Seminar on Advanced Topics(SE801)

Easy-to-Swallow Wireless
Telemetry


Sriraksha B S
4MC10EC082
Dept. of ECE
MCE, Hassan
Seminar/Project Co-ordinators

1. Dr.B.R.Sujatha
2. Mr.D.S.Keerthi
Contents
Introduction
Wireless Telemetry Methods Used in
Electronic Pills
Hardware Design for Electronic Pills
Batteryless Electronic Pills
High-Speed Wideband Technology for
Electronic Pills
Future Developments
Conclusion

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Introduction

Development of biomedical technologies is an
urgent necessity to improve diagnostic services.

Electronic pill technology is a more recent
development.

A small miniaturized electronic pill can reach all
areas such as small intestine.
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Fig: A wireless endoscope monitoring system

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Fig: (a) An electronic pill inside the human body and (b) an antenna
in the dissipative medium.
Movement Of Capsule
Through The Digestive
System
DATA
RECORDER
COMPUTER
Data Acquisition & Storage Of Data
On Computer
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Earlier design was based on narrow-band
transmission.

Frequency used was ultra-high-frequency
around 400MHz.

Current technology uses the Zarlinks
frequency in MICS band (402-405 MHZ).

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Recent technology have enabled
the design of small-size cameras
and batteries.

It is important to select the right
transmission frequency band for
wireless pill.

Unlicensed ISM and MICS bands
are often used for wireless pills.

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Wireless Telemetry Methods Used In
Electronic Pill

Fig: An MICS antenna designed for
biological tissues



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Fig: Available unlicensed
wireless frequencies
UWB can also be used for
electronic pills.

UWB and MICS bands will
provide the most suitable
telemetry design.


Fig: Capsule shape UWB antennas
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Fig: Comparison of implanted/ingested antennas
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Fourier series expansion of UWB signal is given by,
Specific Absorption Rates (SAR
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Fig: A UWB antenna coupling through meat Fig: Measurement results for a capsule-
shaped UWB antenna.

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Fig: Physical shapes for electronic pills with possible locations of antenna.
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Hardware designs for Electronic Pills

E-pill uses a transmitter circuit based on RF Colpitts oscillator

The operation frequency of these transmitters is established by the
frequency selection filter consisting of L1, C1, and C2 as


Inductors and capacitors will have tolerance variations that will result
in potential offsets

One way to overcome this issue is to use a crystal to maintain the
oscillator frequency





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Fig: E-pill transmitters based on RF Colpitts oscillator : (a) a common collector Colpitts
oscillator. (b) a common base Colpitts oscillator with crystal




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Lack of multiuser
capability

A pseudo noise (PN)
code for identification so
that the receiving device
can identify the
individual electronic pill.

Requires a receiver and
a microcontroller to
provide bidirectional
communication


Fig: Advanced hardware design for an electronic pill
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An electronic pill is similar to a wireless sensor nodes.

Commonly used wireless sensor platforms are Mica2DOT
and T-node.


Fig: 3 Commercial sensor node examples :(a) a Mica2DOT board and (b) a T-node
sensor node

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Fig: Various hardware sensor nodes configurations

Battery less electronic pills
Life time provided by the battery may not satisfy.

Current electronic pills have limited operational
time.

Average Current Consumption


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One way to enhance this operational lifetime is to
charge the battery wirelessly.

Batteryless pills operate based on passive
telemetry
Desired Battery Life

High Speed wideband Technology for
electronic pills
Detailed images with higher-resolution cameras may be
required.

A wideband radio link is desired for the high capacity data
transfer and, therefore, improved image resolution.

A transmitter with 1.2GHz carrier and 20MHz BW

New unlicensed UWB band 3.1-10.6 GHz


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ADVANTAGES
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High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life time.

Physical size is extremely small.

Simplicity of the transmitter design.

Less transmission length and hence has zero noise
interference.

Power consumption is very less.

DISADVANTAGES
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Pills are expensive and are not available in many
countries.

Still its size is not digestible to small babies.

Complex hardware design for Multi access
capability.

EM interference limits the use of wireless.


Future developments
Multi-access communication technique

Wireless power

The need of a high frequency link

Small size antennas

The external unit
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Fig: Basic building blocks of a potential electronic pill medical system for the future.
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Conclusion
The systems proposed and commercialized for electronic pills
are reviewed

Current designs show the technology is still in its infancy, mainly
due to the small size requirement

A high-capacity radio system is currently necessary for electronic
pill technology

A wideband electronic pill can transmit raw video data without
any compression,

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[1] J. O. Sines, Permanent implants for heart rate and body temperature recording in
the rat, AMA Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, vol. 2 no. 2,pp. 182183, 1960.

[2] R. S. Mackay, Radio telemetering from within the human body,Science, vol. 134,
pp. 11961202, 1961.

[3] C. McCaffrey, O. Chevalerias, C. OMathuna, and K.Twomey,Swallowable-capsule
technology, Pervas.Comput., vol. 7, pp.2329, Jan.Mar., 2008.

[4] R. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, Endoradiosonde, Nature, vol. 179,pp. 12391240,
June 1957.

[5] J. T. Farrar, V. K. Zworykin, and J. Baum, Pressure sensitive telemetering capsule
for study of gastrointestinal motility, Science,vol. 126, no. 3280, pp. 975976, Nov.
1957.

[6] G. Meron, The development of the swallowable video
capsule(M2A),Gastrointest. Endosc., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 8178199, 2000.


References