Seminar On

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

IN
POWER ELECTRONICS

Presented By
Subhankar Dam
M.Tech (Power Electronics & Drives)
Jalpaiguri Govt Engg. College
 What is Power Factor
 Ratio of delivered power to the product of RMS
voltage and RMS current

 The cosine that represents the phase angle between

the current and voltage waveforms.
power factor = cos ø
 Causes of Low Power Factor

 ac motors and transformers.

 Arc lamp & electric discharge.
 Magnetizing component of inductive
reactance increases during low load periods.
 Improper maintenance of motors.
 Arc furnaces
 Harmonics
Advantages of High Power Factor

 Decreasing utility bill.

 Branch capacity of the system increases.
 Penalty can be avoided
 Saving in Hardware Cost.
Methods of controlling power
factor
 Extinction angle control
 Symmetric angle control
 Pulse width modulation
 Single phase Sinusoidal PWM
Extinction angle control
Waveform
Symmetric angle control
Waveform
Pulse width modulation
Single phase Sinusoidal PWM
 Harmonics

 It is a steady state periodic phenomenon

that produces continuous distortion in
voltage and current waveform.
 It is normally caused by saturable devices,
power electronics devices and non linear
consumer loads.
Effects of Harmonics

 Increases the amount of Current on the

neutral conductor
 Creates Interference on Communication
Circuit.
 Excessive heating in induction motor
 Crawling in induction motors.
 Affect the operation of control &
regulating ckt.
Effect of harmonics on waveform
 Spectrum of a Typical
Distorted Voltage Waveform
(b ) S p e c tru m o f (a )
(a ) D is t o r t e d W a v e fo r m
1 .5

1 THD= 4383%
0 .8

0 .5

H a rm o n ic s M a g n itu d e s (p u )
0 .6
V o lta g e (p u )

0
F u n d a m e n ta l

0 .4
-0 .5

-1 0 .2

-1 .5 0
0 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 01 11 21 31 41 5
T im e (s )
H a r m o n ic s N u m b e r
 Total Harmonic Distortion
 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a measure of
harmonic voltage/current. The THD in a voltage
waveform is defined as

Total harmonic distortion (THD)

Ratio of the RMS value of all the nonfundamental
frequency terms to the RMS value of the fundamental
A view to different power factors
for different loads (A case study)
Harmonic Reduction

 Low pass L-C filter ckt on ac side

 Active shaping of input line current
Low pass L-C filter ckt on ac
side
Design consideration.
Active shaping of input line
current
Line waveform & (iL & Vs)
 Harmonic Reduction in
Voltage Controlled inverters
 Single Pulse Width Modulation.

For 3rd Harmonic p=120◦

For 5th Harmonic p=72◦
Multiple commutation in each
half cycle

Harmonic Reduction using multiple

commutation
Order of typical harmonics generated
by non-linear loads (A case study)
 Harmonic Voltage Limit as per
IEEE-519(utilities’ responsibility)
Bus Voltage Maximum Maximum
Individual THD (%)
Harmonic
Component (%)
69 kV and below 3.0% 5.0%

115 kV to 161 kV 1.5% 2.5%

Above 161 kV 1.0% 1.5%

 Harmonic Current Limit as per IEEE-519
(customers’ responsibility)
SCR h<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
=Isc/IL
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0

20 -50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0

50 -100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0

100 -1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0

>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

Values shown are in % of “average maximum load current”

SCR = short circuit ratio (short circuit current at point of common
coupling divided by customer average maximum load current)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion (uses maximum load current as
the base, rather than the fundamental current)
CONCLUSION
 Links & References
Power Electronics (M.H.Rashid)
Power Electronics (Khanchandani & Singh)
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
www.books.google.com
www.en.wikipedia.org

Thank You