Association of Hong
Kong
http://www.mhahk.org.hk/chi/index.htm

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