Geometry and trigonometry

Circle of radius r: circumference =2r; area =r

2
.
Sphere of radius r: area =4r
2
; volume =4/3r
3
.
Right circular cylinder of radius r and height h:
Area =2r
2
+2rh; volume =r
2
h.
Triangle of base b and altitude h: area =1/2 bh.


Quadratic Formula

If , 0
2
= + + c bx ax then
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=

Trigonometric Functions of Angle

sin = y/r cos = x/r
tan = y/x cot = x/y
sec = r/x csc = r/y

Trigonometric Identities

) ( ) (


) (
) (
) (
=

=
=
=
= = =
=
=
=
= +
=
=
=
2
1
cos
2
1
sin 2 sin sin
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan
sin sin cos cos cos
sin cos cos sin sin
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos
cos sin 2 2 sin
1 cot csc
1 tan sec
1 cos sin
tan cos / sin
sin )
2
cos(
cos )
2
sin(
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2

Expansions

Binomial:

) 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
1 ) 1 (
) 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
1 ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
<
+
+ =
<

+ =

x
x n n nx
x
x
x n n nx
x
n
n

Exponential:

+ =
+ + + =
3
2
3 2
! 3
1
! 2
) 1 ln(
! 3 ! 2
1
x
x
x x
x x
x e
x


Trigonometric:

+ + + =
+ =
+ =
15
2
! 3
tan
! 4 ! 2
1 cos
! 5 ! 3
sin
5 3
4 2
5 3

Derivative and Integrals

1 =
dx
dx

x dx =

dx
du
a au
dx
d
= ) (
= udx a dx au) (
dx
dv
dx
du
v u
dx
d
+ = + ) (
dx v dx u dx v u

+ = + ) (
1
=
m m
mx x
dx
d

) 1 (
1
1

+
=

m
m
mx
dx x
m
m

x
x
dx
d 1
ln =

= x
x
ln
1

dx
dv
u
dx
du
v uv
dx
d
+ = ) ( dx
dx
du
v uv dx
dx
dv
u

=
x x
e e
dx
d
=
x x
e dx e =

x x
dx
d
cos sin =
x dx x cos sin =

x x
dx
d
sin cos =
x dx x sin cos =

x x
dx
d
2
sec tan =
x dx x cos ln tan =

x x
dx
d
2
csc cot = x x dx x 2 sin
4
1
2
1
sin
2
=

x x x
dx
d
sec tan sec = x x dx x 2 sin
4
1
2
1
cos
2
+ =

x x x
dx
d
csc cot csc =
ax ax
e
a
dx e

=

1

dx
du
e e
dx
d
u u
=
ax ax
e ax
a
dx xe

+ =

) 1 (
1
2

dx
du
u u
dx
d
cos sin =
ax ax
e ax x a
a
dx e x

+ + =

) 2 2 (
1
2 2
3
2

dx
du
u u
dx
d
sin cos =
1
!
+

=
n
ax n
a
n
dx e x

a a
n
e x
n n
ax n

1
0
2
2
) 1 2 ( 5 3 1
+

2 2 2 3 2 2
) ( a x a
x
a x
dx



Vector Derivatives

Cartesian.
Gradient: z y x
z
t
y
t
x
t
t

+ + =
Divergence:
z
v
y
v
x
v
z
y
x

+ + = v

Curl: z y x v ) ( ) ( ) (
y
v
x
v
x
v
z
v
z
v
y
v
x
y
z x
y
z

+ + =


Laplacian:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
t
y
t
x
t
t

+ + =

Spherical.
Gradient: r
sin
1

t
r
t
r r
t
t + + =
Divergence:

v
r
v
r
v r
r r
r
sin
1
) (sin
sin
1
) (
1
2
2
+ + = v

Curl:
r v ]
) (
[
1

]
) (
sin
1
[
1
]
) (sin
[
sin
1

r r
v
r
rv
r r
rv
v
r
v
v
r
+ + =


Laplacian:
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
sin
1
) (sin
sin
1
) (
1

t
r
t
r r
t
r
r r
t +

=

Cylindrical.
Gradient: z
1

z
t t t
t

+ + =
Divergence:
z
v
v
v
z

+ + =
1
) (
1
v

Curl: z v ]
) (
[
1
] [ ]
1
[

v v
s
v
z
v
z
v
v
z z
+ + =


Laplacian:
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
) (
1
z
t t t
t

=








Spherical and cylindrical coordinates

Spherical

=
=
=

cos
sin sin
cos sin
r z
r y
r x

=
+ + =
+ =
r z
r y
r x

sin cos
cos

sin cos sin

sin

cos cos cos sin

sin

=
+ =
+ + =

) / ( tan
) / ( tan
1
2 2 1
2 2 2
x y
z y x
z y x r

+ =
+ =
+ + =
z x
z y x
z y x r
cos sin
sin sin cos cos cos

cos sin sin cos sin

Cylindrical

=
=
=
z z
y
x


sin
cos

=
+ =
=
z z
y
x

cos sin
sin cos

=
=
+ =

z z
x y
y x
) / ( tan
1
2 2

=
+ =
+ =
z z
y x
y x

cos sin
sin cos






















Vector Identities

Triple Products

1. B) (A C A) (C B C) (B A = =
2. B) A C A) B(C C) (B A = (

Product Rules

1. ) ( ) ( ) ( f g g f fg + =
2. )A (B )B (A A) ( B B) ( A C) (A + + + =
3. ) ( f f f + = A A) ( A) (
4. B) ( A A) ( B B) (A =
5. ) ( f f f = A A) ( A) (
6. A) B( B) A( )B (A )A (B B) (A + =

Second Derivatives

1. 0 = A) (
2. 0 ) ( = f
3. A A) ( A) (
2
=


Fundamental Theorems:

Gradient Theorem: ) ( ) ( ) ( a b l
b
a
f f d f =

Divergence Theorem:

= a A A d d ) (

Curl Theorem:

= l A a A d d ) (