Lecia 1: Substantivul

Bun venit la cursul de Gramatica Limbii Engleze !

1.1 Felul substantivelor
Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii:
substantive comune: cat girl lamp
substantive proprii: England London !r Smit" !ar#
substantive abstracte: beaut# love courage $ear %o#
substantive colective: cro&d group team
1.'. Genul
Substantive de genul masculin sunt $iintele si animalele de se( masculin:
E(.: man bo# lion dog
Substantivele de genul $eminin sunt $iintele si animalele de se( $eminin:
E(.: &oman girl cat gira$$e
Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile plantele animale sau $iinte al caror se( nu este cunoscut
)pronume: it*t"e#+:
E(.: &orld peace "ouse mouse bab#
E(ceptii: tarile navele n ma%oritatea cazurilor si autove"iculele sau alte ve"icule sunt de genul
$eminin.
Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care intra n aceasta
categorie au aceeasi $orma pentru ambele se(e:
E(.: c"ild )copil copila+ coo, )bucatar bucatareasa+ teac"er )pro$esor pro$esoara+.
-nele substantive au $orme di$erite pentru genul masculin si cel $eminin:
E(.: bo# . girl "usband . &i$e brot"er . sister $at"er . mot"er son . daug"ter uncle . aunt dog . bitc"
bull . co& ,ing . /ueen
1.0. 1umarul
1umarul este $orma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne re$erim la unul sau mai multe
obiecte sau $iinte.
Singularul coincide cu $orma de baza a unui substantiv: dog girl &i$e &orld storm
2luralul substantivelor se $ormeaza prin adaugarea unui s la $orma de singular:
E(.: cat3s4cats da#3s4da#s &orld3s4&orlds
2luralul substantivelor teminate n c" o s" s ( se $ormeaza adaug5nd es la singular.
E(.: c"urc"3es4c"urc"es bus"3es4bus"es class3es4classes potato3es4potatoes bus"3es4bus"es
bo(3es4bo(es
1.0.1. 2luralul neregulat
Substantive terminate n consoana3# $ac pluralul n ies:
E(.: compan# . companies $actor# . $actories bab# . babies
-nele substantive terminate n o $ac plural prin adaugarea unui s.
E(.: soprano . sopranos piano . pianos p"oto . p"otos
-nele substantive terminate n $ sau $e vor su$eri la plural sc"imbarea n ves.
E(.: lea$ . leaves "al$ . "alves &i$e . &ives li$e . lives sel$ . selves &ol$ . &olves
E(ceptii: roo$ . roo$s "and,erc"ie$ . "and,erc"ie$s gul$ . gul$s &"ar$ . &"ar$s* &"arves
65teva substantive $ormeaza pluralul prin sc"imbarea unei vocale interne
E(.: $oot . $eet man . men toot" . teet"
2luralul substantivului c"ild este c"ildren.
-nele substantive ram5n identice la plural E(.: aircra$t deer series s"eep species $is"
1.0.' 2luralul substantivelor compuse
7n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuv5nt va trece la plural.
E(.: bo#.$riends brea,.ins travel agents
E(ceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau &oman vor primi semnul pluralului
pentru ambele substantive componente.
E(.: men drivers &omen teac"ers men servants
7n cazul substantivelor compuse $ormate din constructii de genul substantiv 3 prepozitie * adverb 3
substantiv substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.
E(.: sisters.in.la& passers.b# men.o$.&ar "angers.on loo,ers.on runners.up
8brevierile sau initialele vor $orma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s
E(.: !2s )!embers o$ 2arliament+ 9:2s )ver# important persons+
1.;. Substantivele unice )uncountable nouns+
Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara )uncountable+ deoarece reprezinta $ie unicate obiecte puternic
individualizate notiuni abstracte.
1ume de substante: bread co$$ee gold paper clot" glass oil stone &ood
8bstractiuni: eart" paradise nature t"e present advice deat" "elp in$ormation ne&s beaut#
e(perience "orror ,no&ledge $riends"ip t"eor# literature
8lte substantive: baggage damage s"opping reading luggage par,ing &eat"er
Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular:
E(.: <"is co$$ee is cold. <"e &eat"er &as dread$ul.
1u sunt precedate de a*an= pentru a e(prima o unitate din aceste substantive se $oloseste: some an# no
a little bit piece o$ slice o$ etc.
E(.: : do not &ant an# "elp. : need some in$ormation. <"is slice o$ bread is "ard. <"e piece o$ advice
#ou gave me "elped.
1ota: !ulte dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara ast$el devenind
substantive comune si comport5ndu.se ca atare )primes a*an la singular pot avea plural+.
Sens -nic * Sens 6omun
>er "air is blac,. )2arul ei este negru.+
S"e $ound a "air in t"e mil,. )8 gasit un $ir de par n lapte.+
<"eir "ouse &as made o$ &ood. )6asa lor este din lemn.+
?e picnic,ed in t"e &oods. )8m mers la picnic n padure.+
1.@. Forma posesiva
Se adauga As la $orma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina n s:
E(.: a c"ildAs voice t"e peopleAs c"oice a "orseAs mout" &omenAs clot"es
9om $olosi doar apostro$ul )A+ cu $ormele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina n s.
E(.: a bo#sA sc"ool t"e Bo"nsonsA residence
1umele proprii terminate n s vor primi $ie doar apostro$ )A+ $ie As
E(.: !r BonesAs * !r BonesA car CeatsAs * CeatsA poems
7n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuv5nt va primi As
E(.: !# $at"er.in.la&As guitar >enr# t"e Eig"t"As &ives
As se $oloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.
E(.: <"e 6EDAs assistant t"e 2!As speec"
Forma posesiva se $oloseste n general c5nd vorbim de oameni animale tari. Se $oloseste de asemenea
n urmatoarele cazuri:
7n e(presii temporale
E(.: #esterda#As ne&spaper in $ive #earsA time ten minutesA brea,
7n e(presii construite dupa modelul bani 3 &ort"
E(.: ten dollarsA &ort" o$ bananas a s"illingAs &ort" o$ stamps
7n alte e(presii uzuale:
E(.: $or "eavenAs sa,e a &interAs da# t"e &aterAs edge t"e planeAs &ings t"e trainAs departure
7n cazul anumitor substantive $olosite la posesiv este uzuala omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci
c5nd sensul comunicarii este clar )magazine birouri o$icii casa locuinta+.
E(.: Cou can bu# t"is at t"e ba,erAs )s"op+. !ar# boug"t "er tic,ets at t"e travel agentAs )o$$ice+. <"e
,ids &ent to Bobb#As )"ouse+.
:deea de posesie se poate e(prima si cu a%utorul constructiei o$3substantiv. 8ceasta constructie se
$oloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau $iinte umane sau animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmate de o
propozitie subordonata.
E(.: t"e &alls o$ t"e to&n t"e roo$ o$ t"e c"urc" t"e ,e#s o$ t"e "ouse
: too, t"e advice o$ t"e girl : met on t"e bus and &ent to bu# t"e boo,.

1. Scrie $emininul urmatoarelor substantive:
actor driver elep"ant guide son bull nep"e& cousin dog &aiter camel manager uncle lion
bac"elor )burlac absolvent+ &ido&er assistant "ost sna,e pla#er bridegroom doctor teac"er.
'. Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:
,ni$e bab# c"ild countr# aircra$t $oot ,e# ,ilo &oman lea$ loa$ man p"oto piano s"eep s"el$
store# )palier cat+ stor# t"ie$ toot" &i$e.
0. Eescrie urmatoarele constructii con$orm modelului:
<"e luggage belonging to t"e travelers . <"e travelerAs luggage
<"e room belonging to t"e c"ild .
<"e clot"es belonging to t"e c"ildren .
<"e car belonging to !r. Smit" .
<"e luggage belonging to t"e 9:2 .
<"e $lat belonging to "er son.in.la& .
<"e canteen used b# t"e &or,ers .
:mportant !
9F rog sF citii cu atenie G"idul studentului la adresa:
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special conceput pentru a rFspunde tuturor ntrebFrilor noilor cursani legate de modul de $uncionare Hi
de nvFare n cadrul 8cademiei Dnline.
IiscutF Hi comenteazF mpreunF cu colegii Hi tutorul e(erciiile $iecFrei lecii Hi probleme de gramaticF
n spaiul Seminariilor Dnline. 1u uita cF poi accesa doar leciile desc"ise sFptFm5nal
Lecia 0: 8d%ectivul



0.1. Forma ad%ectivului
8d%ectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu si sc"imba $orma n $unctie de gen sau numar.
E(.: 8 "ot potato some "ot potatoes.
2entru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui ad%ectiv se pot $olosi ver# reall#:
E(.: 8 ver# "ot potato some reall# "ot potatoes.
0.'. 2ozitia ad%ectivului
Ie obicei ad%ectivul se aseaza n $ata substantivului determinat:
E(.: 8 good movie.
Iupa verbe au(iliare ca to be to become to seem to loo, to taste to appear to $eel to ,eep to ma,e
to smell to sound to turn etc:
E(.: <"e movie is good.
Cou seem upset.
<"is c"eese tastes di$$erent.
Iupa substantiv n e(presii $i(e:
E(.: t"e 2rincess Eo#al t"e 2resident elect t"e court martial
65teva ad%ective ca de e(emplu c"ie$ main poor )4un$ortunate+ stau numai n $ata substantivului
determinat:
E(.: <"is is t"e main purpose o$ t"e meeting.
<"at poor &oman &as living in a garage.
8ltele pot sta numai dupa un verb au(iliar: asleep upset a&a,e a$raid ali,e alive alone anno#ed ill
&ell sorr#
E(.: >eAs asleep.
:Am alone.
-nele ad%ective si sc"imba sensul n $unctie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. 8d%ectivele involved present
concerned au sens di$erit daca sunt plasate n $ata substantivului sau dupa acesta.
E(.: <"ese are t"e people involved * concerned. )t"e people &"o "ave somet"ing to do &it" t"e matter+
<"e# "ad an involved discussion on t"e matter. )detailed comple(+
: am a concerned mot"er. )&orried an(ious+
<"e list o$ t"e students present is outside on t"e door. )students &"o &ere t"ere+
<"e present status o$ t"e matter re/uires urgent attention. )current+
0.0. Functiile ad%ectivului
8d%ectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. 8d%ectivele pot e(prima:
Sentimente sau calitati:
E(.: <"e# ma,e an original couple.
S"e is a single mot"er.
1ationalitatea sau originea:
E(.: Eicardo is Spanis". >is mot"er is 8rgentinean and "is $at"er is 6anadian.
: boug"t "im a S&iss &atc" $or 6"ristmas.
Ii$erite caracteristici ale unui obiect:
E(.: <"e table is long.
<"e steel tra# &as a gi$t.
95rsta:
E(.: !# "at is too old. : &ill bu# anot"er one.
>e is still ver# #oung almost a bo#.
Iimensiuni marime si masuri:
E(.: JGone &it" t"e ?indJ is a ver# long $ilm.
<"at bo# is too tall.
6uloarea:
E(.: : "ave a red %ac,et to go &it" m# ne& &"ite s,irt.
!aterie * material:
E(.: >e &ore a cotton s"irt.
:t &as a silver tra# not a steel tra#.
Forma:
E(.: 8 rectangular envelope.
8 round table.
Budecati pareri sau opinii:
E(.: Grammar is $ascinating.
<"e s"o& &as entertaining.
0.;. Drdinea ad%ectivelor
8tunci c5nd se $olosesc doua sau mai multe ad%ective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv ordinea lor
depinde de $unctiile acestora. E(ista mai multe variante dar cea mai obisnuita ordine este:
9alue*opinion Size 8ge*<emperature S"ape 6olour Drigin !aterial
9alue*opinion delicious lovel# c"arming
Size small "uge tin#
8ge*<emperature old "ot #oung little
S"ape round s/uare rectangular
6olour red blonde blac,
Drigin S&edis" 9ictorian 6"inese
!aterial plastic &ooden silver
E(emple:
a green round plastic buc,et
an elegant little Frenc" cloc,
a small round &ooden table
0.@. Gradele de comparatie ale ad%ectivelor
0.@.1. Formarea comparativului si superlativului
E(ista trei grade de comparatie ale ad%ectivelor: pozitiv )nalt+ comparativ )mai nalt+ superlativ )cel
mai nalt+. 7n limba engleza comparativul si superlativul se $ormeaza ast$el:
1umar de silabe )2ozitiv+ 6omparativ Superlativ
o silaba 3 .er 3 .est
tall taller tallest
8d%ectivele $ormate dintr.o silaba Kconsoana 3 o vocala 3 consoanaL vor dubla consoana $inala:
$at $atter $attest
big bigger biggest
sad sadder saddest
doua silabe 3 .er S8- more 3 ad% 3 .est S8- most 3 ad%
3 8d%ectivele terminate n: .# .l# .o&
3 8d%ectivele terminate n: .le .er sau .ure
3 -rmatoarele ad%ective: "andsome polite pleasant common /uiet
"app# "appier* more "app# "appiest* most "app#
#ello& #ello&er* more #ello& #ello&est* most #ello&
simple simpler* more simple simplest* most simple
tender tenderer* more tender tenderest* most tender
Iaca nu esti sigur $oloseste more 3 ad% S8- most 3 ad%.
1ota: 8d%ectivele terminate n .# ca de e(emplu "app# prett# bus# sunn# luc,# etc. vor nlocui .#
cu .ier sau .iest la $orma comparativa si superlativa:
bus# busier busiest
trei sau mai multe silabe more 3 ad% most 3 ad%
important more important most important
e(pensive more e(pensive most e(pensive
E(emple:
a. 8 cat is $ast a tiger is $aster but a c"eeta" is t"e $astest.
b. 8 car is "eav# a truc, is "eavier but a train is t"e "eaviest.
c. 8 par, benc" is com$ortable a restaurant c"air is more com$ortable but a so$a is t"e most
com$ortable.
0.@.'. Forme neregulate
-rmatoarele ad%ective au $orme de comparativ si superlativ total neregulate:
2ozitiv 6omparativ Superlativ
good better best
bad &orse &orst
little less least
old older * elder oldest * eldest
muc" * man# more most
$ar $urt"er * $art"er $urt"est * $art"est
0.@.0. 6omparatia ad%ectivelor
t"e 3 superlative
E(.: <"is is t"e oldest t"eater in London.
comparative 3 t"an . pentru a compara di$erentele dintre doua obiecte evenimente sau $iinte:
E(.: >e ma,es $e&er mista,es t"an #ou do.
<"ailand is sunnier t"an 1or&a#.
8lbert is more intelligent t"an 8rt"ur.
as 3 ad%ective 3 as . constructie $olosita pentru a compara oameni locuri $iinte evenimete sau obiecte
ntre care nu e(ista di$erente:
E(.: 2eter is '; #ears old. Bo"n is '; #ears old. 2eter is as old as Bo"n.
Eamona is as "app# as Eap"ael.
8 tiger is as dangerous as a lion.
not as 3 ad%ective 3 as . putem arata di$erentele dintre doua substantive $olosind contructia not so*as
...as:
E(.: !ont Blanc is not as "ig" as !ount Everest.
1or&a# is not as sunn# as <"ailand

1. Scrie comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor ad%ective: "app# brave bus# clever dr# bad $at
man# beauti$ul di$$icult e(citing $ar good.
'. 6ompleteaza cu as t"e sau t"an dupa caz:
. ?"at about t"is oneM
. :tAs better GGGG t"e one &e sa& in >arrods.
. :tAs bigger GGGG t"e one in our local s"op.
. But itAs more e(pensive GGGG t"e ot"ers.
. Io &e &ant one GGGG big GGG t"atM
. Ces GGGG bigger GGGG better. LetAs bu# it. :tAs GGGG best &eAve seen so $ar.
0. 6ompleteaza spatiile libere cu $orma de comparativ sau superlativ a ad%ectivelor din paranteza
)adauga si t"an acolo unde este cazul+:
<"e N oAcloc, train is muc" )$ast+ GGGG t"e O.0P one. D$ course it is )cro&ded+ GGGGG t"e O.0P train and
t"e tic,ets are )e(pensive+ GGGGG. Cou get )c"eap+ GGGGG $ares be$ore N oAcloc,. Still itAs t"e )/uic,+
GGGGG &a# o$ getting to Bat" unless #ou &ant to $l# and getting to t"e airport is muc" )di$$icult+ GGGG
getting to t"e station.

Lecia ;: 8dverbul



8dverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum unde c5nd c5t de $recvent sau n ce
mFsura are loc o actiune.
;.1. Functia adverbelor
8st$el adverbele determina n general verbe:
E(.: <"e bus moved slo&l#. )cumM+
: am going "ome tomorro&. )c5ndM+
8dverbele pot determina si ad%ective: Cou loo, absolutel# $abulous!
Sau alte adverbe: S"e pla#ed t"e violin e(tremel# &ell. CouAre spea,ing too /uietl#.
Sau c"iar propozitii intregi: 2er"aps &eAll see #ou again ne(t #ear.
;.'. Forma adverbelor
;.'.1. 8dverbele se $ormeaza de cele mai multe ori prin adaugarea unui .l# la $orma de singular a
ad%ectivului:
8d%ectiv 8dverb
)8d%ectiv 3 l#+E(emple
care$ul care$ull# >e care$ull# pic,ed up a tie.
/uic, /uic,l# <ime goes /uic,l#.
slo& slo&l# >e &al,ed slo&l# to t"e door.
!odi$icari ortogra$ice:
Iaca ad%ectivul se termina in .# acesta se va inlocui cu .i 3 .l#.
E(.: eas# . easil# angr# . angril# luc,# . luc,il#
65nd avem un .le terminal ).able .ible .le+ dispare .e si este inlocuit cu .#.
E(.: probable . probabl# terrible . terribl# gentle . gentl#
8d%ectivele terminate in .ic adauga .all#.
E(.: basic . basicall# economic . economicall# tragic . tragicall#
E(ceptie: public . publicl#
Forme neregulate
E(.: true . trul# due . dul# &"ole . &"oll#
;.'.'. -nele adverbe au aceeasi $orma ca si ad%ectivele:
E(.: earl# $ast "ard "ig" late near straig"t &rong
6ompara:
<"is is a "ard e(ercise. )ad%ectiv+
>e &or,s "ard. )adverb+
?e sa& man# "ig" buildings. )ad%ectiv+
<"e bird $le& "ig" in t"e s,#. )adverb+
;.'.0. -nor ad%ective le corespund doua $orme adverbiale care au sensuri di$erite:
8d%ectiv Forme adverbiale E(emple
deep 1. deep
'. deepl# >e loo,ed deep into "er e#es. )adanc+
S"e is deepl# in love. )pro$und p5na peste cap+
direct 1. direct
'. directl# Cou can dial 1e& Cor, direct. )n mod direct+
>e &ent t"ere directl#. )direct $ara nt5rziere+
$irst 1. $irst
'. $irstl# !# mot"er came in $irst t"en m# brot"ers and sisters. )nt5i+
Firstl# : &ould li,e to &elcome #ou "ere. )n primul r5nd+
8lte e(emple: "ard lig"t %ust last late most near prett rig"t round s"ort &rong.

?ell * Good
?ell este adverbul care corespunde $ormei ad%ectivale good.
<"e# are good s&immers.
<"e# s&im &ell.
S"e is a good pianist.
S"e pla#s t"e piano &ell.
;.0. Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor
8dverbele $ormeaza comparativul si superlativul la $el ca si ad%ectivele )vezi: 0.@. Gradele de
comparatie ale ad%ectivelor+:
8dauga .er pentru comparativ si .est pentru superlativ la adverbele dintr.o singura silaba: "ard . "arder
. "ardest
8dauga more pentru comparativ si most pentru superlativ la adverbele $ormate din doua sau mai multe
silabe si la cele terminate in .l#: seriousl# . more seriousl# . most seriousl#
-nele adverbe au $orme neregulate la comparativ si superlativ: badl# . &orse . &orst little . less . least
&ell . better . best muc" . more . most
Ie retinut! -neori most poate avea sensul de ver#:
?e &ere most grate$ul $or #our "elp.
: am most impressed b# t"is application.
;.;. 6lasi$icarea adverbelor
8dverbe de mod
8dverbe de loc si directie
8dverbe de timp durata si $recventa
8dverbe de probabilitate
8dverbe de grad
;.;.1. 8dverbe de mod
8dverbele de mod ne arata cum in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie dupa verb sau
dupa complementul acestuia.
E(emple:
>e s&ims &ell. )dupa verb+
>e ran... rapidl# slo&l# /uic,l#.
S"e spo,e... so$tl# loudl# aggressivel#.
Bames coug"ed loudl# to attract "er attention.
>e pla#s t"e $lute beauti$ull#. )dupa complement+
>e ate t"e c"ocolate ca,e greedil#.

1. 8dverbul de mod nu se aseaza ntre verb si complement:
:ncorect: >e ate greedil# t"e c"ocolate ca,e.
6orect: >e ate t"e c"ocolate ca,e greedil#.
'. 2ozitia adverbului n propozitie este $oarte importanta mai ales atunci c5nd e(ista mai multe verbe n
propozitie. Iaca adverbul este asezat dupa o propozitie atunci acesta modi$ica ntregul sens e(primat
n propozitie.
Dbserva di$erentele de sens n $unctie de locul adverbului n propozitie:
>e /uietl# as,ed me to leave t"e "ouse. )4 cererea lui a $ost $acuta n liniste+
>e as,ed me to leave t"e "ouse /uietl#. )4 plecarea a $ost $acuta n liniste+
;.;.'. 8dverbe de loc si directie
1e arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau complementul
sau.
E(emple:
Iupa verb:
: loo,ed ever#&"ere.
Bo"n loo,ed ...a&a# up do&n around...
:Am going ..."ome out bac,...
Iupa complement:
<"e# built a "ouse nearb#.
S"e too, t"e c"ild outside.
8. >ere * t"ere. 6u verbe de miscare "ere e(prima ideea de nspre* cu * mpreuna cu vorbitorul iar
t"ere contrariul departe $ara participarea vorbitorului:
E(.: 6ome "ere )4 spre mine+
:tAs in "ere )4 vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi+
2ut it t"ere )4 departe de mine+
:tAs in t"ere )4 du.te singur sa vezi+
E(presii cu "ere* t"ere: do&n "ere do&n t"ere over "ere over t"ere under "ere under t"ere up "ere
up t"ere.
B. 8dverbele de loc terminate n .&ards . e(prima ideea de miscare ntr.o anumita directie:
E(.: bac,&ards $or&ards do&n&ards up&ards in&ards out&ards nort"&ards sout"&ards
east&ards &est&ards "ome&ards on&ards.
6ats donAt usuall# &al, bac,&ards.
<"e s"ip sailed &est&ards.
Ie retinut! <o&ards este prepozitie nu adverb ast$el nc5t va $i ntotdeauna urmat de un substantiv sau
pronume:
E(.: >e &al,ed to&ards t"e car. S"e ran to&ards me.
6. 8dverbe care e(prima at5t locul c5t si directia: a"ead abroad overseas up"ill do&n"ill side&a#s
indoors outdoors.
;.;.0. 8dverbe de timp durata si $recventa
8rata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau $recventa actiunii.
E(.:
65nd: toda# #esterda# later no& last #ear
Iurata pentru c5t timp: all da# not long $or a &"ile since last #ear
65t de $recvent: sometimes $re/uentl# never o$ten #earl#
Ie obicei adverbele de timp se aseaza la s$5rsitul propozitiei sau em$atic la nceputul ei:
E(.: Dne o$ m# c"ildren &rote to me #esterda#.
Later t"e bo# understood t"e stor#.
8dverbele care indica durata se aseaza la s$arsitul propozitiei:
E(.: S"e sta#ed in t"e "ouse all da#.
!# mot"er lived in France $or a #ear.
Ie retinut! For este intotdeauna urmat de o e(presie de durata: $or t"ree da#s $or a &ee, $or several
#ears $or t&o centuries.
Since este intotdeauna urmat e(presia unui moment punctual n timp: since !onda# since 1QQO since
t"e last &ar.
8dverbele de $recventa e(prima $recventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in $ata verbului principal
dar dupa verbele au(iliare )cum ar $i be "ave ma# must+:
: o$ten eat vegetarian $ood. )in $ata verbului principal+
Cou must al&a#s $asten #our seat belt. )dupa verbul au(iliar must+
: "ave never $orgotten m# $irst ,iss. )dupa verbul au(iliar "ave si in $ata verbului principal $orgotten+
-nele adverbe de $recventa e(prima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la s$arsitul
prepozitiei:
<"is magazine is publis"ed mont"l#.
>e visits "is mot"er once a &ee,.
8dverbe de $ecventa: $re/uentl# generall# normall# occasionall# o$ten regularl# sometimes
usuall#.
Ie retinut! Cet se $oloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative:
>ave #ou $inis"ed #our &or, #etM 1o not #et.
<"e# "avenAt met "im #et.
Still e(prima ideea de continuitate. Se $oloseste in propozitii pozitive sau interogative.
: am still "ungr#.
Io #ou still &or, $or t"e BB6M
Drdinea adverbelor de timp
Iaca este nevoie de mai multe adverbe de timp in aceeasi propozitie ordinea lor va $i:
Drdinea E(emple
1: adverbe de durata
': adverbe de $recventa
0: adverbe de timp 1 3 ' : : &or, )1+ $or $ive "ours )'+ ever# da#.
' 3 0 : <"e magazine &as publis"ed )'+ &ee,l# )0+ last #ear.
1 3 0 : : &as abroad )1+ $or t&o mont"s )0+ last #ear.
1 3 ' 3 0 : S"e &or,ed in a "ospital )1+ $or t&o da#s )'+ ever# &ee, )0+ last #ear.
;.;.;. 8dverbe de siguranta si probabilitate
8cestea e(prima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il relateaza: certainl#
de$initel# probabl# undoubtedl# surel# ma#be obviousl# per"aps possibl# reall#. Se aseaza in
propozitie intre verbul au(iliar si verbul principal.
E(.: >e "as certainl# $orgotten t"e meeting.
2entru o $ormulare em$atica sau o relie$are a a$irmatiilor se aseaza n debutul $razei:
E(.: -ndoubtedl# ?inston 6"urc"ill &as a great politician.
Ie retinut! Surel# asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este convins de adevarul unei
a$irmatii dar incearca sa obtina o con$irmare: Surel# #ouAve got a bic#cleM
;.;.@. 8dverbe de grad
8ceastea e(prima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb ad%ectiv sau adverb:
almost nearl# /uite %ust too enoug" "ardl# scarcel# completel# ver# e(tremel#.
Locul lor in propozitie este $ie in $ata ad%ectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina $ie in $ata
verbului principal:
E(.: <"e &ater &as e(tremel# cold.
>e &as %ust leaving.
S"e "as almost $inis"ed.
Enoug" ver# too
Enoug" inseamna Jpana la punctul necesar pentru a...J si se plaseaza dupa ad%ectiv sau adverb:
:s #our co$$ee "ot enoug"M )ad%ectiv+
>e didnAt &or, "ard enoug". )adverb+
<oo 4 Jmai mult decat este necesar pentru...J si se aseaza in $ata ad%ectivului sau adverbului:
<"is co$$ee is too "ot. )ad%ective+
>e &or,s too "ard. )adverb+
9er# intareste sensul unui ad%ectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in $ata acestora:
<"e girl &as ver# beauti$ul. )ad%ectiv+
>e &or,ed ver# /uic,l#. )adverb+
Ie retinut! E(ista o di$erenta importanta intre too si ver#:
9er# e(prima un $apt: >e spea,s ver# /uic,l#.
<oo sugereaza e(istenta unei probleme: >e spea,s too /uic,l# )$or me to understand+.
8lte adverbe asemanatoare lui ver#: e(tremel# especiall# particularl# prett# rat"er /uite $airl#
rat"er not especiall# not particularl#.

1. 8lege ad%ectivul sau adverbul din paranteza pentru a completa corect $iecare perec"e de propozitii:
a. :tAs an GGG /uestion. Cou s"ould be able to ans&er it /uite GGG. )eas#* easil#+
b. : can t#pe a bit but :Am ver# GGG . :Am a$raid : can onl# t#pe ver# GGG. )slo&* slo&l#+
c. !r Eobbins s"outed GGG at t"e c"ildren. <"e c"ildren made !r Eobbins ver# GGG. )angr#* angril#+
d. !ar# sang GGG at t"e concert last nig"t. S"e sang a GGGG song at t"e concert last nig"t. )beauti$ul*
beauti$ull#+
e. ?"at &as &rong &it" BillM >e loo,ed ver# GGG . Bill s"oo, "is "ead GGG. )sad* sadl#+
'. 6ompleteaza urmatoarele propozitii cu ago since sau $or:
a. 6olumbus discovered 8merica about si( "undred #ears GGG.
b. G"ana "as been an independent countr# GGG 1Q@O.
c. Eussia "as been a republic GGG over sevent# #ears.
d. D($ord "as been a center o$ learning GGG more t"an a t"ousand #ears.
e. !ost Britis" universities &ere $ounded less t"an $i$t# #ears GGG.
0. 6ompleteaza urmatoarele propozitii cu: still #et alread# an# longer an# more.
a. Bo"n doesnAt live in London GGG . >eAs moved to Bristol.
b. <"e c"ildren "avenAt gone to bed GGG . <"e#Are GGG &atc"ing television.
c. . :s 8nne GGG "ereM . 1o s"e "as GGG le$t.
d. Bec,# "asnAt gone to universit# GGG. S"eAs GGGG at sc"ool.
e. >ave #ou started #our ne& %ob GGG or are #ou GGG &or,ing in LondonM
$. <"an,s $or #our "elp. : &onAt trouble #ou GGG.

Lecia @: 2ronumele



@.1. Functia pronumelui
2ronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu caracterizeaza nimic
$unctia lor $iind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv $acand ast$el re$erire la o idee obiect sau actiune
mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.
E(.: Bo"n did all t"e &or,.
>e did all t"e &or,.
?"o did all t"e &or,M
@.'. Forma pronumelui
2ronumele au $orme speci$ice in $unctie de:
1umar: singular . t"is= plural . t"ese
6az: 1ominativ . s"e= Genitiv . "ers= Iativ . to "er= 8cuzativ . "er
Gen: masculin . "e= Feminin . s"e= neutru . it
2ronumele pot $i simple )#ou &"ic" man#+ sau compuse )ever#bod# &"atever no one+.
@.0. 6lasi$icarea pronumelor
Iupa continut si $unctie pronumele pot $i:
2ersonale
Ee$le(ive
1e"otarate
Iemonstrative
Eelative
Ie ntarire
:nterogative
Eeciproce
@.0.1. 2ronumele personale
1ominativ Genitiv Iativ 8cuzativ
Singular : mine )to+ meme
#ou #ours )to+ #ou #ou
"e "is )to+ "im "im
s"e "ers )to+ "er"er
it its )to+ it it
2lural &e ours )to+ us us
#ou #ours )to+ #ou #ou
t"e# t"eirs )to+ t"em t"em

: se scrie intotdeauna cu ma%uscula.
:ts )pronume+ nu are apostro$.
:tAs vine de la it is sau it "as!
Forme ar"aice si poetice: pers. :: sg. . t"ou t"ine )to+ t"ee

: gave "im t"e boo,.
>e ran t"e London !arat"on.
:tAs a pleasure to "im.
: onl# pla#ed against "er once.
<"ese boo,s are ours.
:s t"is pen #ours or mineM
Cou * <"e# impersonal . putem $olosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre oameni in general.
E(.: Cou "ave to drive on t"e ot"er side o$ t"e road in Great Britain.
<"e# sa# s"eAs ver# clever.
:t . poate indeplini o serie de $unctii de mare importanta:
:t impersonal )in e(presii impersonale temporale e(primand starea vremii distante sau in contructii
pasive+
E(.: :tAs O oAcloc,.
:t &as spring.
:s it !onda#M
>o& "ot it is!
>o& $ar is it to t"e stationM
:t demostrativ
E(.: ?"o is itM :tAs t"e postman.
:tAs t"e c"ildren.
@.0.'. 2ronumele re$le(ive
8cestea insotesc un verb si se re$era la subiect. Se $olosesc atunci cand subiectul si complementul
direct se re$era la aceeasi persoana.
Forme:
Singular: m#sel$ #oursel$ "imsel$ "ersel$ itsel$
2lural: ourselves #ourselves t"emselves
E(.: : &anted to do it m#sel$ but "e insisted on "elping me.
S"e $ell o$$ t"e ladder and in%ured "ersel$.
Cou can do t"ese tas,s b# #oursel$ or &it" a partner.
8$ter $ive minutes it &ill automaticall# turn itsel$ do&n.
LetAs bu# ourselves a c"air $or t"e garden.
<"e# built t"e "ouse t"emselves.
@.0.0. 2ronumele ne"otarate
Some an# ever# se pot combina cu .one .bod# .t"ing pentru a obtine pronumele ne"otarate: an#one
an#bod# an#t"ing someone somebod# somet"ing ever#one ever#bod# ever#t"ing.
1o poate $orma impreuna cu .bod# sau .one pronumele: nobod# no.one.

8tat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana pronumele ne"otarate an#one an#bod# someone
somebod# ever#one ever#bod# no.one sunt din punct de vedere gramatical la singular si trebuie
$olosite cu un verb la singular.
8lte pronume ne"otarate:
enoug" $e& $e&er less little man# muc" several more most all bot" ever# eac" an# eit"er
neit"er none some.
Ie retinut!
Iaca acestea $orme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume ci determinanti substantivali.
E(.: Fe& &ill be c"osen= $e&er &ill $inis".
Little is e(pected.
@.0.;. 2ronumele demonstrativ
2ronumele demostrative: t"is t"ese t"at t"ose suc" pot $unctiona atat ca pronume cat si ca
determinanti substantivali.
E(.: <"at is incredible! )re$erring to somet"ing #ou %ust sa&+
: &ill never $orget t"is. )re$erring to a recent e(perience+
Suc" is m# belie$. )re$erring to an e(planation %ust made+
<"is si t"ese sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala pe cand t"at si t"ose sugereaza ideea
de departare.
E(.: <"ese )panca,es sitting "ere no& on m# plate+ are delicious.
<"ose )panca,es t"at : "ad #esterda# morning+ &ere even better.
<"is )boo, in m# "and+ is &ell &ritten= t"at )boo, t"at :Am pointing to over t"ere on t"e table+ is
tras".
8ceasta idee de departare se poate trans$orma c"iar in dispret sau instrainare a$ectiva:
E(.: 8re #ou going to &ear t"eseM )<"e# are a&$ul. : do not li,e t"em at all.+
6an #ou belive : &ould "ave boug"t t"atM
@.0.@. 2ronumele relative
2ronumele relativ $ace re$erire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in conte(tul
aterior )antecedent+ si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care e(plica sau da mai multe detalii
despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.
2ronumele relative sunt : &"o &"oever &"ic" t"at.
E(.: <"e student &"o studies "ardest usuall# does t"e best.
8legerea corecta dintre &"ic" si t"at se inscrie printre cele mai $recvente nelamuriri ale studentilor la
limba engleza. :n general &"ic" se $oloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au natura de paranteze
e(plicatii suplimentare dar care pot $i inlaturate sau omise $ara a sc"imba intelesul $razei. Iin acest
motiv propozitiile introduse prin &"ic" sunt in general intre virgule. Iin contra propozitiile introduse
de t"at sunt considerate indispensabile sensului $razei si nu se vor pune intre virgule.
?"o si $ormele sale se re$era la persoane &"ic" se re$era la lucruri iar t"at poate $ace re$erire la
ambele.
E(.: <"e man &"o "i%ac,ed t"e plane &anted to get to 6uba.
<"e couple &"o live ne(t door "ave t"e radio on all nig"t.
<"e team t"at &on t"e c"ampions"ip received a great reception.
<"is is t"e program &"ic" &on t"e prize.
?eAll plant ne& trees to replace t"ose &"ic" $ell.
@.0.R. 2ronumele de intarire
:nsoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. 6a $orma sunt identice cu pronumele
re$le(ive:
Singular: m#sel$ #oursel$ "imsel$ "ersel$ itsel$
2lural: ourselves #ourselves t"emselves
E(.: : m#sel$ donAt ,no& t"e ans&er.
!ar# did all t"is "ersel$.
!ar# "ersel$ did all t"is.
E(presii: b# m#sel$ 4 singur de unul singur
E(.: : &or,ed b# m#sel$.
Little Bane read t"e stor# b# "ersel$.
@.0.O. 2ronumele interogativ
2ronumele interogative introduc intrebari propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.
Forme: &"oM &"atM &"ic"M &"oseM )to+ &"omM
E(.: ?"o said t"atM
?"ose are t"ose boo,sM
: do not remember to &"om : gave m# s&eater.
?"at "appenedM
?"atAs t"e &eat"er li,eM
@.0.N. 2ronumele reciproce
Forme: eac" ot"er si one anot"er. Se $olosesc pentru a e(prima relatii de reciprocitate intre $iinte idei
lucruri.
E(.: :$ Bob gave 8licia a boo, $or 6"ristmas and 8licia gave Bob a boo, $or 6"ristmas &e can sa#
t"at t"e# gave eac" ot"er boo,s.
!# mot"er and : give eac" ot"er a "ard time.
<"e# borro&ed eac" ot"erAs ideas.
Ie retinut! Eac" ot"er se re$era la doua obiecte pe cand one anot"er $ace re$erire la mai mult de doua
obiecte sau $iinte.
E(.: <"e scientists in t"is lab o$ten use one anot"erAs e/uipment.
>oc,e# pla#ers "it one anot"er /uite $re/uentl#.

1. 6ompleteaza pronumele personale care lipsesc:
<"e ot"er da# &"en : &as s"opping a &oman stopped GmeG and as,ed GGG t"e &a# to t"e post o$$ice.
GGG gave "er directions and GGG t"an,ed GGG politel# t"en ran o$$ /uic,l# in t"e opposite direction.
GGG put m# "and in m# poc,et and $ound t"at m# &allet &as missing. GGG must "ave ta,en it &"ile GGG
&ere tal,ing. GGG s"outed and ran a$ter GGG but GGG &as no good. GGG "ad disapeared in t"e cro&d.
'. 6ompleteaza urmatoarele propozitii cu pronume:
: did it GGG
S"e gave GGG to GGG
?e made t"e dinner GGG
<"e# boug"t GGG in Singapore.
!# pen is blue= GGG is green. <"is pen is blue so it is GGG
: canAt do t"is. 6an GGG "elp meM
IonAt give #our cats a bat". <"e# &as" GGG
>e saved "is mone# so t"at "e could bu# ... a bic#cle.
GGG ,no&s some &ords in Englis" li,e o,a# "i and b#e.
GGG t"e students passed t"e e(am.
6an #ou tell GGG t"e timeM
:t rained so GGG &ent $or a &al,.
0. 2uzzle:
<"ere are some boo,s on a s"el$. <"ere a t"ree big ones and t&o small ones. Dne o$ t"e big ones is red.
<"ere is a small green boo,. <"ere are t&o green ones altoget"er and t&o blue ones. Dnl# one o$ t"e
small boo,s is green.
8cum raspunde la urmatoarele intrebari:
0.1. . >o& man# boo,s are t"ere altoget"erM
0.'. . ?"at colour are t"e big boo,sM
0.0. . ?"at colour are t"e small onesM
Lecia R: 9erbul. 1otiuni introductive.



9erbul e(prima ideea e(istentei sau a actiunii intr.o propozitie.
E(.: : am a student.
<"e students passed all t"eir courses.
R.1. 6ele ; $orme verbale
<erminatiile $ormelor din limba engleza sunt $oarte usor de tinut minte. E(ista ; $orme verbale de baza.
Limba engleza $ormeaza timpurile verbale cu a%utorul verbelor au(iliare spre deosebire de limba
romana unde timpurile verbale se $ormeaza cu a%utorul desinentelor. Ie remarcat ca in limba engleza
nu e(ista o $orma verbala speciala pentru viitor.
6ele ; $orme verbale de baza sunt importante deoarece cu aceste $orme si cu a%utorul verbelor au(iliare
se $ormeaza timpurile in limba engleza:
1umele verbului Forma de bazaForma de trecut 2articipiul prezent 2articipiul trecut
to &or, : can &or,.
: &or,. : &or,ed. : am &or,ing. : "ave &or,ed.
to &rite : can &rite.
: &rite. : &rote. : am &riting. : "ave &ritten.
6ele mai $recvent $olosite verbe neregulate
-rmatorul tabel reproducele cele mai $recvente verbe neregulate in patru $orme verbale reprezentative:
Forma de baza adica in$initivul: to $l#
2ersoana ::: singular a timpului prezent: "e $lies
2ersoana ::: singular a trecutului: "e $le&
2articipiul trecut: "e "as $lo&n
Base Form 2resent <"ird 2erson 2ast 2ast 2articiple
arise
be
bear
begin
bite
blo&
brea,
bring
bu#
catc"
c"oose
come
creep
dive
do
drag
dra&
dream
drin,
drive
dro&n
eat
$all
$ig"t
$l#
$orget
$orgive
$reeze
get
give
go
gro&
"ang
"ide
,no&
la#
lead
arises
is
bears
begins
bites
blo&s
brea,s
brings
bu#s
catc"es
c"ooses
comes
creeps
dives
does
drags
dra&s
dreams
drin,s
drives
dro&ns
eats
$alls
$ig"ts
$lies
$orgets
$orgives
$reezes
gets
gives
goes
gro&s
"angs
"ides
,no&s
la#s
leads
arose
&as*&ere
bore
began
bit
ble&
bro,e
broug"t
boug"t
caug"t
c"ose
came
crept
dived*dove
did
dragged
dre&
dreamed*dreamt
dran,
drove
dro&ned
ate
$ell
$oug"t
$le&
$orgot
$orgave
$roze
got
gave
&ent
gre&
"ung
"id
,ne&
laid
led
arisen
been
borne
begun
bitten*bit
blo&n
bro,en
broug"t
boug"t
caug"t
c"osen
come
crept
dived
done
dragged
dra&n
dreamt
drun,
driven
dro&ned
eaten
$allen
$oug"t
$lo&n
$orgotten
$orgiven
$rozen
got*gotten
given
gone
gro&n
"ung
"idden
,no&n
laid
led
lie
lig"t
lose
prove
ride
ring
rise
run
see
see,
set
s"a,e
sing
sin,
sit
spea,
spring
steal
sting
stri,e
s&ear
s&im
s&ing
ta,e
tear
t"ro&
uses
&a,e
&ear
&rite
lies
lig"ts
loses
proves
rides
rings
rises
runs
sees
see,s
sets
s"a,es
sings
sin,s
sits
spea,s
springs
steals
stings
stri,es
s&ears
s&ims
s&ings
ta,es
tears
t"ro&s
used
&a,es
&ears
&rites
la#
lit
lost
proved
rode
rang
rose
ran
sa&
soug"t
set
s"oo,
sang
san,
sat
spo,e
sprang
stole
stung
struc,
s&ore
s&am
s&ung
too,
tore
t"re&
used
&o,e*&a,ed
&ore
&rote
lain
lit
lost
proved*proven
ridden
rung
risen
run
seen
soug"t
set
s"a,en
sung
sun,
sat
spo,en
sprung
stolen
stung
struc,
s&orn
s&um
s&ung
ta,en
torn
t"ro&n
used
&o,en*&a,ed*&o,e
&orn
&ritten
R.'. 9erbele au(iliare . be "ave do
9erbele au(iliare be "ave do se utilizeaza in $ormarea timpurilor verbale a $ormelor negative si
interogative.
E(.: >e is planning to get married soon.
: "avenAt seen 2eter since last nig"t.
Be ca au(iliar este $olosit pentru a $orma aspectul continuu in combinatie cu participiul prezent.
E(.: >e is living in German#.
Be mpreuna cu participiul trecut $ormeaza diateza pasiva
E(.: <"ese cars are made in Bapan.
>ave in combinatie cu participiul trecut $ormeaza timpurile per$ecte.
E(.: : "ave c"anged m# mind.
: &is" #ou "ad met Gu#.
2rezentul per$ect continuu trecutul per$ect continuu sunt $ormate cu ambele au(iliare be si "ave:
E(.: >e "as been &or,ing ver# "ard recentl#.
S"e did not ,no& "o& long s"e "ad been l#ing t"ere.
Be si "ave se $olosesc de asemenea ca au(iliare pentru a $orma propozitii negative si interogative cu
timpurile continue si per$ecte.
E(.: >e isnAt going.
>asnAt s"e seen it #etM
8u(iliarul do se $oloseste pentru a $orma negativul si interogativul prezentului sau trecutului simplu.
E(.: >e doesnAt t"in, "e can come to t"e part#.
Io #ou li,e "er ne& "aircutM
8u(iliarul do se poate $olosi cu verbe principale: do "ave.
E(.: >e didnAt do "is "ome&or,.
>e doesnAt "ave an# mone#.
:n propozitii a$irmative do se $oloseste doar pentru evidentiere sau contrast.
E(.: : do $eel sorr# $or Eoger.

1u se $oloseste niciodata au(iliarul do cu verbul to be.
Singura e(ceptie este imperativul:
IonAt be stupid!
Io be a god bo# and sit still!
R.0. !odul
!odul verbal se re$era la una dintre cele trei atitudini pe care le poate avea un vorbitor $ata de
continutul mesa%ului e(primat.
!odul indicativ prezent in ma%oritatea $razelor de pe aceasta pagina se $oloseste pentru a $ace o
a$irmatie sau a pune o intrebare.
!odul imperativ se $oloseste pentru a da instructiuni ordine directive sugestii cu caracter pronuntat.
E(.: Get #our "ome&or, done be$ore #ou &atc" television tonig"t.
2lease include cas" pa#ment &it" #our order $orm. Get out o$ to&n!
Se observa ca nu e(ista nici un subiect in aceste propozitii. 2ronumele #ou )singular sau plural+ este
subiectul implicit al propozitiilor imperative. !a%oritatea propozitiilor imperative vor avea deci
subiectul la persoana ::.
E(ceptie: constructie imperativa care include un subiect la persoana :
E(.: LetAs )or Let us+ &or, on t"ese t"ings toget"er.
!odul sub%onctiv se $oloseste in propozitiile subordonate in urmatoarele scopuri:
e(presia unei dorinte=
$raze conditionale care incep cu i$ si e(prima o conditie ireala
$raze introduse prin as i$ sau as t"oug" si descriu speculatii sau conditii ireale
$raze introduse prin t"at si care e(prima cereri sugestii solicitari.
E(.: S"e &is"es "er bo#$riend &ere "ere.
:$ Buan &ere more aggressive "eAd be a better "oc,e# pla#er.
?e &ould "ave passed i$ &e "ad studied "arder.
>e acted as i$ "e &ere guilt#.
: re/uested t"at "e be present at t"e "earing.
Sub%onctivul nu este un mod important in limba engleza cum este in alte limbi de e(emplu in $ranceza
sau spaniola. :n multe situatii care in alte limbi cer sub%onctivul in limba engleza sunt $olosite $ormele
numeroaselor verbe au(iliarele.
R.;. 9erbele $razale
D alta particularitate a limbii engleze o reprezinta verbele $razale. 9erbele $razale sunt $ormate dintr.un
verb si un alt cuvant de obicei o prepozitie. Ele au luat nastere in vorbirea de zi cu zi.
9erbele $razale au sensuri mai greu de g"icit la prima vedere si pot avea mai multe ast$el de intelesuri
de multe ori di$erite. <e e(emplu to come out are 1N intelesuri di$erite!
9erbele pot $i combinate cu propozitii sau alte cuvinte pentru a obtine noi entitati.
E(.: stand out stand up stand in stand o$$ stand b# stand $ast stand pat stand do&n stand against
stand $or.
!ai mult verbul si prepozitia sa par a nu avea nici o legatura in conte(tul respectiv
E(.: Fill t"is out! Fill out t"is $orm. )a completa un $ormular+
<"ree mas,ed gunmen "eld up t"e Securit# Ban, t"is a$ternoon. )a %e$ui+
Cou le$t out t"e part about t"e police c"ase do&n 8s#lum 8venue. )a omite+
<"e la&#ers loo,ed over t"e papers care$ull# be$ore /uestioning t"e &itness. )a e(amina+
D lista sumara a celor mai $olosite verbe $razale insotite de o scurta e(plicatie si un e(emplu poate $i
gasita la: "ttp:**&ebster.commnet.edu*grammar*p"rasals."tm.

1. 6ompleteaza cu be sau "ave la $ormele verbale potrivite:
S&ans GGG large birds . almost ; $eet tall. <"e# GGG log nec,s. Some s&ans GGG ver# tame. <"e# o$ten
come near people $or $ood. Females usuall# GGGG about si( babies &"ic" are called c#gnets. 6#gnets
GGG gre# in colour and GGG ver# small &ings but &"en t"e# are $ull# gro&n t"e# GGG large and strong
&ings and GGG &"ite in colour. S&ans can live to be ;P.
'. 6ompleteaza verbele $razale in propozitiile de mai %os:
"ung up came to catc" on eat out put on tal, over get b# turned do&n $ind out s"o& up
>e tried to GGGG "is %ac,et be$ore "is tie &as tied.
!# $amil# &as able to GGGGon ver# little mone# &"en : &as #oung.
<"e detective vo&ed to GGGG &"o t"e murderer &as be$ore t"e case &ent to trial.
?"enever &e get tired o$ coo,ing &e GGG at our $avorite :talian restaurant.
6arlos GGGG on "is sister because "e &as so tired o$ listening to "er &"ining on t"e p"one.
<as"onda &as astonis"ed t"at s"e &as GGG $or t"e counselorAs position.
<"e committee promised t"at t"e celebrit# &ould GGGGGG at t"e big event.
?"en "e GGG "is &allet and bi,e &ere no&"ere to be $ound.
2ro$essor Farbman promised to GGG t"e e(am a$ter s"e returned t"e results.
<erri &as able to GGG to t"e most comple( problems in calculus be$ore an#one else.
Lecia O: <impurile verbale: prezentul simplu si continuu



Este $oarte important sa intelegem utilizarea si sensul timpurilor in limba engleza. !ulte dintre aceste
$orme verbale nu au corespondent in limba romana. !ai mult sensul e(primat de $ormele verbale in
limba engleza nu corespunde intotdeauna cu cel utilizat in limba romana.
O.1. 6lasi$icarea timpurilor verbale
O.1.1. in $unctie de timp:
2rezentul:
1. 2rezentul simplu
'. 2rezentul continuu
0. 2rezent per$ect
;. 2rezent per$ect continuu
<recutul:
@. <recut simplu
R. <recut continuu
O. <recut per$ect
N. <recut per$ect continuu
9iitorul:
Q. 9iitorul simplu
1P. 9iitorul continuu
11. 9iitorul per$ect
1'. 9iitorul per$ect continuu
1. 2EESE1<-L S:!2L-
1.1. Forma
2rezentul simplu are $orma de baza a verbului )&rite &or,+.
La persoana a :::.a sg. $orma de baza 3 .s )"e &rites s"e &or,s+.
E(.: : pla# #ou pla# &e pla# t"e# pla#
>e pla#s s"e pla#s it pla#s
Forma negativa se $ormeaza cu au(iliarul do:
E(.: : do not drin, tea.
S"e*"e does not pla# $ootball.
Forma interogativa:
E(.: Io #ou &or, "ereM
Ioes s"e*"e sing beauti$ull#M

Forma prezentului simplu pentru #ou persoana a ::.a singular si plural este identica.
2ersoana a :::.a singular a prezentului simplu adauga .s la s$arsit!
1.'. Functii:
8ctiuni obisnuite care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat dar nu neaparat in momentul e(act al
vorbirii:
E(.: !ina pla#s tennis ever# &ee,end.
<"e 2ost o$$ice opens at Q:;@.
8devaruri sau realitati general acceptate:
E(.: Some vegetarians eat $is" but t"e# do not eat meat.
?inds carr# &eat"er balloons around t"e eart" at t"e "eig"t o$ '; ,ilometers.
E(presia opiniilor:
E(.: : t"in, Spain is beauti$ul.
<"e# believe ever#t"ing t"e# read.
E(presie a pre$erintelor:
E(.: Lisette li,es cats and dogs but s"e pre$ers cats.
Bim pre$ers mat"s to languages.
Se $oloseste pentru a e(prima asa numitul prezent istoric $acand ast$el re$erire la actiuni care s.au
intamplat de $apt in trecut.
E(.: ?e &ere &atc"ing t"e bac, door &"en all o$ a sudden in &al,s Iierdre.
Iierdre tells me t"at s"e too, "er brot"er to t"e dentist.
2rezentul simplu poate avea valenta de viitor mai ales cu verbe ca: arrive come leave care sugereaza
evenimente planuite sau programate:
E(.: <"e train $rom Boston arrives t"is a$ternoon at t&o oAcloc,.
>ig" tide is at 0:1@ p.m. <"e Super Bo&l starts at R:1@ p.m.
E(presii care semnaleaza $recvent actiunile obisnuite e(primate prin prezentul simplu:
all t"e time al&a#s ever# classe ever# da# ever# "olida# ever# "our ever# mont" ever# semester
ever# &ee, ever# #ear most o$ t"e time never o$ten rarel# sometimes usuall#
1.0. 6on%ugare
singular : &al, #ou &al, "e*s"e*it &al,s
plural &e &al, #ou &al, t"e# &al,
singular : sleep #ou sleep "e*s"e*it sleeps
plural &e sleep #ou sleep t"e# sleep
singular : am #ou are"e*s"e*it is
plural &e are #ou aret"e# are
E(emple:
: &al, to &or, ever# da#.
<"e 6"icago Bulls sometimes practice in t"is g#mnasium.
Ir. Espinoza operates according to "er o&n sc"edule.
6oac" 6al"oun recruits $rom countries outside t"e -.S.8.
'. 2EESE1<-L 6D1<:1--
'.1. Forma
8cest timp se $ormeaza cu a%utorul verbului au(iliar to be la prezent 3 $orma de baza a verbului 3 .ing
)participiu prezent+.
E(.: : am bu#ing all m# $amil#As 6"ristmas gi$ts earl# t"is #ear.
S"e is &or,ing t"roug" t"e "olida# brea,.
Forma negativa . se adauga not dupa $orma de prezent simplu a au(iliarului to be.
E(.: :t is not raining.
Forma interogativa se obtine prin inversiunea au(iliarului to be cu subiectul:
E(.: 8re t"e# pla#ingM
:s "e eatingM
'.'. Functii
2rezentul continuu indica: o actiune care se a$la in plina des$asurare in momentul vorbirii.
E(.: <"e p"one is ringing. : canAt ans&er it. :Am &as"ing m# "air.
:tAs raining so t"e# "ave to stop t"e game.
D actiune care se a$la in des$asurare in perioada prezenta dar care poate nu se intampla concomitent cu
momentul vorbirii.
E(.: <"e# are &riting a ne& boo,.
S"eAs stud#ing Englis" at t"e Language 6enter.
Iescrie o tendinta sau actiune care a debutat recent:
E(.: !ore and more people are starting to pla# gol$ in !ala#sia.
2entru a desemna o actiune care este plani$icata pentru viitor:
E(.: <o meet t"e demand $or Englis" language courses t"e# are planning to e(pand.
!o"an is leaving $or London ne(t &ee,.
'.0. 9erbele dinamice si statice
:n general numai anumite verbe pot $i $olosite la aspectul continuu si acestea se numesc verbe
dinamice.
8spectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este era sau va $i in des$asurare. Formele verbale
progresive )aspectul continuu+ se $olosesc numai in cazul verbelor dinamice de miscare care e(prima
calitati capabile de sc"imbare.
1u se spune J>e is being tallJ sau J>e is resembling "is mot"erJ sau J: am &anting spag"etti $or
dinnerJ
ci vom spune: J>e is tallJ J>e resembles "is mot"erJ J: &ant spag"ettiJ.
<abelul urmator descrie in detaliu di$erentele dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice:
9EEBE I:18!:6E
9erbe care e(prima o activitate:
abandon as, beg call drin, eat "elp learn listen loo, at pla# rain read sa# slice t"ro& &"isper
&or, &rite
E(.: : am begging #ou. : &as learning Frenc". <"e# &ill be pla#ing upstairs.
Sensul este identic cu cel al $ormelor simple:
E(.: : beg #ou. : learned Frenc". <"e# &ill pla# upstairs.
9erbe care e(prima procese:
c"ange deteriorate gro&mature slo& do&n &iden
E(.: <"e corn is gro&ing rapidl#. <ra$$ic is slo&ing do&n.
Sensul este identic cu cel al $ormelor simple:
E(.: <"e corn gro&s rapidl#. <ra$$ic slo&s do&n.
9erbe de perceptii senzoriale:
ac"e $eel "urt itc"
E(.: J: $eel badJ si J: am $eeling badJ au acelasi sens in acest caz.
9erbe care e(prima actiuni tranzitive:
arrive die $all land leave lose
Formele continue indica inceputul actiunii pe cand $ormele temporale simple din contra.
E(.: S"e &as $alling out o$ bed )&"en : caug"t "er+.
S"e $alls out o$ bed ever# nig"t.
9erbe e(primand actiuni momentane:
"it %ump ,ic, ,noc, nod tap
Formele continue indica durata scurta si sugereaza repetitia.
E(.: S"e is "itting "er brot"er.
>e is %umping around t"e "ouse.
9EEBE S<8<:6E
9erbe de perceptie senzatie activitate mentala:
ab"or adore astonis" believe desire detest disli,e doubt $eel $orgive guess "ate "ear imagine
impress intend ,no& li,e love mean mind perceive please pre$er presuppose realize recall
recognize regard remember satis$# see smell suppose taste t"in, understand &ant &is"
E(.: : detest rudabaga si nu : am detesting rudabaga.
: pre$er cinnamon toast si nu : am pre$erring cinnamon toast.
9erbe de relatie si posesie:
be belong to concern consist o$ contain cost depend on deserve e/ual $it "ave include involve
lac, matter need o&e o&n possess re/uire resemble seem sound
E(.: : am sic, si nu : am being sic,.
: o&n ten acres o$ land si nu : am o&ning ten acres.
!# brot"er o&es me ten dollars si nu !# brot"er is o&ing me ten dollars.

:maginati.va di$erenta de inteles dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice prin prisma intentiei cele statice
e(primand calitati neintentionate pe cand cele dinamice calitati intentionate:
<&o plus t&o e/uals $our.
Bane is leaving $or Buc"arest.
E/uals este un verb static si nu poate lua o $orma continua= nu e(ista optiune sau intentie in acest caz.
Ioi plus doi a $ost si va $i intotdeauna egal cu patru.
:s leaving e(prima optiunea si intentia subiectului de a e$ectua actiunea respectiva.

9erbul to "ave nu se $oloseste niciodata in aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de Ja su$eri deJ:
: "ave $lu. >e "as a $ever.
Se $oloseste la aspectul continuu atunci cand are intelesul de Ja anga%a pe cineva pentru o actiuneJ:
:Am "aving m# "air done on ?ednesda#.
<"e#Are "aving t"e "ouse painted.
>ave se $oloseste la aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de Je(perientaJ:
:Am "aving a lot o$ problems &it" t"is tas,.
<"e#Are "aving trouble selling t"eir "ouse.
'.;. 6on%ugare
singular : am &al,ing #ou are &al,ing "e*s"e*it is &al,ing
plural &e are &al,ing #ou are &al,ing t"e# are &al,ing
singular : am sleeping #ou are sleeping "e*s"e*it is sleeping
plural &e are sleeping #ou are sleeping t"e# are sleeping
singular : am being #ou are being "e*s"e*it is being
plural &e are being #ou are being t"e# are being
E(emple:
<"e summer is passing too /uic,l#.
Eaoul is acting li,e "is $at"er.
Some $ootball pla#ers are not being good role models $or #oungsters.
:s "e being good to #ouM

Scrie 1P propozitii cu lucruri iti plac si inca zece cu cele care iti displac.
E(emplu: : li,e tea. :n t"e morning : pre$er co$$ee.