SCALE DE EVALUARE PSIHOLOGIC TIMPURIE A COPIILOR

CU DIZABILITI
VASILE PREDA
ABSTRACT: SCALES FOR THE EARLY PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF
DISABLED CHILDREN. This paper presents soe s!a"es #or the ear"$ ps$!ho"o%i!a"
e&a"'ation o# (isa)"e( !hi"(ren* pointin% o't the e##i!ien!$ o# 'sin% s!a"es #or the
e&a"'ation o# the (e&e"opent o# sensor$+otor inte""i%en!e ,U-%iris an( H'nt* ./012
D'nst* ./34* Na(er+Gros)ois* 54406. 7e ephasise the #a!t that these s!a"es
!ontri)'te to a 8!"ini!a"9 e&a"'ation* )ein% eant to he"p i(enti#$ not on"$ the
(e#i!ien!ies* )'t a"so the ps$!hootor an( the !o%niti&e reso'r!es* as :e"" as other
potentia" a)i"ities o# the (isa)"e( !hi"(. 7e a"so stress ho: iportant it is to per#or
an ana"$sis o# the :a$ in :hi!h the !o%niti&e* so!io+a##e!ti&e* oti&ationa" an(
&o"itiona" !hara!teristi!s o# (isa)"e( !hi"(ren in#"'en!e one another* an( sho: that this
inter(epen(en!e )ears 'pon the ip"eentation o# persona"ise( e('!ationa" an(
!opensator$+!orre!ti&e pro%raes (esi%ne( #or (isa)"e( !hi"(ren.
Key words; e&a"'ation s!a"es* sensor$+otor inte""i%en!e* ps$!hootor (e&e"opent*
!o%niti&e (isa)i"ities* persona"ise( e('!ationa" pro%raes.
l E!"l#"re" de $%& '"d(%)%s$r"$%!* +% e!"l#"re" ,l%)%,-
S!op'" e&a"'<rii (e tip 8a(inistrati&9* =n esen><* este a!e"a (e a (eterina (a!<
%ra('" (e#i!ien>ei !opi"'"'i ?'sti#i!< inte%rarea a!est'ia =ntr+'n ser&i!i' spe!ia"i-at @i* (a!< (a*
!are este a!e"a. De eAep"'* eAainarea 'n'i !opi" !' (e#i!ien>< inta"< !' teste (e
inte"i%en>< %enera"< ,atri!i"e Ra&en6 @i (e inte"i%en>< %"o)a"< ,s!a"e"e 7e!hs"er + 7PPSI*
7ISC2 Ba'#ann ABC* No'&e""e E!he""e CDtriE'e (e "9Inte""i%en!e et!.6 &a perite* !a prin
raportarea "a eta"oane @i "a !"asi#i!area prop's< (e American Association on Mental
Retardation* a(optat< =n n'eroase ><ri* s< se estie-e (a!< (e#i!ien>a inta"< este 8'@oar<9*
8o(erat<9* 8se&er<9 sa' 8pro#'n(<9. FinGn( seaa n' n'ai (e a!east< estiare* !i @i (e
!riterii"e a(inistrati&e =n &i%oare (in !a(r'" !o'nit<>ii na>iona"e !<reia =i apar>ine !opi"'"*
se &a (e!i(e !e instit'>ie spe!ia"i-at< sa' o)i@n'it< ,!re@<* %r<(ini><* @!oa"<* instit'>ie (e
o!rotire* ser&i!' pe(opsihiatri!6 este a)i"itat< s< prieas!< respe!ti&'" !opi" pentr' rea)i"itare*
re!'perare* e('!a>ie.
Hn pri&in>a esti<rii %ra('"'i (e#i!ien>ei inta"e pot apare* =ns<* erori (e 8<s'rare9
a !oe#i!ient'"'i (e inte"i%en>< sa' a &Grstei inta"e. Eroarea (e 8<s'rare9 poate #i !' atGt
ai are !' !Gt (e#i!ien>a inta"< a !opi"'"'i este ai pron'n>at<. De!i* este iportant !a =n
interpretarea re-'"tate"or s< se >in< seaa (e !oe#i!ien>ii (e #i(e"itate ai test'"'i 'ti"i-at.
Can'a"e"e (e pre-entare a teste"or tre)'ie s< en>ione-e &a"i(itatea !oe#i!ien>ii (e #i(e"itate.
Eroarea (e 8<s'rare9 este !' atGt ai are !' !Gt !oe#i!ient'" (e #i(e"itate a" test'"'i este
ai s!<-'t. De aseenea* tre)'ie s< se >in< seaa @i (e eto(o"o%ia 'ti"i-at< pentr' a
(eterina !oe#i!ient'" (e #i(e"itate ,test+retest* 8sp"it+ha"#9 et!.6.
A"te pre!a'>ii !are tre)'ie "'ate =n sea< s'nt; a6 repetarea a(inistr<rii test'"'i ,(e
!<tre a"t psiho"o% sa' psihope(a%o% 62 )6 a(inistarea 'nei #ore para"e"e a test'"'i* (a!<
a!easta eAist<2 !6 'ti"i-area 'nor teste (e inte"i%en>< (i#erite* pentr' a &e(ea =n !e <s'r<
re-'"tate"e "a a!estea !oin!i(.
O a"t< rear!< iportant< este a!eea !< ap"i!area teste"or !"asi!e (e inte"i%en>< n'
perit s< se e&i(en>ie-e !ara!teristi!i"e #'n!>ion<rii inte"e!t'a"e a"e !opi"'"'i eAainat. Pentr'
.
a!easta este ne!esar s< se ape"e-e "a psiho(ia%nosti!'" (inai!* #orati&* prin !are se
sta)i"e@te !oe#i!ient'" (e e('!a)i"itate a" !opi"'"'i* e&i(en>iin('+se @i !ara!teristi!i a"e
pro!es<rii in#ora>iei (e !<tre s')ie!t'" respe!ti& ,Fe'erstein* Ran(* Ho##an* ./0/6. Se
ape"ea-<* (e!i* "a o e&a"'are 8!"ini!<9* 'r<rin('+se s< se i(enti#i!e n' n'ai (e#i!ite"e* !i @i
res'rse"e !o%niti&e @i a"te poten>ia"it<>i a"e !opi"'"'i. De aseenea* este iportant s< se @tie
!' se arti!'"ea-< =ntre e"e @i !' se in#"'en>ea-< re!ipro! !ara!teristi!i"e !o%niti&e* so!io+
a#e!ti&e* oti&a>iona"e @i &o"iti&e a"e !opi"'"'i.
.. S,"le de e!"l#"re " de/!ol$-r%% &s%0%,e $%(&#r%%
.1 S,"lele &%"2e$%e)e de e!"l#"re " de/!ol$-r%% %)$el%2e)3e% se)/or%o4(o$or%%
5U/2%r%s +% H#)$6 1789: D#)s$6 17;<=
A!est tip (e s!a"e s'nt pre#erate 8)a)$+teste"or9 !"asi!e ,pre!' s!a"e"e Gese""*
Br'net+LD-ine* Ba$"e$6 =n !eea !e pri&e@te !opiii !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e sa' !' (e#i!ien>e
a'(iti&e. Dera$ ,./3I6 a eAainat a&anta?e"e @i in!on&eniente"e s!a"e"or pia%etiene e"a)orate
(e Casati @i LD-ine ,./I36 @i !e"e a"e "'i U-%iris @i H'nt ,./016 =n &e(erea eAain<rii
(e-&o"t<rii !o%niti&e a !opii"or !' (e#i!ien>< a'(iti&< se&er< @i pro#'n(<* !are a&ea' a!east<
(e#i!ien>< (e "a &Grsta (e .0+5J "'ni. A!e@ti !opii* pre!' @i p<rin>ii "or* a' )ene#i!iat (e o
s's>inere (in partea 'nei e!hipe (e inter&en>ie tip'rie* !are a optat pentr' !o'n!area tota"<
,"i)a?'" #ran!e- a"e sene"or* !op"etat !' 'n'" (intre sistee"e an'a"e (e a?'tor pentr'
"e!t'ra "a)ia"<6.
S!a"e"e Casati @i LD-ine &i-ea-< sta(ii"e III+VI ,!<'tarea o)ie!t'"'i (isp<r't2 'ti"i-area
'nor i?"oa!e intere(iare2 eAp"orarea o)ie!te"or6 sa' V+VI ,!o)inarea o)ie!te"or6 a"e
(e-&o"t<rii sen-orio+otorii. Pro!e('ra (e a(inistrare @i ateria"'" s'nt stan(ar(i-ate* !eea
!e #a!i"itea-< pre%<tirea eAain<rii @i a(inistrarea proo)ei. Tip'" (e a(inistrare este
s!'rt ,.4+J1 in'te* =n #'n!>ie (e &Grsta s')ie!t'"'i6.
S!a"e"e H'-%iris @i H'nt s'nt repre-entate prin @ase s!a"e or(ina"e* ap"i!a)i"e =ntre . @i
5K "'ni; I L 'r<rirea &i-'a"< @i peranen>a o)ie!t'"'i2 II L (e-&o"tarea i?"oa!e"or sen-orio+
otorii pentr' atin%rea 'n'i 8e&enient9 (orit* a 'n'i s!op2 III+a L iita>ie &o!a"<2 III+) L
iita>ie %est'a"<2 IV L (e-&o"tarea !a'-a"it<>ii opera>iona"e2 V+ !onstr'!>ia re"a>ii"or spa>ia"e2
VI L (e-&o"tarea s!hee"or (e re"a>ie !' o)ie!te"e. A(inistrarea s!a"e"or perite =nto!irea
'n'i pro#i" =n !are ni&e"'ri"e (e (e-&o"tare atinse =n (i#erite (oenii a"e #'n!>ion<rii s'nt
eApriate =n tereni (e s')+sta(ii sen-orio+otorii.
Hn &ersi'nea ori%ina"< a instr'ent'"'i (e e&a"'are e"e)orat (e U-%iris @i H'nt
n'<r'" (e itei &aria-< (e "a J "a .1* =n #'n!>ie (e s!a"e* =n tota" #iin( I1 (e itei. Iteii
repre-int< situaii relevante sa' inductoare. Este &or)a (e 8aena?<ri9 !are perit o)ser&area
a!>i'nii !opi"'"'i ,as'pra "'i =ns'@i2 as'pra o)ie!te"or sa' a persoane"or (in ant'ra?6. Fie!are
sit'a>ie in('!toare poate s< pro&oa!e !oportaente (i&erse* (intre !are 'ne"e s'nt
!onsi(erate !a aciuni critice sa' comportamente critice. Un comportament critic pentr' o
s!a"< (at< este a!e" !oportaent !are !oresp'n(e 'nei etape (eterinate a (e-&o"t<rii* =n
(oeni'" pe !are =" a!oper< s!a"a. N'<r'" !oportaente"or !riti!e &aria-< (e "a .5 "a .I* =n
#'n!>ie (e s!a"e* =n tota" #iin( /1. N'<r'" etape"or (e (e-&o"tare pe !are "e (istin%e o s!a"<
este ai i! (e!Gt !e" a" !oportaente"or !riti!e* &ariin( =ntre 0 @i .K* =n raport !' s!a"e"e.
Reainti !< s!a"e"e H'-%iris @i H'nt s'nt s!a"e or(ina"e* ierarhi!e. P"asarea or(ina"<
a etape"or ,sa' =n"<n>'irea6 (e (e-&o"tare pentr' #ie!are s!a"< este 'rarea 'nei ana"i-e
statisti!e prop's< (e a'tori.
A(inistrarea s!a"e"or se )a-ea-< pe; (es!rierea sit'a>ii"or in('!toare at'n!i !Gn( se
pre%<te@te eAainarea2 !oportaente"e !riti!e !are tre)'ie o)ser&ate @i notarea
!oportaente"or ani#estate (e !opi"2 =n"<n>'irea se!&en>e"or (e-&o"t<rii !Gn( se
interpretea-< !oportaente"e o)ser&ate. A(inistrarea s!a"e"or ne!esit< aproAiati& o or<*
5
(ar se poate #a!e o eAainare =n (o'< repri-e. EAi%en>e"e a(inistr<rii s'nt (i#erite (e !e"e
stan(ar(i-ate a"e )a)$+teste"or !"asi!e* #iin( eAi%en>e ai #"eAi)i"e. Intr+a(e&<r* =n opinia
a'tori"or* se ip'ne o aena?are optia"< a sit'a>iei (e eAainare* !' s!op'" (e a s's!ita
interes'" @i !o"a)orarea !opi"'"'i. Se poate pro!e(a ast#e"; a6 =ntr+o sit'a>ie in('!toare (at< se
(i&ersi#i!< ateria"'" @i o)ie!te"e pre-entate* =n #'n!>ie (e interese"e !opi"'"'i2 se&aria-<
or(inea (e a(inistrare a sit'a>ii"or in('!toare2 !6 se poate reperta (e ai '"te ori
a(inistrarea a!e"eia@i sit'a>ii. Cateria"'" poate #i !onstr'it (e =ns<@i 'ti"i-atorii* =n
!on#oritate !' in(i!a>ii"e a'tori"or.
Ape"Gn( "a eAainarea =n @e(in>e (istin!te* (ar apropiate !a tip* Dera$ ,./3I6 a
a(inistrat !opii"or =n tota"itate s!a"e"e Casati @i LD-ine* pre!' @i s!a"e"e U-%iris @i H'nt* "a
a!estea (in 'r< !' eA!ep>ia s!a"ei III L iita>ie &o!a"<. Pentr' !e"e"a"te s!a"e* =n eAainarea
(e#i!ien>i"or (e a'- n' a ne!esitat (e!Gt a(apt<ri inie a"e ateria"'"'i2 (e eAep"'* pentr'
s!a"a IV L (e !a'-a"itate opera>iona"< L a' #ost a"ese o)ie!te interesante pentr' a #i eAp"orate
@i per!ep'te &i-'a"* (eoare!e !opiii n' )ene#i!ia' (e in#ora>ii sonore. Ap"i!area s!a"e"or
H'-%iris @i H'nt ne!esit< ai '"t tip (e!Gt s!a"e"e Casati @i LD-ine* (ar a!estea o#er<
in#ora>ii ai )o%ate @i ai (i#eren>iatoare. To!ai (e a!eea* =n in&esti%a>ii"e '"terioare s+a
ren'n>at "a s!a"e"e H'-%iris @i H'nt.
1. Vers%#)% "le s,"lelor l#% U/2%r%s +% H#)$
Dera$ ,./3I6 a e"a)orat o &ersi'ne optii-at< a s!a"e"or U-%iris @i H'nt* pornin( (e "a
o pri< etap< =n !are s+a >in't seaa (e !ontri)'>ii"e "'i D'nst ,./346. Versi'ni"e e"a)orate
(e D'nst @i (e Dera$ se !ara!teri-ea-< prin;
a6 (e#inirea !e"or 1J (e itei noi* n'i>i 8itei eAperienta"i9* !oresp'n-<tori #ie
noi"or sit'a>ii in('!toare* #ie noi"or !oportaente !riti!e pentr' sit'a>ii (e?a pre&<-'te.
P"asarea 8or(ina"<9 a se!&en>e"or (e (e-&o"tare !oresp'n-<toare itei"or eAperienta"i a #ost
rea"i-at< (e D'nst pe )a-a 'nei esti<ri 8"o%i!e9* a&Gn( !a re#erin>e "'!r<ri"e "'i M. Pia%et* @i
n' pe )a-a 'nei ana"i-e statisti!e.
)6 (eterinarea pentr' #ie!are (intre s!a"e"e (e (e-&o"tare ,8&e!hi9@i 8eAperienta"e96
a 'nei &Grste aproAiati&e (e (e-&o"tare* eApriat< =n "'ni* (eas'pra sta(i'"'i sen-orio+
otor.
D'p< .//4* Na(er+Gros)ois a !ontina't optii-area s!a"e"or H'-%iris @i H'nt*
=)'n<t<>in( ateria"'"* e"a)orGn( 'n an'a" (e a(inistrare i"'strat @i (o!'ente &i(eo
(i(a!ti!e. EAainarea are s!op'" !opar<rii !opii"or &a"i-i !' !ei !are a' (e#i!ien>e
inta"e2 !opiii* !' etatea !rono"o%i!< (e /+.4 "'ni pGn< "a 5K "'ni* a' #ost reparti-a>i =n @ase
%r'pe (e &Grst<. A!easta a peris s< se &eri#i!e; a6 p"asarea or(ina"< a itei"or* prin ana"i-<
statisti!<2 )6 pertinen>a 8&Grste"or aproAiati&e (e (e-&o"tare9 %<site (e D'nst.
Dintre !onstat<ri"e rea"i-ate (e Na(er+Gros)ois =n pri&in>a !opii"or !' (e#i!ien>e
inta"e "e en>ion<* pe !e"e ai iportante.
a6 Coportaente !e n' s+a' =ntG"nit "a !opiii &a"i-i* respe!ti& !oportaente (e
8ni&e" intere(iar9 !are apar !a 'rare a 'n'i pri e@e! @i !a r<sp'ns "a =n!'ra?<ri
sa' "a (eonstra>ii.
)6 Hn!er!<ri"e s'!!esi&e pre&<-'te (e s!a"e"e H'-%iris @i H'nt s'nt )ene#i!e* !<!i e"e
perit s< se o)ser&e "a !opiii (e#i!ien>i inta" pro%rese =n strate%ii"e a(optate
pentr' re-o"&area pro)"ee"or pre-entate.
!6 spre (eose)ire (e !eea !e se o)ser&< "a &a"i-i* "a !opiii !' (e#i!ien>e eiterea 'nor
!oportaente (e ni&e" s'perior n' ('!e "a (ispari>ia !oportaente"or (e ni&e"
in#erior2 a!estea s'nt a(eseori 'ti"i-ate (e !opi"'" !' (e#i!ien>< inta"< !a 'n pri
i?"o! (e eAp"orare* =n !a(r'" 'n'i !onta!t !' 'n o)ie!t no' sa' !' o sit'a>ie no'<6.
J
A&Gn( =n &e(ere !e"e (e ai s's* re-'"t< !< =n !a(r'" 'nor eAain<ri rapi(e* !Gn( n' i
se a!or(< !opi"'"'i !' (e#i!ien>a inta"< 'n tip s'#i!ient pentr' a r<sp'n(e "a sit'a>ii"e+
sti'" @i !Gn( a!estea n' se repet<* eAist< ris!'" s')esti<rii ni&e"'"'i per#oran>e"or
s's!epti)i"e (e a #i atinse (e !opi".
Hn !a(r'" a"tor !er!et<ri* (estinate e"a)or<rii 'nei te-e (e (o!torat* Na(er+Gros)ois
,54406 a 'r<rit s< (eterine interre"a>ii"e (intre !opeten>e"e sen-orio+otorii* pe (e o
parte* @i !opeten>e"e !o'ni!ati&e tip'rii !are se str'!t'rea-< =ntre 4 @i 5K+J4 "'ni.
Cer!et<ri"e a' #ost !on!ep'te (in perspe!ti&a psiho"o%iei (i#eren>ia"e* st'(iin('+se
&aria)i"itatea intra+ @i inter+in(i&i('a"<. Date"e trans&ersa"e @i "on%it'(ina"e a' #ost !'"ese
prin eAainarea 'nor !opii &a"i-i , !' &Grsta (e .5* .3 @i 5K "'ni6 @i a 'nor !opii !' (e#i!ien><
inta"< ,!' &Grsta !rono"o%i!< (e .5* .3* 5K @i JI "'ni6* a(inistrGn('+se !o)inat scalele de
evaluare a dezvoltrii senzorio-motorii @i scalele de evaluare a comunicrii timpurii ,Early
Social Communication Scales L (e Sei)ert @i Ho%an* ./356 .
S'port'" teoreti! !are a stat "a )a-a e"a)or<rii s!a"e"or (e !o'ni!are tip'rie a #ost
!e" a" st'(ierii (e-&o"t<rii !o'n!<rii pre"in%&isti!e* a'torii #<!Gn( "a "'!r<ri"e "'i Br'ner
,./3J6 @i "a !e"e a"e "'i Bates @i a !o"a)oratori"or a!est'ia ,./0/6.
Early Social Communication Scales !'prin(e opt s')s!a"e ierarhi!e* !' a?'tor'"
!<rora se eAainea-< posi)i"itatea !opi"'"'i (e a 'ti"i-a trei funcii a"e !o'ni!<rii
interaciune social! realizarea ateniei con"u#ate! re#larea comportamentului altuia$!
a(optGn( 'n'" sa' a"t'" (intre rolurile 'r<toare; an#a"area interaciunii! rspunsul la
interaciune! meninerea interaciunii.
Su%scalele s'nt 'r<toare"e;
.6 an%a?area sa' ini>ierea intera!>i'nii so!ia"e2
56 r<sp'ns'" "a in&ita>ia partener'"'i !are an%a?ea-< intera!>i'nea so!ia"<2
J6 en>inerea intera!>i'nii so!ia"e !' partener'"2
K6 an%a?area sa' ini>ierea aten>iei !on?'%ate2
16 r<sp'n(e partener'"'i pri&in( aniera =n !are s< #ie rea"i-at< aten>ia !on?'%at<2
I6 en>inerea aten>iei !on?'%ate2
06 an%a?area sa' ini>ierea re%"<rii !oportaent'"'i a"t'ia ,eiterea 'n'i or(in* a 'nei
rep"i!i* a 'nei !erin>e "a inten>ia partener'"'i62
36 r<sp'n(e "a !oportaent'" (e re%"are eis (e partener ,rea"i-area a !eea !e
partener'" !ere sa' or(on<6.
Fie!are s')s!a"< (istin%e !in!i ni&e"'ri + notate (e "a 4 "a K +* pentr' &Grste"e !'prinse
=ntre 4 @i 5K+J4 "'ni. Ni&e"'" 4 este !e" a" a!te"or re#"eAe ,4+5 "'ni6. Ni&e"'" . este !e" a" a!te"or
sip"e (e !o'ni!are &o"'ntar< ,5+0 "'ni6. Ni&e"'" 5 este !e" a" pro('!erii a!te"or ai
!op"eAe @i ai (i#eren>iate * (ar non!on&en>iona"e ,(e)'tea-< "a 1 "'ni* ani#estGn('+se ai
p'terni! =ntre 3 @i .J "'ni6. Ni&e"'" J este !e" a" pro('!erii a!te"or (e !o'ni!are
!on&en>iona"e @i !oor(onate* =n ser&i!i'" !o'ni!<rii pra%ati!e ,(e)'tea-< "a / "'ni*
ani#estGn('+se ai intens =ntre .K @i 5. "'ni6. Ni&e"'" J se s')(i&i(e =n (o'< s')ni&e"'ri;
ni&e"'" 8!on&en>iona" %est'a"9 ,notat !' J6* !opi"'" pro('!Gn( a!te non+&o!a"e (e !o'ni!are
!on&en>iona"<2 ni&e"'" J*1 + 8!on&en>iona" &er)a"9* !opi"'" pro('!Gn( a!te &er)a"e (e
!o'ni!are. Ni&e"'" K este !e" a" !o'ni!<rii si)o"i!e ,(e)'tea-< "a .3 "'ni* #iin( (oinant
('p< 55 "'ni6.
Ca @i pentr' s!a"e"e H'-%iris @i H'nt* ateria"'" a!estora a #ost rea"i-at (e 'ti"i-atorii
=n@i@i* =n #'n!>ie (e in(i!a>ii"e a'tori"or* iar a(inistrarea s!a"e"or este #"eAi)i"<* s'p"<.
O !er!etare interesant< a #ost e#e!t'at< (e Van(e:a""e ,.//.6* !are a ap"i!at !opii"or @i
a(o"es!en>i"or !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e; a6 S!a"e"e (e !o'ni!are so!ia"< tip'rie Sei)ert @i
Ho%an2 )6 S!a"a (e e&a"'are FrNh"i!h @i !o"a). ,./3I6* spe!ia" !on!ep't< pentr' e&a"'area
psiho"o%i!< a !opii"or !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e. S+a' e&i(en>iat a&anta?e"e @i "iite"e !e"or (o'<
instr'ente; s!a"a FrNh"i!h &i-ea-< (i#erite tip'ri (e #'n!>ionare psihootorie @i !o%niti'<*
K
a!operin( &Grste"e inta"e (e "a 4 "a .3 "'ni* iar s!a"e"e Sei)ert @i Ho%an perit e&a"'area
(e-&o"t<rii so!io+!o'ni!ati&e =ntr+'n o( #oarte #in* pentr' &Grste"e inta"e pGn< "a 5K+J4
"'ni.
Ciesen ,.//1 + !itat (e Na(e"+Gros)ois* N.* 54406 a &eri#i!at posi)i"itatea ap"i!<rii
s!a"e"or Sei)ert @i Ho%an "a !opiii !' s'r(itate se&er< sa' pro#'n(<* !' sa' #<r< (e#i!ien>e
aso!iate* =n &Grst< (e .I+J1 "'ni. Hn pri&in>a ni&e"'"'i J a'toarea a operat o (istin!>ie
interesant< =ntre; a6 #esturile convenionale ,%est'ri re%i-ate prin !on&en>ii so!ia"e* (ar
neaapr>inGn('n'i !o( "in%&isti!62 )6 #esturi-semne ,%est'ri !on&en>iona"e !are * =n a!e"a@i
tip* #a! parte (in "i)a sene"or L (e eAep"'* %est'" !are seni#i!< 8a )ea9O !6 semne
,%est'ri !are #a! parte (in "i)a sene"or (ar !are n' pot #i =n>e"ese (e!Gt (e !ei !are !'nos!
=ntr+o oare!are <s'r< a!east< "i)<6. 8Gest'ri"e !on&en>iona"e9 re"e&<* =n o( e&i(ent*
ni&e"'" J iar 8sene"e9 ni&e"'" J*1. Interpretatrea 8%est'ri"or+sene9 ri(i!< 'neori (i#i!'"t<>i.
O a"t< ini>iati&< interesean>a a a'toarei a #ost a!eea re#eritoare "a !ara!teri-area =n (')"' sens
#ie!<rei pro('!>ii %est'a"e @i a sene"or !opii"or eAaina>i; a6 =n #'n!>ie (e (e!o(area
rea"i-at< (e !<tre o persoan< #ai"iar< ,re!'noa@terea @i interpretarea pro('!>ii"or %est'a"e a"e
!opi"'"'i (e !<tre o persoan< a!er =" !'noa@te )ine62 )6 =n #'n!>ie (e (e!o(area (e !<tre o ter><
persoan< ,re!'noa@terea @i interpretarea pro('!>ii"or %est'a"e a"e !opi"'"'i (e !<tre o persoan<
!are apar>ine a!e"eia@i !o'nit<>i !'"t'ra"e pentr' (e!o(area %est'ri"or !on&en>iona"e @i Psa'
(e !<tre o persoan< !'nos!<toare a "i)ii sene"or* pentr' re!'noa@trea sene"or6. Hn s#Gr@it*
Ciesen insist< as'pra ne!esit<>ii (e a se >ine seaa @i (e pro('!>ii"e &o!a"e a"e !opii"or !'
s'r(itate* a'toarea !onstatGn( !< a!estea era' '"t ai n'eroase (e!Gt se pres'p'nea "a
=n!ep't'" in&esti%a>ii"or.
Ainistrarea !on?'%at< a s!a"e"or Sei)ert @i Ho%an @i a s!a"e"or U-%iris @i H'nt a #ost
rea"i-at<* s') !oor(onarea "'i Lepot+Froent* (e Na(er+Gros)ois ,.//K6* !are a st'(iat
!oparati& !opii !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e @i !opii &a"i-i* !' &Grste !rono"o%i!e (e .5* .3 @i 5K
"'ni* iar Sion a in&esti%at !opiii @i a(o"es!en>ii !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e* !' &Grsta !rono"o%i!<
(e "a ./ "'ni "a .1 ani. Date"e !'"ese prin a!este (o'< !er!et<ri a' peris eAtra%erea
'r<toare"or !on!"'-ii; a6 "a !opiii &a"i-i* !a @i "a !opiii !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e* ni&e"'" atins =n
(eoeni'" !opeten>e"or sen-orio+otorii este =n %enera" s'perior !e"'i atins =n (oeni'"
!opeten>e"or so!io+!o'ni!ati&e2 )6 "a !opiii i!i !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e* !a @i "a !opiii @i
a(o"es!en>ii !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e* (i#eren>a (e ni&e" =ntre !opeten>e"e sen-orio+otorii @i
!opeten>e"e so!io+!o'ni!ati&e este ai e&i(ent< (e!Gt "a "a !opii i!i &a"i-i. De eAep"'*
!opiii &a"i-i !are se sit'ea-< =n sta(i'" 1 a (e-&o"t<rii sen-orio+otorii* =n %enera"* se sit'ea-<
"a ni&e"'" J sa' K a" (e-&o"t<rii !opeten>e"or so!io+!o'ni!ati&e. Ci!ii !opii !' (e#i!ien>e
inta"e* pre!' @i !opiii @i a(o"es!en>ii !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e !are se sit'ea-< "a a!e"a@i
sta(i' 1 a" (e-&o"t<rii sen-orio+otorii* =n %enera"* se sit'ea-< "a ni&e"'" 5 sa' J a" (e-&o"t<rii
!opeten>e"or so!io+!o'ni!ati&e.
Sta(i'" 1 sen-orio+otor este !e" a" eAp"or<rii a!ti&e @i a" 8eAperient<rii92 !opi"'" se
!ara!teri-ea-< prin !apa!itatea (e (es!operire a noi"or i?"oa!e (e o)>inere a e#e!te"or (orite.
De aseenea* !opii nora"i* a#"a>i =n a!est sta(i'* s'nt !apa)i"i s< 'ti"i-e-e sena"e
!on&en>iona"e pentr' !o'ni!are2 ei st<pGnes! #'n!>ii"e !o'ni!<rii pra%ati!e* iar 'nii
(intre !opii atin% !hiar @i ni&e"'" !o'ni!<rii si)o"i!e. Ci!ii !opii (e#i!ien>i inta"* pre!'
@i !opiii @i a(o"es!en>ii !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e* !are se sit'ea-< =n a!e"a@i sta(i' 1* pot parti!ipa
"a s!hi)'ri !o'ni!ati&e r'tiniere !' 'n a('"t #ai"iar @i* =n 'ne"e !a-'ri* pot s< iite
sena"e ne!on&en>iona"e.
O a"t< !ara!teristi!< o)ser&at<* =n %enera"* "a a!este !ate%orii (e !opii re-i(< =n
(i#i!'"tatea (e a tre!e (in ni&e"'" J =n ni&e"'" J*1. Hn tip !e pentr' !opiii nora"i tran-i>ia
=ntre !e"e (o'< ni&e"'ri este aproape iper!epti)i"<* =n !a-'" !opii"or !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e @i
a @i !opii"or @i a(o"es!en>i"or a(o"es!en>i"or !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e* se pare !< eAist< o r'pt'r<
=ntre !o'ni!area !on&en>iona"< %est'a"< @i !o'ni!area !on&en>iona"< &o!a"<.
1
Ip"i!a>ii"e 'nei aseenea !onstat<ri s'nt iportante =n!eea !e pri&e@te a"e%erea
i?"oa!e"or (e !o'ni!are a"ternati&e @i a'%entate ,8alternative and au#mentative
communication6 !e tre)'ie 'ti"i-ate pentr' eAainarea !opii"or !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e sa' !'
(e#i!ien>e '"tip"e. Ci?"oa!e"e (e !o'ni!are a"ternati&e @i a'%entate !'prin( 'n ansa)"'
(e i?"o!e (e !o'ni!are non&er)a"e* !are s'nt #oarte (i&ersi#i!ate @i se sit'ea-< "a (i#erite
ni&e"'ri (e !op"eAiate; o)ie!te !on!rete* #oto%ra#ii s' (esene* pi!to%rae* i(eo%rae
pre!' !e"e (in siste'" B"iss* "i)a?'" sene"or* "i)a?e %est'a"e sip"e* Brai""e et!.
Se poate eite ipote-a !< or%ani-area (i&erse"or !opeten>e !o%niti&e @i so!io+
!o'n!ati&e n' este a!eea@i "a !opiii &a"i-i* pe (e o parte* @i "a !ei !' (e#i!ien>e inta"e sa'
"e !ei !' (e#i!ien>e '"tip"e* pe (e a"t< parte. Testarea 'nei aseneea ipote-e pres'p'ne o
!er!etare )a-at< pe ana"i-a !ore"a>ii"or =ntre re-'"tate"e "a (i#erite s')s!a"e U-%iris @i H'nt @i
"a (i#erite"e s')s!a"e Sei)ert @i Ho%an* pentr' a se s'rprin(e interre"a>ii"e (intre !opeten>e"e
e&a"'ate @i pentr' =n>e"e%erea o('"'i =n !are se arti!'"ea-< !opeten>e"e !o%niti&e @i
!opetente"e so!io+!o'ni!ati&e* =n !'rs'" priei !opi"<rii.
EAaen'" !"ini! )a-at pe !e"e (o'< tip'ri (e s!a"e perite rea"i-area 'n'i pro#i"
psiho"o%i! a" !opi"'"'i eAainat* !' p'n!te"e sa"e #orte @i !' !e"e s"a)e. EAperien>a (o)Gn(it<
(e %r'p'" !on('s (e Lepot+Froent ,.//K6 pri&in( eAainarea !opi"'"'i =n pre-en>a 'n'i
p<rinte sa' a"tei persoane (in #ai"ie* a (eonstrat a&anta?e"e 'n'i aseenea (eers; a6
eAp"i!a>ii"e (ate p<rinte"'i sa' a"tei persoane (in #ai"ie pri&in( tip'" (e #'n!>ionare a
!opi"'"'i s'nt (e are a?'tor2 )6 p<rinte"e sa' a"t< persoan< (in #ai"ie poate (a
eAainator'"'i in#ora>ii !op"eentare (eose)it (e 'ti"e.
Hn pra!ti!<* a!este s!a"e* a"<t'ri (e pro)e"e ne'ropsiho"o%i!* pre!' NEPSY
,BorQan* BirQ* Bep* 544J6 s'nt 'ti"e n' n'ai s') 'n%hi psiho(ia%nosti!* !i @i pe p"an'"
e"a)or<rii @i ap"i!<rii pro#ramelor corectiv-compensatorii &i educative personalizate*
=n!epGn( !' intervenia timpurie ,NoR"* C+P* 54406.
Pe p"an pra!ti!* intervenia timpurie (istin%e patr' tip'ri (e sar!ini @i (e a!ti&it<>i; a6
pre&enirea @i (epistarea tip'rie a (isa)i"it<>i"or2 )6 (ia%nosti!'" @i e&a"'area tip'rie2 !6
inter&en>ia @i !onsi"ierea tip'rie2 (6 'n!a =n e!hip< inter(is!ip"inar<* !' ip"i!area
p<rin>i"or @i a ser&i!ii"or (in !o'nitate.
Inter&en>ia tip'rie este !entrat<* ai =ntGi* aproape eA!"'si& pe !opi"* pentr' !a apoi
s< #ie orientat< spre re"a>ii"e p<rin>i+!opiii* =n !a(r'" i!rosiste'"'i #ai"ia"* iar =n o(
treptat @i spre ansa)"'" re"a>ii"or !opii+p<rin>i+!o'nitate. Pentr' re'@ita inter&en>iei
tip'rii* se ip'ne !a p<rin>ii !opii"or !' (e#i!ien>e sa' !' =ntGr-ieri =n (e-&o"tare s< se
inte%re-e a!ti&* =n !a"itate (e parteneri responsa)i"i* =n pro!es'" e('!ati& a" !opi"'"'i "or* iar
a!>i'ni"e e('!ati&e @i !ore!ti&+!opensatorii s< #ie !entrate pe !opi"* (es#<@'rGn('+se prioritar
=n e(i'" #ai"ia".
Di#i!'"t<>i"e ani#estate sa' !e"e posi)i"e a"e !opii"or !' (i#erite (e#i!ien>e s'nt "'ate
=n sea<* ana"i-ate @i a)or(ate =n ansa)"'" e!osiste'"'i !opi"'"'i* =n !are 'n ro"
!onsi(era)i" =n inter&e>ia tip'rie =" a' p<rin>ii* !eea !e #a!e !a pro#esioni@tii s< =@i a(apte-e
ro"'ri"e "or "a a!est o( (e a)or(are =n !a(r'" 'n!ii =n e!hip<* =n &e(erea rea"i-<rii 'n'i
a(e&<rat parteneriat !' p<rin>ii !opi"'"'i.
Pro!es'" @i a!ti&it<>i"e (e inter&en>ie tip'rie se )a-ea-< pe respe!tarea 'r<toare"or
!erin>e; re!'noa@terea 't'a"< a !'no@tin>e"or @tiin>i#i!e @i a !opeten>e"or (i#eri>i"or a!tori +
pro#esioni@ti @i p<rin>i2 a'toresponsa)i"i-area p<rin>i"or2 a)or(area inter(is!ip"inar< =ntr+'n
!a(r' sistei!2 'ti"i-area !e"or ai noi eto(e @i tehni!i e(i!a"e* psiho"o%i!e* psihoso!ia"e*
psihope(a%o%i!e @i in#orati!e.
I
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