>L % sf] ;/sf/

lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfno

;8s laefu

;8s ;+ef/ lgb]{lzsf

-Ol~hlgo/ / cf]e/l;o/sf] nflu_

ROAD MAINTENANCE MANUAL
FOR ENGINEERS AND OVERSEERS

@)%%

dGtAo
/fi6sf] ;jf{l0f ljsf;sf] nflu e/kbf]{ / u'0ffTds oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf]
laleGg If]qnfO{ ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf efjgfTds ?kdf Pstfa4 u/L If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{
xfn;Dd ;8s oftfoft gk'u]sf If]qx?nfO{ ;8s oftfoftn] hf]8\g hlt cfjZos 5 Tolt g} df}h'bf ;8s
;+/rgfx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g u/L ;:tf] tyf lbuf] oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 .
>L % sf] ;/sf/n] /fli6o jh]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;8s oftfoftsf] ljsf;sf] nflu vr{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fi6sf]
cfGtl/s >f]t, ljleGg bft[ ;+:yf Pj+ /fi6sf] C0f tyf cg'bfg ;xof]uaf6 ;8ssf] nDjfO{df pNn]vgLo a[l4
ePsf] 5 . ljqmd ;+at\ @))& ;fndf ;8ssf] hDdf nDjfO{ #&^ ls=dL= /x]sf]df xfn ;8ssf] nDjfO{
!!,))) ls=dL= eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] rfn' gjf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;d]t ;8s /
k'nx?sf] dd{t tyf ;+ef/ sfo{df ljBdfg cj:yf / pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ gLlt
lnPsf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df ;8s ljefuaf6 tof/ kf/LPsf] ;8s ;+ef/ lgb]{lzsfn] ;8s ljefu, ;8s oftfoft If]q;Fu
;+nUg cGo ;+:yfx? tyf k|fljlwsx?nfO{ ;d]t dfu{bz{g lbg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' .

-laho s'df/ uR5bf/_

dGqL
lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfno

dGtAo
g]kfnsf] ljBdfg oftfoft k|0ffnL cGtu{t ljleGg :t/sf ;8s, /f]kj], 6\jLgj], s]jnj], hndfu{, /]ndfu{ /
xjfO{ dfu{ kb{5g\ . oL dWo] b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df ;8s oftfoftsf] ;jeGbf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xL cfPsf]
5 . b]zsf] ef}uf]lns jgf}6sf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lb+bf gofF jGg] ;8ssf] lj:tf/sf] ;fy;fy} jlg;s]sf
;8sx?nfO{ dd{t ;+ef/ u/L oyfl:yltdf /fVg' klg clt g} h?/L 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gjf}+ k~rjifL{o
of]hgfsf] sfo{kqdf ;d]t ljBdfg ;8sx?sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g ug]{ s'/fdf k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kl/k|]Iodf
xfn ;8s ljefuaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] ;8s ;+ef/ lgb]{lzsfn] of]hgfj4 ?kdf dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ d2t k'ofpg]
5.
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k df}h'bf ;8sx?sf] r/0fj4 ?kdf dd{t ;+ef/ u/L ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{
e/kbf]{, lbuf], ;:tf] / ;'/lIft oftfoft ;]jf k|bfg ug{ o;n] cem j9L ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . ;8s ljefusf] klxnf]
k|of;sf] ?kdf cfPsf] ;8s ;+ef/ lgb]{lzsf sf] ;Xfgf ub{} ;8s oftfoft;Fu ;Dj4 ;j}nfO{ pkof]uL x'g]
s'/fdf ljZj:t 5' . cg'ej, bIftf Pj+ k|lalw ljsf;sf qmdx?;Fu} o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;8s ljefun]
;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;DjlGwt k|fljlwsx?n] ;xL ?kdf cg';/0f u/L ;8s oftfoftnfO{ ;/n Pj+ sd vlr{nf]
jgfpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] 5g\ eGg] ck]Iff ub{5' .

-lx/0o nfn /]UdL_

;lrj
lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfno

e"ldsf
xfd|f] b]zsf] hl6n ef}ule{s cj:yf / ;8s k|0ffnLsf] clwsf+z efu kxf8L If]qdf /x]sfn] pQm ;8sx?sf]
lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;+ef/ cToGt vlr{nf /lxcfPsf 5g\ . df}h'bf ;8s k|0ffnLsf] clwstd pkof]u ub}{ If]qLo
;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df ;8s oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;8s gk'u]sf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?nfO{ ;d]t ;8s
oftfoftn] hf]8\g] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k ;8s ljefu lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .
ljutsf jif{x?df ;8ssf] nDjfO{df ePsf] a[l4n] klg dd{t tyf ;+ef/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ cem 68\sf/f] ?kdf
k|i6fPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df oftfoft vr{ Go"gtd /fVg ;dod} of]hgfj4 dd{t tyf ;+ef/ ug{ ljefuLo
gLltx? th'{df ul/Psf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ dd{t ;+ef/sf] nflu cfjZos /sdsf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;8sdf k|of]u
x'g] oGqx?sf] Joj:yfkg ;'wfg]{, bft[ ;+:yf / bft[ /fi6x?nfO{ ;8s If]qdf ;dGjo ug]{, s]lGb|o ?kdf ;8s
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf dd{tsf] nflu of]hgf ug]{ / ;a} tx tyf lgsfox?df gLltut ;r]ttf u/fpg] /x]sf] 5
.
oftfoft vr{ Go"gtd /fVg ljefun] dd{t tyf ;+ef/nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . ljut s]xL jif{ b]lv
P;=Pd=8L= k|lqmoff/f of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] ;8ssf] dd{t ;+ef/ ul/+b} cPsf] 5 . ;8s laefusf] k|of;df
gLlh If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL agfO{ ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ ;8s ;+ef/ sf]if u7g ul/g] k|s[of z'? eO{ ;s]sf]
5.
;8s ljefuf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] o; ;8s ;+ef/ lgb]{lzsf ljefusf If]qLo tyf l8lehg sfof{nox? / o;
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]t pkof]uL x'g] g} 5 . of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg]{ qmddf u7g ePsf]
;Dkfbg d08n / o;df of]ubfg k'ofpg] laefusf k|flalwsx?nfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . dd{t ;DjGwL o;
lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ug{ ;DjlGwt ;a}sf] ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5' .

-lg/~hg k|;fb rfln;]_

dxflgb]{zs
;8s laefu

;8s ljefu / cGtu{tsf zfvfx?sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDj/x?M

l;=g+=
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
@)
@!
@@
@#
@$
@%

sfof{nox?
;8s laefu
dxflgb]{zs
pkdxflgb]{zs, l8hfO{g
pkdxflgb]{zs, ;+ef/
pkdxflgb]{zs, of]hgf
pkdxflgb]{zs, a}b]lzs
pkdxflgb]{zs, oflGqs
k'n OsfO{
afof] OlGhlgol/
Pd=cf/=l;=o"=
6flkms OsfO{
cf/=P;=P;=8L=o"=
;8s OsfO{
Pd=O{=o"=
cf/=Pd=kL= ;fOlSns
d"Vo k|zfzlso clws[t
d"Vo n]vfkfn
;'=6]= kmfF6
cf=jf= clkm;
k'=If= ;8s lgb]{zgfno
d=If]= ;8s lgb]{zgfno !
d=If]= ;8s lgb]{zgfno @
k=If]= ;8s lgb]{zgfno
d=k=If]= ;8s lgb]{zgfno
;'=k=If]= ;8s lgb]{zgfno

:yfg
6]lnkmf]g
aa/dxn
@^@^(#
aa/dxn
@^@^&%
aa/dxn
@^@((^
aa/dxn
@^@$!!
aa/dxn
@^@@##
aa/dxn
@$@*)(
aa/dxn
@^@%!)
aa/dxn
@^@^#%
aa/dxn
@^@(*!
aa/dxn
@^@&&!
aa/dxn
@^@*$#
aa/dxn
@^@*%$
aa/dxn
aa/dxn
@^@%#^
aa/dxn
@^@^#$
aa/dxn
aa/dxn
aa/dxn
aa/dxn
bds
)@#*)!!)
x]6f}8f
)%&@)#!!
sf7df8f}+
)!$*@#%$
kf]v/f
)^!@)#@&
;'v]{t
)*#@)@$%
wgul9
)(!@(!%&

cfGtl/s
!#^
!)!
!)@
!)#
!!)
!))
!#@
!$*
!^#
!@&
!^$
!($
!%@
!%)
!^!
!$)
!@!
!(!

l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox?sf 6]lnkmf]g gDj/x?

l;=g+=
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
@)
@!
@@
@#
@$

@%

sfof{nox?
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no
l8lehg ;8s sfof{no

JolStut

:yfg
Onfd
bds
la/f6gu/
wgs'6f
nfxfg
d'em]lnof
kyn}of
e/tk'/
rl/sf]6
ldg ejg
xl/x/ ejg
eQmk'/
/fgL kf}jf
bdf}nL
kf]v/f
kfNkf
a'6jn
lzjk'/
b]jL:yfg
bf+
g]kfnu+h
l5Gr'
dx]Gb|gu/
s'nkft], lbkfon
kf6g

6]lnkmf]g
)@&@))$(
)@#*)@^%
)@!@@!&&
)@^@)@!*
)##^)!@(
)$!@)&%^
)%#@)!@)
)%^@!$!*
)$(@)!@)
)!$*@((#
)!%#@)%#
)!^!)@^)
)!)^)@%$
)^%^)!&)
)^!@)$*&
)&%@)(@!
)&!$)&$^
)&^@(^#!
)*^@()(^
)*@^)@)#
)*!@)@!*
)*#@(#%@
)((@!#@^
)($$)!%!
)(%@(#)(

hfgsf/L

gfdM========================================== kl/ro kq g+===============================

hGd ldltM================================== kf;kf]6{ g+===================================
/ut ;d"xM ================================ a}+s vftf g+==============================
prfO{M ======================================= jfxg g+======================================
tf}nM ========================================= ;=rf=c=kq g+==============================

cfjf; sfof{no
7] u fgfM ............................................... 7] u fgf=== ........................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

6] l nkmf] g ............................................ 6] l nkmf] g .........................................

ofS; ............................................... ofS; ............................................
Od] n .................................................. Od] n = .............................................

dxTjk"0f{ ;Dks{

dxTjk"0f{ ;Dks{

gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=.................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
gfdM=................................................... gfdM==................................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................6]lnkmf]g.............................................
6]lnkmf]g................................................ 6]lnkmf]g.............................................

cfsl:ds 6]lnkmf]g gDj/x?

pkof]uL 6]nLkmf]g g+=
;f]wk'5M===.................................................=====...........................................!(&
dd{tsf] nflu ph'/LM.......................................................................................!(*
cGt{ b]zLo 6+sM............................................................................................ !*)
P;=6L=8L= / cfO{=P;=8L dd{tM======..........................................................!*@
;d'b|kf/ 6+s a'lsM.........................................................................................!*^
cGt{/fli6o 6+s a'ls -ef/t_M.......................................................................!*&

gf]6
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

ljifo ;"rL
efu !M kl/ro
efu @M ;8s ;+ef/ ;+rfng
@=! lgoldt ;+ef/
@=@ k6s] ;+ef/
@=# cfjlws ;+ef/
efu #M ;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/
efu $M cfsl:ds ;+ef/
efu %M k'nsf] ;+ef/

efu !M kl/ro
!=!
!=@
!=#
!=$
!=%
!=^
!=&

;+ef/ sfo{
;+ef/sf] of]hgf
k|ltj]bg
;8s ;tx ;+ef/
;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/
cfsl:ds ;+ef/
k'n ;+ef/

efu !M kl/ro

of] lgb]{lzsf ;8s ljefu cGtu{tsf l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox?df sfo{/t OlGhlgo/ /
cf]e/l;o/x?sf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo OlGhlgo/ tyf
cf]e/l;o/nfO{ ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ ;DaGwL ;d:of klxrfg ug{, ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;dfwfg lgsfNg
/ dxTjk"0f{ /fli6o ;8s k|0ffnLdf ckgfOg] ;+ef/ k4ltdf Ps?ktf Nofpg] sfo{df ;3fpg'
/x]sf] 5 .
l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox?df ul/g] of]hgfa4 ;+ef/sf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf;+u d]n vfg] u/L
tof/ kfl/Psf] o; lgb]{lzsfdf ;+ef/ ;DaGwL sfo{x?nfO{ lgDg rf/ k|dv
' zLif{sdf laefhg
ul/Psf] 5 M
;8s ;tx (On Road)
;8s If]q ;'/Iff (Road side Support)
cfsl:ds (Emergency)
k'n (Bridges)
o; cGtu{t lgDg pkzLif{sx? /flvPsf 5g\M
lgoldt (Routine)
k6s] (Recurrent)
cfjlws (Periodic)
/f]syfd d"ns (Preventative)
pSt zLif{spkzLif{sx?sf] la:t[t kl/efiff Definition of Maintenance and Maintenance
Activities gfds laefluo gLlt k'l:tsfdf lbOPsf] 5 / pSt k'l:tsfsf] Ps Ps k|lt If]qLo
lgb]{zgfno / l8lehg sfof{nox?df /x]sf 5g\ .
o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;8s lg/LIf0f / ;+ef/ sfo{sf] of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;/n ;Gbe{
;fdu|L (Reference Material) sf] ?kdf lasl;t ul/Psf] 5 . OlGhlgo/ tyf cf]e/l;o/x?;Fu
;8s ;+ef/sf] sfo{ut 1fg /xg] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L lgb]{lzsfdf Hofb} :ki6 s[ofsnfknfO{
;dfj]z gug]{ t/ ;+emgf u/fpgsf] nflu ;+If]kdf pNn]v dfq ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L
lalzi6 s[ofsnfkx? klg o; lgb]{lzsfdf ;dflji6 5}gg\ . o;sf nflu ljz]if1x?sf] ;xof]u
cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] To; tkm{ Wofg cfs[i6 ub}{ o:tf] ;xof]usf >f]tx? cf}+NofOPsf 5g\ .
of]hgfj4 tj/n] ul/g] Aojl:yt ;+ef/n] ;8ssf] ;'/Iff l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/]/ >f]t / ;fwgsf]
art ub{5 . Aojl:yt ;+ef/sf] d"ndGq eg]sf] 9Lnf] / nfdf] ;dofjlwkl5 7"nf] sfd ug'{sf]
;f lgoldt ?kdf ;;fgf sfd ul//fVg' xf] . o; k|sf/sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu OlGhlgo/ /
ljz]if u/]/ cf]e/l;o/n] cfcfgf] ;8s v08sf] la:t[t hfgsf/L /fVg' clt cfjZos 5 .
o;f] u/]df pgLx?n] cfcfgf If]qsf ;8ssf] ;d:ofd"ns If]q klxrfg ug{ / o:tf If]qdf
7"nf / a9L vlr{nf ;d:of pTkGg x'g' cufj} ;f] sf] lgoldt x]/rfx ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;+ef/ kIfsf] clGtd b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf lnOg' x'Fb}g . sfo{k4ltx? ;dosf
;fy ;'wfl/+b} hfg] x'gfn] ;8ssf] kl/jtL{t cj:yf ;'xfpg] u/L logLx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . t;y{ ;8s laefudf k|rngdf cfPsf pko'St gljgtd k|ljlwx?nfO{ lgb]{lzsfdf

;d]6\b} hfg' TolQs} cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ljefusf] ;+ef/ dxfzfvfaf6 lglZrt
;dofjlwdf lgb]{lzsfsf] d"Nofg / ;+zf]wg ub}{ nlug] 5 . o; sfo{df OlGhlgo/ / cf]e/l;o/
x/]sn]
dxTjk"0f{
bfloTj
lgjf{x
ug'{
kb{5
.
lghx?n]
lgb]{lzsfdf
lbOPsf
;'emfjnfO{
lg/Gt/
hfFr
u/L ltgLx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf af/] / ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj ;lxtsf] hfgsf/L l8lehg k|d'vnfO{
lbg' kg]{5 .

!=!= ;+ef/ sfo{M

g]kfndf lgDg kfFr k|d'v cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu ;8s ;+ef/ sfo{ cfjZos 5 M
cfjfudg ;'rf? /fVgM ;8sdf 6flkmssf] cfjfudg ljgf Jojwfg rNg ;Sg' k5{ .
;8s k|of]ustf{sf] ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ug{M k}bnofqL nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ;8s k|of]ustf{ ;Fw}
;'/lIft x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .
;8s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{M ;8snfO{ a[xt k'gM:yfkg jf k'gMlgdf{0f cfjZos kg]{u/L Iflt
x'g lbg' x'Fb}g .
k|of]ustf{nfO{
:t/Lo
;'ljwf
k|bfg
ug{M
Sof/]hj]
/
;f]N8/nfO{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fvL ofqf ;'ljwfhgs / ;jf/L ;+rfng vr{ Go"gtd kfg'{ kb{5 .
jftfj/0fLo Iflt/f]SgM ;8s ;kmf /xg' kb{5 . ;fy} ;8snfO{ / ;8saf6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo
IfltnfO{ Go"gtd kfg]{ sbd rfNg' kb{5 .
;a} ;8sx? ;dosf ;fy xfjfkfgL / 6flkmssf] c;/n] ubf{ lju|b} hfg] ePsf]n] pk/f]Qm
cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ lbg k|ltlbg s7Lg x'Fb} hfG5 . g]kfn h:tf] 6flkms sd ePsf]
b]zdf ;8sx? k|d'v ?kdf xfjfkfgLsf] c;/af6 lau|G5g\ / o:tf] Iflt d'Vot jiff{ ofddf x'g]
ub{5 . l8lehg:t/df ul/g] ;8s ;+ef/ sfo{df ;8s / cf;kf;sf] If]qdf lgoldt ?kdf
ul/g] ;;fgf sfdx? kb{5g\ . o:tf ;+ef/ sfo{n] o; lsl;dsf IfltnfO{ ;'wfb}{ ;8snfO{
;fne/L ;'rf? /fVb5g\ .

!=@ ;+ef/sf] of]hgf

;8s ;+ef/ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / pknAw >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ of]hgfj4
?kdf sfd ug'{ kb{5 . lgoldt / k6s] ;+ef/sf] nflu jif{e/L 5f]6f] 5f]6f] cjlwdf ;fgf ;fgf
sfdx?sf] of]hgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . pNn]Vo kl/df0fsf k'gM v08fl:dt ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? eg] Ps
jif{ eGbf j9Lsf] cGt/fndf of]hgf ul/G5 .
of]hgf
ug{sf]
nflu
ljljw
;"rgf
cfjZos
kg]{
ePsf]n]
OlGhlgo/n] k|efjsf/L of]hgfsf] nflu cfgf] dftxtsf] ;8sdf dd{t ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos
cfO{6dx?sf] Inventory tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . o; sfo{df ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu cf]e/l;o/x?af6 cf
cfgf] v08df kg]{ ;8sx?sf] tTsfn ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ / ;+ef/ ug'{ kg]{ If]qx? jf/] ;"rgf
pknAw ug'{ kb{5 .
of]hgf k|s[ofdf lgDg k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ vf]lhg' kb{5M

;8ssf] vf; tf]lsPsf] v08df s'g lsl;dsf] sfo{ cfjZos 5 <

;8ssf] ;]jf:t/ sfod /fVg slxn] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 <
sfdsf] sfof{Gjog sxfF / s'g qmddf ul/g' kb{5 <
k|:tfljt sfo{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 <
k|:tfljt sfo{ s;n] sfof{Gjog ug]{5 <
;8s ;+ef/ lgb]{lzsfn] pk/f]Qm % j6} k|Zgsf] jf/]df lgb]{zg lb+b} sfdnfO{ s;/L < sfof{Gjog
ug]{ eGg] tkm{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 .

!=# k|ltj]bgM
OlGhlgo/ / cf]e/l;o/x?n] ;fO{6 lg/LIf0f / ;+ef/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf k|fKt
laa/0fx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 . o;af6 lgDg cg';f/
d2t k'Ub5 M
;+rflnt ;+ef/ sfo{sf] k|ult, k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/ af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 .
;8s k|of]u ug]{ Traffic Level / To; cg';f/ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ ;]jf:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{
;3fp k'Ub5 .
klx/f]af6 cfjfudg ca?4 x'g;Sg] ;+efljt If]q / b'3{6gfsf k|d'v :yn nufotsf
;8ssf ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ ;d:ofd"ns If]q klxrfg ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
cf]e/l;o/n] cfgf] If]qleq ul/g] x/]s ;+ef/ sfo{sf] nflu b}lgs ?kdf >lds, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L,
pks/0f / sfo{ pknlAwsf] ljj/0f /fvL ;fKtflxs ?kdf OlGhlgo/ ;dIf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
OlGhlgo/n] sfdsf] k|ult / PsfO{ b/ lgsfNg o:tf ;"rgfx? k|of]u ug]{5g\ . of]hgf / ah]6
k4ltdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu ;d]t oL ljj/0fx? pkof]uL x'G5g\ .
cfgf] If]q leq /x]sf Traffic Logger x?af6 ;fKtflxs ?kdf tYof ;+sng u/L k7fpg]
Aoj:yf ldnfpg] / klx/f]af6 cfjfudg jGb (Road Closure) x'g uPsf]df ;f] sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f
l:js[t
kmf/fddf e/fpg] lhDd]jf/L OlGhlgo/sf] x'g]5 . 6flkms tyf cfjfudg aGb ;DaGwL tYof
k|To]s dxLgf If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / ;8s ljefudf l8lehg dfkm{t k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

!=$ ;8s ;tx ;+ef/

;8s ;+ef/ cGtu{t Sof/Lh j], ;f]N8/, gfnL tyf k'nk'n];f ;+ef/ cflb sfo{ kb{5g\ . o;
zLif{s cGtu{tsf sfo{x? 6flkms cfjfudg ;'rf? /fVg], jftfj/0f / 6flkms hlgt c;/x?
sd u/]/ dx+uf k'gM :yfkg / k'gM lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{x? k/ ;fg]{ tyf ;8s k|of]ustf{sf]
;'ljwf
/
;'/Iff
;'lglZrt
ug]{
h:tf
p2]Zo
/fvL sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5g\ .
o; cGtu{t b]xfosf sfo{x? kb{5g\M
lgoldt sfo{x? (Routine) M o; cGtu{t Traffic Volume df lge{/ gx'g] / x/]s ;8sdf
jif{e/L nuftf/ ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ ;fgfltgf sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

 k6s] sfo{x? (Recurrent) : Traffic Volume df e/ kg]{ / jif{sf] laleGg ;dodf ug'{kg]{ ;fgf
;+ef/ sfo{x? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
cfjlws sfo{x? (Periodic) : o; cGtu{t Resealing, Regravelling h:tf s]xL jif{ la/fP/
ug'{kg]{ 7"nf ;+ef/ sfo{x? kb{5g\ .
;a} ;8sx?df pRr :t/sf] ;+ef/ sfo{ ug{ kof{Kt x'g] u/L /sd pknAw gx'g] x'Fbf ;8s tyf
;+ef/
sfo{x?sf]
k|fyldstf
lgwf{/0f u/]/ tbg';f/ sfd u/L pknAw >f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u ug'{ kb{5 . ;fdfGotM
pRrtd 6flkms 3gTj ePsf ;8sx?sf] k|fyldstf;fy ;+ef/ ul/g' kb{5 . ;+ef/ sfo{ dWo]
drainage system sf] lgoldt ;+ef/, h:t} gfnL ;kmf ug]{, k'nk'n];f ;kmf ug]{, scour damage
repair, scour control sfo{x? cGo ;a} ;+ef/ sfo{x?sf] nflu k"jf{wf/ xf] .

!=% ;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/

;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/ sfo{ cGtu{t Hill tyf Embankment Slope nfO{ klx/f] / e"Ifo h:tf
jftfj/0fLo c;/x?af6 arfpg] sfo{x? kb{5g\ . :nf]ksf] ;+/If0f, arfj6 tyf gbL lgoGq0f
h:tf
sfo{x?
u/]/
;8s
aGb
(Road
Closure)
x'gaf6
/
;8s
;+/rgfx?nfO{
Iflt
x'gjf6
hf]ufpg]
sfo{
;d]t
o;}
cGtu{t
ul/G5 .
Terrain
df
nuftf/
g]kfndf
xfjfkfgL
/
ef}ule{s
c;/af6
kl/jt{g eO/x]sf]n] :nf]k ;+/If0f sfo{ ubf{ o:tf kl/jt{g;Fu d]n vfg] u/L ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
kxf8L ;8sdf ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] cfjfudg z'? x'Fb}df lgdf{0f k'/f gx'g] x'Fbf lgoldt lg/LIf0f
tyf ;'wf/ sfo{ ;+ef/sf lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|s[of (On-going Process) x'g\ .

o; cGtu{t b]xfosf sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

lgoldt sfo{x? (Routine): o; cGtu{t Slopes, Supporting Structure, River Training
Structure / ;DalGwt gfnLx?sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f -jiff{ ofddf xKtfdf sDtLdf Ps k6s_
ug]{ tyf Minor Damages b]lvgf ;fy ;f] sf] dd{t ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? kb{5g\ .
/f]syfdd"ns
sfo{x?
(Preventative)
:
;8s
If]q
;'/Iff
;+ef/sf] clwsf+z s[ofsnfk ;d]6\g] o; zLif{sdf Geo-technical & Bio-Engineering Measures
;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] s[ofsnfksf] nflu ;docGt/fn (Time Interval)
tf]Sg g;lsg] x'Fbf k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu cfjZos kgf{;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .
sfo{sf] kl/df0f tyf nfut pNn]Vo ?kdf 7"nf] x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] "Affordable
Risk
Management"
sf]
cjwf/0ff
k|of]u
u/]/
Preventative
Works
sf]
kl/df0f
lgwf{/0f
ul/G5 . "Affordable Risk Management" eGgfn] 6flkms 3gTjsf] cfwf/df sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg] cjwf/0ff xf] . "Low Risk Approach" 6flkms w]/} ePsf] ;8sx?df dfq dfGo x'G5 .
Slope Stabilisation

!=^ cfsl:ds ;+ef/

ck|Tofl;t cfjfudg aGb ePsf] jf aGb x'g] ;+Deflat cj:yfdf cfsl:ds ;+ef/ sfo{ ul/G5
/ o; cGtu{t ;8s k|of]ustf{nfO{ cfjfudg aGb af/] tTsfn ;"rgf lbg] tyf jGb ;8snfO{
oyf;So 5f]6f] ;dodf vf]Ngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ clt h?/L sfo{x? ;fy} ;8s tyf k'nnfO{
yk Iflt x'gaf6 /f]Sg] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf sfo{x? cfsl:ds ;+ef/ cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
;dfKt ePkl5 Ifltu|:t ;8snfO{ klxn]sf] cj:yfdf n}hfg] sfo{ o; zLif{sdf kb}{g
. k'gM :yfkg sfo{ ;+ef/ sfo{ gePsf]n] o:tf sfo{x? 5'} jh]6 zLif{s cGtu{t ;DkGg ul/G5g\
.
Emergency

;8s b'3{6gfnfO{ 5f]8]/ clwsf+z cfsl:ds sfo{x? jiff{ofddf x'g] ub{5g\ . Emergency
sfo{nfO{ ;fdfGot o;sf] k|s[lt / :yfg klxn] g} olsg ug{ g;lsg] egL kl/efifLt ul/Ptf
klg cfgf] lhDdfsf ;8s v08x?sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f u/]/ OlGhgLo/ / cf]e/l;o/x?n] High
Risk Areas af/] ;hu / ;ts{ eO /fVg' kb{5 . o;f] ePdf jiff{ofd z'? x'g' cufj} Quick
Response sf] nflu tof/ eP/ a:g ;lsG5 . o:tf] tof/Ldf Heavy-Equipments Strategically
v6fpg],
c:yfoL
k'nsf
;/;fdfg
tof/
/fVg] / Mobile Labour Gangs Joj:yf u/L /fVg] h:tf sfo{x? kb{5g\ .
o; ;Gbe{df cfjfudg aGbsf /]s8{x? OlGhlgo/n] l8lehg:t/df /fvL If]qLo:t/ /
s]Gb|:t/df k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . k|To]s aGbnfO{ ;8s k'gM vf]Ng
nfUg] cg'dflgt vr{ ;d]t pNn]v u/L tf]lsPsf] kmf/fddf e/]/ l8lehg k|d'v ;dIf k]z ug'{
kb{5 .

!=& k'n ;+ef/

k'nx? ;8s k|0ffnLsf dxTjk"0f{ c+u x'g\ . k'n klg ;8s em}+ jftfj/0f / Traffic sf] c;/af6
lau|b} hfg] ePsf]n] ;8s aGb x'g glbg k'nx?sf] /fd|f];+u ;+ef/ ul/g' kb{5 . t/ k'nsf]
w]/}h;f] ;+ef/ sfo{x? -h:t}M Principal Inspections, Major Repairs, Replacement of Bearings,
Paintings) sf] nflu l8lehg sfof{nodf ;fdfGot pknAw gx'g] Specialist Knowledge/Expertise
cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] l8lehg sfof{non] If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / ljefusf] k'n OsfO{;+u lgs6
;Dks{ /fv]/ k'n ;+ef/ sfo{sf] of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
l8lehg sfof{non] ;+rfng ug]{ k'n ;+ef/ sfo{x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
lgoldt sfo{ (Routine Activities) : o; cGt{ut Structure, Approaches / Waterway sf]
cf]e/l;o/f/f Informal lg/LIf0f ul/g'sf ;fy} Ifltx?nfO{ a9\g glbg] / ;8s k|of]ustf{sf]
;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zon] jif{e/L nuftf/ ;+rfng ul/g] ;fgfltgf ;+ef/ sfo{x? kb{5g\
. jif{sf] Ps k6s Recurrent Activity sf] sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu ul/g] Formal
Inspection klg o; s[ofsnfkdf kb{5 .
k6s] sfo{ (Recurrent Activities) : k'nsf] ca:yf Age, Structural Configuration, Material,
Traffic x]/L 5 dlxgf b]lv b'O{ jif{sf] lglZrt ;dofjlwdf ul/g] ;fgfltgf sfdx? o;
cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

 cfjlws sfo{ (Periodic Activities) : o; cGtu{t If]qLo lgb]{zgfno tyf ljefusf] k'n
OsfO{sf] Technical Support/ Guidance df 5 b]lv cf7 jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;+rfng ul/g]
hl6n sfo{x? kb{5g .

efu @M ;8s ;+ef/ ;+rfng

@=! lgoldt ;+ef/
@=!=! gfnL ;kmfO{ tyf dd{t sfo{
@=!=!=! /]vfg (Alignment) tyf Cross-section
lgoldt
;+ef/sf]
l;nl;nfdf
gfnL
lg/LIf0f
ubf{
gfnLsf]
/]vfg
/
qm;;]S;g
7Ls
eP
gePsf]
/fd|/L
x]g'{
kb{5
.
lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf k|f]kmfOn / qm;;]S;g b'a} hfFRg' kb{5 . gfnLsf] lk+w (Invert) ;lx gx'Fbf
kfgL hDg] / 7Ls;Fu gaUg] x'G5 .

-gfnLsf] Invert level hfFRg] t/Lsf_

o;sf] hfFr sd nDafO{df Straight Edge sf] d2tn] / nfdf] Stretch df wfuf]sf] ;xfotfaf6 ug{
;lsG5 . /]vfg / k|f]kmfOn hfFr ubf{ ;Gbe{ laGb' (Reference Point) sf] nflu Invert level
b'?:t ldn]sf] 7fpF 5fGg' kb{5 .
/]vfg 7Ls gePdf s6fg x'g] jf df6f] y'k|g] / kfgL ;fO{8af6 aUg ;Sg] x'G5 . o;af6
;8snfO{ k|z:t dfqfdf Iflt k'Ub5 . cfFvfn] x]/]/ tyf wfuf]sf] k|of]uaf6 k|f]kmfOn hfFRg' kb{5
. o;sf cltl/Qm /]vf+sgdf ;'wf/ ug{ cTofjZos b]lvPsf :yfg af/]
l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb{5 .

gfnLsf] qm;;]S;g 7Ls eP gePsf] hfFRg Template k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . kmf]xf]/ hDdf x'gfn],
s6fg x'gfn] / emf/kft x's{gfn] qm;;]S;g kl/jt{g x'G5 . Template pknAw gePdf 6]k
k|of]u u/]/ qm;;]S;g hfFRg ;lsG5 .

@=!=!=@ hDdf ePsf] kmf]xf]/ x6fpg] sfo{

gfnLdf hDdf ePsf] df6f], emf/kft tyf cGo kmf]xf]/x? lgoldt ?kdf ;kmf u/]/ plrt
:yfgdf kmfNg' kb{5 . gfnLsf] u|]8, qm; ;]S;g / PnfO{gd]G6 ldnfpg] l;nl;nfdf klg df6f]
lg:sG5 . o;/L lgsflnPsf] kmf]xf]/ tyf df6f]nfO{ ;8ssf] cf;kf;sf]
;'/lIft :yfgdf ofFSg' kb{5 . gfnL ;kmf ubf{ lg:s]sf] df6f], emf/kft tyf cGo kmf]xf]/
gfnLsf] leQf tkm{ y'kf/]df aiff{ ofddf k'gM gfnLdf v:b5 eg] ;f]N8/df /fVgfn] ;jf/L
cfjfudgdf afwf kg]{ / ;8sdf 5l/P/ ;tx kmf]xf]/ x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ lgoldt ;+ef/sf] qmddf
lg:sg] df6f] tyf kmf]xf]/nfO{ l7s;Fu plrt 7fpFdf kmfNg] Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

-gfnL ;kmf u/]/ leQf / ;f]N8/df kmf]xf]/ y'kfl/Psf]_

@=!=!=# gfnLdf c:yfoL uf/f]

(Boulder packing)

eg]{ sfo{

gfnLdf 7fpF 7fpFdf Lining sdhf]/ x'gfn] ;;fgf Kjfn aGg hfG5g\ . o:tf :yfgdf kfgLsf]
c;/af6 yk Iflt x'g glbg o;sf] klxrfg ul/ t'?Gt 9'f Kofs ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L 9'f
el/Psf v08sf] /]s8{ /fvL :yfoL lsl;dsf] dd{tsf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb{5 .

@=!=!=$ s6fg /f]Sg] sfo{

gfnLsf] :nf]k a9L ePsf] v08df ;fO8 / lk+wdf s6fg x'g] x'Fbf PnfO{gd]G6 / qm;;]S;g
b'?:t /fVg sl7gfO{ kg]{ ePsfn] o:tf] v08df Scour Checks /flvPsf x'G5g\ . gfnL
lg/LIf0fsf ;fy ;fy} Scour Checks sf] klg lgoldt lg/LIf0f u/L kmf]xf]/ hDdf ePdf ;kmf

ug]{,
s6fg
ePsf]
/
lau|]sf]
7fpFdf
c:yfoL
dd{t
u/L ;f] sf] l/kf]6{ ug]{ / w]/} s6fg ePsf] 7fpFdf yk Scour Checks k|:tfj ug]{ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .
@=!=@ k'n];fsf] ;/ ;kmfO{
k'n];fsf] d'vdf df6f], emf/kft nufotsf laleGg lsl;dsf kmf]xf]/ hDdf x'gfn] kfgL aUg]
(Waterway)
sd
x'g
hfG5
.
rf}8fO
o;/L hDdf x'g] kmf]xf]/ lgoldt ?kdf ;kmf u/]/ k'n];f / ;8ssf] k|efjsf/Ltf sfod /fVg'
kb{5 . To;}u/L k'n];fsf] lgsf;df kmf]xf]/ hDdf x'g jf s6fg x'g glbg ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5
.

lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t ul/g] k'n];f lg/LIf0fdf ;+/rgfTds (Structural) tyf Hydrological
;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg x'g cfPdf ;f] sf] ;d]t l/kf]6{ ug{' kb{5 . () ;]lG6ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf
a9L uf]nfO{ ePsf k'n];fx?sf] ;kmfO{ HofdL k;]/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] To; eGbf ;fgf k'n];f
lrqdf b]vfOPsf] t/Lsfn] ;kmf ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=!=@=! df6f] ;kmf ug]{ sfo{

k'n];fsf] d'vdf / lgsf;df hDdf ePsf kmf]xf]/n] k'n];fsf] pkof]lutf 36fO{ ;'/Iffdf ;d]t
k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ x'Fbf ;do ;dodf ;f] sf] lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ;kmf ug]{ sfd
lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t kb{5 . k'n];f ;kmf ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' k5{ .
k'n;fsf] d'v, lgsf; / ;fO8 :nf]kdf ;kmfO{ ug'{ kg]{ 5 ls 5}g <
k'n];fsf] ;/;kmfO{ 7Ls;Fu ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <
k'n];f ;kmf ubf{ lg:s]sf kmf]xf]/x? ;8s tyf k'n];fnfO{ k'gM c;/ ug]{ u/L ofFlsPsf 5g\
ls <
df6f] of+Sg] ;'/lIft :yfg af/] bkmf @=!=!=@ df a0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

@=!=@=@= ;fdfGo ;d:ofx?sf] hfFr

k'n];f ;+ef/sf clwsf+z sfo{ lgoldt ;+ef/sf] If]q aflx/ kg]{ ePsfn] lgoldt ;+ef/ 6f]nLn]
cfwf/e"t ;d:ofx? r]s u/]/ ;dod} To; af/] l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu lg/LIf0f r]s
lni6 tn lbOPsf] 5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6

k'n];fsf d'v, lgsf; / ;fO8 :nf]kdf s6fg ePsf] 5 ls <

Kof/flk6df Iflt ePsf] 5 ls <
k'n];f efl;P/ lr/fx? ag]sf 5g\ ls <
lk+w (Invert) df jf/Djf/ df6f] / kmf]xf]/ y'k|g] u5{ ls <
:6Ln kfOkx? lvof nfu]sf 5g\ ls <
k'n];fsf] d'v kfgL jUg kof{Kt eO/x]sf] 5 t <

dfly pNn]lvt ;d:ofx? x]bf{ ;fdfGo h:tf] b]lvPtf klg o;af6 k'n];fdf qmlds ?kdf Iflt
x'Fb} eTsg] cj:yf ;Dd k'Ub5 . lgoldt ;+ef/ 6f]nLaf6 ;dodf l/kf]6{ k|fKt ePdf yk lg/LIf0f
u/L k'g:yf{kg tyf k'gM lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{ ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 .
o; ;DalGw yk ljj/0f efu #M ;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/df lbO{Psf] 5 .

@=!=# ;8s ;txsf] ;/;kmfO{ / dd{t sfo{

;8s ;tx ;8s ;+ef/sf] s]Gb| laGb' xf] . gfnL / ;8s If]q
;'/Iff ;+ef/ h:tf cGo sfo{x?n] ;8s ;txnfO{ /fd|f] / ;'rf? cj:yfdf /fVg ;xof]u ub{5g\
. ;8s ;txsf] lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t lgoldt ;kmfO{sf cltl/Qm lgDg sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

@=!=#=! v08fl:dt ;8ssf vfN8f v'N8Ldf c:yfoL tj/n] eg]{ sfo{

;8s ;txdf aGg hfg] k6xf]nn] ofq'x?nfO{ c;'lawf k'ofpgfsf ;fy ;fy} kfgL k;]/ /
u|fe]nsf] qmlds Ifltaf6 ;8s ;tx lau|b}+ hfG5 . k6s] ;+ef/ cGtu{t k6xf]n dd{t
gx'Gh]n;Dd c:yfoL ?kdf u|fe]n Kofs u/]/ pk/f]Qm c;/x? sd ug'{ kb{5 .
k6xf]ndf u|fe]n Kofs ubf{ lgDg k|s[of ckgfOPdf /fd|f] glthf kfpg ;lsG5
k6xf]n klxNofO lrGx nufpg] .
sfo{:ynsf] b'j} tkm{ ;fjwfgLsf] ;+s]t jf em08f /fVg] .
k6xf]n ;kmf ug]{ / kfgLn] lehfpg] .
k6xf]ndf u|fe]n eg]{ .
u|fe]nnfO{ w'd'{;n] Compact ug]{ .
clGtd txnfO{ Compaction ubf{ ;tx ldnfpg] tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .
Compaction k'/f ePkl5 ;fjwfgLsf] ;+s]t x6fP/ 6flkms vf]Ng] .

@=!=#=@ lau|sf] ;8s lsgf/f

(Edge)

sf] c:yfoL dd{t

;f]N8/ lju|gfn], kfgLsf] c;/n], lsgf/fdf Compaction gk'Ug] cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ sfnf]kq]
;txsf] lsgf/f lau|g] ub{5 . ;txnfO{ sdhf]/ x'g glbg lau]|sf] lsgf/fsf] zL3| dd{t x'g'
cfjZos
5 . lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t lau|]sf] lsgf/fnfO{ c:yfoL ?kdf dd{t ub}{ ;f] sf] :yfoL ;+ef/
gx'Fbf ;Dd ;txdf yk Iflt gx'g] Joa:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
lsgf/fsf]
dd{t
sfo{
k6xf]n
dd{t
bkmf
@=!=#=!
df
h:t}
t/Lsfn] ug'{ kb{5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu u|]8];g /fd|f] ePsf] u|fe]n k|of]u ul/G5 . u|fe]n ebf{
k]ed]G6 ;txeGbf dfly p7\g glbg / Camber cg'?k ldnfpg ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

@=!=$ ;f]N8/ ;kmf ug]{ / ;fgf ltgf dd{t sfo{

;f]N8/ If]qdf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;jf/L ;fwgx? gu'8\g] ePtf klg o;sf] / ;fO8 :nf]ksf]
;+ef/af6 ;8ssf] :yfloTj a9\gfsf ;fy} ;8s k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 . lgDg p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu ;f]N8/sf] dd{t u/L o;sf] cfsf/ tyf ;tx sfod /fVg' kb{5 M
;8s ;txnfO{ cfjZos ;fO8 ;kf]6{ lbg,
cfsl:ds cj:yfdf 6flkmsnfO{ ;f]N8/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg /
;8s ;txaf6 gfnL jf Road Side Slope ;Dd ;lhn} kfgL aUg] agfpg .

@=!=$=! qm;kmn / ;f]N8/sf] ;tx

:nf]k tyf ?vaf6 em/]sf kmf]xf]/ tyf xfjf kfgLn] p8fP/aufP/ NofPsf kmf]xf]/, ;8s
k|of]ustf{n] 5f]8]sf] kmf]xf]/ / xfjfkfgL tyf 6flkmssf] c;/af6 ;f]N8/df Iflt k'Ub5 . o;/L
k'Ug hfg] Ifltsf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f ul/ cfjZos ;+ef/ u/]/ kfgLnfO{ ;lhn} gfnL jf Road Side
Slope ;Dd k'ofO{ ;8s k|of]ustf{sf] ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt kfg'{ kb{5 .
lg/LIf0f r]s lni6M
qm;:nf]ksf] cj:yf <
u|]8sf] cj:yf <
;f]N8/sf] Dressing <
;f]N8/ dflysf] emf/kft <

;+ef/ sfo{M

;f]N8/sf] ;tx ldnfpg]

;f]N8/af6 kmf]xf]/ ;kmf u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf kmfNg] .
emf/kft tyf af]6 la?jfnfO{ ldnfP/ sf6\g] .

@=!=$=@ ;f]N8/df pko'Qm ;fdfu|Ln] eg]{ sfo{

;f]N8/df ePsf k6xf]n h:tf v/faL dd{t ug{ ;f]N8/df yk u|fe]n /fvL ldnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
o:tf IfltnfO{ oyfjt /fv]df kfgL hDdf eP/ ;f]N8/ / k]ed]G6sf] hunfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ /

;8s lsgf/f ;d]t lau|g ;S5 . ;8snfO{ ;'rf? /fVg / b'3{6gfsf] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{
lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t cfjZostf cg';f/ c:yfoL ?kdf bkmf @=!=#=! df pNn]lvt t/Lsfn]
;f]N8/ e/L ;f] sf] l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb{5 .
;f]N8/ tyf ODJof+sd]06df lgDg ;d:ofx? b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ .
9'f df6f] tyf cGo ;fdu|L y'kfg]{ ug]{ u/]sf] .
ODJof+sd]06df t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ u/]sf] .
ufO{, uf]? / afv|f h:tf rf}kfof afFWg] u/]sf] .
afnLgfnL tyf cGg ;'sfpg] / jfnL yGsfpFbf lg:s]sf] kmf]xf]/ ofFSg] :yfgsf] ?kdf k|of]u
x'g] u/]sf] .
l;+rfOsf] s'nf]sf] kfgL / ;8s l5d]sLn] 3/sf] kfgL ;8sdf kmfNg] u/]sf] .
pSt ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/g' kg]{ k|of; af/] bkmf @=@=!=% df pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

@=!=$=# sfnf]kq] ;8sdf c:yfoL u|fe]n eg]{ sfo{

;8ssf] lgoldt k|of]uaf6 sfnf]kq] ;txdf ;dosf ;fy vfN8fv'N8L, lsgf/f lau|g] h:tf
v/faL b]lvg yfN5g\ . ;8s ;txnfO{ yk Iflt x'gaf6 /f]Sg o; lsl;dsf v/faLnfO{ sfnf]kq]
gu?Gh]nsf] nflu t'?Gt u|fe]nn] eg'{ kb{5 . o;/L c:yfoL ?kdf u|fe]n eg]{ sfd lgoldt
;+ef/
cGtu{t
kb{5
/
o;nfO{
tn
lbOPsf]
t/Lsfn] eg'{ kb{5 .
k6xf]n klxNofO lrGx nufpg] .
sfo{:ynsf] b'j} tkm{ ;fjwfgLsf] ;+s]t jf em08f /fVg] .
k6xf]n ;kmf ug]{ / ;fO8af6 v's'nf] ;fdfg x6fpg] .
k6xf]ndf lgoldt df]6fOdf tx txdf u|fe]n eg]{ .
x/]s u|fe]n txnfO{ w'd'{;n] Compact ug]{ .
clGtd txnfO{ yk u|fe]n /fvL Compact ug]{ .
Compaction k'/f ePkl5 qm;kmn hfFRg] / 7Ls gePdf k'gM ldnfpg] .
Compaction k'/f ePkl5 ;fjwfgLsf] ;+s]t x6fP/ 6flkms vf]Ng] .
;8s ;txdf lgDg yk ;d:ofx? k|foM b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ .
;8sdf rf}kfofsf] clgolGqt k|j]z / cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ .
rf}kfofsf] dnd'qaf6 ;8sdf x'g] Iflt tyf kmf]xf]/ .
afnLgfnL tyf cGg ;'sfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;8ssf] k|of]u .
lau|]sf uf8Lsf] arfj6sf] nflu ;8sdf /flvPsf 9'f / cf]t /flvPsf 9'f ;8saf6
gx6fO{g' .
afnL yGsfpFbf lg:s]sf] kmf]xf]/ ;8sdf of+lsg' .
;8sdf hyfefaL kfgL 5f8\g' .
;8s ;txnfO{ uf8L dd{t ug]{ :yfgsf] (Workshop) ?kdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] .
dfly pNn]lvt ;d:ofx?sf] :yfoL ;dfwfg vf]lhg' kb{5 / ;f] sf] ljj/0f bkmf @=@=!=% df
lbOPsf] 5 .

@=!=% af]6 la?jf tyf emf/kft sf6\g] sfd

;8s If]q / ;f] sf] cf;kf;df clgoldt ?kdf emf/kft / af]6 lj?jf x's{gfn] To;af6
Sof/]hj], ;f]N8/, gfnL cflbdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ hfG5 . clgolGqt emf/kftaf6 Visibility
36\g uO{ b'3{6gfsf] ;+efjgf a9\g hfG5 . ;'Vvf ofddf ;'s]sf xfFuf la+uf v;]/ af6f] aGb
u/fpg] / 3fp rf]6 ;d]t nfUg] x'G5 . clgolGqt emf/kftaf6 gfnL y'lgg] / lg/LIf0f / ;+ef/
sfo{df klg jfwf k'Ug] x'G5 . t;y{ lgoldt ;+ef/sf] qmddf emf/kft sf6\g' kb{5 . o;
l;nl;nfdf ;+ef/ 6f]nLn] lgDg s'/f hfFRg' kb{5M
efFlrPsf] xfFuf, em/]sf kft / x's]{sf emf/kftaf6 gfnL /f]lsPsf] 5 ls <
cgfjZos :yfgdf emf/kft x's]{sf] 5 ls <
Visibility /f]Sg] u/L af]6 la?jf x's]{sf] 5 ls <
emf/kft / af]6 la?jf sfF65fF6 ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ ls <
Road Furniture nfO{ 5]Sg] u/L emf/kft pd|]sf] 5 ls <
lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t emf/kft sf6\g], ?vsf xfFuf sf6\g], emf8L sf6L ;kmf ug]{ cflb sfo{x?
kb{5g\ . dg;'g z'? x'g'eGbf klxn] / dg;'g ;dfKt x'gf;fy oL sfdx? u/LxfNg' kb{5 . vf;
vf; :yfgx?df of] afx]s jif{df c? !, @ k6s emf/kft sf6\g cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . lg/LIf0fsf]
a]nf o:tf :yfg x]/L ;do ldnfO{ emf/kft sf6\g' kb{5 .

-clgolGqt emf/kft ePsf] ;8s_

@=!=^

Road Furniture

dd{t

sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t 6flkms lrGx, Reflector, delinator, ufO{8 kf]i6,
lsnf]ld6/ kf]i6, ;8s dfls{+u ;kmf u/L ;fdfGo dd{tsf] ;xfotfn] ltgLx?nfO{ 7Ls cj:yfdf
/fVg]
ul/G5
.
o;af6
;8s
k|of]ustf{nfO{
cfjZos
hfgsf/L
k|efjsf/L ?kdf x'g], ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'lt x'g] / ;'ljwf a9\g hfg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ dxTjk"0f{
sfo{sf] ?kdf lng' kb{5 . kxf8L ;8sdf ;8ssf] cj:yfn] ubf{ a9L Road Furniture k|of]u x'g]
x'Fbf o;sf] ;+ef/ dxTjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . Road Furniture sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t b]xfosf
sfo{x? ul/G5g\ M
Road Furniture

@=!=^=! lgoldt ;/;kmfO{

Road Furniture

nfO{ b'?:t /fVg lgoldt ;kmfO{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu lgDg s'/fx? hfFRg'

kb{5M
Road Furniture nfO{ emf/kftn] 5f]k]sf] 5 ls <
ltgLx?df
lvof
nfu]sf],
b'3{6gfsf]
c;/af6
sf/0faf6 Iflt k'u]sf] 5 ls<
6flkms lrGxx? /fd|/L k9g g;lsg] cj:yfdf 5g\ ls <

jf

cGo

s'g}

-kmf]xf]/ ePsf] ;+s]t lrGx / ;kmf ul/;s] kl5 ;+s]t lrGx_

;+ef/ sfo{

6flkms lrGxdf hDdf ePsf] w'nf] d}nf cflb ;kmf ug]{ .

emf8L tyf emf/kft ;kmf u/]/ x6fO{ ;+s]t lrGx b'?:t / ;lhnf];Fu k9\g ;lsg] agfpg] .

@=!=^=@ ;fgfltgf dd{t sfo{

lgoldt ;+ef/ 6f]nLn] Road Furniture sf] cj:yf /fd|f];+u hfFr u/L ;kmfO{sf] cnfjf ;fdfGo
dd{t sfo{ ;d]t ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu r]s lni6 lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
/ /f]ug pKs]sf] jf p8]sf] 5 ls <
;+s]t lrGxsf] ;kf]6{ 9Ns]sf] jf v's'nf] ePsf] 5 ls <
g6 af]N6x? x/fPsf 5g\ ls <
uf8{ /]n v's'nf] ePsf] 5 ls <
;8s ;txsf] dfls{df k|of]u ePsf] / k'/fgf] / c:ki6 5 ls <

;+ef/ sfo{

9Ns]sf ;fO{g af]8{, kf]i6 l;wf ug]{ .

v's'nf] ;kf]6{ jl/kl/ Kofls ug]{ .
g6 af]N6 x/fPsf] 7fpFdf gofF g6 af]N6 /fVg] .
v's'nf] uf8{ /]n s:g] .
pKs]sf //f]ug tyf k'/fgf / c:ki6 dfls{x? k'g //f]ug ug]{ .
dd{t ul/Psf / dd{t x'g g;s]sf v/faL af/] lgoldt ?kdf l/kf]6{ k]z ug]{ .

;8s l5d]sLaf6 obf sbf lsnf]ld6/ c+sx? s]/d]6 ug]{, ;+s]t lrGx laufg]{ h:tf Road
furniture laufg]{ sfd x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu pkfox? bkmf
@=@=!=% df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
@=!=^=# l/kf]6{ k]z ug]{ sfo{
lgoldt ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfd x'Fbf ;8s / cf;kf;df laleGg lsl;dsf Iflt
/ lju|]eTs]sf efux? b]vf kb{5g\ . ;f] dWo] lgoldt ;+ef/sf] bfloTj leq kg]{ sfdx? pQm
6f]nLn] ;DkGg u/L ;f] sf] /]s8{ 5f]6s/Ldf /fVg' kb{5 .

lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t gkg]{ sfdsf] ;DaGwdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf kmf/fd e/]/ dflyNnf] txdf
k]z
ug'{
kb{5
.
pbfx/0fsf]
nflu
x/fPsf] sf]z] 9'f km]g]{ lhDd]jf/L lgoldt ;+ef/ 6f]nLsf] gePtf klg To; af/] ;dodf l/kf]6{
u/]df dd{t ;DalGw pko'Qm of]hgf agfO{ sfd sf/jfxL ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf
b]lvg] v/faL af/] ;dodf l/kf]{6 ugf{n] ;+ef/ ;DalGw cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;dodf
sf/jfxL ug{ ljz]if d2t k'Ug] ePsf]n] o;sf] nflu k|f]T;flxt ul/g' kb{5 .

@=@ k6s] ;+ef/

@=@=! gfnL dd{t
@=@=!=!= lg/LIf0f tyf d'Nofg
k6s] ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf lg/LIf0f ubf{ gfnLsf] cj:yf, gfnLsf] laleGg efudf ePsf] Iflt
cflbsf] hfFr u/L ;+ef/ ug'{ kg]{ sfo{sf] klxrfg ug{' kb{5 . lgoldt ;+ef/ 6f]nLf/f k|fKt
k|ltj]bgaf6
lg/LIf0f
ug{'
kg{]
:yfg
/
;d:of
af/]
dxTjk"0f{
k|f/lDes hfgsf/L pknJw x'g] xF'bf o;sf] ;d]t d2t lnO{ lgDg s'/fx?df clgafo{ ?kdf Wofg
lbFb} gfnLsf] lj:t[t lg/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6M

gfnLsf] lk+w / ;fO{8df Cracks 5 5}g <

gfnLsf] lk+w / ;fO{8df l6Ksf/ jf df]6f{/ HjfOG6 lju]|sf] jf 9'f v's'nf] ePsf] of v;]sf] 5
5}g <
gfnLsf] lgoldt ;+ef/ ubf{ ;'Vvf 9'f e/]sf] (boulder packing) 5 5}g <
gfnLsf] 9sgL x/fPsf jf lju|]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ <
lk|sf:6 s+qmL6 gfnL w;]sf] 5 5}g <
df6] gfnLdf s|; ;]S;g 7Ls 5 5}g / s6fgsf] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 ls <
;8s l5d]sL (Road neighbours) f/f gfnL y'Gg], k'g{], l;+rfO s'nf]sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{] h:tf
;d:of >[hgf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ ls <
k6s] ;+ef/sf] sfo{ If]q leq gkg{] Hofb} lju|]sf gfnLx? 5g\ ls <

@=@=!=@ d];g/L gfnLsf] dd{t

;8s sfo{df b'O{ lsl;dsf d];g/L gfnL k|rngdf 5g\ . klxnf] lsl;dsf] gfnLdf 9'f ;f]ln
u/L hf]gL{ (Joint) df l;d]G6 d;nfn] l6Ksf/ u/LPsf] x'G5 . l6Ksf/ ul/Psf] gfnLdf b]lvPsf]
IfltnfO{ ;dodf dd{t gubf{ kfgL 7Ls;Fu gaUg] tyf kfgL k;]/ gfnL / k]ed]G6 lau|g]
ePsf]n] o:tf :yfgdf lju|]sf l6Ksf/ / v's'nf] 9'f x6fO{ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug{' kb{5 . o;/L ;kmf
ul/Pkl5 6Dd ldNg] 9'f /fvL hf]gL{x?df k'gM l6Ksf/ ug{' kb{5 . dd{t ul/Pkl5 l;d]G6 ;]6
gx'Gh]n gfnLdf kfgL aUg gkfpg] / cGo s'g} tj/n] Iflt x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
o; lsl;dsf] gfnL dd{t sfo{sf] gfkLsf] nflu au{ ld6/ PsfO{ k|of]u x'G5 .

bf]>f] k|sf/sf] gfnL l;d]G6 d;nfdf d];g/L hf]8fO{ u/L agfOPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] gfnLdf 9'f
v's'nf] ePdf, lk+w / ;fO8 jfn eTs]df dd{t ubf{ lju|]sf] hf]gL{ / v's'nf] df6f] oyf;+ea ;kmf
u/L df6f] e/L Compact ug'{ kb{5 . lju|]sf hf]gL{af6 d;nf x6fpg], kfgLn] ;kmf ug{] / o;/L
tof/ u/LPsf] 7fp+df d];g/L hf]8fO{ u/]/ ;]6 gx'Gh]n ;Dd ;'/Iff ug{' kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf]
gfnL dd{t sfo{ ;fdfGot 3g dL6/ PsfO{df gflkG5 .
@=@=!=#= s+qmL6 gfnLsf] dd{t
b'O{ k|sf/sf s+qmL6 gfnL ;8s sfo{df k|rngdf NofOPsf 5g\ . klxnf] lsl;ddf lk+wsf]
d];g/L
hf]8fO{
dfly
s+qmL6
nfOlg
ul/Psf] 5 eg] bf]>f] k|sf/sf] gfnLdf lk|sfi6 cf/=l;=l;= aS; o'lg6 k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
s+qmL6 gfnLsf] dd{t ubf{ lju|]sf] efusf] s+qmL6 ;kmf ug{], gof+ s+qmL6 /fvL Compact ug{] / ;]6
gx'Gh]n ;f] sf] arfj6 ug{] h:tf sfo{x? ug'{ kb{5 . s+qmL6df b]lvPsf Crack x? ;fgf eP
l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf (Cement Slurry) n] eg{] / rf}8f eP ;kmf u/L cf;kf;sf] s+qmL6sf] cj:yf
;d]t hf+r u/L s+qmL6 eg{' kb{5 . o;/L s+qmL6 ebf{ k'/fgf] ;txnfO{ v;|f] / 7f8f] sf6]/
;kmfu/L Bond sf] nflu l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf ;d]t xfNg' kb{5 .
@=@=!=$ df6] gfnLsf] dd{t
df6] gfnLdf b]lvPsf k|d'v ;d:ofdf qm;;]S;g lau|g], ;fO{8 / lk+wdf s6fg x'g] /
PnfOgd]G6
kl/jt{g
x'g]
cflb
5g\
.
gfnL
k'l/P/ s|; ;]S;g lju|]sf] :yfgdf kmf]xf]/ ;kmf u/L s|;;]S;g sfod ug{' kb{5 . u|]8 a9L eO{
s6fg eP/ lju|]sf] qm;;]S;g ldnfpg'sf ;fy;fy} cfjZostf x]/L Scour Checks ;d]t
agfpg' kb{5 . af/Djf/ s6fgsf] ;d:of cfpg] u/]df / PnfOgd]G6 ;DjlGw ;d:of b]vf k/]df
oyf;Dej 5f]6f] 5f]6f] b'/Ldf kfgL tsf{pg] sf]lz; ug{' kb{5 .

@=@=!=% ;8s l5d]sL

(Road Neighbours)

;Fusf] ;dGjo

gfnLsf] dd{t sfo{ ubf{ ;8s l5d]sL;Fu lgs6td ;Dks{ / ;dGjo sfod /fvL ;DkGg
ul/Pdf o:tf] ;+ef/ nfdf] cjlw ;Dd l6Sg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . l5d]sLnfO{ gfnLsf] dxTj af]w
u/fpg] / pgLx?af6 gfnL k'/]/ af6f] lgsfNg], af/Daf/ gfnLdf kmf]xf]/ ofFSg] / cGo tj/af6
gfnL clts|d0f ug{] u/]sf] kfOPdf ;Demfpg] a'emfpg] ug{' kb{5 . o;af6 klg ;8s l5d]sLsf]
Jojxf/ g;'lw|Pdf o:tf v08sf] ljj/0f /fvL dlyNnf] clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{' kb{5 .

-;8s l5d]sL;Fu ;dGjo ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] y'lgPsf] gfnL_

@=@=@ k'n];fsf] dd{t

@=@=@=! lg/LIf0f tyf d'Nofg
;+ef/sf]nflu k'n];fsf] lg/LIf0f ubf{ lgoldt ;+ef/sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L lng
;lsG5 . lgoldt ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf u/LPsf c:yfoL dd{t / dd{t ug{ g;lsPsf
v08x?nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} afFsL efusf] ;d]t lg/LIf0f u/L ;+ef/ ;DjlGw cfjZostf klxrfg
tyf d'Nofg ug{' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df k'n];fsf] lj:t[t lg/LIf0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?sf] hfFr ug{'
cfjZos b]lvG5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6M

k'n];fsf] :nfj, lk+w, ;fO{8, cflbdf b]lvPsf Cracks sf] lgoldt cg'udg
ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g <
kl5Nnf] cg'udg otf gofF Cracks b]lvPsf 5g\ 5}gg\ <
:6Ln kfO{kk'n];fsf] kfOkdf lvof nfu]sf] 5 ls <
k'n];fsf] lk+w / ;fO8df c:yfoL dd{t ePsf] 5 5}g <
k'n];fsf] lk+w wl;Psf] (Settlement), d'v / lgsf;df s6fg ePsf] 5 ls <
kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] nflu agfOPsf] Scupper sf] cj:yf 7Ls 5 5}g <
Sofrlk6 / x]8 jfnsf] cj:yf 7Ls 5 5}g <
s+qmL6 se/ Iflt eP/ kmnfd] 808L (Reinforcement) b]lvPsf] 5 ls <
;8s l5d]sLaf6 k'n];fnfO{ afwf k'u]sf] 5 5}g <
k'n];fdf k6s] ;+ef/ cGtu{t gkg]{ Iflt 5g\ ls <
@=@=@=@

Cracks

(Monitoring)

sf] dd{t

k'n];fsf]
ljleGg
efudf
ljljw
sf/0fn]
ubf{
;fgf
7"nf
Cracks
b]lvG5g\ . ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf o:tf Cracks sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] k|of; ug{'sf ;fy} Seal
;d]t u/L yk Iflt x'gaf6 arfpg' k5{ . ;fgf Cracks nfO{ l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf of s8f l;d]G6

d;nf (Rich cement mortar) n] eg'{ cfjZos 5 . 7"nf Cracks hu wl;gfn] ubf{ aGg ;Sg]
ePsf]n] /fd|f];Fu lg/LIf0f u/L plrt dd{tsf] vf]hL ug{' kb{5 .
sf] dd{t ug{] s|ddf ;f] sf] ;doa4 ?kdf cg'udg ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;af6 Pp6}
:yfgdf k6s k6s bf]x]fl/g] Cracks ;DjlGw ;d:of tkm{ ;r]t u/fpFb} cfwf/e"t sf/0f kQf
nufpg / ;d'lrt ;+ef/ ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 .

Cracks

@=@=@=# kfOk sNe6{sf] dd{t

k'n];fsf] ?kdf ;8sdf k|of]u ePsf kmnfd] (Armco) kfOkdf 6'6km'6 x'g], lvof nfUg], hf]gL{
lau|g] h:tf Iflt b]lvPsf 5g\ . kmnfd] kfOkdf lvof nfu]sf] kfOPdf tf/ a|'; / vfS;L k|of]u
u/L /fd|f];Fu ;kmf u/]/ k|fO{d/ nufO{ To;dfly Ogfd]n k]G6 nufpg' kb{5 . kfOk km]g{' kg{]
ePdf jf s'zg gk'u]sf] kfOPdf ;f] af/] l/kf]6{ ug{' kb{5 . kmnfd] kfOksf] hf]gL{ 7Ls;Fu
/flvPsf] 5 5}|g hf+r u/L 7Ls gePdf ldnfP/ /fVg cfaZos kb{5 .
x/fPsf af]N6 km]g{] / v's'nf] af]N6 s:g] sfd ;d]t dd{tsf] qmddf ug{' kg{] x'G5 .
cf/=;L=;L=
x\o'dkfO{k
k|of]u
ePsf]
k'n];fdf
kfO{k
hf]gL{df
/flvPsf] collar sf] ;d:of k|foM b]lvPsf] 5 . sn/sf] cefjdf hf]gL{ wl;P/ kfgL 7Ls;Fu kf;
x'b}g
.
sltko
:yfgdf
sn/
g/fvL kfO{k hf]l8Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . sn/ g/flvPsf] hf]gL{df ;f] sf] cj:yf hfFr u/L
cfjZostf cg';f/ sn/ /fVg k|of; ug]{ tyf cGo :yfgdf 6'6]km'6]sf kfO{k km]g]{ h:tf sfd
ug'{ kb{5 . kfO{ksf] hf]gL{df sn/ /fVbf /fd|f];Fu h'6 Kofs ug]{ / l;d]G6 d;nf eg]{ sfd ug'{
kb{5 .

-k'gM lgdf{0fsf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug'{ kg]{ kfO{k k'n];f_

@=@=@=$

Scupper sf]

dd{t

6flkms sd ePsf ;xfos dfu{df kfgL tsf{pgsf] nflu lgld{t Scupper x?sf] k|efjsf/L
pkof]usf] nflu lgoldt lg/LIf0f / ;+ef/ x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . Scupper sf] lgdf{0fdf d'Vot
;'Vvf 9'fsf] k|of]u u/Lg] ePsf]n] o;sf] lg/LIf0f / ;+ef/df lgDg sfdx? ug{' cfjZos kb{5 .
9'fx? v's'nf] ePsf] 7fp+df jf 9'f v;]/ vfnL ePsf] 7fp+df k'gM Kofls ug{] .
Sofrlk6 / Scupper sf] lk+w ;kmf ug{] .
Scupper sf] cuf8L / k5f8L agfOPsf 6]jf kvf{n / l/kofk h:tf ;'/IffTds sfo{sf]
/]vb]v / dd{t ug{] .
sf]
se/sf]
?kdf
/flvPsf]
Corbelling
sf]
hf+r
Scupper
u/L cfjZos b]lvPdf 9'f Kofs u/]/ jf km]/]/ dd{t ug{] .

@=@=@=% x]8jfn tyf Sofrlk6sf] dd{t

k'n];fsf] x]8jfn, Pa'6d]06, lj tyf Sofrlk6 / lk+wdf b]lvPsf Iflt d'Nofg u/L lgDgfg';f/
dd{t ug{' kb{5 .
hf]8fO{df b]lvPsf ;fgf tyf demf}nf Crack x? l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf jf l;d]G6 d;nf xfnL eg{] .
Crack
5g\
eg]
sf/0f
kQf
nufpg]
/
tTsfn
hf]8fO{
7"nf
u/]/ eg{] tyf cg'udg ug{] .
lgoldt ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf ul/Psf c:yfoL Kofls x6fO{ hf]8fO{ ug]{ .
d];g/Ldf v's'nf] 9'fx? x6fO{ hf]8fO{ ug{] .
sdhf]/ hf]gL{ ;kmf u/L gof+ d;nf eg{] .
w]/} lau|]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] d'Nofg ug{] / /]s8{ /fvL l/kf]6{ ug{] .
lau|]sf] s+lqm6 / w;]sf] j]8sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] / cfjZos dd{t ug]{ .
kfgL
Pslqt
eO{
au]sf]df
/
lj
tkm{
7f]lsPsf]df
dd{t
u/L ;'wf/ ug{] .
gfnLsf] lgsf;af6 jf cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 k'n];fdf Iflt x'g glbg Wofg lbg] .

@=@=@=^ Kof/fk]6 tyf lgsf;sf] dd{t

k'n];fsf] Kof/fk]6 / d'v tyf lgsf;df ePsf] Ifltsf] lg/LIf0f / d'Nofg u/L dd{t ug{'
cfaZos x'G5 . o;sf] nflu ug'{ kg{] sfo{x?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/ -efu
#_ df lbOPsf] 5 .

@=@=# ;8s ;tx dd{t

@=@=#=! lg/LIf0f Pj+ d'Nofg
;8s ;txdf b]lvg] Ifltx?sf] k6s] ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf hf+r ug{' cl3 lgoldt ;+ef/
6f]nLsf]
k|ltj]bgsf]
lj:t[t
cWoog
u/L To;df pNNf]lvt :yfg / Ifltsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{' kb{5 . o;

ljj/0fdf s]lGb|t u/L af+sL :yfgx?sf] ;d]t ;/;tL{ hf+r u/L xfn ;Dd b]lvg cfPsf Ifltsf]
ljj/0f tof/ u/L d'Nofg ug{' kb{5 . o;af6 dd{t ;DjlGw cfjZostf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fp
k'Ub5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos lg/LIf0f r]s lni6 tn lbOPsf] 5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6M

;8s ;txdf sxf+ sxf+ k6xf]n b]lvPsf 5g\ / kl/df0f s:tf] 5 <
Longitudinal, Transverse, Map Cracks sxf+, slt 5g\ <
;8ssf] lsgf/f (edges) sf] cj:yf 7Ls 5 5}g <
;txdf Rutting, Corrugation, Undulation h:tf v/fjL b]lvPsf 5g\ 5}gg\ <
Aggregate Stripping b]lvPsf] 5 5}g <
@=@=#=@ sfnf] kq] ;8s ;txsf] dd{t
@=@=#=@=! k6 xf]n dd{t
k6xf]n dd{t ubf{ lgDg k|s[of ckgfpg' kb{5M
k6xf]nsf] cf;kf; ;+s]t lrGx / ;'/Iff sf]g /fVg] .
dd{t ug{' kg{] P/LofnfO{ rs jf /+un] cfoft cfsf/df (rectangular shape) lrGx nufpg] .
cfoft lrGx leqsf] ;a} ;fdfu|L vg]/ lgsfNg] .
vfN8f]sf] ulx/fOnfO{ ;fx|f] base ge]6'~h]n a9fpg] / To;kl5 leQf 7f8f] kf/]/ 8]; ug{] .
k6xf]nsf] lk+wnfO{ ;Dd x'g] u/L ldnfP/ Compact ug]{ .
lk+w / ;fO8df 6\ofs sf]6 nufpg] .
k6xf]nnfO{ la6'ldg lk|ldS;n] ;dfg df]6fO{sf Ps jf a9L txdf eg{] / pknAw eP;Dd
efOj|]6L /f]n/n] / gePdf w'd'{;n] Compact ug{] .
Straight Edge jf wfuf]sf] d2tn] ;tx hfFRg] / ldnfpg] .

-k6xf]n dd{t ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;'/Iff k|aGw_

-dd{t ug'{ kg]{ k6xf]n_

dd{t
If]qaf6
vg]sf]
df6f]
;'/lIft :yfgdf ofSg] .
;'/Iffsf lrGx x6fO{ 6flkms vf]Ng] .

@=@=#=@=@

Cracks

tyf

cGo

kmf]xf]/

;8s

afxL/

dd{t

cnsqf (Bitumen) sf] kl/df0f cfjZostf eGbf sd x'gfn], Compaction gk'Ugfn], ;8sdf
cTolws ef/ ePsf ;jf/L rNgfn], ;dosf] ;fy;fy} cnsqfdf Brittleness cfpgfn], ;txaf6
kfgL 7Ls;Fu gts{gfn], cnsqf k'/fgf] x'gfn], k]ed]G6sf] df]6fO{ sd x'gfn] / base /fd|f]
gx'gfn] ;8s ;txdf Cracks b]lvG5g\ .
k]ed]G6sf] Structure /fd|f] ePsf] cj:yfdf Wide Cracks nfO{ sd Viscosity ePsf] cnsqfn] jf
:n/L l;nn] eg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu lgDg k|s[of ckgfpg' kb{5M

-l;n ug'{ kg]{

Longitudinal Crack_

sfo{ If]qdf ;+s]t lrGx / ;'/Iff sf]g /fVg] .

;8s ;tx ;kmf / ;'Vvf agfpg] .
dd{t ug{' kg{] If]qnfO{ rsn] lrGx nufpg] .
lrGx leqsf] If]qdf 6\ofs sf]6sf] nflu h:t} cnsqf 5s{g] /
k;]df yk cnsqf k|of]u ug{] .
o;/L 5ls{Psf] cnsqf dfly v;|f] jfn'jf 5g{] / s'rf]n] a9fg]{ .
;+s]t lrGx / ;'/Iff sf]g x6fO{ oftfoft vf]Ng] .

Cracks

df a9L cnsqf

Hofb} glhs /x]sf Cracks aGb ug{ jfn'jf / cnsqfsf] :n/L agfO k|of]u ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .
:n/L ;fdfGot % ldld df]6fO{df ga9g] u/L lkm+hfpg' kb{5 .

@=@=#=@=# k]ed]G6sf] lju]|sf] lsgf/fsf] dd{t

kfgLsf] k|j]zn], ;f]N8/ xf]rf] eO{ kof{Kt ;kf]6{ k|fKt gx'gfn], sfnf] kq] ;tx (Pavement) sf]
lsgf/f sdhf]/ x'gfn] / ;8s ;fF3'/f] x'gfn] lsgf/f lau|g hfG5 . o;sf] dd{t gul/Pdf laz]if
u/L jiff{ofddf b|'t ultdf Ifltsf] km}nfj6 x'g hfG5 . o;sf] dd{t k6 xf]n dd{t bkmf
@=@=#=@=! df j0f{g ul/Psf] t/Lsfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=@=#=@=$

Rutting

tyf

Corrugation

sf] dd{t

ef/L 6flkms vf; 6ofsdf s]lGb|t ePdf, k]ed]G6sf] kof{Kt Compaction gePdf, Go"g Stability
ePsf] k]ed]G6 ldS; k|of]u ePdf jf k|z:t jon uf8f u'8\g] u/]df ;8s ;txdf /l6 b]vf
kb{5 . To;} u/L sd Stable ldS; k|of]u ePdf, uf8Lsf] l:k|n] Oscillations lbPdf jf ;km{];
sf];{ 7Ls;Fu glj5\ofOPdf Corrugations b]lvG5g\ . /l6 tyf Corrugations b]vf kgf{;fy ;f]
sf] dd{t gu/LPdf ofqf c;'ljwfhgs x'g], ;txaf6 kfgL l5g{] x'g uO{ sfnf] kq] ;tx l56f]
lju|G5 .
%) ldlnld6/ eGbf sd ulx/fO{sf] /l6nfO{ la6'ldg lk|ldS;n] e/]/ dd{t ul/G5 / ;f] eGbf
ulx/f] /l6sf] dd{t ug{ k|efljt If]qsf] k]ed]G6 :6Sr/ x6fP/ gofF sfnf] kq] ;tx la5\ofpg'
kb{5 .
sd ulx/fO{sf Corrugations sf] dd{t cUnf] efuaf6 dflg;n] jf u|]8/sf] An]8n] ;tx sf6]/
xf]rf] efudf eg{] / gk'u lk|ldS; yk]/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ulx/f Corrugations sf] dd{t ug{ k|efljt
If]qaf6 sfnf] kq] ;tx v's{]/ x6fO{ gof+ lk|ldS; lj5\ofpg' kb{5 .

@=@=#=@=%

Bleeding, Ravelling, Stripping, Patch Repair

sfnf] kq] ;txdf k|of]u ePsf] ldS;df cnsqfsf] dfqf a9L ePdf jf u|]8];g gldn]df udL{
ofddf ;txdf cnsqf lg:s]/ lrKnf] e} b'3{6gf x'g ;Sb5 . o;af6 cnsqf Iflt eP/ sfnf]
kq] ;tx klg sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 . sfnf] kq] ;txnfO{ lrKnf] x'g glbg o:tf] :yfgdf v;|f]
afn'jf jf dl;gf] lu6\6L (chips) 5s{g' kb{5 . afn'jfsf] dfqf sd ePdf ;tx lrKnf] /lx /xg]

/ a9L dfqfdf afn'jf k|of]u ul/Pdf ;tx v;|f] / kmf]xf]/ x'g] ePsf]n] cfjZos kl/df0fdf dfq
afn'jf
k|of]u
x'g]
Aoj:yf
ldnfpg'
kb{5 . afn'jf jf lu6\6L dWo] 3fddf 5s{g] / 3fd gnfu]sf] ;dodf 5s{g' k/]df afn'jf jf
lu6\6LnfO{ ^) l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 ;Dd ttfpg' kb{5 . o;/L 5s]{sf] afn'jf jf lu6\6LnfO{ s'rf]n]
a9f/]/ ;do ;dodf k|efljt If]qdf Psgfzn] lkm+hfpg' kb{5 . lu6\6L 5ls{Psf] :yfgdf /f]ln
;d]t
ug'{
k5{
.
o;/L
afn'jf
5l/Psf] v08df Ps b'O{ lbg oftfoft rn]kl5 cnsqfn] g;dft]sf] afn'jf a9f/]/ ofFsL ;tx
;kmf
ug'{
cfjZos
x'G5
.
7"nf]
kl/df0fdf Bleeding eO{ cnsqf jf ;txsf] vf; efu au]sf]] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg k]z
ug{' kb{5 .
/ Ravelling h:tf v/faLx? d'VotM cnsqfsf] dfqf sd eP/ x'g hfg]
ePsf]n] o:tf] efudf :n/L ;Ln ug'{ kb{5 .
Aggregate stripping

-cTolws

Bleeding

af6 Ifltu|:t ;8s_

@=@=#=# v08fl:dt ;txsf] dd{t

v08fl:dt ;8s ;txdf b]lvg] k|d'v v/fjLx?df k6xf]n, Rutting, Corrugation tyf Erosion
cflb kb{5g\ . logLx?sf] dd{t ug{ Regrading, Dragging, Patching, Regravelling h:tf pkfox?
ckgfpg' cfaZos kb{5 .
o;sf] nflu Iflt ePsf] :yfgdf Raking ug'{ kb{5 . u|]8/ pknJw gePsf]
cj:yfdf dflg;f/f ;tx vf];|]/ ldnfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu lgDg cg';f/ sfd ug'{ kb{5 .
klxnf] / bf]>f] kf;df ;tx Iflt ePsf] 7fpFdf Raking u/L vf];|]/ SofDa/ ldNg] u/L
u|fe]nnfO{ ldnfpg] .

Regrading:

ul/Psf] efudf ;txdf / ylkg] u|fe]ndf ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf x]/L cfjZostf
cg';f/ kfgL 5s{g] .
cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL k|ltzt yk u|fe]n /fVg] .
;txsf] Camber $ b]lv ^ k|ltzt leq 5 5}g r]s ug{] / gePdf ldnfpg] .
/f]n/sf] ;xfotfn] lsgf/faf6 z'? u/L s]Gb| ;Dd Compaction ug{] . Optimum Moisture
Content pknAw ePdf ;fdfGotof * kf;df Compaction k'/f x'G5 .
;8ssf] af+sL efunfO{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] t/Lsf bf]xf]ofP/ Grading ug{] .
;txsf] Crown df Rolling gug{ ;ts{ /xg] .
Raking

v08fl:dt ;8s ;txdf Dragging u/]/ ;fwf/0f IfltnfO{ ;'wfg{ / ;txaf6 v's'nf]
;fdu|L kG5fpg d2t ldNb5 . o;af6 ;tx ;'w|]/ oftfoftsf] cfjfudgdf ;'ljwf k'Ug] b]lvG5
. oftfoftsf] rfk sd ePsf] ;8sdf ;do ;dodf Dragging sfo{ u/]/ Regrading sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k/ ;fg{ ;lsG5 . Dragging sfo{n] Camber ;'wfg{ / Corrugation ldnfpg
;Sb}g / o;sf] nflu Regrading cfjZos kb{5 .
Drag sf] ?kdf ?vsf ;fgf xfFufsf] af+lwPsf] e'mKkf] jf l;s|Ln] af+lwPsf k'/fgf 6fo/x? jf
Cable Drag, Steel Drag, Box Drag, Towed Grader cflb k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
Dragging ubf{ 6flkmssf] lbzfdf cl3 a9g' k5{ .
Dragging sfo{;Fu} Ps hgf l;kfn' sfdbf/nfO{ cl3 cl3 lx+8fP/ 6flkmsnfO{ lgb{]zg lbg],
Drag nfO{ df]8\g lgb{]zg lbg] / Drag sf] af6f]df ePsf 9'f tyf cGo afwf x6fpg] sfo{
u/fpg' kb{5 .
;8s ;txsf] cj:yf / Drag sf] lsl;d x]/]/ Dragging sfo{sf] ult k|lt 306f % b]lv !)
ls=dL= leq /fVg' kb{5 .
kf;sf] nDjfO{ ;s];Dd nfdf] /fVg' kb{5 .
Drag af6 xf+uf lj+uf jf :6Lnsf 6's|f v;]df To;nfO{ ;8s eGbf aflx/ ofFSg' kb{5 .
Dragging:

k6xf]n dd{tM

k6xf]n lrGx nufpg], cfoft cfsf/df vGg], lk+w ;Dd (Level) kfg{] / leQf 6f8f] kf/L sf6\g]
sfd bkmf @=@=#=@=! df sfnf] kq] ;txdf h:t} u/L ug{] .
pko'Qm u|fe]nf/f !% ;]=dL=sf] txdf eg{] .
x/]s txnfO{ cfjZos ePdf kfgL ;d]t 5s{]/ w'd'{; jf /f]n/n] Compact ug]{ .
;tx ldn] gldn]sf] hfFRg] / gldn]sf] eP ldnfpg] .
Kofr dd{tM
v08fl:dt ;8sdf Ifltu|:t ;fgf] If]qdf dflg; jf d]l;gf/f Kofr dd{t ul/G5 . Spot
Regravelling klg elgg] o; sfo{ cGtu{t vf; vf; 7fp+df u|fe]n km]g{] / u|fen yKg] h:tf
sfd x'G5g\ .
Kofr dd{t ug{' kg{] 7fpFdf ;kmf u/]/, kfgL / v's'nf] u|fe]n x6fpg] .
vf8nsf] leQf 7f8f] kf/]/ sf6g] .
u|fe]nsf] Moisture Content 7Ls eP gePsf] cg'dfg ug{] / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'sfpg] jf
kfgL 5s{g] .
!) . !) ;]=dL= jf ;f] eGbf ;fgf] txdf u|fe]nn] eg{] .
x/]s txnfO{ w'd'{; jf /f]n/n] Compact ug]{ .

 ;8ssf] ;tx / Camber hfFr u/L gldn]sf] eP ldnfpg] .

;fO6nfO{ ;kmf u/]/ grflxg] ;/ ;fdfg ;'/lIft :yfgdf of+Sg] .

@=@=#=$ df6] ;8ssf] dd{t

aon uf8fsf] kmnfd] rSsfaf6 df6] ;8sdf l56} Ruts pTkGg x'G5g\ . To:t} cGo uf8Lx?n]
klg vf; Track k|of]u ugf{n] pQm Track df Ruts aGg hfGf] x'G5 . k6xf]n tyf Ruts nfO{
;dodf dd{t u/LPg eg] df6] ;8sdf oftfoft rNg ;Sb}g . df6] ;8sdf b]lvg] vf8n /
Depression x? oyf;Dej l56f] eg{' kb{5 . ;doa4 ?kdf df6] ;8ssf] ;txsf] u|]l8 ug{'
kb{5 . u]|l8 ;lsPsf] nuQ}, ;txdf / ylkg] u|fe]ndf ePsf] Moisture nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lb+b}
cfjZos dfqfdf kfgL 5s{]/ Rolling ug{' kb{5 .
df6] ;8sdf w'nf]af6 x'g] k|b'if0f cTolws b]lvG5 . uf8L u'8\bf rSsfn] ofFs]sf] w'nf]sf] s0fx?
;txaf6 p8]/ w'nf]sf] afbn g} aGb5g\ . o; ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ ;'Vvf df};ddf ;Dea ePsf]
avt af6f]df kfgL 5s{g' cfjZos 5 .
df6] ;8sdf b]lvPsf ;fgf ltgf vf8nx? Dragging k|s[ofaf6 dd{t ug{' cfaZos x'G5 .
Dragging ubf{ v08fl:dt ;8s dd{t bkmf @=@=#=# df j0f{g ul/Psf] t/Lsfn] ug{' kb{5 .
Grading sfo{af6 ;8s ;txsf] Camber ldnfpg], Rut tyf Depression ;Rofpg] / qm;;]S;g
ldnfpg] ul/G5 . jiff{ofd ;lsgf;fy df6] ;8ssf] u|]l8 ug{' kb{5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu
u|]8/sf] wf/nfO{ $%) df /fv]/ df6f]nfO{ s]Gb| /]vf tkm{ jf aflx/ tkm{ tfg]/ qm;;]S;g
ldnfOG5 . qm;;]S;g ldn] kl5 ;txdf kfgL 5s{]/ /f]ln ug{' kb{5 .

@=@=$ ;f]N8/ dd{t

@=@=$=! lg/LIf0f tyf d'Nofg
;8ssf] ;f]N8/ kfls{sf] nflu, ;fO8 lbg jf lau|]sf] uf8L kfs{ ug{ k|of]udf cfpg] ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ klg uf8L rNg] ;tx (Running Surface) sf] ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 . ;f]N8/df k'Ug uPsf]
Ifltsf] k|ToIf . ck|ToIf c;/ ;8s ;txdf kg{] ePsf]n] ;f]N8/df b]lvPsf Ifltx?sf] lj:t[t
hfFr u/L dd{t ;DjlGw cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug{' kb{5 . k6s] ;+ef/sf] nflu ;f]N8/sf]
lg/LIf0f ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df laz]if hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6M

;f]N8/sf] qm;:nf]k 7Ls 5 5}g <

;f]N8/df k6xf]n, /6, b]lvPsf 5g\ ls <
Depression, Corrugation h:tf Iflt 5g\ 5}gg\ <
s6fg eP/ uN5L ag]sf 5g\ ls <
emf/kft, xfFuf laFufn] ;f]N8/df c;/ kf/]sf] 5 5}g <

@=@=$=@ sfnf] kq] u/LPsf] ;f]N8/ dd{t

sfnf] kq] ;f]N8/df b]lvg] k|d'v v/fjLdf k6xf]n, /6\; tyf k|fOldsf] Iflt cflb kb{5g\ .
;f]N8/df b]lvPsf k6xf]nsf] dd{t oyfzSo l56f] u/L ;f]N8/nfO{ yk Iflt x'gaf6 arfpg'
kb{5 . k6xf]n dd{t sfo{ bkmf @=@=#=@=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] t/Lsf ckgfO{ ug{' kb{5 .
;f]N8/df k|fOldsf] Iflt ePsf] efudf ;kmf u/]/ k'g cnsqfn] k|fOld ug{' kb{5 .
9'f 5flkPsf] ;f]N8/df 9'f v's'nf] ePsf] jf lg:s]sf] 5 eg] ;f] sf] Kofls u/L ;txnfO{
ldnfpg' kb{5 . ;f]N8/sf] qm;:nf]k hf+rL To;nfO{ ldnfpg' klg Tolts} cfjZos x'G5 .

Primed

@=@=$=# sfnf] kq] gul/Psf] ;f]N8/ dd{t

sfnf] kq] gul/Psf] ;f]N8/df b]lvg] ;d:ofdf /l6, Depression, Erosion, SofDj/sf] Iflt,
w'nf]sf] ;d:of cflb k|d'v 5g\ . ;f]N8/df b]lvPsf o; lsl;dsf Ifltx?nfO{ ;dodf dd{t
;'wf/ ul/Pg eg] b'3{6gf x'g] / k]ed]G6nfO{ Iflt k'Ug] x'G5 . @ b]lv % ;]G6Lld6/;Dd u|fe]n
yKg' k/]df k'/fgf] ;txnfO{ /fd|/L vf];|]/ gof+ u|fe]n yKg' kb{5 . o;af6 gofF / k'/fgf] u|fe]n
/fd|f] Bonding eO{ yk]sf] u|fe]n ;lhn} p8\g kfpFb}g .
/l6, Depression / s6fgsf] ;d:ofnfO{ 8fuL jf dflg;f/f u|]l8 u/]/ ldnfpg ;lsG5 .
o;sf] nflu cfjZos dfqfdf ;fdfg yk u/]/ kfgL 5sL{, SofDj/ ldnfP/ ;Dej eP;Dd
efOj|]6/L /f]n/n] Compaction klg ug{' kb{5 . 8fuL / u|]l8 ug{] t/Lsf bkmf @=@=#=# df
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
;f]N8/df s6fg eO{ Iflt k'u]df ;f] sf] sf/0f klxNofpg] / yk u|fe]n e/]/ Compaction ug{'
kb{5 . ;f]N8/af6 w'nf] p8\g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg df6] ;8s bkmf @=@=#=$ df pNn]v ePsf]
t/Lsfn] ug{' kb{5 .

-dd{t ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] lau|]sf] ;f]N8/_

@=@=$=$ xfFuf ljFuf sf6\g] / kG5fpg]

;f]N8/nfO{ ?vsf xfFuf ljFuf jf emf/kftn] 9fs]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ sf6]/ kG5fpg' kb{5 .
;f]N8/sf] cf;kf;sf ?vx?af6 Sight Distance df afwf k'Ug glbg xfFuf laFuf sfF65fF6 u/]/
;kmf ug{' kb{5 .

@=@=% shj] dd{t

@=@=%=!

lg/LIf0f tyf d'Nofg

shj] lg/LIf0f ubf{ lgoldt ;+ef/sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 dxTjk"0f{ k|f/lDes hfgsf/L lnO{ oL ;"rgfsf]
cfwf/df yk lg/LIf0f u/L dd{t ;DjlGw cfjZostfsf] d"Nofg ubf{ lgDg a'Fbfx?df laz]if
Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6

shj]sf] nDjfO{ e/L kfgL lkm+lhP/ au]sf] 5 5}g <

s+qmL6 ;txdf Cracks 5g\ 5}gg\ <
Reinforcement sf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] 58 b]lvPsf] 5 ls <
;txdf k6xf]n ag]sf] 5 5}g <
ufO8 kf]i6x? x/fPsf 5g\ ls <
:nfj w;]sf] 5 ls <
d'v tyf lgsf;fdf s6fg ePsf] 5 5}g <
e]G6]8 shj]sf] e]G6 / ;kf]6{sf] cj:yf 7Ls 5 5}g <

@=@=%=@ shj] ;kmfO{ / kfgLsf] axfj lkm+hfpg] sfo{

shj]df df6f] 9'f nufotsf laleGg kmf]xf]/ hDdf eP/ kfgLsf] axfj Pslqt x'g] u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . o;af6 oftfoftsf] cfjfudgdf c;'ljwf k'Ugfsf] ;fy} shj]sf] ;txdf klg vf;
vf; 7fpFdf a9L Iflt x'g hfG5 . e]G6]8 shj]df kmf]xf]/ y'lk|P/ kfgL k|foM h;f] ;tx dflyaf6
jUg] ub{5 . oL v/fjLx?sf] dd{t ug]{ qmddf kmf]xf]/ ;kmf u/]/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf of+Sg] /
Pslqt kfgLsf] axfjnfO{ lkm+hfpg ;fgf] If]qdf dflg; af6 ;kmf ug]{ / 7"nf] If]qdf Dozing
u/]/ shj]sf] d'v / lgsf;df ;tx ldnfpg] sfo{ ug{' kb{5 .

@=@=%=# shj]sf] s+qmL6 ;txsf] dd{t

s+qmL6 ;txdf b]lvPsf Cracks, k6xf]n, 808L lg:sg] h:tf ;d:ofsf] t'?Gt dd{t gul/Pdf
shj]df b'|tt/ ultdf yk Iflt k'Ug] ePsf]n] lgDg cg';f/ dd{t ug{' cfjZos k5{M
Ifltu|:t efudf lrGx nufO{ /fd|f];+u ;kmfO{ ug{] .
Cracks sf] dd{t ubf{ rf}8fO{sf] cj:yf x]/L la6'ldg :n/L jf l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf xfn]/ ;Ln ug{]
.

 rf}8f Cracks -% lddL eGbf a9L_ sf] nflu ;+efJo sf/0f ;d]t vf]hL u/L s8f l;d]G6
d;nf jf dl;gf] luL ;xLtsf] s+qmL6 e/]/ ;Ln ug{] .
;Dej eP ;Dd 58 jf cGo s'g} ;fwgn] Compact ug{] .
l;d]G6 ;]6 gx'~h]n dd{t u/LPsf] efunfO{ kfgL, ;jf/Lsf ;fwg cflbaf6 arfj6 ug{] .
Kofrsf] ?kdf s+qmL6 dd{t ug'{ k/]df ;tx /fd|/L ;kmf u/]/ leQf / lk+w sf6]/ ldnfP/
Binder sf] ?kdf 3f]nf xfnL plrt ldS;f/f eg{], Compaction ug{]
/ ;]6 gx'Fbf;Dd
arfj6
ug{] .
808L lg:s]sf] :yfgdf v's'nf] s+qmL6 x6fpg], 808LnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ / cfjZostf cg';f/
k6xf]n of Kofr dd{t ug{] .
o; ;DjlGw yk ;fGble{s hfgsf/L k'n];fsf] dd{t bkmf @=@=@= df / ;8s ;tx dd{t
bkmf @=@=#= df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@=%=$ ufO{8 kf]i6 dd{t

ufO{8 kf]i6n] shj] k|of]u ug{] ofq' / uf8LnfO{ shj]sf] ;Ldf jf/] 7Ls hfgsf/L u/fP/ b'3{6gf
x'gaf6 hf]ufpFb5 . t;y{ logLx?nfO{ dd{t u/]/ b'?:t /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . To;} u/L x/fPsf
/ lau|]sf ufO{8 kf]i6nfO{ km]/]/ gofF ufO{8 kf]i6 /fVg' kb{5 . ufO{8 kf]i6 ;DjlGw yk ljj/0f
Road Furniture dd{t bkmf @=@=^= df x]g{ ;lsg]5 .

@=@=^

Road Furniture

dd{t

@=@=^=! lg/LIf0f tyf d'Nofg

;8ssf] ;'/Iff l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{] lbzfdf Road Furniture sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . o;}n] ;8sdf k|of]u ePsf Road Furniture /fd|f] / k|efjsf/L l:yltdf /x] g/x]sf hfFr u/L
lgoldt ;+ef/sf] k|ltj]bg ;d]t cWoog u/L lgDg a'Fbfdf hf]8 lb+b} lj:t[t lg/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5
.
uf8{ /]n eFflrPsf, x/fPsf, jf+luPsf jf cGo s'g} tj/n] Iflt u|:t ePsf 5g\ ls <
Confidence Blocks, Crash Barrier / Kof/fk]6df s'g} lsl;dsf] gf]S;fgL k'u]sf] 5 5}g <
s'g} :yfgdf yk Confidence Block, Crash Barrier cflb agfpg' kg{] 5 5}g <
sf]z] 9'f b'?:t 5g\ / ;xL ;'rgf k|bfg ub{} 5g\ t <
;8s dfls{ tyf ljljw ;+s]t lrGxx? unt lbzf tkm{ kms{]sf], d]l6Psf], /+u p8]s]f,
lju|LPsf], ;/]sf], c:ki6 jf x/fPsf 5g\ ls <
Uofljog Crash Barrier af6 9'f x/fpg] ;d:of 5 5}g <
k|of]u ePsf Reflector x? ;xL cj:yfdf 5g\ 5}gg\ <
;+s]t lrGxx?sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO{ / dd{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 5}g <
emf/kftn] ;+s]t lrGx, sf]z] 9'f cflb 5]lsPsf 5g\ 5}gg\ <

-shj]df ufO8kf]:6 dd{t / yk ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf_

df x'g ;Sg] ;;fgf Iflt ;d]t kQf nufpg k}bn lx+8]/ Wofg lbP/ hfFr ug{'
k5{ . Ifltu|:t a:t'sf] l:ylt ;d]t v'Ng] u/]/ lrq agfPdf lg/LIf0fsf] k|efjsf/Ltf a[l4 eO{
dd{t sfo{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Road Furniture

@=@=^=@ uf8{ /]n, Kof/fk]6,

Crash Barrier, Confidence Block sf]

dd{t

lau|]sf] uf8{ /]n, Kof/fk]6, Crash Barrier, cflbsf] ;dod} dd{t gePsf] sf/0faf6 ;8s
b'3{6gfsf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] kfOPsf]5 . ;xL :yfg / cfsf/df g/x]sf Road Furniture ck]lIft
dfqfdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ Uofljogaf6 lgld{t Kof/fk]6, Crash Barrier /
Confidence Block df tf/sf] cj:yf 7Ls gePdf ;f] sf] dd{t ug{] / 9'f lemlsPsf] jf 6Dd
el/Psf] 5}g eg] 9'f eg{' kb{5 . kxf8L ;8ssf] ltvf] 3'DtL (sharp bend) df / k'n k'n];fsf]
d'vdf yk Barrier cfjZostf ePdf ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;f] sf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .

-dd{t ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] Kof/fk]6 /

Crash barrier_

uf8{ /]n km]bf{ lgDg k|s[of ckgfpg' kb{5 .

Ifltu|:t uf8{ /]n Kofg]nnfO{ g6 af]N6 vf]nL lgsfn]/ sfd nfUg] g6 af]N6 htg ;fy /fVg].
Ifltu|:t kf]i6sf] / Kofgnsf] cj:yf d'Nofg u/L ;f] sf] dd{t ug{] of gof+ kf]i6 km]g{] .
kf]i6nfO{ vf8ndf /fvL kf]lh;g / PnfOgd]G6 ldnfpg] . Aofslkmn ubf{ kf]lh;g lju|g
glbg Wofg lbg] .
AofslkmnnfO{ !), !) ;]=dL= sf] txdf /fvL kfgL 5ls{ w'd'{;n] Compact ug]{ .
gofF uf8{ /]n KofgnnfO{ hf]8\g] .
;j} g6 af]N6 s:g] .
;fO6af6 kmf]xf]/ / hu]8f ;fdfg x6fpg] .
;fO6nfO{ ;kmf ;'U3/ agfpg] .

@=@=^=# sf]z] 9'f, /f]8 k]G6 / 6flkms lrGxx?sf] dd{t

sf]z] 9'f, /f]8 k]G6 / ljljw lrGxx? d'Vot xfjfkfgL, k|of]u cjlw, oftfoft cflbsf] sf/0faf6
/ obfsbf ;8s l5d]sLx?sf] Jojxf/af6 ;d]t Iflt u|:t x'G5g\ . rfns tyf ofq'x?nfO{
;8ssf] cj:yf / uGtJo af/] plrt ;"rgf lbg / b'3{6gf x'gaf6 arfpg logLx?nfO{ dd{t
u/]/ b'?:t /fVg' kb{5 .
k6s] ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf l:6n kf]i6, ;fOg Kn]6, ufO8 kf]i6 / ;+s]t lrGxx?sf] /+u p8]s]f
jf d]l6Psf] e]l6Pdf k'gM /+ufpg' k5{ . To;} u/L d]l6Psf jf c:ki6 ;+s]t, c / cIf/x? k'gM
n]v]/ 7Ls kfg{' kb{5 . 6'6] k'm6]sf / x/fPsf Reflector sf] :yfgdf gofF Reflector km]g{' kb{5 .
;8s ;txdf k|of]u u/LPsf s]Gb| /]vf nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ k]G6L hf+rL lau|]sf] 7fp+df k'gM k]G6
ug{' k5{ .
lau|]sf kf]i6x? km]g]{, x/fPsf g6 af]N6 km]g{] / v's'nf g6 af]N6 s:g] sfo{ u/]/ Road Furniture
sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpg' kb{5 . To;} u/L lau|]sf sf]z] 9'f km]g{], 9Ns]sfnfO{ ;f]ofpg] /
kf]lh;g ldnfpg] sfo{ ;d]t dd{tsf] l;nl;nfdf ;DkGg ug{' kb{5 . a9L prfO{sf
ODJof+Sd]G6df, 3'DtLdf / cGo :yfgdf k|of]u ePsf Delineators sf] dd{t / km]g{] sfo{ klg
k6s] ;+ef/ cGtu{t ul/G5 .

-dd{t ug'{kg]{ / km]g'{kg]{ ;+s]t lrGx_

af]6 la?jfn] 9fs]/ ;+s]t lrGx / sf]z] 9'f gb]lvg] ePsf 5g\ eg] emf/kft / af]6 la?jf
sf6]/ / ;kmf u/]/ x6fpg' kb{5 . ;+s]t lrGx / sf]z] 9'fn] lbPsf ;"rgf ;xL eP gePsf]
hf+r u/]/ ;xL gePdf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
k]l06 ubf{ ;fdfGot lgDg tl/sf ckgfPdf ;f] sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf a[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .
k]G6 ug'{ kg]{ ;txsf] cf;kf; ;+s]t lrGx / ;'/Iff sf]g /fVg] .
;jf/L cfjfudgaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt vt/faf6 sfdbf/x?nfO{ hf]ufpg pgLx?nfO{
rxlsnf] ;+u -;Dej eP ;Dd kx]nf]_ sf] ;'/Iff e]i6 jf Hofs]6 nufpg nfpg] .
k]G6 ug]{ ;txnfO{ lvof, w'nf] / cGo ;a} k|sf/sf kmf]xf]/ x6fP/ ;kmf ug]{ .
/+ufpg] sfddf ;kmf a|'; dfq k|of]u ug]{ .
/+ufpg] sfd ;'Vvf ofddf ug]{ -leh]sf] ;txdf jf kfgL k/]sf] avtdf k]G6 gug]{_ .
/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{ cuf8L /fd|/L ld;fpg] . lyg/ k|of]u ug'{ k/]df lgolGqt ?kdf k|of]u ug]{
cfuf]af6 /nfO{ hf]ufpg] .
/+ufpg] ;txdf Reflector /flvPsf] eP /+u nufpFbf sfuh jf 6]kn] 9fs]/ ;f] sf] ;'/Iff ug]{
.
/nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps jf b'O{ txdf nufpg] .
/sf] afdf xfjf gk:g] u/L lasf]{ aGb ug]{ / a'|z klg ;kmf ug]{ .
;'/Iff sf]g / Barrier x6fP/ oftfoft ;+rfng ug]{ .
dd{t ;DjlGw x/]s sfo{x? ;DkGg x'gf;fy ;f] sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lglb{i6 kmf/fddf eg'{ kb{5 .
dd{t ul/Psf] :yfg, dd{t ePsf] a:t' / ;f] sf] ljj/0f ;d]t k|i6 x'g]u/L tof/ u/LPsf] o;
lsl;dsf] k|ltj]bg ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . o; lsl;dsf ljj/0fx?af6 ;8ssf]
dd{t ;+ef/ ;DjlGw of]hgf ug{ / ah]6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;d]t ljz]if ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
k6s] ;+ef/ cGtu{tsf pk/f]Qm sfo{x?nfO{ ;dfa]z u/L x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df sfo{qmd
k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

@=# cfjlws ;+ef/

s]xL jif{ -;fdfGot ! b]lv !) jif{_ sf] cGt/fndf ul/g' kg]{ ;8s ;+ef/nfO{ cfjlws ;+ef/
elgG5 . o; cGtu{t Backlog ;+ef/ ;DkGg eO{ /fd|f] / ;+ef/ of]Uo (Fair and maintenance)
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] ;8sdf Slurry Seal, Sand Seal, Non-Structural Bitumen Overlay, ;8s ;tx
dfls{ / Steel Parts df / nufpg] h:tf sfdx? kb{5g\ . cfalws ;+ef/ sfo{ ;8ssf]
;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ (Structural Strengthening) sf] nflu geO{ ;tx ;'wf/ ug]{ pb\b]Zosf ;fy
;+rfng ulG5 . ;8ssf] cfjlws ;+ef/ sfo{ cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x? ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

@=#=! lgl/If0f tyf d'Nofg

cfjlws ;+ef/sf] of]hgf tof/ ug{ k|efljt If]qsf] la:t[t lg/LIf0f, Ifltx?sf] ;'rL tof/ tyf
;f] sf] d'Nofg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o; sfo{df lgoldt tyf k6s] ;+ef/sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 k|z:t
;3fp k'Ub5 . o; l;nl;nfdf lg/LIf0f ubf{ lgDg a'Fbfdf clgjfo{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

lg/LIf0f r]s lni6M

sfnf]kq] ;8s ;txdf sxfF, slt / s:tf Cracks b]lvPsf 5g\ <
;8s ;txdf k'gM dfls{ ug'{ kg]{ 5 5}g\ <
Steel Structure df /+u nufpg' kg]{ 5 5}g\ <
v08fl:dt ;8s ;txdf k'gM v08fl:dt ug'{ kg]{ 5 ls <
;f]N8/df k'gM v08fl:dt jf l/l;n ug'{ kg]{ 5 5}g\ <
;8sdf jiff{bsf] kfgL hd]/ cfjlws ;+ef/sf] l:ylt cfPsf] xf] ls <

@=#=@ ;km]{; 8]l;

;8s ;txsf] 7"nf] efu lau|]sf]df, ;txdf Crack ag]/ kfgL k;L Base lauf{g]{ ePdf jf
;txsf] Skid resistance 36]df ;k]{m; 8]l; u/L ;tx ;+ef/ ul/G5 . ;k]{m; 8]l; ug'{ cl3
Kofr / k6xf]n ;+ef/ ul/ ;s]sf] x'g' kg]{5 . ;k]{m; 8]l; Ps of b'O{ txdf ul/G5 / ;fdfGot
;8ssf] k'/f rf}8fO{df ;k]{m; 8]l; ug]{ k|rng 5 . o; sfo{af6 cTolws dfqfdf b]lvPsf
Depression tyf Deformation ;'w|g ;Sb}g . pQm sfo{sf] nflu lbOPsf] :k]l;lkms];g cg';f/
lgDg k|s[of ckgfO ;k]{m; 8]l; ul/Pdf /fd|f] glthf k|fKt x'G5 .
sfdsf] of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ .
cfjZos d]l;g cf}hf/ / dfn ;fdfg /fd|/L r]s ug]{ .
;tx tof/L ug]{ sfo{ h:t} k6xf]n tyf lsgf/f ;+ef/ / ;kmfO{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] olsg
ug]{ .
df};d /fd|f] ePsf] avt dfq sfo{ ug]{ .
c:yfoL ;+s]t lrGx / ;'/IffTds ca/f]w (Barrier) /fv]/ ;8s k|of]ustf{, sfdbf/, ;jf/L
;fwg / d]l;g cf}hf/sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|jGw ldnfpg] .
s'rf]sf] d2tn] jf Compressed Air k|of]u u/L ;8s ;tx ;kmf ug]{ .
;8s ;txdf lrGx nufpg] / String Line k|of]u u/L lsgf/fsf] Alignment /fd|f] kfg]{ .
Binder sf] tfkqmd hfFrL 7Ls tfkqmddf Nofpg] .
Binder sf] Spread Rate r]s u/L Calibrate ug]{ .
x/]s binder spray sf] kf;sf] clGtd efudf afSnf] sfuh (Card board, Tarfelt etc) /fvL
lgoldt Transverse Joint agfpg] .
;txdf lrGx| nufOPsf] If]qleq Psgfzn] cfjZos dfqfdf cnsqf 5g]{ .
Binder 5ls{Psf] ;txdf dflg; jf ;jf/L ;fwg hfg glbg] .
;txdf binder 5ls{Psf] nut} luL lk+mhfpg] .
luL 5ls{Psf] :yfgdf tTsfn /f]ln ug]{ .
-;fdfGot % kf;df /f]ln k'/f x'G5, o;sf] nflu Pneumatic jf Light roller k|of]u ug]{ .
;'/IffTds cj/f]w / ;+s]t lrGx x6fP/ ult l;ldtsf] 6flkms ;+s]t /fvL lj:tf/} ;jf/L
;fwgx? rNg lbg] .
bf]>f] lbg b]lv s'rf]n] xNsf;Fu a9f/]/ Binder n] g;dft]sf luL x6fpg] .

 Bleeding ePsf] :yfgdf v;|f] afn'jf 5s{g] .

Psb'O{ lbg o; lsl;dn] ;txaf6 v's'nf] luL lgsfNg] / Bleeding ePsf] :yfgdf v;|f]
afn'jf 5s{g] u/]ukl5 Surface Dressed ;tx tof/ x'G5 .
Double Bituminious Surface Dressing sf] xsdf dflys} k|s[of bf]xf]ofO{ k'gM yk Ps sf]6
nufOG5 .
@=#=# :n/L ;LnM
sfnf] kq] ;8s ;txdf b]vf k/]sf laleGg k|sf/sf Cracks sf] ;+ef/ ug{ la6'ldg Od'N;g,
dl;gf] lul6\6L, ldlg/n lkmn/ / kfgL ld;fP/ tof/ ul/Psf] cfk}m aUg ;Sg] (Free Flowing)
:n/L k|of]u ul/G5 . ;+ef/sf] o; k|s[ofnfO{ :n/L ;Ln elgG5 . % b]lv !) ldnLld6/ df]6fO{df
k|of]u ul/g] o; lsl;dsf] :n/Ln] ;8s ;txdf b]lvPsf] Cracks df k/]/ k|efjsf/L 9+un]
ltlgx?nfO{ aGb ub{5 . k'/fgf] sfnf] kq] ;txsf] nflu :n/L ;Ln laz]if ?kdf pkof]uL kfOPsf]
5.
:n/L ;Lnsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] lu6\6Lsf] ;fOh ;fdfGot ^ ldlnld6/ eGbf 7"nf] x'g' x'Fb}g t/ !)
ld=ld= ;Ddsf luL obfsbf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . Od'N;g;+u ld;fP/ :n/L tof/ ul/Pl5
;8s ;txdf dflg;4f/f jf Drag Spreaders 4f/f lkmFhfOG5 . :n/L lkmFhfPkl5 ;fdfGot
6flkmssf] ef/n] g}{ Compaction k'/f x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/ sd 6flkms ;8sdf eg] /j/
6fo/ /f]n/ (Pneumatic roller) 4f/f Compaction ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . Ao:t ;8sdf :n/L ;Ln ug'{
k/]df yk Chemical Agents ld;fP/ Od'N;gsf] Break pk/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{
:n/L lkmFhfPsf] #) ldg]6 kl5 g} 6flkms vf]Ng ;lsG5 .
:n/L ;Ln Reflection Cracks /f]Sg k|efjsf/L gx'g] / o;n] ;txsf]
u/fpg] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

Skid resistance

;d]t sd

:n/L ;Ln ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ u/]df ;f] sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a[l4 x'g]5 M
;8s ;txdf ug' kg]{ k6xf]n, Kofr nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+ef/ sfo{ e} ;s]sf] x'g' kg]{ .
:n/L ;Ln ug'{ kg]{ ;8s ;tx ;kmf / ;'Vvf x'g' kg]{ ePsf]n] df};d /fd|f] x'g' kg]{ .
sfd z'? ug'{ cufj} sfo{:yndf cfjZos dfn;fdfg, d]l;g cf}hf/, sfdbf/sf] Joj:yf
eP gePsf] r]s ug'{ kg]{ .

;8s ;txnfO{ s'rf]n[] jf x'g ;S5 eg] Compressed Air sf] d2tn] ;d]t ;kmf ug]{ .

:n/Lsf] kl/df0fut cfjZostf larf/ u/L ;fgf] kl/df0fsf] nflu Wheel Barrow df,
dWdvfnsf] kl/df0f eP s+qmL6 ldS;/df / 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] nflu laz]if ldS;/ k|of]u ug]{ .

sfdbf/, d]l;g cf}hf/ / sfdsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfjZos :yfg / ;+Vofdf ;+s]t lrGx /
;'/IffTds cj/f]w /fVg] .

;+ej eP ;Dd Ps :6]hdf Pp6f n]gdf :n/L ;Ln u/]/ csf]{ n]g 6flkmssf] nflu 5f8\g] .
:n/L Creamy Texture sf], cfk}m aUg ;Sg] / Cracks df l5g{ ;Sg] Consistency sf] x'g' k5{

:n/LnfO{ ;8s ;txdf 5b}{ hfg] / To;nfO{ s'rf] / /a/sf] a|'; (Squeegee) 4f/f lkmFhfO{
Cracks eb}{ cl3 a9fpg] .
xNsf 6flkms ePsf] ;8sdf /j/ 6fo/ (Pneumatic) /f]n/4f/f Compact ug]{ .
oftfoft ;+rfng ug'{ cl3 /fd|f];+u Cure x'g lbg] .
;'/IffTds ca/f]w / ;+s]t lrGx x6fO{ 6flkms vf]Ng] .
dflysf] k|s[of bf]xf]ofP/ afFsL efu (Lane) df :n/L ;Ln ug]{ .

@=#=$ :of08 ;LnM

la?4 ;8s ;txsf] k|lt/f]w a9fpg, ;8s ;txnfO{ kfgL gl5g]{
(Impermeable) agfO{ ;txnfO{ l56f] Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg Sand Seal sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;
sfo{sf] nflu k|d'v ;fdfgsf] ?kdf afn'jf / la6'ldg jf OdN;g k|of]u x'G5 / o;sf] df]6fO{ %
b]lv !) ldlnld6/ ;Dd x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . Sand Sealing sf] nflu lgDg k|s[of ckgfO{G5 .
6flkmssf]

Abrasive Action

;+s]t lrGx / ;'/IffTds cj/f]w /fVg] .

a9f/]/ jf cfjZos k/]df Scraping ;d]t u/]/ Seal ug]{ ;txnfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf ug]{ .
;txnfO{ ;'Vvf agfpg] . leh]sf] ;tx dfly / df};d /fd|f] gePsf] lbg Sand Seal gug]{ .
afn'jf / la6'ldgnfO{ :k]l;lkms];gdf pNn]v ePsf] kl/df0f / tfkqmd ld;fP/ ttfpg] .
lk|ldS;nfO{ ;txdf cfjZos df]6fO{df Psgfzn] lkmFhfpg] .
o;sf] nut}kl5 pknAw eP ;Dd Go'Dofl6s /f]n/n] / ;f] sf] Aoj:yf x'g g;s]df dfq
l:6n /f]n/n] Compaction ug]{ .
;txnfO{ ;]6 x'g lbg] .
;'/IffTds ca/f]w / ;+s]t lrGx cfbL x6fP/ oftfoft vf]Ng] .

@=#=% ;8ssf] dfls{ sfo{M

6flkmssf] cfjfudgaf6 / df};dsf] k|efjaf6 ;8s ;txdf ul/Psf Road Marking x?df Iflt
k'Ub5 . cfjlws ?kdf ;f]sf] ;+ef/ u/}/ o;af6 ;8s k|of]ustf{nfO{ k|fKt x'g] hfgsfl/sf]
k|efjsfl/tf sfod /fVg] / b'3{6gfs vt/fnfO{ sd u/fpg] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .
;+ef/ sfo{ cGtu{t d]l6Psf / c:ki6 s]Gb| /]vf, cufl8sf] uf8LnfO{ gpl5Ggsf
nflu (Non-overtaking) lgb]+zs /]vf, ;8s lsgf/f /]vfx?nfO{ k'gM ;xL cj:yfdf NofOG5 . l/l;n, cf]e/n] / Koflr sfo{ ul/P kl5 klg pQm :yfgx?df k'gM ;8s Marking ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
;8s Marking ug]{ lgDg k|s[ofaf6 /fd|f] glthf kfOPsf] 5 .
Road Marking

;+s]t lrGx / ;fjwflg lrGxx? sfo{:ynsf] b'a}lt/ /fVg] .

;8s ;tx ;'Vvf ePsf] olsg ug]{ / df};d /fd|f] /xg] ;+efjgf x]g]{ .
s8f a|';sf] dfWodaf6 lau|]sf] dfls{ fO{ ;kmf ul/ ;txaf6 w'nf] / d}nfnfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf
u/]/ x6fpg] .

/fpg] sfo{df k|of]u x'g] :6]G;LnnfO{ 7fFpdf ldnfpg] .

/nfO{ /fd|f];+u ld;fP/ :6]G;Ln dfly nufpg] .
afSnf] ul/ nufO{Psf] / ;'Sbf km'6\g] ePsf]n] To; tkm{ Wofg lbg] .
/sf] yf]kf ;8s ;txdf v;]df tTsfn ;kmf ug]{ .
/sf] af v'nf g5f]8\g] .
;fdfGotof !% ldg]6df / ;'Sb5 . / g;'s'Gh]n o; dflyaf6 oftfoft rNg gkfpg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
sfo{ k|ult / /sf] ;'Sg] cjlw x]/]/ / ug]{ sfo{ tyf sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg] .
lbgsf] cGTolt/ ul/Psf] paintings ;'/Iff sf]g x6fP/ sfo{bn kms{g] a]nf ;Dd ;'ls;s]sf]
x'g'kg]{ .
cjfl~5t ?kdf nfu]sf /x?nfO{ Anf]NofDk / scraper k|of]u u/L x6fpg] t/ la6'ldg
;tx nfO{ kUng] u/L tfTg glbg] .

6flkms ;+s]t, ;8s kfls{ tyf ;8s ;'/Iff ;DalGw sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f ;8s ljefusf] 6flkms
OlGhlgol/ tyf ;'/Iff Osfo{af6 k|sflzt k|sfzgx?af6 k|fKt ug} ;lsG5 .
@= #= ^= k'g M v08fl:dt sfo{
v08fl:dt ;8sdf Ruts tyf Depresion k|Zf:t dfqfdf ag]/ subgrade b]lvg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf
k'g M v08fl:dt ul/G5 . o;af6 ;8s ;txdf cfPsf lgDg v/faLdf ;'wf/ x'G5 .
Camber sf] lau|]sf] cfsf/
;txdf b]lvPsf /6\;
;txdf ag]sf k6xf]n
s6fgaf6 aGg uPsf vf8n
;tx cTolws v/.a ePsf] cj:yfdf k'gM v08fl:dt ug'{ cufj} Grading ug{ cfjZos kg{;S5
t/ u|fe]nsf] df]6fO{ Hofb} Go"g e};s]sf]df Grading gug'{g} j]z x'G5 . k'gM v08fl:dt ug]{ sfo{
lgDg t/Lsfn] ;DkGg ul/G5 .
6flkms 8fOe;{gsf] Aoj:yf / ;'/Iff sf]g tyf ;+s]t lrGx /fVg] .
sfd ug]{ Pl/of lrGx nufpg] .
u|fe]n ;txnfO{ vGg], u|fe]n lkFmhfpg] / Compact ug]{ .
;tx cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgLn] lehfpg], u|fe]n !% ;]=dL= ;Ddsf] txtxdf yKg] /
;Dofpg] .
x/]s txnfO{ /f]n/sf] d2tn] Compact ug]{ . lsgf/faf6 z'? u/L s]Gb| ;Dd /f]n ug]{ .
;txsf] Camber $^ k|ltzt leq 5 5}g r]s u/L ldnfpg] .

 k'gM v08fl:dtsf] cfo' a9fpg gfnL / k'n];f 7Ls eP gePsf] x]/L gePdf pko'St ;+ef/
zLif{s cGtu{t ;+ef/ ug'{ kb{5 .
Dry Density gfk u/L cfjZostf cg'?k Density k'ofpg] .
@= #= & ;f]N8/sf] k'g M v08fl:dt sfo{
6flkms / xfjfkfgLsf] c;/af6 ;f]N8/df qmlds Iflt x'g] / lgoldt tyf k6s] ;+ef/sf
afjh'b Erosion, k6xf]n, jiff{ cfbL sf/0faf6 u|fe]n Iflt eO{ ;f]N8/ cToflws lau|]sf]
cj:yfdf lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf ;f]sf] k'gM v08fl:dt sfo{ u/]/ ;+ef/ ul/G5 / of] sfo{
cfjlws ;+ef/ s[ofsnfk cGtu{t kb{5 . ;f]N8/ obfsbf uf8Lsf] k|of]udf cfpg] / k}bn ofq'
nufotsf ;8s k|of]ustf{n] o;nfO{ af/Djf/ k|of]u ug]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ klg uf8L rNg] ;tx
;/x g} ;+ef/ ul/G5 .
;f]N8/sf] k'gM v08fl:dt sfo{ ;8s ;txsf] k'gM v08fl:dt sfo{ h:t} ul/G5 / o;sf] lj:t[t
j0f{g bkmf @=#=^ df ul/Psf] 5 .
@= #= * ;f]N8/sf] l/;Ln sfo{
sfnf] kq] ul/Psf] ;f]N8/sf] ;tx lau|/ cToflws dfqfdf Cracks b]vf k/]df jf ;txaf6
luL lg:sg yfn]df l/;Ln ug'{ k5{ . l/;Ln ug{ bkmf @=#=# jf @=#=$ df pNn]v ePsf]
k|s[of ckgfOPdf /fd|f] glthf pknAw x'g ;S5 . ;f]N8/sf] nfdf] nDjfO{df k'gM k|fOld ug'{
k/]df ;f] sfo{ ;d]t cfjlws ;+ef/ cGtu{t ul/G5 .
@= #= (

Steel Parts

df /+fpg]M

;8s sfo{df k|of]u ePsf kmnfdsf ;+/rgf / cGo ;fdfgdf cfjlws ?kdf /+/f]ug nufP/
ltgLx?sf] ;'/Iff ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf ;+/rgf / cGo ;fdfg cGtu{t k'n];fsf]
kmnfd] kfO{k, /]lnx?, k'nsf kmnfd] efux?, ;+s]t lrGx nufotsf laleGg lrGxx? kb{5g\ .
kmnfd] ;fdfgdf /+fpg] sfo{ ubf{ k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
Sfo{ :ynsf] cf;kf; ;'/Iffsf] Aoj:yf ug]{ .
/+fpg] ;txnfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf u/]/, kmf]x/, w'nf], lvof / pKs]sf] /+nfO{ x6fpg] . o; sfo{sf]
nflu tf/sf] a|'; / Anf]c/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
a|';sf] ;xfotfn] k|fOd/ sf]6 nufpg] . k|fOd/ sf]6 nufpFbf k'/f ;txdf Psgfzn] Thin
film nfUg] / yf]kf (Drips) ga:g] u/L nufpg] . a|';nfO{ ;do ;dodf ;kmf ug]{ .
k|fO{d/ sf]6nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'Sg lbg] . ;fdfGot @$ 306fdf k|fOd/ sf]6 ;'Sg] ub{5 .
k|fOd/ sf]6 h:t} t/Lsfn] Intermediate sf]6 nufpg] / ;'Sg lbg] .
/+sf] clGtd sf]6 nufpg] / ;'Sg lbg] . Intermediate sf]6 / clGtd sf]6 rxlsnf] ePdf
:ki6;Fu b]lvg] / ;'/Iff a9fpg] x'G5 .

@= #= !) k|lta]bgM
cfjlws ;+ef/ ;DjlGw x/]s sfo{ ;DkGg x'gf;fy ;f] sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;lxtsf] /]s8{
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /fvL k]z ug'{ kb{5 . cfjlws ;+ef/sf] jflif{s sfo{sf] k|:tfj ;d]t x/]s
cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df tof/ u/L k]z ug'{ kb{5 . lautdf ul/Psf ;+ef/ sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf,
k|rlnt ;+ef/ sfo{k4ltsf] pkfb]otf / ;f] df Nofpg ;lsg] ;'wf/ af/] dflyNnf] sfof{nonfO{
;'emfj ;lxtsf] cfk\mgf] Feedback pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . o; lsl;dsf] k|lta]bgaf6
sfo{k4ltdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ldNb5 .

efu #M ;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/

;8s ;tx jfx]s, ;8s sf]l/8f]/ jf ;f] eGbf jfxL/ ul/g] ;+ef/ ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ;8s If]q
;'/Iff ;+ef/ elgG5 . o; cGtu{t k'n];fsf] ;+/If0f sfo{, 6]jf kvf{n, gfnL, :nf]k ;+/If0f,
gbLaf6 ;8sdf Iflt k'Ug glbg ul/g] ;+ef/ cflb kb{5g\ .
xfd|f] h:tf] ef}uf]lns las6tf tyf e]f]ule{s lalawtf ePsf] b]zdf ;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/
sfo{n] ;8snfO{ ;'rf? /fVg laz]if dxTj /fVb5 .

#=! lgoldt sfo{x?M

;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/sf] nflu ;fO{6 lg/LIf0f u/L Iflt ;DjlGw l/kf]6{ k]z ug'{ kb{5 . ;fdfGo
IfltnfO{ ;dodf ;+ef/ u/]/ Structure nfO{ eTsgaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t lgDg
sfo{x? ug{' kb{5 .

#=!=!

Off-road gfnLsf]

lg/LIf0f / ;/;kmfO{M

;8s ;txnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rflnt /fVg ;8s lsgf/fsf] gfnLsf] cltl/Qm Off-road
gfnLx? klg 7Ls;Fu ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu o; k|sf/sf gfnLsf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f
u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ;/;kmfO{ ug{] / lau|]sf] :yfgsf] ;+ef/sf] nflu l/kf]6{ tof/ ug{' kb{5 .
Off-road gfnL kxF'rsf] b[li6n] ;xh gx'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ efu lg/LIf0f x'g] Joj:yf
ldnfpg' cfjZos 5 . gfnLdf ePsf df6f], 9'f / emf/kft nufotsf kmf]xf]/ ;kmf u/L plrt
7fFpdf oFfSg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

#=!=@ :nf]ksf] lg/LIf0f tyf l/kf]6{M

;8s lgdf{0fsf] qmddf aGg] Cut Slopes tyf Fill Slopes / laBdfg Natural Slopes klg
xfjfkfgLsf] c;/ ;d]taf6 qmlds ?kdf stable x'b} hfG5g\ . kxf8L ;8sx?df t of] k|s[of
pNn]Vo ?kdf lg/Gt/ hf/L /xG5 . ;8snfO{ ;'rf? /fVg :nf]ksf] lgoldt x]/ larf/ k'ofpg'

cfjZos kb{5 . o; qmddf lgoldt ?kdf / laz]if u/L jiff{ofddf a9L k|fyldstf ;fy
:nf]ksf] lg/LIf0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;/L lg/LIf0f u/]kl5 ;f] sf] l:ylt, cj:yf, sf/s tTjx?
/ ;DefAo ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ;d]t k|i6 v'Ng] u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dflyNnf] clwsf/L
;dIf t'?Gt k]z ug{' kb{5 .

(Bio-Engineering

sfo{sf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug'{kg]{ :nf]k_

;8ssf] :nf]knfO{ xfjfkfgLsf cltl/Qm gbLgfnfaf6 klg Iflt k'Ug ;S5 . :nf]ksf] lg/LIf0fsf]
qmddf gbLaf6 k'Ug uPsf] Iflt / lgs6 eljiodf kg{ ;Sg] c;/ ;d]t d'Nofg u/L lsgf/f
arfj6 (Bank Protection) sf] cfjZostf eP ;f] ;d]t v'nfO{ l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb{5 .
;8s l5d]sLf/f ;8s cf;kf;sf :nf]knfO{ Iflt k'Ug] vfnsf sfo{x? ePsf] kfO{Pdf ;f] sf]
;d]t ljj/0f /fvL k|ltj]bg k]z ug{' kb{5 . lg/LIf0f tyf k|ltj]bgdf :nf]k ;+/If0fsf cfufdL
sfo{x? k|ToIf ?kdf lge{/ x'g] ePsfn] o; tkm{ laz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

#=!=# 6]jf kvf{nsf] ;fdfGo dd{tM

;8s If]q ;'/Iff cGtu{t lgld{t 6]jf kvf{nx?sf] lgoldt ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZostf
cg';f/ To;df b]lvPsf ;fgf ltgf Ifltx?sf] dd{t ug{] sfd lgoldt ;+ef/ cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
6]jf kvf{n lgdf{0f ug{ 9'fsf] d];g/L, Uofljog hfnLdf 9'f el/Psf] afs; tyf s+qmL6 k|of]u
ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . d];g/L / s+qmL6sf 6]jf kvf{ndf kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] nflu Weep hole x?
/flvPsf x'G5g\ . tL Weep hole df jg:klt pld|g uO{ kfgLsf] lgsf;df cj/f]w cfpg ;S5 .
;fy} jg:klt x's{b}+ hfFbf ;f] sf] h/fn] 6]jf kvf{nnfO{ Iflt k'ofpg ;S5 . 6]jf kvf{nsf] Base
df slx+ st}af6 kfgL jUg uPdf kfgLn] Scour u/L 6]jf kvf{n sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 . t;y{
lgoldt ;+ef/sf] l;nl;nfdf 6]jf kvf{nsf] Weep hole tyf Joint x?df ePsf jg:klt ;kmf

ug{' kb{5 . 6]jf kvf{nsf] Base df

;dfwfgsf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug{' kb{5 .

Scour

ePsf] eP tTsfn ;f] :yfgdf 9'f e/L :yfoL

#=!=$ g;{/Lsf] Aoj:yfM

;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/df Bio-engineering n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L ;8s laefuleq Pp6f Bio-Engineering Sub Unit v8f u/L laleGg :yfgdf g;{/Lsf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
:nf]kdf af]6 la?jf nufpgfn] kfgLaf6 x'g] s6fg / sd ulx/fO{sf] klx/f]nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un]
/f]syfd ub{5 . af]6 la?jfn] xl/ofnL a9fP/ ;8ssf] cf;kf;sf] jftfj/0f /Do agfpF5 .
Ol~hlgol/ ;+/rgfx?sf] t'ngfdf of] k|ljlw sd vlr{nf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . af]6 la?jf / r/g
;d]t dfl;+b} uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf o; sfo{df ;8s l5d]sLaf6 ;d]t k|z:t ;xof]u xfl;n ug{
;lsG5 . g;{/L ;Dalw la:t[t hfgsf/L Bio-Engineering Manual df pNn]v 5 .

#=!=% :nf]ksf] emf/kftsf] s6fO{M

:nf]ksf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu /f]lkPsf af]6 la?jf a9\b} uP/ ;8s tyf Road Furniture nfO{ afwf
kfg{] cj:yfdf k'Ug ;S5g\ . sdhf]/ af]6 la?jf xfjf x'/Lsf] c;/n] efFlrgfn] / 9Ngfn]
;8sdf cj/f]w pTkGg x'g] jf b'3{6gf ;d]t 36\g ;S5 . To;} u/L clgolGqt emf/kft /
emf8Ln] klg sf]z] 9'f / ;+s]t lrGxx?nfO{ 5f]k]/ Sight Distance df afwf k'ofP/ b'3{6gf
lgDTofpg ;Sb5 . t;y{ logLx?sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos dfqfdf logLx?nfO{ sfF6
5fF6 u/]/ ;xL cfsf/df /fVg' kb{5 .
:nf]ksf] emf/kftsf] s6fO{ ;f]N8/df ePsf] emf/kftsf] s6fO{ u/] h:t} t/Lsf ckgfO{ ug{' kb{5
. o; af/] lgoldt ;+ef/ bkmf @=!=$=! df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 / la:t[t hfgsf/L cfaZos k/]df
Bio-engineering Manual df x]g{ ;lsg]5 .

#=@ /f]syfdd"ns sfo{x?M

;8s If]q ;'/Iff ;+ef/ cGtu{t /f]syfdd"ns sfo{sf] ?kdf :nf]kdf g]6 la5ofpg], :nf]k sf6]/
ldnfpg], kx/f tf5\g], d];g/L tyf Uoflaog jfn ;+ef/, r]s 8\ofd, gbL lgoGq0f / lsgf/f
arfj6 (Bank Protection), g;{/L lap ljhg nufotsf afof]Ol~hlgol/ sfo{ ;d]t ul/G5g\ .

#=@=! gfnL dd{t ;'wf/M

pkNnf] Sofrd]G6 If]qaf6 au]/ ;8sdf cfpg] kfgL / ;8s ;txaf6 au]/ tNnf] :nf]k tkm{
hfg] kfgLaf6 ;8snfO{ hf]ufpg lgld{t gfnLsf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f / dd{t ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos
x'g cfpF5 . o; k|sf/sf gfnLx? y'lgPsf eP ;kmf ug{] / Ifltu|:t ePdf ;+ef/ u/L b'?:t
/fVg' kb{5 .

:nf]kdf gfnLsf] s6fg x'gaf6 arfpg lgld{t r]s 8\ofd 7Ls cj:yfdf /x] g/x]sf] hfFr u/L
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+ef/ ug{' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df Catch Water Drain ;kmf ug{] / dd{t u/L
;'rf? /fVg] sfo{ laz]if k|fyldstfsf ;fy ug{' kb{5 . gfnLsf] :nf]k a9L eO{ s6fg ePdf
Lining ug{] jf r]s 8\ofd agfpg] sfo{ ug{' kg{] x'G5 . vf; vf; :yfgdf klx/f]n] gfnL k'l/g]
cfz+sf ePdf To:tf :yfgdf gfnLnfO{ 5f]Kg' kb{5 . jiff{ z'? x'g' cl3 gfnL ;+ef/ sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/ ;Sg' kb{5 . jiff{ z'? x'g' cl3 6]jf kvf{ndf ePsf Weep holes ;kmf ug{] sfo{ tyf
emf/kft pv]Ng] sfo{ ;d]t ug{' kb{5 .

-;+ef/ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] lgsf;_

#=@=@ :nf]ksf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/M

;8sdf oftfoft ;'rf? /fVg :nf]ksf] ;fdlos dd{t tyf ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;
cGtu{t Cracks l;n ug{], :nf]ksf] 8]l; ug{], Reshaping tyf ;kmf ug{], Netting ug{] / :nf]kdf
afof]OlGhlgol/ nufotsf sfo{x? ul/G5g\ .
:nf]kdf b]lvg] k|d'v ;d:ofdf s6fg klg kb{5 . :nf]kaf6 jiff{tsf] kfgL Psq eO{ aUgfn] /
:nf]kdf kof{Kt Vegetation Cover gx'gfn] s6fg x'g hfG5 . s6fg lgoGq0fsf nflu lgDg
pkfox? cjnDjg ul/G5 .
Catch-Drain agfpg] .
Berm agfpg] .
Embankments df Channel Drain agfpg] .
3Ff;sf] rk/L nufpg] .
af]6 la?jf pdfg]{ .
9'f 5fKg] .
Cut Slope sf] lsgf/f dfly df6f]sf] Bund agfP/ kfgLnfO{ :nf]k eP/ aUgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 .
o;/L Bund n] 5]s]/ Pslqt kfl/Psf] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf nu]/ tsf{pg' kb{5 . Bund df
3fF;kft, af]6la?jf nufpFbf yk ;'/Iff k|fKt x'g hfG5 .

sf] lsgf/f dfly Catch-Drain agfP/ :nf]kdf kfgL aUgaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o;/L
agfpFbf Cut Face sf] lsgf/faf6 w]/} glhs agfpg' x'Fb}g . Natural Contour x'Fb} Ditch sf]
/]vfg ul/Pdf / kfgL aUg cfjZos :nf]k lbOPdf l6sfp / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . Ditch sf]
lgsf;nfO{ 9'fn] Pitching u/]/ ;'/lIft kfg{' kb{5 . aiff{tdf Ditch sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f u/L
cfjZos dd{t ;d]t ug'{ kb{5 .
Cut Face
Ditch

df s6fg x'g glbg ;f]N8/sf] aflx/L lsgf/fdf Kerb/Channel Drain agfpg'

cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . ;8ssf] Gradient 7f8f] ePsf] v08df Chute/Cascade k|of]u u/L kfgL
tsf{pg] ul/G5 .
Embankment

:nf]knfO{ 3fF;sf] rk/L nufP/ s6fgaf6 s]xL xb;Dd ;'/lIft kfg{ ;lsG5 . 3fF;sf]
pknAw ubf{ h/f g;'s]sf] x'g' kg{] tkm{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 . :nf]kdf rk/L nufpFbf o;nfO{
7f]s]/ c8\ofpg' kb{5 . rk/L nufO{ ;s]kl5 To;nfO{ Tamping ug{' k5{ . 3fF; g;?Gh]n
:yfgdf kfgL 5s{g] ug{' kb{5 . o; l;nl;nfdf 3fF;sf] rk/L lemlsPsf] :yfg lau|g
;f]sf] 5gf}6 / cfaZos ;+/If0f tkm{ ;hu /xg' kb{5 .

rk/L
lsnf
o:tf]
glbg

df};d / df6f] pko'Qm ePdf 3fF;sf] lap 5/L pdf/]/ :nf]ksf] arfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 . pko'Qm
af]6 la?jf, df6f] / lap 5g{] ;do jf/] Bio-Engineering Manual df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
;fgf]
/
;+j]bgzLn
If]qdf
9'f
5fk]/
:nf]ksf]
;+/If0f
ug{
;lsG5 . 5fKg] 9'fsf] ?kdf !) b]lv @) s]=hL= jhgsf 9'fx? pko'Qm b]lvPsf 5g\ . ! M !=%
;Ddsf] :nf]kdf 9'f 5fKg] sfo{ k|efjsf/L kfO{Psf] 5 . cfjZostf cg';f/ 5flkPsf] 9'f dfly
l6Ksf/ jf Grouting ul/G5 . 7"nf ;fgf 9'f k|of]u u/L 5fKg] sfd ubf{ 7"nf] 9'fnfO{ df6f]df
uf8]/ Psgf;sf] ;tx agfpg' kb{5 .
;8s cf;kf;df klx/f]af6 cl:y/ x'g k'u]sf :nf]ksf] ;d]t dd{t ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos x'g
hfG5 . o;sf nflu lgDg pkfox? cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 M
:nf]ksf] Angle sd u/L Reshaping ug{] .
klx/f]sf] 9'f df6f] ;kmf u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf kmfNg] .
Gabion, Masonary, Cribwork, Concrete nufotsf ;fdu|Laf6 6]jf kvf{n agfpg] .
:nf]kdf Netting u/]/ o;sf] :yfloTj a9fpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ k/]sf] kfgLsf] yf]kfaf6 x'g]
s6fg (Slope Erosion) / k/]sf] kfgL aUbf x'g] s6fg (Reeling) sd ug{ / /f]lkPsf 3fF; kft /
af]6 la?jfnfO{ Moisture pknJw u/fpg d2t ldNg] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . o;sf cltl/Qm h'6 g]l6 s'lxFbf af]6 la?jfn] dn ;d]t k|fKt ub{5 .
:nf]k ;'/Iff ;DalGw yk hfgsf/L cfaZos ePdf
;lsG5 .

Geo-Environmental Unit

df ;Dks{ /fVg

-tf5\g' kg]{ kx/f / ;kmf ug'{kg]{

Rockfall)

#=@=# 6]jf kvf{nsf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/M

;8s If]q ;'/Iff cGtu{t k|of]u ePsf 6]jf kvf{ndf Uofljog tyf d];g/L kvf{nx? k|d'v 5g\
. Uofljog kvf{n lgdf{0fdf t'ngfTds ?kdf sd bIf sfdbf/ k|of]u x'g], o;af6 kfgL ;lhn}
lgsf; x'g] / ;fgf] ltgf] Slip Movement xF'bf nlrnf]kgf (Flexibility) sf] sf/0f kvf{ndf Iflt
gx'g] x'Fbf o; lsl;dsf] kvf{n k|z:t dfqfdf k|of]udf NofO{Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
Uofljog tf/sf] cfo' !% aif{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] lg/LIf0f tyf ;+ef/sf] qmddf tf/sf] cj:yf
/fd|f];Fu hfFRg' cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L kSsf hu e]l6Psf] 7fpFdf d];g/L kvf{n agfO{Psf 5g\ .
sfnf]kq] ;8sdf ;fdfGot ;8snfO{ 6]jf lbg] sfo{df d];g/L kvf{n / Cut/Fill nfO{ 6]jf lbg
Uofljog k|of]u ug'{ pko'St b]lvPsf] 5 .
;8s If]q ;'/Iff cGtu{t Crib wall tyf Concrete wall sf] k|of]u xfn;fn} z'? ul/Psf] 5 .
cfjZos rf}8fO{ pknAw ePsf] :yfgdf Crib wall k|efasf/L kfO{Psf] 5 . ;+ef/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6
Concrete wall Hofb} pko'St kfO{Psf] 5 . hu / :nf]k ;DalGw ;d:of b]lvPdf cfaZos
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu Geo-Environmental Unit df ;Dks{ /fVg ;lsG5 .
6]jf kvf{nsf] dd{t ;'wf/ lgDgfg';f/ ug{' kb{5 .
6]jf kvf{nsf] Back-fill w;]sf] eP pko'Qm Material n] ;f] e/L w'd'{;n] Compaction ug{' kb{5
.
6]jf kvf{nsf] Base df kfgLn] Scour u/]sf] eP Scour ePsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ ;f] x'g glbg
pko'Qm Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu 6]jf kvf{nsf] Base df cfpg] kfgL tsf{pg] jf
Base df cj:yf x]/L Gabion Mattress, Stone Pitching jf d];g/L Pk|f]g agfpg ;lsG5 .

 Uofljog afs;sf] tf/ r'Fl9Psf] jf af+w]sf] 7fFp k'ml:sPsf] eP pko'Qm ;fOhsf] Uofljog
tf/n] afFwL dd{t ug{' kb{5 .
sxLF sxLF ;8s l5d]sLn] Uofljog hfnL sf6L 9'f tyf tf/ n}hfg] u/]sf] ;d]t kfOPsf] 5
. To:tf] cj:yfdf pko'Qm ;fOhsf] gof+ Uofljog afs;df 9'f e/L lalu|Psf] Uofljog
afs;sf] k'gM lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 .
Uofljog 6]jf kvf{n n8]sf] jf n8\g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] eP k'gM lgdf{0fsf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug{' k5{
.
d];g/L 6]jf kvf{nsf] dd{t sfo{ bkmf @=@=@=% df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ug{' kb{5 .
6]jf kvf{n lgdf{0fsf] qmddf kvf{nsf] End nfO{ :nf]ksf] :yfoL efu;Dd k'ofP/ aGb ug'{kg]{df
s]xL :yfgdf To;f] gu/L v'nf 5f]8\g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . s]xL :yfgdf kvf{nsf] nDafO{ ;d]t
a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 6]jf lbOPsf] 9'f df6f] ;fO{8af6 v:g uO{ 6]jf
kvf{nsf] k|efjsfl/tf 36\g hfG5 . o; lsl;dsf] End tie ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] 6]jf kvf{n lrqdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 .

(End tie

ug'{ kg]{ 6]jf kvf{n_

#=@=$= gbL lgoGq0f tyf lsgf/f arfj6 ;DalGw sfo{sf]

;+ef/M
g]kfndf gbL lsgf/f x'Fb} hfg] ;8s / ;f] sf] nDafO{ pNn]Vo /x]sf] x'Fbf o; lsl;dsf ;8sdf
gbL lgoGq0f tyf lsgf/f arfj6 sfo{ la:t[t ?kdf ckgfOPsf] 5 . o:tf ;8snfO{ ;'rf?
/fVg o;/L lgld{t ;'/IffTds sfo{x?sf] ;do ;dodf lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos ;+ef/ x'g' kb{5 .
laz]if u/L aiff{ofddf gbLdf kfgLsf] axfj cTolws a9\g uO{ ;'/IffTds sfo{sf sdhf]/
efux?nfO{ laufb}{ ;8snfO{ ;d]t Iflt k'ofpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] aiff{t z'? x'g' cufj} o:tf
sfo{x?sf] lg/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L ;Def/ ;d]t u/L ;Sg' cfjZos x'G5 . To;} u/L aiff{ofd e/L
g} ;3g tyf lgoldt ?kdf gbL lgoGq0f tyf lsgf/f arfj6 ;+/rgfx?sf] lg/LIf0f u/L
tTsfn cfjZos ;+ef/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lg/LIf0f ubf{ lautdf lgld{t gbL lgoGq0f tyf lsgf/f
arfj6 sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ To;df ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ af/] ;d]t /fd|/L cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg
k]z ug'{ kb{5 . lg/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf ;8s If]q ;'/Iff cGtu{t ;+ef/ x'g g;Sg] Iflt
b]lvPdf cfjZos sfjf{xLsf] nflu tTsfn l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb{5 .
gbL lgoGq0f tyf lsgf/f arfj6 sfo{sf] nflu Spurs, Revetment wall, Dikes, Bunds cflb
k|of]u x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . logLx?sf] lgdf{0fdf d];g/L kvf{n, Uoflaog afs;, Plum Concrete,
RCC Blocks k|d'v ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L Dikes/ Bunds sf] nflu Stone
Pitching jf Gabion Mattress Cover ;lxtsf] Earthen Embankment klg agfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .

-;+ef/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] lsgf/f arfj6_

d];g/L, Uoflaog tyf s+qmL6af6 lgld{t gbL lgoGq0f tyf lsgf/f arfj6 sfo{sf] ;+ef/ tyf
;'wf/ ;8s ;+ef/ bkmf #=@=@ df pNn]v ul/Psf] t/Lsf ckgfO{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .

#=@=% jfof] Ol~hlgol/ sfo{sf] ;+ef/

jfof] Ol~hlgol/ sfo{sf] /f]syfdd"ns ;+ef/ cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x? kb{5g\ .

?v (Tree) tyf a'f (Shrubs) x? ktNofpg] sfo{ (Thinning of Shrubs and trees)
?v lj?jfsf xfFuf ljFuf 5f6\g] sfo{ (Pruning)
Vegetative Structure x? (Palisades, Fascing, Brush Layering and Turf) sf] dd{t sfo{ .
lj?jf yKg] sfo{ (Vegetation Enrichment)
cgfjZos ?v x6fpg] (Removal of Unwanted Shrubs and Trees)
jfof] Ol~hlgol/ sfo{ cGtu{t nufOPsf ?v a'fx? a9L afSnf] ePdf a9L ePsf ?v lj?jf
pv]nL ktNofpg' kb{5 . cyjf lj?jf a9L emfFluPdf xfFuf ljFuf 5fF6\g' kb{5 . o;f] xF'bf ;"o{sf]
k|sfz l5g{ kfpF5 / lj?jf /fd|f];+u a9\g kfFp5 .
Vegetative Structure h:t} Palisades, Fascines, Brush Layering ul/Psf] Site x? k|To]s ^^
dlxgfdf lg/LIf0f u/L dd{t ug{' kg{] eP dg;'gsf] ;dodf dd{t ug{' kb{5 . 3fF; tyf ?v
lj?jf yKg] sfo{ klxn] /f]lkPsf lj?jfsf] lardf jf Site sf] vfnL efudf ug'{ kb{5 . lj?jf
/f]Kg] / cgfjZos ?v lj?jf x6fpg] (Removal of Unwanted Shrubs and Trees) sfo{ cGtu{t
lgDg cj:yfsf] ?v lj?jf ;fO6jf6 x6fpg' kb{5 .
;'ls;s]sf] jf n8\g nfu]sf] ?v
8fOe/sf] Sight Line jf Traffic nfO{ cj/f]w ug{] ?v
Steep :nf]knfO{ Surcharge lbO/x]sf] ?v
?v tyf a'f ktNofpg] sfo{qmddf k/]sf] ?v
;8s km/flsnf] agfpFbf x6fpg' kg{] ?v

pk/f]Qm jfof] Ol~hlgol/ sfo{, /f]syfdd"ns ;+ef/ sfo{ jf/] ;8s laefu, e'jftfj/0f
OsfO{af6 k|sflzt Maintenance of Road side Vegetation ljifos lgb{]lzsfdf lj:t[t ?kdf
lbOPsf] 5 .

efu $M cfsl:ds ;+ef/

;8s aGb ePsf]df jf aGb x'g] vt/f pTkGg ePaf6 >[hgf ePsf] cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] ;fdgf
ug{ ckgfpg] ;+ef/ ;DjlGw sfo{x?nfO cfsl:ds ;+ef/ elgG5 . o; cGtu{t ;s];Dd l56f]
oftfoft ;+rfng u/fpg HofdL jf d]l;g k|of]u u/L af6f] vf]Ng] sfo{, c:yfoL 8fOe;{g
agfpg] sfo{, ;8ssf] yk Iflt x'g glbg tTsfn ul/g] arfj6 sfo{, klx/f] ;kmf ug{] sfo{,
:nf]ksf] Crack 5f]Kg] sfo{ nufotsf ;+ef/ sfo{x? ul/G5g\ .

$=! lg/LIf0f tyf k|ltj]bg

7"nf] jiff{, xfjf, x'/Lsf] nut} kl5 ;8ssf] cj:yfsf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L lg/LIf0f ubf{
;8s aGb ePsf] kfOPdf lgDg s'/fx? k|i6 pNn]v u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{' kb{5 .
;8s cj?4 ePsf] :yfgsf] l:ylt
cj/f]wsf] k|s[lt / 6flkms vf]Ng tTsfn ug{' kg{] sfo{
6flkms vf]Ng nfUg] cg'dflgt ;do / nfut

 ;+efJo a}slNks af6f]x?

o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg t'?Gt dflyNnf] clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug{' kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf]
k|ltj]bg k|fKt x'gf;fy ;DjlGwt dflyNnf] lgsfon] cfjZostf cg';f/ af6f] cj/f]w ePsf],
af6f] v'Ng nfUg] ;do / k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] a}slNks af6f] ;d]tsf] ;'rgf ;fj{hlgs ;+rf/sf
;fwg dfkm{t ofq'ju{nfO{ lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

$=@ k]ed]G6 dd{t tyf ;kmfO{ ug{] sfo{M

cfsl:ds sfo{ cGtu{t 6flkms vf]Ng] sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf]
nflu oftfoft ;+rfng;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;DjlGwt k]ed]G6df ePsf cj/f]w ;kmf ug{] / 6flkms
rNg g;Sg] u/L k'Ug uPsf IfltnfO{ tTsfn c:yfoL dd{t u/L 6flkms ;+rfng u/fpg]
sfo{x? kb{5g\ .
cfsl:ds sfo{ z'? ug{sf] nflu cj?4 ;8s v08sf] b'j} tkm{ ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg
c:yfoL
;8s
cj/f]w
tyf
;jf/L ;+s]t /fVg] sfd ug{' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} ;Dej eP;Dd pknJw a}slNks dfu{
af/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .
cfsl:ds sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf ;j{k|yd klx/f] ;kmf u/L af6f] vf]Ng] sfd ul/G5 . klx/f] ;kmf
u/] kl5 k]ed]G6df k'Ug uPsf] IfltnfO{ c:yfoL dd{t u/L oftfoft vf]Ng' kb{5 . klx/f] cem}
;lqmo 5 eg] To;af6 oftfoftsf ;fwg tyf ;jf/LnfO{ Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg cfjZos
dfqfdf

;fjwfgLsf ;+s]tx? /fVg' h?/L x'G5 .

-oftfoft vf]Ng ;kmf ug{' kg{] klx/f]_

obfsbf Sof/]hj]df ;jf/L ;fwg-x?_ b'3{6gfu|:t eO{ oftfoft ;+rfngdf cj/f]w k'ofO/x]sf
x'G5g\ . o;/L Ifltu|:t afxgn] ubf{ ;8s aGb ePdf jf jfwf k/]df cfjZos k|x/L hfFr
;DkGg x'gf ;fy o:tf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ lsgf/f nufO{ af6f] vf]nL oftfoft ;+rfng u/fpg'
kb{5 . b'3{6gfdf Ifltu|:t uf8Ln] s'g} klg xfntdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;8sdf oftfoft cj?4
x'g glbg / oftfoft ;+rfngdf afwf k'Ug glbg cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg{]5 .

-;8saf6 x6fpg' kg{] cj:yfsf] b'3{6gfu|:t afxg_

$=# ODAofd]G6 dd{tM

jf9L, klx/f] jf cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 ODAofd]G6df Iflt k'Ug uO{ oftfoft cj?4 ePdf jf aGb
x'g ;Sg] vt/f a9]df cfsl:ds sfo{ cGtu{t ;f] sf] t'?Gt dd{t ug{' kb{5 . o;/L ul/g] dd{t
c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] x'g]5 / o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo tTsfn af6f] vf]Ng' /xg]5 . cfsl:ds cj:yf
x6]kl5 :yfoL dd{tsf] nflu lj:t[t lg/LIf0f u/L ;f] ;DjlGw k|s[of cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 .
ODAofd]G6df Iflt k'ofpg] sf/0fx? dWo] gbL klg k|d'v ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . gbLsf] s6fgaf6
ODAofd]G6 Ifltu|:t eO{ af6f] aGb x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]df ;j{k|yd gbLsf] axfjnfO{ yk Iflt
k'ofpg glbg] / qmdzM 6f9f tsf{pg] sfo{ ug{' kb{5 . gbL lgoGq0f jf 6]lg sfo{sf] Aoj:yf
u/]/ jxfjnfO{ tsf{O ;s]kl5 s6fgaf6 Iflt k'u]sf] ODAofd]G6sf] cfjZos Go"gtd dd{t u/]/
oftfoft ;'rf? /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
:nf]ksf] cl:y/tfsf] sf/0faf6 klg ODAofd]G6df Iflt k'Ug uO{ oftfoftdf cj/f]w k'Ug ;Sb5
. o:tf] cj:yfdf k|fyldstf ;fy kfgL tsf{pg] / ODAofd]G6df yk Iflt x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf
zL3|| ldnfpg' kb{5 . ODAofd]G6 Ifltu|:t eO{ Sofl/hj]af6 oftfoft rNg g;s]df tTsfn
c:yfO{ ?kdf ;'Vvf 9'f, Uofljog afs; cflbsf] d2tn] Go"gtd rf}8fO{ k'ofO{ oftfoft
;+rfng u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . ODAofd]G6df Cracks aGg uPdf To;af6 kfgL l5/]/ yk Iflt
k'ofpF5 . o;nfO{ /f]Sg tTsfn Crack nfO{ eg{] / kfgL l5g{ glbg kfgL tsf{pg] tyf
nfO{ Impervious Cover n] 9fSg] sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'g hfG5 .

-tTsfn Wofg lbg'kg{] ODAofd]G6sf] Iflt_

$=$

Cut Slope dd{t

Crack

df Iflt k'Ug uO{ oftfoft cj/f]w x'g] vt/f b]lvPdf cfsl:ds dd{t sfo{ ;+rfng
u/L ;f] sf] /f]syfd ug{' kg{] x'G5 . Cut Slope lau|g'df Crack x? b]vf kg{' gfnf tyf 6]jf
kvf{nn]] /fd|/L sfd ug{ g;Sg' cflb x'g ;S5g\ .
Cut Slope

df b]lvPsf] Cracks nfO{ kfgL l5g{ g;Sg] u/L eg{' jf 9fSg' k5{ . Catch-drain
y'lgP/ :nf]kdf kfgL aUg yfn]sf] 5 eg] tTsfn ;kmf u/]/ :nf]knfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .
6]jfkvf{n Ifltu|:t eO{ :nf]k eTsg yfn]df Overburden x6fpg] / c:yfoL ?kdf Toe Wall jf
6]jf kvf{n agfpg] sfd u/]/ :nf]knfO{ yk lau|gaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 .
Cut Slope

$=% 8fOe;{g lgdf{0f

k'n jf af6f]sf] s'g} efu eTs]/ ToxfFaf6 tTsfn oftfoft rnfpg g;lsg] cj:yf >[hgf
ePdf 8fOe;{gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ug{' cfjZos kb{5 . o;/L 8fOe;{g lgdf{0f
u/L tTsfn af6f] vf]Ng ;lsG5 eg] ;f] sfd cfsl:ds lgdf{0f cGtu{t ul/G5 . 8fOe;{gsf]
Geometry tyf ;tx Go"g:t/sf] ePdf s'g} cfklQ x'+b}+g t/ o;sf] bfofF afofF b'a} tkm{ kof{Kt
dfqfdf ;fjwfgLsf ;+s]t, ult ;Ldf ;+s]t / Speed Breakers /fvL b'3{6gf gx'g] Joj:yf
ldnfpg' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} d'Vo ;8ssf] Ifltu|:t efu tkm{ cfjZos dfqfdf cj/f]w
tyf ;+s]t lrGx /fvL oftfoft hfg g;Sg] af/] clu|d hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;
;DjGwdf /ftL ofqf ug{] oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] nflu ;d]t kof{Kt hfgsf/L pknJw u/fP/
b'3{6gfsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ Go"g kfg'{ kb{5 .
eTs]sf] k'n jf ;8s v08df tTsfn dd{t u/L af6f] vf]Ng / 8fOe;{g agfpg g;lsg]
cj:yf ePdf o:tf] efudf c:yfoL Bridging u/L oftfoft ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgfsf]
vf]hL ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu Bailey Panels pko'Qm ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
sf7, s+qmL6 kf]n, s+qmL6 kfO{k jf cGo s'g} :yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 Bridging ug{ ;lsG5 eg]
To;sf] nflu klg k|of; ug{' cfjZos 5 . t/ eTs]sf] af6f] jf k'nsf] Span nfO{ c:yfoL
Bridging ug{] l;nl;nfdf k"0f{ ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt kfg{' kb{5 . o;sf] cnfjf 6flkms lrGx, ;+rfng
ug{sf] nflu ;'/IffTds cj/f]w tyf pknJw x'g ;s] aQL ;d]tsf] ;d'lrt k|jGw ldnfpg' clt
cfjZos b]lvG5 .

$=^ cfsl:ds cj:yfdf 6flkms Joj:yfkg

af9L k}/f] jf cGo s'g} k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] sf/0fn] ;8s aGb eO{ cfsl:ds sfo{ ;+rfng ug{'
kbf{ 6flkms Joj:yfkgdf laz]if Wofg k'ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 . /f]lsP/ a;]sf uf8Laf6 af6f]
l56f] vf]Ng bafj kg{] ub{5 . af6f] aGb ePsf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 k|efjsf/L ta/n] k|;f/
u/L a}slNks af6f] pknJw eP ;f] af/] ;d]t ;dodf hfgsf/L lbg ;lsPdf o; lsl;dsf]
rfknfO{ sd u/fpg ;lsG5 .
;8s aGb ePdf jf tTsfn aGb x'g ;Sg] vt/f b]lvPdf ;8s k|of]ustf{nfO{ o;af/] oyf;So
rfF8f] ;"rgf lbg h?/L x'G5 . o;sf] nflu ;d:ofsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f ;lxt dflyNnf] clwsf/L
;dIf l56f] ;fwgf/f l/kf]6{ ul/g' kb{5 .

;8s aGb ePdf ;f] af/] ;xL hfgsf/L lbg cfjZos dfqfdf ;+s]t lrGxx? /fVg' kb{5 .
;+s]t lrGx cfjZos b'/Ldf /fv]/ uf8L /f]Sg cu|Ld ;"rgf lbgfn] sfo{:yndf le8 sd x'g u}
;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 To;} u/L Ps n]gaf6 dfq oftfoft ;+rfng ug{
;lsPdf 6flkms k|x/Lsf] ;d]t d2t lnO{ oy]i6 ;+s]t, aQL tyf Watch man sf] Joj:yf u/]/
6flkms ;+rfng ug{' kb{5 .
;8s aGb ePsf] /]s8{ ;+sng u/L lglb{i6 kmf/fddf e/]/ dflyNnf] sfof{nodf k7fpg' kb{5 .
o;/L pknJw u/fpg] Road Closure ;DjlGw ljj/0faf6 cfsl:ds sfo{ ;+rfngdf / cfufdL
jif{x?sf] nflu of]hgf th{'df ug{ tyf Strategic Location df d]l;g cf}hf/ / hgzlQmsf]
;dod} Joj:yf ug{ ;d]t laz]if ?kdf ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

$=& k'n k'n];fsf] cfsl:ds ;+ef/

oftfoft rNg g;Sg] u/L k'n k'n];f lau|]df jf tNsfn ;+ef/ gul/+bf oftfoft aGb x'g]
cj:yf b]lvPdf pRr k|fyldstf ;fy cfsl:ds ;+ef/ ug'{ kb{5 . o; cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x?
ug'{ kg]{ x'g;S5 .
k'n k'n];fsf] Waterway df xfFuf laFuf, emf/kft / 9'f d'9f hDdf eO{ y'lgg nfu]sf] kfO{Pdf
tTsfn ;f] ;kmf u/L Waterway v'Nnf ug'{ kb{5 .
k'n k'n];fsf] Ps n]gaf6 dfq oftfoft ;+rfng x'g ;Sg] ePdf cfjZos ;+s]t, ;'/Iff
sf]g, Barrier, aQL / Flag-Men /fvL ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ Aoj:yf ldnfP/ 6flkms Aoj:yfkg
u/L Ps n]g ;8saf6 oftfoft ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

-k'n / Pk|f]r aLrsf] aGb ug{'{ kg{] vfnL :yfg_

k'n k'n];faf6 oftfoft ;+rfng x'g g;Sg] ePdf jf oftfoft rNg lbg' hf]lvdk"0f{ b]lvPdf
Barrier / aQL /fv]/ ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;Dej ePdf c:yfoL Crossing agfpg] jf

To;f] ug{ g;lsPdf Diversion agfO{ oftfoft ;+rfng ug{] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L /flvg]
Barrier kof{Kt dfqfdf dha't x'g' kg{]5 .
Diversion af6 oftfoft ;+rfng ubf{ /ftLsf] nflu ;'/Iffsf] laz]if Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
8fOe;{gsf] k|j]zdf Smooth Transition x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 eg] Dust Nuisance x'g glbg
Visibility
k'Ug]
Joj:yf
;d]t
ug{'
cfjZos
/
kof{Kt
x'G5 . 8fOe;{g k|of]u ug{] ;jf/L ;fwg tyf ofq'sf] ;'/Iff Wofgdf /fvL lsgf/fdf ;+s]t
lrGx, ufO{8 kf]i6 cflb /fVg] / /fte/ aQL aNg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . Ps n]gsf]
8fOe;{g dfq agfpg ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf ;8ssf] dxTj / ;jf/L 3gTj x]/L b'j} tkm{ Flagman / ;Dej ePdf 6flkms k|x/L ;d]t pknJw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos kb{5 .
b'3{6gf, b}aL k|sf]k jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] eTsg k'u]sf k'nsf ;'/IffTds cj/f]w, /]ln,
Kof/fk]6 cflbsf] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;+ef/ u/L b'3{6gf Pj+ yk Iflt x'gaf6 arfj6 ug'{ kb{5
.
k'n k'n];f lau|]/ oftfoft cj?4 ePdf ;f] ;DjlGw ;"rgf Ifltu|:t If]qsf] b'a} tkm{ cfjZos
b"/Ldf t'?Gt /fVg' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} cj/f]w ;DjlGw ;"rgf ;8s k|of]ustf{nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg] x]t'n] dflyNnf] lgsfodf oyfzSo rfF8f] cfjfudg aGb kmf/fd e/L k7fpg' kg{]5 .
Ifltsf] la:t[t ljj/0f / cfsl:ds sfo{sf] nflu ul/g' kg{] sfdsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f ;d]t tof/
u/L
l/kf]6{ ugf{n] cfsl:ds tyf k'g:yf{kg sfo{sf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog tyf d'Nofg ug{ ;3fp
k'Ub5 .
k'n Iflt u|:t eO{ 8fOe;{gaf6 oftfoft ;+rfng ubf{ k|of]u x'g ;Sg] ;'/IffTds k|aGw
;DjlGw /]vf lrq tn b]vfOPsf] 5 .

-8fOe;{gaf6 oftfoft rnfpFbf ckgfpg' kg{] ;'/Iff k|aGw_

k'n ;+ef/ ;DjlGw ljljw kIf af/] la:t[t hfgsf/L efu %M k'n ;+ef/df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

efu %M k'nsf] ;+ef/

k'n eGgfn] ^ dL6/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L :kfg ePsf] qm;8]g]h ;+/rgfnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] ^ dL6/
eGbf sd :kfg ePsf]nfO{ k'n];f (Culvert) elgG5 . k'nx? ;8ssf dxTjk"0f{, ;+j]bgzLn tyf
dx+uf ;+/rgf ePsfn] logLx?sf] ;+ef/ sfo{df laz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0f ;+ef/ sfo{sf]
cefjdf lgs6 eljiodf 7"nf] dd{t sfo{ lgDTofpg ;Sg] x'gfn] k'nx?sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f u/L
;+ef/ sfo{sf] of]hgf ug{' kb{5 .

%=! k'nsf] lg/LIf0fM

k'nsf] lg/LIf0f t/Lsf tyf k|s[of ;8s laefu, k'n OsfO{af6 k|sflzt Procedure for the
Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges df la:t[t ?kdf lbOPsf] 5 . ;8s -k'n_ k|of]ustf{sf]
;'/Iff ug{, lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{sf] sfo{qmd agfpg / yk ;+ef/ sfo{sf] k|fyldstf to ug{sf]
nflu l8lehg ;8s sfof{non] k'nsf] lgoldt lgl/If0f sfo{ ug{' kb{5 . k'nsf] lg/LIf0f sfo{
rf/ lsl;dsf 5g\ .
;txL (Superficial)
lgoldt (Routine)
k|d'v (Principal)
laz]if (Special)
k'nsf] ;txL tyf lgoldt lg/LIf0f l8lehgn] ug{' kb{5 t/ k|d'v tyf ljz]if lgl/If0f eg] k'n
OsfO{af6 ul/G5 .

%=!=! ;txL lg/LIf0f

(Superficial Inspection):

;txL lg/LIf0f cGt/ut Iflt jf k|i6 b]lvg] v/fjLx?sf] ;/;tL{ lgl/If0f ul/G5 . To:tf Iflt
jf v/fjLn] pRr ;+ef/ vr{ jf b'3{6gf lgDTofpg ;S5 . s'g} klg k'ndf t'?Gt} Wofg lbg' kg{]
s'g} s'/f b]lvPdf -pbfx/0fsf] nfuL ;jf/L ;fwgsf] Impact Damage, af9Laf6 ePsf] Iflt jf
c;'/IfLt Expansion Joint Plate) ;f] jf/]df k|ltj]bg jf vj/ lbg dd{t l8lehgsf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|]l/t ug{' kb{5 . ;txL lg/LIf0f l8lehgsf] s'g} vf; sd{rf/Ldf dfq} l;ldt
x'+b}g . ;8s tyf k'n dd{tdf ;Dj4 hf] sf]xLn] ofqf ubf{ k'ndf s'g} c;fdfGotf b]v]df
l8lehg k|d'v jf l8lehgsf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ vj/ ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf sfo{n] lgoldt
lg/LIf0fsf] larsf] cjlwdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] u+eL/ ;d:ofaf6 k'nnfO{ arfpg ;xof]u ldNb5 .
;txL lgl/If0f k'nsf] 5]p5fpdf cGo sfo{sf] nflu uPsf] avt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf]nflu
;fwf/0ftof laz]if Site Visit ul/ /fVg' kb{}g . ;txL lg/LIf0f sfo{ lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofsf] Ps
c+u xf] . of] lg/LIf0f sfo{ s'g} Access Equipment lagf e'+O{ tyf 8]s ;txaf6 u/] k'U5 .
;txL lg/LIf0fsf] r]s lni6 lgDg adf]lhd 5 .
gbLn] wf/ kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 ls <
gbLn] k'nsf] cf;kf; Scour tyf Erosion u/]sf] 5ls < jf Silting eO{ Waterway sd ePsf]
5 ls <
Pj'6d]G6 tyf lko/df Scour ePsf] 5 ls <
k'nsf] @)) dL6/ tn jf dflysf] b'/L leqaf6 afn'jf, u|fe]n, 9'f lgsflnPsf] 5 ls <
vf]nfdf y'g 5]s u/L Waterway sd ePsf] 5 ls <
Movement Joint df Gap Sealant 5 5}g jf s:tf] cj:yfdf 5 <
k'nsf] s'g} ;+/rgfsf] g6 jf]N6 v's'nf] ePsf] jf x/fPsf] 5 ls <
k'nsf] 8]s ;txdf Cracks, Deformations jf k6xf]n 5g\ ls <
Expansion Joint Wear, Damage jf Deformation ePsf 5g\ ls <
Expansion Joint df kmf]xf]/, df6f], w'nf] hd]/ hfd ePsf] 5 ls <
Expansion Joint df cfjZos Clearance 5 5}g <
ljol/ ;txdf lvof (Corrosion) nfu]sf] 5 ls <
ljol/df Deterioration, Bulging, Tearing, Flattening jf c;fdfGo Deformation ePsf] 5 ls
<
e'sDk k|lt/f]ws (Earthquake Restraint) sf] Steel Section x? Deform ePsf jf lvof nfu]sf
5g\ ls <
r]s 8\ofd Scour sf] sf/0fn] elTsg ;Sg] l:yltdf 5 ls <
k'nsf] /]ln, kf/fk]6 Ifltu|:t ePsf] 5 ls <
pk/f]Qm jfx]s k'nnfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] c? s'g} v/fjL b]lvPdf klg pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
pk/f]Qm r]s lni6df pNn]v ePsf ;j} cfO6dx? cfFvfn] -s'g} oGq jf kx'Fr ;fwg k|of]u
gu/L_ ;txL ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L ;txL lgl/If0f k|ltj]bg (Superficial Inspection Report) eg{'
kb{5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgn] k'ndf ug{' kg{] dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{sf] jflif{s sfo{s|d agfpg, dd{t jh]6
dfu ug{ d2t ub{5 .

;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf Standard Rating System k|of]u ul/Gg / k|ltj]bg 5f]6s/Ldf n]v]/
tof/ ul/G5 . ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] gd"gf kmf/fd ;8s laefu k'n OsfO{af6 k|sflzt
Procedure for the Inspection and Maintenance of Bridge df lbOPsf] 5 .

-dd{tsf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug{' kg{] Ifltu|:t /]ln_

%=!=@ lgoldt lg/LIf0f

(Routine Inspection):

o; lsl;dsf] lg/LIf0f l8lehg sfof{noaf6 slDtdf jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 . d"ntM of]
Visual lg/LIf0f xf], h:df s]xL gfkL ;d]t lnOG5 . of] ;fdfGotof kfgLsf] ;tx sd ePsf]
;dodf ul/G5 tfls Substructure, gbLsf] kL+w (River Bed) / cGo s'g} Bed ;+/If0f sfo{ x]g{
;lsof]; .
k'n 5]psf] ;8s, ;f] sf] Cut Slope / Fill Slope, ;fO8 8]g cflb Ifltu|:t ePdf k'nsf]
:yfoLTjdf c;/ kg{] ePsf]n] ;f] sf] lgl/If0f klg lgoldt lg/LIf0fdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . 5]p
5fpsf gbL lsgf/fx?df Scour ePdf jf Debris y'lk|Pdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] ;f]
jf/]df klg hfFr ug{' kb{5 .
lgoldt lgl/If0f sfo{ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lgoldt lgl/If0fsf kl/0ffdx?n] l8lehgnfO{ jflif{s
k'n ;+ef/ sfo{sf] of]hgf to ug{ d2t ub{5 . plrt ;dodf ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f tyf
/f]syfdd"ns ;+ef/ sfo{n] /fli6o ;DklQsf] hu]gf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fwf/0f kx'+r ;fwg -h:tf] eof_nfO{ kxF'rsf] b[li6n] sl7g efu (Less Accessible Parts) df
k'Ug a]nf a]nfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . eofsf] d2taf6 klg gk'lug] efu lgl/If0f ug{
b'/aLgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} ;d:of gk/];Dd jf ;f] sf] cfzf geP;Dd Hofb} ckx'+r

efu Principal Inspection sf] nflu 5f]8\g ;lsG5 . ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] jvtdf yk kx'Fr
;fwg pknJw u/]/ eP klg lgl/If0f ;DkGg ug{' kb{5 .
lgoldt lg/LIf0fsf] r]s lni6 lg/LIf0f kmf/ddf g} ;dflji6 ePsf]n] oxf+ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .
lgoldt lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg kmf/fd ;8s laefu k'n OsfO{af6 k|sflzt Procedure for the
Inspection and Maintenance of Bridge df lbOPsf] 5 . lgoldt lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf k'nsf]
laleGg efusf] cj:yf (Condition), dfqf (Extent) / h?/Lkg (Urgency) sf] Rating ug{' k5{ .
s:tf] cj:yfdf slt Rating ug{] cflb jf/] klg dfyL pNn]lvt k'l:tsfdf lj:t[t ?kdf lbOPsf]
5.

%=!=# k|d'v lg/LIf0f (Principal Inspection):

of] of]hgfj4 cfjlws lg/LIf0f sfo{ xf] . o;df a9L lj:t[t ?kdf glhs}af6 ;+/rgfsf]
lg/LIf0f ul/G5, h:df k|foh;f] lglZrt dfqfdf Non-destructive kl/If0f ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
o;
k|sf/sf] lg/LIf0f sfo{ ;8s laefu, k'n OsfO{af6 x/]s %^ jif{sf] cGt/fndf ug{] ul/G5 .

%=!=$ laz]if lg/LIf0f

(Special Inspection):

laz]if lg/LIf0f laz]if kl/l:yltdf dfq ul/G5 . ;+/rgfdf s'g} ;d:of cfPdf ;f] sf] cg';Gwfg
ug{ jf ;+/rgf hf]lvd cj:yfdf ePdf jf s'g} 7"nf] jf9L, b'3{6gf jf e'+Orfnf] cfPdf jf
c;fdfGo ef/L jhg k'naf6 kf; u/fpg k/]df laz]if lg/LIf0f ul/G5 . t;y{ o; k|sf/sf]
lg/LIf0f sfo{sf] ;do cGt/fn (Frequency) tyf lg/LIfs kl/l:ylt cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g
;S5 . o; k|sf/sf] lg/LIf0f sfo{ klg ;8s laefu k'n OsfO{af6} ul/g] x'Fbf oxfF lj:t[t ?kdf
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g .
%=@ k'nsf] lgoldt ;+ef/M
k'nsf] lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{nfO{ dd{t sfo{sf] ?kdf glnP/ k'nsf] ;le{l;sf] ?kdf lng' kb{5 .
To;}n] ;+/rgfsf] s'g} efu km]g{] (Renewal) sfo{ of]hgfj4 ;+/rgf ;+ef/ (Planned Structural
Maintenance) sfo{s|d cGtu{t ug{' kb{5 . oxfF lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{ slt cGt/fndf ug{] /
;+/rgfsf] s'g} tTj jf efusf] ;+ef/ sfo{ s;/L ug{] egL k|s[of ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/
tL k|s[of ;j} kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm gx'g ;Sg] ePsfn] :yflgo cj:yf cg';f/ / k|To]s
;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ldNg] u/L ;f] df ;'wf/ ug{' kg{] x'g ;S5 .
l8lehgx?n] lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{sf] cfO6dx?dWo] pko'Qm x'g] vfnsf cfO6dx? k|To]s
;+/rgfsf] nflu klxrfg u/L sfo{sf] ;"lr tof/ ug{' kb{5 . ;f] ;"lr ;+ef/ lgb{]lzsfdf jf
l8lehgsf] k'nsf] 8f6f j]zdf kmfOln ug{' kb{5 . ;8s laefu k'n OsfO{af6 k|sflzt
Procedure for the Inspection and Maintenance of Bridge df vr{sf] nfut lgsfNg] tl/sf ;d]t
lbOPsf] 5 . o; ;DjGwdf yk ;xof]u cfjZos k/]df k'n OsfO{af6 lng ;lsG5 .

lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{sf] ;dodf ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;d]t eg{' kb{5 / u+eL/ k|s[ltsf] s]xL
v/fjL b]lvPdf l8lehg k|d'vnfO{ t'?Gt vj/ ug{' kb{5 . lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{ cGt/ut gkg{]
;;fgf v/fjLx? ;txL lg/LIf0fsf] jvt klxrfg u/L Minor Repair Works Estimate kmf/fddf
eg{' kb{5 . o:tf] dd{t sfo{ dd{t jh]6sf] sf]ifaf6 ;8s laefu k'n OsfO{af6 k|sflzt
Guideline
for
Minor
Repair
Works
on
Highway
Structures
d'tflas ug{'
kb{5 .
%=@=! k'nx?sf]

Waterway sf]

lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

laz]if u/L lko/ tyf Pj'6d]G6sf] jl/kl/, ltgLx?sf] jLrdf ePsf] ?v tyf xfFufljFuf,
Debris / emf/kftx? x6fpg] .
gof+ Scour tyf Erosion x? ePdf ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
River Bed Material Deposition ePsf] eP ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
gbLsf] wf/ kl/jt{g ePsf] eP ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
k'nsf] @)) dL6/ dfly tyf tnaf6 afn'jf jf u|fe]n lgsflnPsf] eP ;txL lg/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
;+ef/ ;do dg;'g z'? x'g' cl3 Ho]i7cfiff9 lt/ jf dg;'g kl5 gbL gfnf 36]sf] a]nf
;'Vvf ofddf c;f]hsflt{s lt/ .
;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf ;+ef/ sfo{ slDtdf jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

-;+/If0f sfo{sf] nflu l/kf{]6 ug{' kg{] k'n

glhssf] Bank Erosion_

%=@=@ k'nx?sf] ;j:6Sr/sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

leQfdf n]lvPsf gf/f tyf 6fFl;Psf kf]i6/x?

(Graffiti)

x6fpg] .

lko/ tyf Pj'6\d]G6df s'g} jg:klt la?jf pd|]sf] eP x6fpg] .

ljol/ Shelves tyf k'nsf] ;txaf6 Debris x6fpg] .
8]g]h Rofg]n ;kmf ug{] .
8]g]h kfOkdf hDdf ePsf] l;N6 / Debris x6fO{ ;kmf ug{] .
ljjfn tyf l/6]gL jfnsf] Weep hole ;kmf ug{] .
Movement Joint sf] Gap Sealant gePdf jf lau]|sf] eP ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ug{] .
;+ef/ ;do kft em/]kl5 / dg;'g z'? x'g' cl3 ;j} 8]g ;kmf ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . jg:klt
x's{g] a9\g] Ct' cl3 r}qa}zfv lt/ ;j} jg:klt x6fO{ ;kmf ug{' j]z x'G5 .
;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf ;+ef/ sfo{ jif{sf] slDtdf Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

%=@=# k'nx?sf] ;'k/ :6Sr/sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

leQfdf n]lvPsf gf/f tyf 6fFl;Psf kf]i6/x? (Graffiti) x6fpg] .

;+/rgfdf s'g} jg:klt la?jf pd|]sf] eP x6fpg] .
k'nsf] ;txaf6 9'f, Debris, uf]j/ dnd'q ;kmf ug{] .
8]g]h Rofg]n ;kmf ug{] .
8]g]h Outlet kfOk ;kmf ug{] / k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd u/] gu/]sf] r]s ug{] .
Weep hole ;kmf ug{] .
;j} jf]N6 / g6 6fO6 eP gePsf] r]s ug{] . jf]N6 v's'nf] ePsf] eP jf x/fPsf eP ;txL
lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
k'nsf] 8]s ;txdf Cracks, Deformations jf k6xf]n ePdf ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v ug{] .
Movement Joint df Gap Sealant gePdf jf lau]|sf] eP ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ug{] .
;+ef/ ;dokft em/]kl5 / dg;'g z'? x'g' cl3 ;j} 8]g ;kmf ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . jg:klt
x's{g] a9\g] Ct' cl3 r}qa}zfv lt/ ;j} jg:klt x6fO{ ;kmf ug{' j]z x'G5 .
;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf] ;+ef/ sfo{ jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

%=@=$ k'nsf]

Joint System tyf Expansion Joints

sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

9'f, kmf]xf]/, jg:klt ;kmf u/L x6fpg] .

Joint Sealant sf] cj:yf r]s ug{] . Joint Sealant gePdf jf v/fj ePsf] cj:yfdf ;txL
lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
8]g]h ;kmf ug{] .
;j} jf]N6 / g6 6fO6 eP gePsf] r]s ug{] . jf]N6 v's'nf] ePsf] eP jf x/fPsf] eP ;txL
lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
Uof:s]6 km]g{] -olb laz]if ;+ef/ lgb{]lzsfdf Uof:s]6 km]g{ elgPsf] eP dfq_
Joint df Wear, Damage jf Deformation ePdf, free movement gePdf, kmf]xf]/ w'nf] df6f]n]
Joint hfd ePdf, cfjZos Clearance gePdf jf Joint sf] Vertical cyjf Horizontal
Alignment 7Ls gePdf ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
Wearing Course df Crack x? b]lvPdf klg ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .

 ;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf] ;+ef/ jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{] .

-dd{tsf] nflu l/kf]6{ ug{' kg{]

Expansion Joint_

%=@=% k'nsf] kf/fk]6, /]ln tyf ;'/Iff jf/sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM
;j} jf]N6 / g6 6fO6 eP gePsf] r]s ug{] . jf]N6 v's'nf] ePsf] eP jf x/fPsf] eP ;txL
lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
sf7sf] jf/ k'ml:sPsf] eP k'gM hf]8\g] .
jg:klt, w'nf], sl;/ x6fpg] .
cGo s]xL v/fjL eP ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf] ;+ef/ sfo{ jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

%=@=^ k'nsf] ljol/sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

jg:klt, w'nf], sl;/ cflb x6fpg] .
Tearing, Bulging, Deterioration, Flattening, cGo c;fdfGo Deformation, ljol/ tyf df]6f/
cyjf af]N6 / df]6f/ HjfOG6 v's'nf] ePdf, ;+/rgfdf Stress Cracks nufotsf v/fjL
b]lvPdf ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
Sliding Bearing sf] Contact ;tx tyf Roller Bearing sf] ;tx ;+ej eP ;Dd ;kmf ug{] /
ljol/ lgdf{tfsf] ;+ef/ lgb{]lzsfdf pNn]v eP d'tflas Re-grease / Lubricants
nufpg] .
ljol/ ;txdf lvof nfu]df ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
laz]if ljol/ PTFE cflbsf] ;+ef/ sfo{ lgdf{tfsf] ;+ef/ lgb{]lzsfdf pNn]v eP d'tfljs
lgoldt ;+ef/ ug{' k5{ .

 ;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf] ;+ef/ sfo{ jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

-Bearing Shelf df pld|Psf] jg:klt x6fO{ ;kmf ug{' kg]{_

%=@=& k'nsf] e"sDk k|lt/f]ws

(Earthquake Restraints)

sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

;j} jf]N6 / g6 6fO6 eP gePsf] r]s ug{] . jf]N6 v's'nf] ePsf] eP jf x/fPsf] eP ;txL
lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
Steel Section Deformation eP gePsf] r]s ug{] .
Bearing Part -h:tf] el6{sn jf xf]l/hG6n Elastomeric pads_ v/fj ePsf] jf x/fPsf] 5 ls
r]s ug{] .
e"sDk k|lt/f]ws (Earthquake Restraints) df lvof nfu]sf] gnfu]sf] r]s ug{] .
pk/f]Qm nufot cGo s'g} v/fjL kfOPdf Superficial Inspection k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf] ;+ef/ sfo{ jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

%=@=* k'nsf]

Protective System

sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

;txdf ePsf] Debris, uf]j/, dnd"q cflb ;kmf ug{] .

Protective System df lvof nfu]df, lau|LPdf jf cGo v/fjL ePdf ;txL lg/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
;+ef/ cGt/fn o; k|sf/sf] ;+ef/ sfo{ jif{sf] Ps k6s ug{' kb{5 .

%=@=( k'nsf] ;+s]t lrGx

(Sign Board) x?sf]

lgoldt ;+ef/ k|s[ofM

k'nsf] ;j} ;+s]t lrGxx?sf] ;tx ;kmf ug{] .

;+s]t lrGxdf s'g} la1fkg jf ;"rgf 6f+;]sf] eP x6fpg] .

 ;+s]t lrGx k'gM k]06 ug{] .

;+st] lrGx Ifltu|:t ePsf eP ;txL lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug{] .
;+ef/ cGt/fn pk/f]Qm sfo{x? Ps jif{sf] cGt/fndf ug{' kb{5 .

%=# k|ltj]bgM
lgoldt ;+ef/ sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 k|To]s k'nsf] nfuL l8lehgn] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfo{sf] ljj/0f,
nfut tyf vr{ pNn]v ePsf] lgoldt ;+ef/ ;"rL (Routine Maintenance Schedule) e/]/ /fVg'
kb{5 . of] ;"rL Bridge Inventory sf] Pp6f lx:;f x'g]5 . lgoldt ;+ef/ ;"rLnfO{ l8lehgx?n]
cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] lgoldt ;+ef/ ah]6 agfpgsf] nflu cfwf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\
. o:tf] ;"rL l8lehgx?n] ;"rLsf] d"Nofg ug{ tyf ;+ef/sf] OsfO{ b/ cg'udg ug{ k'n
zfvfnfO{ k7fpg' kb{5 . o:n] ;d:ofu|:t ;+/rgf -c;fdfGo pRr ;+ef/ nfut ePsf_
klxrfg ug{ d2t ub{5, hxfF yk sfo{ (Additional Work) ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
lgoldt ;+ef/ ;"rLsf] gd"gf kmf/fd, ;8s laefu k'n o"lg6af6 k|sflzt
Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges df lbOPsf] 5 .

Procedure for the