Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Dulama Eliza 2001
Dulama Eliza 2001
#
a
r
e
C&n#inut
T
i
m
p
Met&de GAle'e#iSH
E
=
o
c
a
r
e
15Cone,i1ni c1 c1no;tin*ele anterioare:
acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale ;i <n ecGi8e
75"rganiBarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare:
acti=it3*i +rontale
Qrain2tor0ing$ CiorcGine$ Scriere
liDer3$ O>n4i*i K L1cra*i <n 8erecGi K
Co01nica*i
R
e
a
l
i
B
a
r
e
a
2
e
n
2
1
l
1
i
15Moti=area ele=ilor 8entr1 <n=3*are
75S8eci+icarea 2arcinii 4e <n=3*are
%5Di2triD1irea te,telor K 0aterialelor
&5Ti08 4e acti=itate in4i=i41al3
?5"rganiBarea c1no;tin*elor noi: acti=i-
tate +rontal3
SINELO$ Sti1-Vrea1 23 ;ti1-A0
<n=3*at$ MoBaic1l$ Lect1r3KreB10are
<n 8erecGi$ E,81nere$ E,8lica*ie$
E,8eri0ent$ De0on2tra*ie
R
e
+
l
e
c
*
i
e
15S8eci+icarea acti=it3*ii
75 Ti08 8entr1 acti=itatea in4i=i41al3$ <n
8erecGi 2a1 +rontal
E2e1$ DeBDaterea$ Linia =alorilor$
Diagra0a Venn$ Q1la 41Dl3$ Col*1-
rile$ Un1l 2t3$ trei circ1l3$ T1r1l ga-
leriei$ St14i1l 4e caB$ )roDle0atiBarea
6ROIECT DE LEC<IE
Subiectul- Mi;c3rile )30>nt1l1i
DemerD didactic
6re'tirea lec#iei
,8M&ti!a#ie- acea2t3 lec*ie e2te i08ortant3 4eoarece 2e e,8lic3 8roce2e +1n4a0entale 4e
8e 8lanet35
*8Obiecti!e-
-Ele=ii =or 4e0on2tra 0o41l 4e 8ro41cere a 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie ;i re=ol1*ie c1 1n gloD
geogra+ic5
1%@
-Ele=ii =or e,8lica ce con2ecin*e a1 0i;carea 4e rota*ie ;i 0I;carea 4e re=ol1*ie5
18C&ndi#ii prealabile- ele=ii a1 c1no;tin*e 4e28re +or0a 8lanetei$ 8aralelele i08ortante$ 8oli5
=8E!aluare- 8rin 4e0on2trarea 0i;c3rilor c1 gloD1l geogra+icJ 8rin r3281n21rile 8e DaBa
4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic5
38ReDurDe %i mana'ementul timpului- ti08 F o or3J re21r2e 0ateriale F gloD1l
geogra+ic$ 4e2en1l Mi;carea 4e re=ol1*ie9
Lec#ia pr&priu(ziD
Cadrul de
"n!#are
C&n#inut
T
i
m
p
Met&de
E=ocare Ce 0i;c3ri e+ect1eaB3 )30>nt1lH
Qrain-
2tor0ing
RealiBarea
2en21l1i
E,8eri0ent5 In +iecare Bi$ a4ic3 <n 7& ore$ 8laneta e+ect1eaB3 o
0i;care co08let3 <n E1r1l a,ei$ 4e la =e2t 28re e2t$ n10it3
0i;carea 4e rota*ie5 A8lica*i 4eget1l 0are 8e 1n 81nct 2it1at 8e
ec1ator ;i +3r3 23 ri4ica*i 4eget1l e+ect1a*i o rota*ie co08let3 a
gloD1l1i <n E1r1l a,ei$ 4e la =e2t 28re e2t55
E,8eri0ent5 A8rin4 ace2t Dec5 El re8reBint3 Soarele5 Roti*i <ncet
gloD1l ;i oD2er=a*i c10 e2te l10inat ace2ta 4e c3tre Soare5 Ce 2-ar
<nt>08la 4ac3 8laneta n1 2-ar rotiH Ce con2ecin*3 are +a8t1l c3
8laneta 2e rote;te <n E1r1l a,eiH (+or0area Bilei ;i a no8*ii!5
-Dac3 o 8arte a 8lanetei e2te l10inat3 ;i o 8arte <nt1necat3$ c10
=ariaB3 te08erat1ra 8e gloD$ <n c1r21l 1nei BileH (e2te 0ai 0are
Bi1a 4ec>t noa8tea!
E,8eri0ent5 Roti*i gloD1l 8rin +a*a Dec1l1i5 C10 2e n10e;te
0o0ent1l Bilei <n care Soarele a8are la oriBontH (r323rit! Dar
c>n4 e2te <n 81nct1l cel 0ai <nalt 8e Dolt3H (a0iaB3! Dar c>n4
4i28are 4e la oriBontH (a812! La ce or3 r32are SoareleH La ce or3
a81neH Ce 2-ar <nt>08la 4ac3 8laneta n1 2-ar rotiH
E,8lica*ie5 In 7& ore$ +iecare 81nct 4e 8e 218ra+a*a tere2tr3$
e,ce8t>n4 8olii$ trece 8rin +a*a Soarel1i 8rin 0o0entele 4e
r323rit$ a0iaB3$ a812 ;i noa8te5 Dac3 <083r*i0 o 8aralel3 (%.'
o
!
la nr 4e ore c>t 41reaB3 o rota*ie (7&! oD*ine0 8t +iecare or3 4e
0i;care a 8lanetei o 4i2tan*3 4e 1?
o
latit14ine$ n10it3 +12 orar5
S18ra+a*a 8lanetei are 7& +12e orare5 )rin 0iEloc1l 8ri01l1i +12
orar trece 0eri4ian1l Bero5 Toate localit3*ile 4in acela;i +12 orar
a1 aceea;i or3 o+icial35
E,8e-
ri0ente
E,8lica
*ie
E=ocare
S1nte*i <ntr-1n a1toD125 VireaB3 Dr12c 28re 4rea8ta5 In ce 8arte
=3 ar1nc3H De ceH (+or*a centri+1g3!
Con=er-
2a*ie
E,8eri0ent Roti*i ra8i4 gloD1l5 Toate 81nctele 4e 8e gloD 2e
rote2c c1 aceea;i =iteB3H De ceH
)roDle03 C10 calc1l30 =iteBa c1 care 2e rote;te 1n 81nct
2it1at 8e Ec1atorHCalc1la*i c1 ce =iteB3 2e rote;te 1n 81nct a+lat
8e Ec1ator 4ac3 8arc1rge &'''' L0 <n 7& ore$ =iteBa 1n1i 81nct
a+lat 8e 8aralela 4e .'
o
(%'''' L0! ;i a 1n1i 81nct 2it1at la
8ol5C10 =ariaB3 =iteBa 4e rota*ie 4e la Ec1ator 28re 8oliHIn care
8arte a 8lanetei 0ateria e2te ar1ncat3 28re e,terior 0ai 81ternicH
Ce con2ecin*3 are ace2t +a8tH
E,8e-
ri0ent
ReBol-
=area
8roDle-
0ei
Re+lec*ie
L1cra*i <n 8erecGi5 Di2c1ta*i ;i 8reciBa*i cele & con2ecin*e ale
O>n4i*iK
1%/
rota*iei 8lanetei <n E1r1l a,ei5
A2c1ltarea o8iniilor
L1cra*i<n
8erecGi
RealiBarea
2en21l1i
E,8eri0ent5 Un ele= re8reBint3 Soarele$ iar alt1l e+ect1eaB3 o
rota*ie c1 gloD1l <n E1r1l l1i5
E,81nere )>0>nt1l e+ect1eaB3 o 0i;care 4e re=ol1*ie 8e o
orDit3 <n E1r1l Soarel1i$ c1 =iteBa 4e %' L0K2$ <n ti08 4e %.? 4e
Bile ;i . ore (1n an!$ 4atorit3 +or*ei 4e atrac*ie 2olare5
E,8eri-
0ent
E,81-
nere
E,8eri0ent Acela;i ele= e+ect1eaB3 2i01ltan cele 4o13 0i;-
c3ri ale 8lanetei5
)roDle035 )laneta e+ect1eaB3 2i01ltan 0i;carea 4e rota*ie ;i
0i;carea 4e re=ol1*ie5 C>te 0i;c3ri 4e rota*ie e+ect1eaB3 <n ti08
4e 1n anH
Unii ani 21nt n10i*i ani Di2ec*i5 De ceH An1l Di2ect are %.?
Bile$ iar l1na +eDr1arie are 7/ Bile 4eoarece cele . ore 2e a41n3
ti08 4e & ani ;i +or0eaB3 o Bi care 2e a4a1g3 an1l1i 4e %.? Bile5
,egul& )entr1 i4enti+icarea anilor Di2ec*i +3r3 aE1tor1l
calen4ar1l1i$ 2e ia n103r1l an1l1i (1//.!$ a8oi 1lti0ele 4o13
cire con2i4erate ca n103r 2e <08art la & (/.:&!5 Dac3 <083r*irea
e2te e,act3 an1l e2te Di2ect5
E,8eri0ent5 "D2e=a*i c3 a,a 8olilor e2te <nclinat35 )oBi*iona*i
gloD1l c1 a,a 8er8en4ic1lar3 8e 1n 8lan oriBontal ;i 4e41ce*i 8e
care 8aralel3 ca4 8er8en4icalar raBele 2olare5
E,8lica*ie5 Dac3 a,a 8olilor n1 ar +i <nclinat3$ raBele 2olare ar
c34ea <ntot4ea1na 8er8en4ic1lar 8e Ec1ator5 Ce con2ecin*e are
a=ea ace2t +a8tH (te08erat1ra ar 2c34ea relati= 1ni+or0 4e la
Ec1ator 28re 8oli$ <n +iecare Bon3 ter0ic3 ar +i 1n 2ing1r anoti08$
<n Bona rece ar +i 2e0i<nt1neric$ Bilele ar +i egale c1 no8*ile!5
Datorit3 0i;c3rii 4e re=ol1*ie ;i a <nclin3rii a,ei$ raBele 2olare ca4
8er8en4ic1lar 4e-a l1ng1l 1nei 8aralele 2it1ate <ntre cele 4o13
tro8ice$ iar e0i2+erele 21nt l10inate ;i <nc3lBite inegal5
AnaliBarea 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic5 La 77 i1nie raBele 2olare ca4
8er8en4ic1lar 8e Tro8ic1l Rac1l1i5 Ce anoti08 <nce8e <n
e0i2+era nor4ic3H Dar <n cea 214ic3H Care e0i2+er3 e2te 0ai
l10inat3H La care 8ol e2te BiH <n care e0i2+er3 e2te Bi1a cea 0ai
l1ng3H La 77 i1nie e2te 2ol2ti*i1l 4e =ar35
-)e care 8aralel3 ca4 8er8en4ic1lar raBele 2olare la 7% 2e8te0DrieH
E2te ecGinoc*i1l 4e toa0n3H Ca anoti081ri <nce8 <n +iecare
e0i2+er3H Care e2te l1ngi0ea Bilelor ;i a no8*ilorH C10 21nt
l10ina*i 8oliiH La ce 4at3 e,i2t3 1n 0o0ent 2i0ilarH (71 0artie!
E,8e-
ri0ent
ReBol-
=area
8roDle-
0ei
Con=er-
2a*ie
E,8eri-
0ent
E,8lica-
*ie
AnaliBa-
rea
4e2en1-
l1i
2cGe0a-
tic
Re+lec*ie
AnaliBarea 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic5 Scrie*i ce +eno0ene 2e 8ro-
41c la 77 4ece0Drie$ a8oi la 71 0artie5
AnaliB3
4e2en
4838 Obiecti!ele pr&ceDului de "n!#m$nt 'e&'raic %i
&pera#i&nalizarea l&r
"Diecti=ele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt geogra+ic 21nt corelate c1 oDiecti=ele
2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt ro0>ne2c act1al$ care 21nt ierarGiBate5
1&'
D183 criteri1l gra41l1i 4e generalitate$ e,i2t3 oDiecti=e generale (8ri0ele
ni=el1ri! ;i oDiecti=e o8era*ionale (1lti01l ni=el!5
Obiecti!ele 'enerale =iBeaB3 co08eten*e +oarte largi care i08lic3 4oD>n-
4irea 1n1i an2a0Dl1 4e c1no;tin*e$ 4e8rin4eri$ ca8acit3*i ;i atit14ini$ care =or +i
atin2e <ntr-o 8erioa43 <n4el1ngat3 (ani!$ 8rin antrenarea <n 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are
4i=er2e5 In 2i2te01l 4e <n=3*30>nt ro0>ne2c$ oDiecti=ele 8e4agogice generale 21nt
2tr1ct1rate 8e 0ai 01lte ni=ele 4e co08le,itate:
Treapta I c18rin4e idealul educaional ;i finalitile- care 1r0eaB3 a +i
atin2e 4e c3tre to*i ele=ii$ <n ti08 <n4el1ngat$ <n 1r0a inter=en*iilor 8e4agogice ale
t1t1ror e41catorilor care ac*ioneaB3 <n ca4r1l 2i2te01l1i5 In4e8linirea oDiecti=elor
generale re8reBint3 o reB1ltant3 a realiB3rii t1t1ror oDiecti=elor 2it1ate 8e ni=ele
ierarGice in+erioare5 I4eal1l e41ca*ional ;i +inalit3*ile$ 28eci+icate <n Legea <n=3*3-
0>nt1l1i (1//?$ 8ag5 %! con2tit1ie trea8ta cea 0ai <nalt3 a oDiecti=elor care =or +i
realiBate 8rin <n=3*area geogra+iei5
Ainalit3*ile e41ca*iei
I4eal1l e41ca*ional Aor0area 8er2onalit3*ii integrale
"Diecti=ele 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt
"Diecti=ele cicl1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt "Diecti=ele 8ro+il1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt
"Diecti=ele-ca4r1 ;i 4e re+erin*3 ale 4i2ci8linei 4e <n=3*30>nt
"Diecti=ele gloDale ale ca8itol1l1i
"Diecti=ele concrete (o8era*ionale$ 8artic1lare$ ter0inale! ale lec*iei
Fi'8 4808 IerarGiBarea oDiecti=elor <n 2i2te01l 4e <n=3*30>nt ro0>ne2c
Treapta a II(a c18rin4e 1n an2a0Dl1 4e oDiecti=e 4e generalitate 0e4ie$
28eci+ice 1nor cicl1ri 2a1 8ro+ile 4e <n=3*30>nt$ ce =or +i 4oD>n4ite <n acti=it3*i 4e
<n=3*are care 2e =or 4er1la$ <n 1nele caB1ri$ <n 0ai 01l*i ani5
Treapta a III(a c18rin4e oDiecti=ele F ca4r1 ;i oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3 ale
4i2ci8linelor 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 28eci+icate <n 8rogra0ele ;colare5
Obiecti!ele(cadru ale diDciplinei a1 gra4 0are 4e generalitate ;i
co08le,itate5 Ele in4ic3 2en21l 28re care 4ori0 23 e=ol1eBe ele=1l <n 0ai 01l*i ani
4e 2t14i1$ la o 4i2ci8lin35 Se re+er3 la +or0area 1nor ca8acit3*i ;i atit14ini 28eci+ice
4i2ci8linei5
1&1
Obiecti!ele de reerin# 28eci+ic3 reB1ltatele a;te8tate ale <n=3*3rii 8e +iecare
an 4e 2t14i1 ;i 1r03re2c 8rogre2ia <n acGiBi*ia 4e co08eten*e ;i 4e c1no;tin*e 4e la
1n an 4e 2t14i1 la alt1l5
Treapta a I:(a c18rin4e oDiecti=ele gloDale ale ca8itolelor c18rin2e <n
ca4r1l 1nei 4i2ci8line 4e <n=3*30>nt$ realiBaDile <n c1r21l 1n1i inter=al 0ai
<n4el1ngat 4e ti08 (ore 2a1 238t30>ni!5
Treapta a :(a c18rin4e oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale (concrete$ 28eci+ice$ 8arti-
c1lare$ ale <n=3*3rii$ 4e e=al1are!$ care con2tit1ie ZZ*intaZZ +iec3rei acti=it3*i 4i4actice
;i care 21nt realiBaDile 4e c3tre ele=i 4183 8arc1rgerea 1nei 2ing1re 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3-
*are5 "Diecti=ele o8era*ionale 21nt +or01late <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele 0en*ionate 8e
tre8tele anterioare5
Obiecti!ele &pera#i&nale 21nt en1n*1ri care 4e2cri1 co08orta0ent1l ;i
8er+or0an*a 8e care o =a 4o=e4i ele=1l 4183 o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*are5 Un oDiecti=
concret operaionali(at +or01lat corect c18rin4e 1r03toarele ele0ente :
a& 'ubiectul !CineD# care =a 4o=e4i realiBarea oDiecti=1l1i5 M1l*i 28eciali;ti
<nce8 +or01larea oDiecti=1l1i c1 e,8re2ia: 2a sfritul activitii didactice toi elevii
vor fi capabili&& S1D /? % <nce8e ine+icacitatea in2tr1irii5 Aor01l3ri 0ai 2c1rte 21nt :
Elevii vor fi capabili&&&5 Elevii s &&& 2a1 n1 2e 28eci+ic3 21Diect1l care e2te 21D<n*ele25
b& Comportamentul !?int?# observabil i msurabil !CeD# 2 8e care-l =a
4oD>n4i ele=1l 4183 2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*are$ e,8ri0at 8rintr-1n =erD concret (4e
ac*i1ne! 8reciBat 1ni=oc5 Co08orta0ent1l 2e 0ani+e2t3 8rintr-o ca8acitate$
aDilitateK8rice8ere$ atit14ine5 Capacitatea (8rice8ereJ 81tin*a 4e a 2i0*i$ a <n*elege
2a1 a +ace ce=aJ a8tit14ine! F <n21;ire ne1ro82iGic3 (81terea ;i calitatea! a
in4i=i41l1i care-i 8er0ite 23 e+ect1eBe o8era*ii$ acti=it3*i$ 23 aiD3 an10ite rela*ii ;i
co08orta0ente 2ociale5 Abilitatea intelectual e2te 1n 0o4 <n=3*at 4e a r3281n4e
a4ec=at la 1n an2a0Dl1 2a1 la o categorie 4e 2arcini a8ar*in>n4 1n1i an10it
4o0eni15 Atitudinea e2te o 2tare$ o 4i28oBi*ie 2a1 8re4i28oBi*ie 0ental3 a in4i=i41l1i
relati= 2taDil3$ 4e a ac*iona 2a1 a 2e co08orta +a=oraDil 2a1 ne+a=oraDil$ 1ni=oc$ +a*3
4e 1n oDiect$ o 8er2oan3 2a1 o 2it1a*ie5
VerD1l 1tiliBat e,8ri03 o 2ing1r3 operaie logic- abilitate mental sau
fi(ic activat- atitudine- 0ani+e2tat3 =iBiDil ;i care are ca reB1ltat 1n 8ro412
0321raDil cantitati= ;i calitati=5
Co08orta0ent1l e2te e,8ri0at 8reci2 8entr1 ca oricine 23 re8reBinte
8ro4121l a;te8tat relati=5 <n aceea;i +or035 VerDele a nelege- a ti- a citi- a aprecia-
a spune- a cunoate 21nt generale ;i nono8era*ionaDile5
c& *escrierea performanei- re(ultatului 2a1 produsului aciunii !CeD#&
Performana c18rin4e an2a0Dl1l 4e caracteri2tici oD2er=ate ;i 0321rate ale
co08orta0ent1l1i int e0i2 <ntr-o 2it1a*ie5 Ea e2te 1n con*in1t 0e0orat$ <n*ele2$
a8licat$ analiBat$ 2intetiBat$ e=al1at 2a1 o 0ani+e2tare =iBiDil3 (82iGo-0otric3$
atit14inal3$ a+ecti=3! 0321raDil3 2a1 non0321raDil35 )er+or0an*a ;i co08orta0ent1l
2e 8ro41c 8rin acti=area competenelor5 )entr1 oDiecti=ele cogniti=e (Ce =a ;tiH!
8ro412ele 21nt conce8teKno*i1ni$ 4ate (cote$ 218ra+e*e$ 4en2it3*i!$ +a8te 8artic1lare$
4en10iri$ reg1li$ con=en*ii$ legi$ +or01le$ 8rinci8ii$ cla2i+ic3ri etc5 )entr1 oDiecti=ele
1&7
0eto4ologice (Ce =a ;ti +aceH! 8ro412ele 21nt a8licarea 1nor 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee$
teGnici ;i 1tiliBarea 1nor in2tr10ente$ a8arate 2a1 0ateriale5 )entr1 oDiecti=ele
82iGo-0otorii 8ro4121l e2te o ac*i1ne =iBiDil3 (Ce =a ;ti +aceH!$ iar 8entr1
oDiecti=ele atit14inale (Ce =a ;ti 23 +ieH! 8ro4121l e2te 0ani+e2tarea 1n1i
co08orta0ent: a l1cra or4onat$ a +i 81nct1al$ a +i 8olitico2$ a re28ecta reg1lile etc5
d& Condiiile n care se dovedete comportamentul i se obine performana
!CumD# in4ic3 ce in2tr10ent 2a1 4oc10ent 1tiliBeaB3 ele=1l (0an1al$ Gart3$
+otogra+ie$ 2cGi*3!$ ce re2tric*ii 2a1 +acilit3*i 21nt i0812e (folosind "arta&&&&- cu
a:utorul desenului1te%tului1profesorului &&&- fr "art &&&- dup planul &&&- n
scris1oral- dup citirea &&&- la prima vedere &&& etc!5
f& Criteriul de performan1de nvare 2a1 nivelul performanei re8reBint3 1n
in4ice calitati= 2a1 cantitati= al caracteri2ticilor 8er+or0an*ei (8rocentaE$ 8ro8or*ie$
8reciBie$ cantitate$ 8rag 4e acce8taDilitate$ ti08 li0it3$ n103r1l 0ini0 4e r3281n21ri
corecte 2a1 gre;eli a40i2e etc!5 Criteri1l 4e <n=3*are con2tit1ie 1n 81nct 4e re+erin*3
<n e=al1area 8er+or0an*ei ;i <n l1area 1nei 4eciBiiKE14ec3*i 4e28re realiBarea 2arcinii5
Se a8reciaB3 c3 21nt trei categorii 4e performane standard 8 4e ni=el 218erior
(A5Q5!$ 0e4i1 (Q5! ;i 0ini0 (S5!5 Performana standard minimal (ni=el 0ini0! e2te
ni=el1l la care ra8ort30 reB1ltat1l 8entr1 a E14eca re1;ita ele=ilor ;i nici 1n1ia n1 i
2e cere 0ai 81*in 4ec>t acea2t3 8er+or0an*35 )ro+e2or1l 4eci4e c>t 4e 81*in 8oate
<n=3*a 1n ele=$ +3r3 ca 8rogre21l 231 1lterior 23 +ie a+ectat5 StaDilirea 8er+or0an*ei
2tan4ar4 0ini0al3 n1 oDlig3 8la+onarea ele=ilor la ni=el1l ace2teia$ ci 4i08otri=35
Li0itarea 8er+or0an*elor 2e +ace <ntot4ea1na <n Eo2$ nicio4at3 <n 212$ <n 2en21l c3
8rin e,8re2ia cel puin$ +iecare ele= e2te 2olicitat 23 4e83;ea2c3 neli0itat 1n 8rag
8er+or0an*ial i0812 4e 8rogra0a ;colar3 ;i 4e 8o2iDilit3*ile in4i=i41ale 4e 8rogre25
E,: Elevul va fi capabil s enumere subdivi(iunile $unilor Apuseni !>K
grupe de muni i L depresiuni#- fr "art&
Tipuri de &biecti!e &pera#i&nale dup natura l&r
4biectivele cognitive !informative# =iBeaB3 c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e
(R2a=oir2R!$ a4ic3 ce va ti elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are (23 4e+inea2c3
conce8teJ 23 cla2i+ice ele0entele 1nei 01l*i0i 4183 1n criteri1J 23 en1n*e legi$
8rinci8ii etc5!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a defini- a enuna- a caracteri(a- a
recunoate- a identifica- a descrie- a denumi- a specifica- a indica- a pre(enta- a
enumera$ a redefini- a transcrie- a nlocui- a detalia- a completa- a argumenta- a
interpreta- a anali(a- a sinteti(a- a deduce- a conclu(iona- a stabili- a decide- a
detecta- a ordona- a e%trage !idei#- a compara- a deosebi- a alege- a e%trapola- a
interpola- a clasifica- a prevedea&
4biectivele metodologice =iBeaB3 c1no;tin*e 8roce41rale (R2a=oir-+aireR!
(8rice8eri$ 4e8rin4eri intelect1ale ;i 8ractice$ a8licarea 0eto4elor$ 8roce41rilor ;i
teGnicilor$ 1tiliBarea in2tr10entelor ;i a8aratelor!$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fac elevul 4183
o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are (23 analiBeBe 1n 8ei2aEJ 23 inter8reteBe o Gart3J 23
con2tr1ia2c3 o 4iagra03 2a1 carto2cGe03$ 23 032oare 1n in4icator al 0e4i1l1i c1 1n
in2tr10ent 2a1 a8arat etc!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a estima- a calcula- a msura- a
ntocmi- a elabora- a se orienta- a utili(a- a aplica- a comenta- a re(olva- a
combina- a modela- a e%perimenta- a repre(enta etc
1&%
4biectivele motorii =iBeaB3 4e8rin4eri 0otrice$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fac
elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 4e0on2trare e+ect1at3 4e 8ro+e2or ;i e,er2are 23=>r;it3
8er2onal (23 0earg3 8e 218ra+e*e <nclinate$ 23 e2cala4eBe 1n aDr18t etc!5 VerDele
a4ec=ate 21nt: a demonstra- a pre(enta- a dovedi etc5
4biectivele atitudinale (R2a=oir-etreR! =iBeaB3 2enti0ente$ atit14ini$
co08orta0ente$ a4ic3 ce va ti s fie elevul 4183 o 2ec=en*3 4e 8re4areK<n=3*are5
Ace2te oDiecti=e 21nt 4oD>n4ite <n 0ai 01lte lec*ii$ la 0ai 01lte 4i2ci8line5
Co08orta0entele co08le,e ale ele=1l1i ;i 0aEoritatea oDiecti=elor 4o0eni1l1i
a+ecti= n1 8ot +i e,8ri0ate <n ter0eni o8era*ionali ;i n1 8er0it 0321rarea
8er+or0an*ei 4183 o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*are (23 8roteEeBe 8lantele ;i ani0alele$ 23
re28ecte nat1ra ;i oa0enii etc!5 VerDele a4ec=ate 21nt: a dovedi- a demonstra- a
e%prima etc5 "Diecti=ele 0eto4ologice$ 0otorii atit14inale 21nt 4en10ite obiective
formative&
Re'uli "n &rmularea &biecti!el&r unei lec#ii
Deoarece ace2te oDiecti=e 21nt realiBate 4e c3tre ele= <ntr-o lec*ie e2te ne=oie
23 +ie re28ectate an10ite cerin*e:
8entr1 o lec*ie +or01l30 1n 2i2te0 4e &-? 4e oDiecti=e integrate ;i 4eri=ate
logic 4in oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental (2co81l! al lec*iei ;i 4in oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3J
4ac3 8ro81ne0 8rea 01lte oDiecti=e ri2c30 23 n1 +ie realiBateJ
oDiecti=ele ale2e a8ar*in celor trei categorii: atit14inale$ 0eto4ologice ;i
cogniti=e$ 8entr1 a a2ig1ra orientarea <n=3*3rii 4e la c1no;tin*e 28re ca8acit3*i$
atit14ini ;i co08eten*eJ
+or01larea oDiecti=elor 23 8er0it3: trecerea 4e la 8re4area centrat3 8e
8ro+e2or 28re organiBarea 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are ;i e=al1are centrate 8e ele=J
orientarea <n=3*3rii 28re calitate$ n1 28re cantitateJ a4a8tarea con*in1t1rilor <n=3*3rii
28re realitatea coti4ian3J
oDiecti=ele 23 2ati2+ac3 ne=oile$ 2co81rile ;i intere2ele ele=ilorJ
8entr1 +iecare oDiecti= 8reg3ti0 o 8roD3 4e e=al1are 8rin care 23 2e
4o=e4ea2c3 realiBarea 2aJ
oDiecti=ele =or +i +or01late <n c1=inte c>t 0ai 81*ine5
Avanta:ele 8roiect3rii ;i organiB3rii 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are a,ate 8e oDiecti=e
concrete 21nt: con*in1t1l1i <n=3*3rii e2te 2electat ;i 2tr1ct1rat o8ti0 corelat c1
oDiecti=eleJ e=it30 ri2i8a 4e ti08 8rin Rr3t3cirea 8rintre 4etaliiRJ la +inal1l lec*iei
81te0 e=al1a oDiecti= reB1ltatelor ele=1l1i ;i e+icien*a acti=it3*ii <n +1nc*ie 4e ace2te
oDiecti=e o8era*ionaleJ 8ro+e2or1l c>;tig3 2ig1ran*3 <n 8roiectarea ;i 8re2tarea
acti=it3*ii5
1&&
Capit&lul 0
E:AL5AREA RE@5LTATELOR 9N:;<;RII
08,8 E!aluarea 2 c&mp&nent a pr&ceDului de "n!#m$nt
E=al1area 8e4agogic3 re8reBint3 o ac*i1ne 0anagerial3 8rin care reB1ltatele
oD*in1te <ntr-o acti=itate 21nt ra8ortate la criterii 28eci+ice 8entr1 l1area 1nei 4eciBii
o8ti0e5 Di2tinge0 0ai 01lte 8lan1ri 8entr1 e=al1are:
conceperea 1nei 8roce41ri 4e e=al1areJ
aplicarea 8roce41rii 4e e=al1areJ
verificarea reB1ltatelor 8rin co08ararea cantit3*ii ;i calit3*ii 8ro4121l1i
(c1no;tin*e$ ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini! c1 caracteri2ticile oDiecti=1l1i o8era*ional (E,5 to*i
ele=ii a1 reBol=at corect ite0ii te2t1l1i 4e c1no;tin*e 4e28re +rana!J
aprecierea reB1ltatelor 8rintr-o E14ecat3 4e =aloare ;i e2ti0area calit3*ii
8ro4121l1i (c1no;tin*e$ ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini! (,spunsul este f& b&7 Eseul a fost
e%celent7 2ucrarea conine erori de coninut i greeli de ortografie5!J
msurarea e2te o8era*ia 4e c1anti+icare a reB1ltatelor (atriD1irea 1nor
2i0Dol1ri con=en*ionale e,acte 1nor ele0ente acGiBi*ionate!5 Nota ;i cali+icati=1l
21nt in4icatori calitati=i ;i cantitati=i ai 8ro4121l1i oD*in1t 8rin <n=3*are5
08*8 Func#iile e!alurii
Sco81l e=al13rii n1 e2te 4e a oD*ine 4ate 4e28re reB1ltatele 1n1i gr18Kin4i=i4
;i 4e a +ace o E14ecat3 4e =aloare a218ra ran4a0ent1l1i acti=it3*ii$ ci 4e a
8er+ec*iona 8roce21l e41cati=5 A1nc*iile e=al13rii 21nt:
de constatare a e,i2ten*ei 1n1i 8ro412 (c1no;tin*3$ ca8acitate$ atit14ine!
<nainte 2a1 4183 o 2it1a*ie 4e <n=3*areJ
de diagno( a calit3*ii ;i cantit3*ii reB1ltatelor$ a ca1Belor care a1
4eter0inat reB1ltateleJ
de reglare a activitii& Se i4enti+ic3 reB1ltatele 8rin ra8ortare la oDiecti=e$
la cerin*ele 8rogra0ei$ la reB1ltatele altor in4i=iBi$ 2e re0arc3 4i+ic1lt3*ile ;i
lac1nele <n <n=3*are ;i 2e 4eci4e a218ra organiB3rii =iitoare a in2tr1irii (8rogra0e 4e
rec18erare$ 4e <0Dog3*ire 2a1 corecti=e!5
de progno( a =alorii$ a ni=el1l1i ;i a 8er+or0an*elor 8e care le-ar 81tea
oD*ine ele=1l <n eta8a 1r03toareJ
de deci(ie a218ra 8oBi*iei 2a1 integr3rii 1n1i in4i=i4 <ntr-o ierarGie$ ni=el al
8reg3tirii 2ale 2a1 +or03 4e 8reg3tireJ
1&?
motivaional& Veri+icarea rit0ic3 <l 4eter0in3 8e ele= 23 <n=e*e reg1lat$
2i2te0atic$ con;tiincio25 E=al1area in4ic3 21cce21l$ in21cce21l 2a1 0e4iocritatea
;colar35 S1cce21l o+er3 2ati2+ac*ii ele=ilor ;i <i 2ti01leaB3 8entr1 <n=3*3t1r35
In21cce21l 4eter0in3 in2ati2+ac*ie$ 4ar 8rintr-o e=al1are oDiecti=3$ 8oate 0oti=a
ele=1l 8entr1 <n=3*are5
de informare a ele=1l1i$ a 8ro+e2or1l1i$ a 83rin*ilor$ a 4irector1l1i$ a
2ociet3*ii a218ra 2ta4i1l1i +or03rii ;i a218ra 8rogre2elor act1ale ;i 8o2iDileJ
funcia de validare social a 8ro412elor 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 8e ni=ele
4e integrare ;colar3 ;i 8ro+e2ional3J
funcia de orientare social- colar i profesional la 4i+erite ni=ele 4e
4eciBie;
funcia de selecie social- colar i profesional la 4i+erite ni=ele 4e
cla2i+icare ;i ierarGiBare a reB1ltatelor acti=it3*ii 4i4actice$ 4e +or0are ini*ial3 ;i
contin13$ e,8ri0ate <n ter0eni 4e 8roce2 ;i 8ro4125
0818 Tipuri de e!aluare
Evaluarea e2te acti=itatea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8rin care 2e 8rel1creaB3 in+or0a*iile
oD*in1te 8rin =eri+icare$ <n 2en21l <nt3ririi$ a8recierii ;i corect3rii c1no;tin*elor$
8rice8erilor ;i 4e8rin4erilor ele=ilor5 Ea e2te 1n 8roce2 2i2te0atic 8rin care 2e
4eter0in3 gra41l 4e realiBare a oDiecti=elor 4e c3tre ele=i$ o E14ecat3 4e =aloare
a218ra reB1ltatelor ;colare ale ele=1l1i oD*in1te 8rin =eri+icare$ o 4e2criere calitati=3
;i cantitati=3 a co08orta0ent1l1i$ corelat3 c1 oDiecti=ele5
Dup criteriul &biecti!it#ii %i al 'radului de certitudine 2e 4i2tinge:
Evaluarea empiric !subiectiv#- care 2e DaBeaB3 8e int1i*ia 8ro+e2or1l1i5
Caracteri2ticile ace2tei e=al13rii 21nt: 2i08litatea$ +rec=en*a 0are$ gra4 0ic 4e
oDiecti=itate$ 4i2contin1itate etc5
Evaluarea obiectiv- care 2e DaBeaB3 8e teGnici 28eciale 4e 0321rare a 1nei
8er+or0an*e$ a 1nei 8re2ta*ii$ a 1nei caracteri2tici5 Ea nece2it3 crearea 1nor
in2tr10ente 4e colectare a 4atelor ;i 4e co08arare a co08orta0ent1l1i ele=1l1i c1
1n 2tan4ar45 S1nt nece2are 4o13 8roce41ri: 1na 4e ra8ortare a co08orta0ent1l1i
ele=1l1i la oDiecti=ele 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 4e+inite <n ter0eni 0321raDiliJ 1na
4e ra8ortare a co08orta0ent1l1i ele=1l1i la 0e4ia 2tati2tic3 a realiB3rii ace2t1i
co08orta0ent <n aceea;i categorie 4e 21Diec*i5
Dup criteriul Dc&pului %i al rec!en#ei "n utilizare 2e 4i2tinge:
Evaluarea iniial !pronosticul#- 8rin care 2e 4eter0in3 ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al
ele=1l1i la <nce81t1l 1n1i 8rogra0 4e <n=3*are (an$ cicl1$ la cla2e no1 +or0ate!$ al3t1ri
4e con4i*iile <n care ace2ta 2e 8oate integra <n 8rogra01l 4e in2tr1ireJ are ca oDiecti=
4iagno2ticarea calit3*ii ;i cantit3*ii c1no;tin*elor$ i4enti+icarea lac1nelor c1 2co81l
organiB3rii a4ec=ate a 8re43rii 2a1 gr18area ele=ilor5
Evaluarea formativ !continu#- care i08lic3 =eri+icarea 8er0anent3 a
reB1ltatelor$ <n 2ec=en*e 0ici$ 8e tot 8arc1r21l 8rogra01l1i 4e in2tr1ireJ are ca oDiecti=
c1noa;terea 2i2te0atic3 ;i contin13 a reB1ltatelor Bilnice ;i a 8rogre21l1i ele=ilorJ ea
1&.
=iBeaB3 i4enti+icarea lac1nelor ;i erorilor$ +or0area ;i corectareaJ 2e i4enti+ic3 1n4e ;i <n
ce <nt>08in3 1n ele= o 4i+ic1ltate ;i-l in+or0eaB35 Ea +aciliteaB3 inter=en*ia i0e4iat3 a
8ro+e2or1l1i5 Se +1n4a0enteaB3 8e 8rinci8i1l c3 e2te 0ai 1;or 23 corecteBi 0ici erori 8e
8arc1r2 4ec>t 210a erorilor ac101late la +inele 1nei l1ngi 8erioa4e 4e in2tr1ire5
Sec=en*a re28ecti=3 e2te re<n=3*at3 ;i erorile 21nt corectate <naintea in2tal3rii lor
4e+initi=e5 E2en*ial1l e2te 23 n1 2e treac3 la eta8a 1r03toare c1 lac1ne 4e <n=3*are 4in
eta8a anterioar35 N1 2e +ace 2elec*ionare$ cla2are$ notare5 Ea cere ac*i1nea corecti=3 +3r3
care n1 e,i2t3 o =eritaDil3 <n=3*are5 E=al1area +or0ati=3 e2te contin13$ criterial3$
corecti=3 ;i ni=elatoare:
- continu ;i integrat n procesul de nvare$ 4183 +iecare 1nitate 4e
con*in1t$ 1r03rin4 <n 0o4 reg1lat 4r101l +iec3r1i ele=$ ca o retroac*i1ne
8er0anent3 a 8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*are5
- criterial 8entr1 c3 2e co08ar3 contin11 reB1ltatele ;i 8er+or0an*ele
in4i=i41ale c1 criteriile 2taDilite 2a1 8er+or0an*a 2tan4ar45 Se ia <n con2i4erare
n10ai 8reBen*a 2a1 aD2en*a 8er+or0an*ei 2tan4ar4 8re2taDilite a +iec3r1i ele=5
ReB1ltatele 21nt co01nicate 8rintr-1n 2i2te0 Dinar: 2ati2+3c3tor-ne2ati2+3c3tor$
21+icient-in21+icient5
- corectiv 4eoarece 4183 i4enti+icarea erorilor$ 8rin co08ara*ie c1
oDiecti=ele 8re=3B1te$ orienteaB3 <n 8re2crierea 1n1i <n=3*30>nt corecti= 8entr1 cei
care a1 4i+ic1lt3*i te08orare5
- nivelatoare 4eoarece 4183 8rogra0ele 4e corectare to*i ele=ii ating cel 81*in
oDiecti=ele 1r03rite5
Evaluarea sumativ- cumulativ 2a1 de bilan !verdictul# 2e realiBeaB3 la
2+>r;it1l 1nei 8erioa4e 4e +or0are (ca8itol$ 2e0e2tr1$ an$ cicl1 4e <n=3*30>nt! ;i are
ca oDiecti= =eri+icarea cantitati=3 ;i calitati=3 a <n21;irii <ntregii 0aterii 2t14iate5
ReB1ltatele 21nt co08arate c1 cele 4e la <nce81t1l 8rogra01l1i 4e in2tr1ire ;i c1
cele oD*in1te 8rin e=al1are +or0ati=35 Ea are caracter 4e 2on4aE ;i n1 8er0ite
a0eliorarea 8roce21l1i 4i4actic 4ec>t 8entr1 alte 2erii 4e ele=i5 Se =eri+ic3
te0einicia <n=3*3rii$ 2e 4e8i2teaB3 8ier4erile 4e c1no;tin*e ;i 4i+ic1lt3*ile 8ro=ocate
4e 1itare5 Se DaBeaB3 8e 0321rarea oDiecti=3 a c1no;tin*elor ;i co08eten*elor$ 4ar
n1 e,cl14e a8recierea 8er2onal3$ n1an*at3 a 8er+or0an*elor ele=ilor5 E=al1area
210ati=3 e2te:
- terminal ;i e%tern procesului de nvare 4eoarece 2e a8lic3 la 2+>r;it1l
ace2t1ia$ c>n4 n1 2e 0ai 8ot corecta erorile5 "rganiBat3 post facto ea con2tat3
in21cce21l ;i n1 8ro01lg3 21cce21l ;colar5
- difereniatoare ;i selectiv 4eoarece noteaB3 ;i cla2eaB3 ele=ii 1nii <n ra8ort
c1 ceilal*i5
- normativ 4eoarece 2it1eaB3 in4i=i41l <ntr-o colecti=itate ;i co08ar3
reB1ltatele 2ale c1 cele ale ace2tei colecti=it3*i (norma!5
Dup pr&!enien#a e!aluat&rului exiDt-
Evaluare intern e2te e+ect1at3 4e cei care a1 organiBat <n=3*areaJ auto-
evaluarea e2te e+ect1at3 4e cel care <n=3*3 ;i =iBeaB3 reB1ltat1l 8ro8riei <n=3*3ri5
Evaluare e%tern e+ect1at3 4e c3tre 8er2oane 4in a+ara ;colii5
1&C
Dup ritmul e!alurii exiDt-
Evaluare punctual 2e e+ect1eaB3 <ntr-1n an10it 0o0ent$ <nainte 2a1 4183
2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*areJ
Evaluare continu 2e e+ect1eaB3 8e tot 8arc1r21l 4e0er21l1i 4e <n=3*areJ
Dup numrul Dubiec#il&r e!alua#i Dimultan exiDt-
Evaluare individual c>n4 e2te e=al1at 1n ele=$ iar ceilal*i a2c1lt3 2a1
8ri=e2c 8a2i=$ +ac e=ent1al co08let3ri ;i corect3riJ
Evaluare frontal c>n4 21nt e=al1a*i to*i ele=ii;
Evaluare de grup c>n4 e2te e=al1at 1n gr18$ iar ceilal*i a2c1lt3 2a1 8ri=e2c
8a2i=$ +ac e=ent1al co08let3ri ;i corect3ri5
08=8 Met&de %i pr&cedee de e!aluare c&ntinu
08=8,8 E!aluarea &ral e2te:
- 2ubiectiv 4eoarece e2te in+l1en*at3 4e: 2tarea 4e 0o0ent a e=al1ator1l1i
2a1 e=al1a*ilor$ 4e gra41l 4e 4i+ic1ltate al <ntreD3rilor 2a1 8roDle0elor 8ro812e etcJ
- limitat ;i incomplet 4eoarece =iBeaB3 an10ite 2ec=en*e 4in con*in1t1l
<n=3*at ;i n10ai 1nii 4in 0e0Drii cla2ei5 CGiar 4ac3 to*i ele=ii ri4ic3 0>na 8entr1 a
r3281n4e$ n1 a=e0 garan*ia c3 <ntr-a4e=3r c1no2c r3281n21l5 C1 certit14ine c1noa;te
r3281n21l 4oar cel care l-a e,8125 Dac3 1n ele= r3281n4e e,celent la <ntreD3rile
a4re2ate n1 a=e0 garan*ia c3 el c1noa;te tot con*in1t1l 4e2tinat <n=3*3rii$ ci 4oar
acel con*in1t care a +o2t e,812 ;i e=al1at5
E2te e+icient 23 organiB30 1n 0o0ent 4e e=al1are oral3 <n +iecare lec*ie 8en-
tr1 ca ele=ii 23-;i +or0eBe 4e8rin4erea 4e a <n=3*a 2i2te0atic ;i 8entr1 a e=ita
28ec1la*iile5 A3r3 acea2t3 e=al1are <n=3*area ar +i GaBar4at35 E=al1area oral3 nece2it3
1n cli0at 4e <ncre4ere ;i 4e ecGitate$ cGiar 4ac3 e,i2t3 1n 0ini0 4e ten2i1ne e0o-
*ional35 Incor4area e0o*ional3 re8etat3 41ce la 1B1ra +iBiologic3 a ele=1l1i$ 8ro-
=oac3 a=er2i1ne +a*3 4e =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor$ 4eter0in3 ele=1l 23 <n=e*e 8entr1
not3 2a1 4e +rica notei$ 23 28ec1leBe 2i2te01l 4e e,a0inare 8racticat 4e 8ro+e2or ;i
23 <ncerce 23 2e 212trag3 8rin +1g3 4e la ore$ 8rin <nt>rBieri$ <0Doln3=iri etc5
Met&de %i pr&cedee de e!aluare &ral
E%aminarea oral prin dialog profesor elev !te"nica ntrebrilor i rs-
punsurilor sau c"estionarea oral# e2te o +or03 8artic1lar3 a con=er2a*iei 8rin care
=eri+ic30 gra41l 4e <n21;ire cantitati=3 ;i cantitati=3 a c1no;tin*elor$ ca8acitatea 4e
a o8era c1 ele ;i 4e a le a8lica <n 8ractic35 Aor01l30 o <ntreDare$ l3230 ti08 4e
g>n4ire$ 4e2e0n30 ele=1l care =a r3281n4e5 CGiar 4ac3 ele=ii n1 ri4ic3 0>na 4in
tea03 2a1 co0o4itate <i 2olicit30 la r3281n25 Inainte 4e lec*ie alege0 4in catalog
ele=ii care =or +i cGe2tiona*i (n1 a1 note!$ iar <n lec*ie <i alege0 aleator 2a1 <n +1nc*ie
4e reac*ia lor (4ore2c 23 r3281n43!5 Dac3 ele=1l n1 r3281n4e corect 2a1 co08let$
4ac3 4e=iaB3 4e la 21Diect +or01l30 <ntreD3ri aE1t3toare 2a1 2olicit30 al*i ele=i5
Aiecare <ntreDare treD1ie 23 8ri0ea2c3 1n r3281n2 a4ec=at 4in 8artea cla2ei$ iar 4in
8artea noa2tr3 o con+ir0are =erDal3 2a1 non=erDal3 ;i cGiar in+or0a*ii 218li0entare5
In ti081l e=al13rii ele=ii co08ar3 0ental r3281n21rile lor c1 ale celor cGe2tiona*i
1&@
realiB>n4 a1toe=al1area5 )entr1 a antrena c>t 01l*i ele=i <n con=er2a*ie ;i 8entr1
a2ig1rarea 1n1i rit0 ra8i4 a4re230 <ntreD3ri care nece2it3 r3281n21ri 2c1rte ;i care
=iBeaB3 act1aliBarea 1nor c1no;tin*e 0e0orate$ citirea 1nor ele0ente 8e Gart3 2a1 8e
0iEloace gra+ice5 )entr1 cre;terea ni=el1l1i calitati= al reB1ltatelor ele=ilor$ +ie
altern30 <ntreD3rile con=ergente c1 <ntreD3ri 4i=ergente$ +ie a,30 e=al1area n10ai
8e <ntreD3ri 4i=ergente5 CGe2tionarea oral3 n1 e2te 1n 4ialog c1 ele=ii a2c1lta*i$ cla2a
+iin4 ignorat3 (8ro+e2or1l n1 4i2c1t3 <ncet c1 ele=1l la taDl3 2a1 la Gart3 F ti8 cabin
telefonic -$ ceilal*i oc18>n41-2e c1 altce=a!5 "rganiB30 cGe2tionarea oral3 <n
4i+erite +or0e: +rontal3 (c>n4 2olicit30 23 r3281n43 alternati= 0aEoritatea ele=ilor
4in cla23$ 4ar 4intre ace;tia =iB30 1nii care =or +i nota*i ;i la care le 0e0or30
r3281n21rile!J <n gr18 (c>n4 2olicit30 23 r3281n43 alternati= an10i*i ele=i 8e care-i
=o0 notaJ in4i=i41al3 (c>n4 +or01l30 0ai 01lte <ntreD3ri 8e care le a4re230
con2ec1ti= 1n1i ele=!5
E%aminarea oral prin e%punerea cunotinelor de ctre elev !te"nica discuiei#
- Ascultarea i observarea e%punerii& )entr1 4eB=oltarea ca8acitat3*ii ele=ilor
4e a e,81ne 1n 21Diect a08l1 +or01l30 o 8roDle03 2a1 o <ntreDare care 23-i oDlige la
o 2elec*ie a 0aterialelor$ la analiBa$ co08ararea$ 2inteBa$ gr18area in+or0a*iilor ;i
8reBentarea lor <ntr-o +or03 8er2onal3 care 2olicit3 0e0oria ;i g>n4irea5 C>n4 ele=1l
2e o8re;te 8entr1 c3 n1 ;tie 2a1 e2te ne2ig1r$ n1 inter=eni0 8rin i altceva &&&- mai
departe &&&- spune-mi ceva despre 555 ci 8rin <ntreD3ri aE1t3toare ;i in4icii5 Dac3
inter=en*ia @ndete bine7 n1 are e+ect$ +or01l30 o <ntreDare aE1t3toare concret3 2a1
430 1n in4ici15 Ele=1l <ntrer18t e,ce2i= c>n4 e,81ne tr3ie;te o 2tare 4e ten2i1ne$ 4e
4e8en4en*3 4e 8ro+e2or$ a;tea8t3 a8roDarea +iec3rei in+or0a*ii e,812e5 Ele=1l 2e 8oate
Dloca 2a1 inGiDa 4ac3 e2te 8ert1rDat ;ir1l logic al e,81nerii 2ale5 Acea2t3 e=al1are
8oate +i organiBat3 <n +or0e =ariate: in4i=i41al3 (c>n4 ele=1l e2te a8reciat ;i notat
i0e4iat 4183 e,81nere!J <n gr18 (c>n4 21nt a2c1lta*i 0ai 01l*I ele=i$ 1n1l 4183
cel3lalt$ iar co08let3rile ;i corect3rile le +ac 4e 8re+erin*3 cei care =or +i nota*i!5
- Ascultarea e%plicaiei 1n1i 8roce2 2a1 +eno0en5 Aor01l30 <ntreD3ri care
nece2it3 e,8licarea ca1Belor (*in ce cau( se produce efectul de serD Cum e%pli-
cai producerea erupiei unui vulcanD!$ a +actorilor care 4eter0in3 8roce2eleK
+eno0enele (Care sunt factorii care determin producerea erupiei vulcaniceD Cum
determin acetia producerea erupieiD!$ a con4i*iilor care +r>neaB3$ accelereaB3 2a1
2to8eaB3 8ro41cerea 8roce2elor !n ce condiii se accelerea( deplasarea magmei
spre suprafaa terestrD!$ 4e2crierea 4e2+3;1r3rii <n 28a*i1 ;i ti08 a 1n1i 8roce2K+e-
no0en (Care sunt etapele erupiei vulcaniceD! ;i a con2ecin*elor (Care sunt efectele
erupiei vulcaniceD!5 " e,8lica*ie i08lic3 i4enti+icarea rela*iilor 4intre ele0ente$
1tiliBarea arg10entelor ;i contraarg10entelor$ inter8retarea 0o41l1i 4e ac*i1ne a
1nor legi ale nat1rii 2a1 2ociale$ con2tr1irea 1n1i 4e0er2 logic ;i cronologic5
Ascultarea demonstraiei& Ele=1l recon2tit1ie o 4e0on2tra*ie 8reBentat3 4e
c3tre 8ro+e2or$ 4ar 8oate a=ea ;i o contriD1*ie original35 Se 1tiliBeaB3 +otogra+ii$
4iagra0e$ carto2cGe0e$ G3r*i$ 0acGete$ 01laEe etc5
08=8*8 E!aluarea DcriD
1&/
E=al1area 2cri23 =iBeaB3 8ro412e 2cri2e elaDorate 4e c3tre ele=i <n cla23$ <n
8reBen*a e=al1ator1l1i 2a1 aca235 Are avanta:e 4eoarece 8er0ite: e=al1area t1t1ror
ele=ilor <ntr-1n inter=al 0ic 4e ti08J e=al1area 0ai oDiecti=3 ;i 0ai a08l3 a
c1no;tin*elor$ ca8acit3*ilor ;i atit14inilor ele=ilor$ 8rin co08ara*ie c1 e=al1area
oral3J ra8ortarea reB1ltatelor la 1n criteri1 1nic 4e e=al1areJ a=antaEarea 1nor ele=i
ti0iBi 2a1 c1 8roDle0e <n co01nicarea oral3J 4o=e4irea c1no;tin*elor ele=ilor 8entr1
83rin*i$ colegi$ 8ro+e2oriJ i4enti+icarea gre;elilor$ con+1Biilor ;i lac1nelorJ i4enti-
+icarea gra41l1i 4e realiBare a oDiecti=elor 8re=3B1teJ i4enti+icare e+icien*ei 2trate-
giilor 1tiliBate etc5 DeBa=antaEele 21nt: +ee4-DacL-1l 2laD 4eoarece erorile ;i lac1nele
n1 21nt eli0inate i0e4iat 8rin inter=en*ia 0e0Drilor cla2ei 2a1 a 8ro+e2or1l1iJ 2laDa
co01nicare <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i5
Met&de %i inDtrumente de e!aluare DcriD
E%aminarea prin e%temporale& E%temporalul e2te 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are
2cri23 nean1n*at3 care =iBeaB3 =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor 4in lec*ia 4e Bi5 "D*ine0
in+or0a*ii 4e28re 0321ra <n care ele=ii +ac +a*3 1n1i control ino8inat$ 4e28re
con;tiincioBitatea c1 care 2e 8reg3te2c ;i 4e28re 8rice8erea 4e a +or01la$ <ntr-1n
ti08 2c1rt$ r3281n21ri <ncGegate la <ntreD3ri 8reci2e5
E%aminarea prin lucrri de control& 2ucrarea de control e2te 1n in2tr10ent
4e e=al1are 2cri23 care =iBeaB3 =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor 4intr-1n ca8itol ;i a ca8aci-
t3*ii 4e 2inteB3 a ele=ilor5 S1Diectele n1 2olicit3 2i08la re8ro41cere a c1no;tin*elor
0e0orate$ ci 8retin4 o analiB3$ o co08ara*ie$ o inter8retare$ o 2elec*ie ;i o 8rel1-
crare a 0aterial1l1i <n=3*at$ 1tiliBarea <ntr-1n conte,t no1 a c1no;tin*elor 4oD>n4ite5
E%aminarea prin te(e& 5e(a e2te o l1crare 2e0e2trial3 8rin care 2e e=al1eaB3
1n =ol10 0are 4e c1no;tin*e5
E%aminarea prin concursuri& Concursul e2te o 0eto43 ;i 1n in2tr10ent 4e
e=al1are care i08lic3 o con+r1ntare c1 rol 4iagno2tic$ 8rogno2tic$ 2electi= ;i 4eci2i=
8ri=in4 conc1ren*ii5
E%aminarea prin teste& 5estul (engl5 8roD3! e2te 1n in2tr10ent 4e e=al1are
2cri23$ +rontal3$ oDiecti=3$ 4183 criterii ;tiin*i+ice$ a 1nei realit3*i 0321raDile (a8ti-
t14ini$ aDilit3*i$ in+or0a*ii$ teGnici$ atit14ini$ inten2itate$ 41rat3$ cantitate etc!5 Se
032oar3 8rogre2ele 2a1 4i+ic1lt3*ile 4e <n=3*are ale ele=ilor$ cantitatea ;i calitatea
c1no;tin*elorKca8acit3*ilor 8roiectate <n 8rogra0ele ;colare F gra41l 4e <n*elegere$
a8licare$ analiB3 ;i 2inteB3 a in+or0a*iei 4oD>n4ite <ntr-o 8erioa43 4e ti08$ <ntr-1n
4o0eni1 4e c1noa;tere5
E%aminarea prin teme de cas5 Te0ele 4e ca23 21nt acti=it3*i 8re2tate 4e
c3tre ele=i <n a+ara ;colii$ +3r3 28riEin 4in 8artea 8ro+e2or1l1i5 )entr1 ca acea2t3
acti=itate 23 +ie e+icient3 e2te ne=oie ca te0ele 23 +ie =eri+icate ;i e=al1ate c1
8r14en*3 4eoarece n1 <ntot4ea1na ele 21nt realiBate 4e c3tre ele=5
0838 TeEnici de e!aluare a acEizi#iil&r %i a rezultatel&r "n!#rii
5estele de cunotine c18rin4 1n an2a0Dl1 4e ite0i =aria*i ca 0o4 4e
+or01lare (<ntreD3ri$ e,erci*ii$ 8roDle0e! c1 care 2e =eri+ic3 calitatea ;i cantitatea
c1no;tin*elor ;i ca8acit3*ile 4e a o8era c1 ele$ 2e 4eB=3l1ie ce ;tie ele=1l ca
1?'
in+or0a*ie ;i ce ;tie ele=1l 23 +ac3 (4e8rin4eri$ 8rice8eri$ o8era*ii! ;i <n care 2e
2olicit3 4i+eritele 8roce2e 82iGice (g>n4ire$ 0e0orie$ i0agina*ie!5 Itemul (8roDa!
re8reBint3 cel 0ai 0ic ele0ent in4e8en4ent$ i4enti+icaDil al l1cr3rii 2cri2e 2a1 o
1nitate 4e con*in1t e,8ri0at3 21D +or0a 1nei <ntreD3ri$ 1nei 8roDle0e 2a1 2arcini 4e
e+ect1at5 Earemul e2te o gril3 4e e=al1are 1nitar3 care 4e2co081ne te0a <n 21Dte0e
;i 8re=e4e 1n an10it 81nctaE 8entr1 +iecare 21Dte03 ;i e=ent1al o+er3 2ol1*iile
corecte5 )rin Dare0 2e a2ig1r3 con4i*iile 1nei not3ri oDiecti=e5 )1nctaE1l 2e
<n210eaB3 <n +inal ;i 2e ecGi=aleaB3 <n note ;colare 2a1 cali+icati=e5 Deoarece te2tele
c18rin4 1n Dare0 2a1 gril3 4e e=al1are care 8re=e4e 1n 81nctaE 8entr1 +iecare ite0
21nt n10ite te2te-gril35
5e"nici de testare scris
a&5e"nicile de testare obiectiv 1tiliBeaB3 itemii cu rspunsuri nc"ise- care
aDor4eaB3 1n 2ing1r a28ect cogniti=$ 8reci2 4eli0itat$ iBolat 4in =ol101l 4e
c1no;tin*e5 Cotarea 2e +ace 8rin co08ararea r3281n21l1i c1 1n 0o4el co08let al
r3281n21l1i corect5 )rin ace;ti ite0i e2te eli0inat3 in+l1en*a E14ec3*ii 21Diecti=e a
e=al1ator1l1i5
5e"nica alegerii duale !discriminare binar# 2olicit3 21Diect1l1i 23
a2ocieBe en1n*1l c1 1na 4intre co08onentele 1nor c18l1ri 4e alternati=e 41ale:
a4e=3ratK+al2J corectKgre;itJ 4aKn1J acor4K4eBacor45
E,e08le:
" F 23 i4enti+ice caracteri2ticile 8rinci8ale ale 1nor co08onente 4in realitateJ
Cite;te atent en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te
litera AJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te litera A5
At0o2+era e2te <n=eli;1l 4i2contin11 4e gaBe al )30>nt1l1i5 A K A
" F 23 coreleBe +eno0ene <n=3*ate c1 8la2area 8e 1n 218ort cartogra+ic5
Cite;te c1 aten*ie en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$
<ncerc1ie;te DaJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te N15
Delta D1n3rii e2te 8re23rat3 c1 lac1ri 4e origine glaciar35 Da K N1
" F 23 i4enti+ice o rela*ie 4e 4eter0inare oD2er=aDil35
Cite;te en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te
CorectJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te Ore;it5
Cantitatea 0ai 0ic3 4e 8reci8ita*ii 4in c1loar1l AlDa-I1lia-T1r4a e2te 4atorat3
e+ect1l1i +oeGn1l1i5 CorectKgre;it5
" F 23 a8lice 1n +eno0en +iBic <n=3*at5
Cite;te en1n*1l5 Dac3 a8recieBi c3 a+ir0a*ia e2te a4e=3rat3$ <ncerc1ie;te
CorectJ 4ac3 a8recieBi c3 e2te +al23$ <ncerc1ie;te Ore;it5
Cantitatea 0ic3 4e 8reci8ita*ii 4in regi1nile 8olare e2te 4eter0inat3 4e li82a
e=a8ora*iei5 CorectKgre;it5
Tabelul 08,8 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii 4e 4i2cri0inare Dinar3
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii enun#ului A!anta)ele itemil&r Deza!anta)ele
itemil&r
clar$ +3r3 a0Dig1it3*iJ 2e con2tr1ie2c 1;orJ =eri+ic3 8re4o0i-
1?1
2c1rt$ n1 l1ng 2a1 co08le,J
+3r3 nega*ie 2a1 41Dl3 nega*ieJ
o 2ing1r3 i4ee <ntr-1n en1n*J
en1n*1l a4e=3rat a8ro,i0ati= egal c1
cel +al2J
n1 8rea general
nici 8rea 1;oare$ nici aD21r4e
n1 re8ro41c te,t1l 4in 0an1al
23 +ie 8la1BiDile
n1 <nce8 c1 toi1niciodat (21nt +al2e$ 4e
oDicei!
1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ
1;or 4e =eri+icatJ
=eri+ic3 ana 2a1 0ai
01lte 1nit3*i 4e con*in1tJ
=eri+ic3 c1noa;terea ter-
0inologiei$ a 1nor 4ate
+act1ale 2a1 8rinci8iiJ
i4enti+ic3 rela*ii <ntre
co08onente$ localiBareaJ
nant c1no;tin*e 0e-
0orate anterior$ c1
e,ce8*ia i4enti+ic3rii
1nor rela*ii ;i a
4i2cri0in3rii 4intre
en1n*1ri +act1ale ;i
en1n*1ri 4e o8inieJ
8er0it gGicirea
r3281n21l1iJ
+a=oriBeaB3 co8ia-
t1lJ
5e"nica perec"ilor& Ite0ii 4e ti8 8erecGe 2olicit3 2taDilirea 1nor core28on-
4en*e <ntre c1=inte$ 8ro8oBi*ii$ +raBe$ n10ere$ litere 2a1 alte categorii 4e 2i0Dol1ri$
4i2triD1ite 8e 4o13 coloane 8aralele5 Ele0entele 4in 8ri0a coloan3$ 8entr1 care
1r0eaB3 a 2e i4enti+ica ele0entele core28on4ente 4in coloana a 4o1a$ 21nt 4e oDicei
n10ite premise$ iar cele 4in coloana a 4o1a 21nt +rec=ent n10ite rspunsuri5
Criteri1lKcriteriile 8e DaBa c3rora 2e 2taDile;te r3281n21l corect 21nt en1n*ate 2a1
e,8licate <n in2tr1c*i1nile care 8rece4 coloanele 4e 8re0i2e ;i r3281n21ri5 )rin ite0i 2e
i4enti+ic3 rela*ii <ntre: ter0eni F 4e+ini*iiJ reg1li F e,e08leJ 2i0Dol1ri F conce8teJ
a1tori F o8ereJ 8lante$ ani0ale$ 2ol1ri F cla2i+ic3riJ a;eB3ri 10ane F cla2i+ic3riJ
8rinci8ii F e,e08li+ic3riJ 83r*i co08onente F +1nc*iiJ 4ate F e=eni0enteJ i0agini F
c1=inte5 Ele=ii 21nt in2tr1i*i 8entr1 2it1a*ii 4i=er2e: +iecare r3281n2 8oate +i 1tiliBat o
4at3J +iecare r3281n2 8oate +i 1tiliBat 4e 0ai 01lte oriJ +iecare r3281n2 8oate 23 n1 +ie
1tiliBat nici o 4at35
Tabelul 08*8 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii 4e ti8 8erecGe
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii enun#uril&r A!anta)ele itemil&r Deza!anta)ele itemil&r
clar$ +3r3 a0Dig1it3*iJ
2c1rt$ n1 l1ng 2a1 co08le,J
+3r3 nega*ie 2a1 41Dl3 nega*ieJ
o 2ing1r3 i4ee <ntr-1n en1n*J
23 c18rin43 0aterial o0ogen <n ite0J
23 incl143 1n n103r inegal 4e r32-
81n21ri ;i 8re0i2eJ
toate 8re0i2ele ;i r3281n21rile 8la-
2ate 8e aceea;i 8agin3J
r3281n21rile or4onate al+aDetic$ cre2-
c3tor K 4e2cre2c3tor 8entr1 a n1 +1rniBa
in4iciiJ
2e con2tr1ie2c 1;or$
ra8i4J
1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ
1;or 4e =eri+icatJ
=eri+ic3 1na 2a1 0ai
01lte 1nit3*i 4e
con*in1tJ
=eri+ic3 8re4o0inant c1-
no;tin*e 0e0orate anterior$
c1 e,ce8*ia i4enti+ic3rii
1nor rela*ii ;i a 4i2cri0in3rii
4intre en1n*1ri +act1ale ;i
en1n*1ri 4e o8inieJ
4i+ic1ltatea g32irii 1n1i
0aterial o0ogen (8re0i2e ;i
r3281n21ri! 2e0ni+icati=
corelat c1 oDiecti=ele ;i
reB1ltatele e=al1ate5
E,e08le:
" F 23 i4enti+ice caracteri2ticile e2en*iale ale 1nor 1nit3*i Gi4rogra+ice5
1?7
In coloana 4in 2t>nga 21nt en10erate c>te=a 1nit3*i Gi4rogra+ice5 In2crie*i <n
28a*i1l 4in +a*a +iec3rei 1nit3*i Gi4rogra+ice litera 4in coloana Q care core281n4e
8rinci8alei caracteri2tici a ace2teia5
A Q
F lac1l a5ac101lare 4e gGea*3 4e 0ari 4i0en2i1ni 2it1at3 8e 2coar*a
tere2tr35
F ocean1l D5ac101lare 4e a83 2it1at3 <ntr-o conca=itate 4e 8e continente5
F gGe*ar1l c5a83 c1rg3toare c1 4eDit 0are care 2e =ar23 <n ocean 2a1 0are5
F +l1=i1l 45ac101lare 4e gGea*3 2it1at3 4ea218ra ocean1l1i5
45ac101lare 4e a83 23rat3 2it1at3 <ntr-o conca=itate i0en23 4in
2coar*a tere2tr35
" F 23 i4enti+ice caracteri2tici ale 1nor +eno0eneJ
In coloana 4in 2t>nga 21nt en10erate +eno0ene +iBice5 In2crie*i <n 28a*i1l 4in
+a*a +iec3r1i +eno0en litera 4in coloana Q care core281n4e caracteri2ticii 8rinci8ale5
A Q
F e=a8orarea a5trecerea 4in 2tare 2oli43 <n 2tare gaBoa235
F 21Dli0area D5trecerea 4in 2tare licGi43 <n 2tare gaBoa235
F con4en2area c5trecerea 4in 2tare 2oli43 <n 2tare licGi43
F to8irea 45trecerea 4in 2tare licGi43 <n 2tare 2oli43J
F <ngGe*1l e5trecerea 4in 2tare gaBoa23 <n 2tare 2oli43J
+5trecerea 4in 2tare gaBoa23 <n 2tare licGi435
5e"nica alegerii multiple5 Ite0ii c1 alegere 01lti8l3 2olicit3 alegerea 1n1i
r3281n2 4intr-o li2t3 4e alternati=e o+erite 8entr1 o 2ing1r3 8re0i235 Li2ta 4e alterna-
ti=e c18rin4e 1n 2ing1r rspuns corect (cea 0ai D1n3 alternati=3! ;i distractori
!alternati=e incorecte$ 4ar 8la1BiDile ;i 8aralele!5 Alternati=ele 21nt 21D +or0a 1nor
c1=inte$ n10ere$ 2i0Dol1ri 2a1 +raBe5 Ace2t ti8 4e ite0i 2e 1tiliBeaB3 8entr1 0321-
rarea reB1ltatelor <n=3*3rii 21D +or03 4e c1no;tin*e 0e0orate anterior (te0inologie$
+a8te$ 8rinci8ii$ 0eto4e$ 8roce41ri!$ aDilit3*i 4e inter8retare a rela*iilor (ca1B3-e+ect!$
4e a arg10enta 0eto4eK8roce41ri$ 4e a i4enti+ica a8lica*ii ale 8rinci8iilor5
Tabelul 0818 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii c1 alegere 01lti8l3
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii
enun#uril&r
A!anta)ele itemil&r Deza!anta)ele itemil&r
8re0i2a 23 +ie o 8roDle03 Dine
4e+init3 ;i 2e0ni+icati=3$ in4e8en-
4ent3 4e alternati=eJ
clar$ +3r3 a0Dig1it3*iJ
2c1rte$ n1 l1ngi 2a1 co08le,eJ
+3r3 nega*ie 2a1 41Dl3 nega*ieJ
o 2ing1r3 i4ee <ntr-1n en1n*J
4i2tractori 8la1BiDili ;i 8araleliJ
corecte gra0aticalJ
li0DaE a4ec=at c1no;tin*elor
eli0in3 a0Dig1itatea
altor ti81ri 4e ite0iJ
alegerea 4in & alternati=e
cre;te +i4elitatea$ 2ca4e
8o2iDilitatea gGicirii r32-
81n21l1iJ
n1 nece2it3 o0ogeni-
tatea 0aterial1l1iJ
e=al1eaB3 1n 2ing1r
oDiecti=J
2e 0arcGeaB3 1;or$ ra8i4J
1;or 4e con2tr1it ite0i 4e
2laD3 calitateJ
nece2it3 ti08 relati= l1ng
8t elaDorareJ
te2teaB3 8re4o0inant ni-
=el1rile cogniti=e in+erioare
(c1no;tin*e 0e0orate ante-
rior!$ c1 e,ce8*ia i4enti+i-
c3rii 1nor rela*ii ;i a 4i2cri-
0in3rii 4intre en1n*1ri +ac-
t1ale ;i en1n*1ri 4e o8inieJ
1?%
anterioare e=al1a*ilorJ
aceea;i l1ngi0eJ
23 n1 +ie 2inoni0e 2a1 o812e ca
<n*ele2J
23 n1 21gereBe alegerea 1nei
alternati=eJ
1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ
1;or 4e =eri+icatJ
in41c 1n gra4 4e 4i+i-
c1ltate 0ai 0areJ
032oar3 ti81ri =ariate 4e
c1no;tin*e$ Dene+iciin4 4e
+le,iDilitate +oarte 0are5
8er0it 1neori gGicirea r32-
81n21l1iJ
1tiliBarea aD1Bi=3 4eter0i-
n3 8licti2eal35
+aciliteaB3 co8iat1l 4e la
colegiJ
E,e08le:
" F 23 i4enti+ice 1n ele0ent care +ace 8arte 4in 2i2te05
Citi*i c1 aten*ie ;i <ncerc1i*i litera core281nB3toare r3281n21l1i corect5
Tro8o2+era e2te co08onent3 a: a5 iono2+ereiJ D5 at0o2+ereiJ c5 litoto2+ereiJ 45
Dio2+erei5
" F 23 i4enti+ice o rela*ie 4e con4i*ionare5
A0aBon1l e2te +l1=i1l c1 cel 0ai 0are 4eDit 4eoarece: a5 e2te 2it1at <n
c>08ieJ e2te 2it1at <n a8ro8ierea Ec1ator1l1iJ c5 e2te 2it1at <n Bona c1 cli03
ec1atorial3J 45are l1ngi0e 0are5
" F 23 8reciBeBe corect o localiBare geogra+ic35
E2te 2tr3D3t1t 4e r>1l M1re; ora;1l: a5 Ti0i;oaraJ D5 De=aJ c5 T>rg1 M1re;J 45
Me4ia;5
" F 23 i4enti+ice o or4ine <ntr-o 21cce2i1ne5
Cele 0ai 8o81late *3ri$ <n or4ine 4e2cre2c3toare 21nt: a5 In4ia$ CGina$ SUAJ D5
CGina$ In4ia$ SUAJ c5 CGina$ SUA$ In4iaJ 45 SUA$ CGina$ In4ia5
" F 23 i4enti+ice o rela*ie ca1Bal3 <ntre 4o13 +a8te 28eci+ice5
L1na arat3 aceea;i 8arte 28re )30>nt 4eoarece: a5 n1 are a,a <nclinat3J D5 2e
rote;te 2i01ltan c1 )30>nt1lJ c5 41rata 0i;c3rii 4e rota*ie ;i re=ol1*ie coinci4J 45 n1
e+ect1eaB3 o 0i;care 4e rota*ie <n E1r1l a,ei 2ale5
" F 23 i4enti+ice localiBarea corect35
"ra;1l Qra;o= e2te 2it1at <n: a5 Car8a*ii "rientaliJ D5 Car8a*ii Meri4ionaliJ c5
De8re2i1nea Colinar3 a Tran2il=anieiJ 45 De8re2i1nea Qaraolt5
Ite0ii c1 alegere 01lti8l3 c1 218ort gra+ic 2a1 cartogra+ic 2olicit3 analiBa 1nei
G3r*i 2a1 re8reBent3ri gra+ice 8entr1 i4enti+icarea 1nor ele0ente 28eci+ice concrete5
N1 2e =eri+ic3 0e0orarea 1nor 4ate$ 4en10iri$ localiB3ri$ ci inter8retarea 1nei
re8reBent3ri cartogra+ice$ a 1nor 2i0Dol1ri$ a 1nor 4ate n10erice5
" F localiBarea 1nor ele0ente 28a*iale 8e 218ort cartogra+ic5
"D2er=a*i Garta ;i alege*i r3281n21rile corecte la <ntreD3rile 1r03toare5
Regi1nea notat3 c1 A re8reBint3 M1n*ii: a5 ReteBatJ D5 V>lcanJ c5 barc1J 45
Oo4ean1J e5 Cernei5
In loc1l 0arcat c1 Q 2e a+l3: a5 Ni4rocentrala Lotr1-Ci1ngetJ D5 lac1l Vi4raJ c5
lac1l Vi4rar1J 45 lac1l Sa41J e5 Gi4rocentrala Vi4rar15
In 81nct1l C e2te re8reBentat ora;1l: a5 SiDi1J D5 SeDe;J c5 C1girJ 45 "r3;tieJ e5
Si0eria5
In 81nct1l D 2e e,trage: a5 +ierJ D5 0ar01r35 c5 gaB 0etanJ 45 ne+eroa2eJ e5
c3rD1niJ
1?&
In 81nct1l E 2e a+l3: a5 )arc1l Na*ional ReteBatJ D5 cet3*ile 4aciceJ c5 o regi1ne
c1 +eno0ene car2ticeJ 45 1n areal c1 in=er2i1ni ter0iceJ e5 re21r2e 4e 0inere1ri5
Cea 0ai 0are altit14ine 2e a+l3 <n 81nct1l: a515 D5 75 c5 %5 45 &5 e5 ?5
5e"nica rspunsului scurt 2olicit3 con2tr1irea 1n1i r3281n2 <n totalitatea l1i
2a1 o 8arte co08onent3 a 1nei a+ir0a*ii$ a2t+el <nc>t acea2ta 23 4oD>n4e2c3 2en2 ;i
2e0ni+ica*ie5 TeGnica are 4o13 =ariante:
- r3281n21l e2te 2olicitat 8rintr-o <ntreDare: Care e2te ca8itala Ro0>nieiH::
- r3281n21l e2te 2olicitat 8rin inter0e4i1l 1nei +or01l3ri inco08letate
(lac1nare!: Ca8itala Ro0>nei e2te :5
E,e08le:
" F 23 8reciBeBe caracteri2tici cantitati=e ;i calitati=e ale 1nor co08onente ale
realit3*ii5
Ce altit14ine 0a,i03 a1 Car8a*ii Ro0>ne;tiH (:::!
" F 23 o8ereBe c1 1n algorit0 4e calc1l5
Ce 4en2itate are 8o81la*ia 1n1i 2tat c1 218ra+a*a 4e ?''''' L0
7
;i o 8o81la*ie
4e 7' 0il5 4e loc1itoriH(:55!
" F 23 8reciBeBe o rela*ie =iBiDil3 <ntre co08onentele 0e4i1l1i5
ArDorii 4in 2a=an3 <;i 8ier4 +r1nBele 4eoarece :5
" F 23 4e2crie caracteri2ticile 1n1i +eno0en 2a1 8roce25
Direc*iile 28re care 2e 8ro41ce 2i01ltan eroBi1nea +l1=ial3 21nt: 28re
:::55$ 28re :::$ 8e +1n41l ::::$ 8e lateralele :::
" F 23 localiBeBe 1n ele0ent 8e 1n 218ort cartogra+ic 4at5
Scrie*i 4ea218ra liniilor 4e 8e Gart3 4en10irile a4ec=ate5
,e(olvarea e%erciiilor i a problemelor&
E,e08l1:
" F 23 calc1leBe 4i2tan*e 8e Gart3
Calc1la*i l1ngi0ea tra2e1l1i Q1c1re;ti F Ia;i F S1cea=a$ <n linie 4rea8t3 c1
aE1tor1l G3r*ii 01rale a Ro0>niei (2care 1K&'''''!5
Calc1la*i 4i2tan*a Ti0i;oara F Sat1 Mare 8e calea +erat3 c1 aE1tor1l G3r*ii
01rale a Ro0>niei (2care 1K&'''''!5
Tabelul 08=8 A28ecte re+eritoare la ite0ii c1 r3281n2 2c1rt
Cerin#ele pr&iectrii
enun#uril&r
A!anta)ele itemil&r Deza!anta)ele itemil&r
23 +ie conci2$ 8reci2
23 nece2ite 1n 2in-
g1r r3281n2 corect$
8reci2 4eli0itat 4in
=ol101l 4e c1no;-
tin*eJ
+or01lat corect gra-
0aticalJ
2e con2tr1ie2c 1;orJ
a1 1n 2ing1r 0o4el co08let al r32-
81n21l1iJ
e=al1eaB3 1n 2ing1r oDiecti=J
2e 0arcGeaB3 1;or$ ra8i4J
1;or 4e c1anti+icatJ
1;or 4e =eri+icatJ
n1 8er0it gGicirea r3281n21l1iJ
in41c 1n gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate 0ai 0areJ
1;or 4e con2tr1it ite0i 4e
2laD3 calitateJ
nece2it3 01lt ti08 8entr1
c1anti+icareJ
liDertatea 4e a organiBa
in+or0a*ia 8ri0it3 ;i 4e a
+or01la r3281n21l e2te re-
4123J
r3281n21l e2te li0itat ca
28a*i1$ +or03 ;i con*in1t 4e
1??
032oar3 ti81ri =ariate 4e c1no;tin*e$
Dene+iciin4 4e +le,iDilitate +oarte 0are5
aDilitatea 4e a elaDora cel 0ai
a4ec=at ;i 2c1rt r3281n25
2tr1ct1ra <ntreD3rii5
2arcina e2te 81ternic
2tr1ct1rat3J
D5Te"nicile de testare subiectiv (itemi cu rspunsuri desc"ise# 2olicit3
con2tr1irea r3281n21rilor 4e c3tre 21Diec*i$ 2ti01leaB3 creati=itatea$ ra*iona0ent1l ;i
g>n4irea critic35 )entr1 +or01larea r3281n21l1i 2e 1tiliBeaB3 c1no;tin*e ;i ca8acit3*i
c1 care 2e +or0eaB3 2tr1ct1ri integrate5 )entr1 ni=el1rile 218erioare ale 4o0eni1l1i
cogniti= (inter8retarea$ a8licarea$ analiBa$ 2inteBa etc! n1 e2te 8o2iDil ;i nici 4e 4orit
23 elaDor30 0o4el1l co08let al r3281n21ril1i corect5 Nee,i2t>n4 1n 0o4el 2tan4ar4$
co08let al r3281n21l1i$ o8inia$ criteriile ;i E14ec3*ile 4e =aloare ale e=al1ator1l1i
21nt +oarte i08ortante5 E=al1atorii coteaB3 4i+erit r3281n21rile$ <n +1nc*ie 4e
e,8erien*a ;i co08eten*a 8ro8rie5 Se 1tiliBeaB3 4i=er;i ite0i:
Itemi de e%plicare: C10 e=ol1eaB3 al1nec3rile 4e teren <n an10ite con4i*iiH
C10 2e 8ro41ce o al1necare 4e terenH
Itemi de anali( de ca(: Un =er2ant 4in Cl1E e2te 4egra4at 4e o al1necare 4e
teren5 Ce 2ol1*ii 8ro81ne*i 8entr1 o8ti0iBarea teren1l1iH
Itemi de anali( a relaiei cau(-efect: Dac3 Soarele n1 ar 0ai 8ro41ce
l10in3 ;i c3l41r3$ at1nci ce 2-ar <nt>08laH Ce con2ecin*3 are 4e+ri;area 1nei 8341ri
2it1at3 8e =er2ant1l 1n1i 4ealH
Itemi de argumentare: C10 arg10enta*i a+ir0a*ia c3 )30>nt1l 2e rote;te <n
E1r1l Soarel1iH )rin ce arg10ente co0Date*i a+ir0a*ia c3 Soarele 2e rote;te <n E1r1l
)30>nt1l1iH
Itemi de comparare: Care 21nt a2e03n3rileK4eo2eDirile 4intre 8341rea 4e
+oioa2e ;i cea 4e tro8ical3 10e43H
Itemi de descriere: De2crie*i 8ei2aE1l 4in +otogra+ie5
Itemi de interpretare a unui document: C10 caracteriBa*i cli0a ace2t1i
28a*i1 8e DaBa cli0ogra0eiH
,e(olvarea situaiilor-problem i08lic3 act1aliBarea 1nor c1no;tin*e ante-
rioare$ reco0Dinarea lor c1 2co81l g32irii 2ol1*iei5 "+eri0 4ateleKconte,t1l 2it1a*iei-
8roDle03$ +or01l30 <ntreDarea 2a1 8roDle0a$ 2olicit30 23 +or01leBe i8oteBe
8la1BiDile$ 23 ca1te 0eto4eKc3I 4e reBol=are$ 2e aleag3 cea 0ai D1n3 =ariant35
" F 23 +or01leBe i8oteBe 8la1BiDile ;i 23 o aleag3 8e cea 0ai D1n3 8e DaBa
arg10entelor geogra+ice5
)ort1rile 2it1ate 8e *3r01l "cean1l1i Arctic 21nt Dlocate <n ti081l iernii 4e
DancGiB35 Tot1;i 8ort1l M1r0an2L n1 e2te Dlocat 8er0anent5 C10 e,8lica*i acea2t3
2it1a*ieH
Itemii de tip eseu a1 gra4 0are 4e 21Diecti=itate5 Se e=al1eaB3 aDilit3*i =a-
riate: e=ocarea$ organiBarea ;i integrarea i4eilorJ e,8ri0area <n 2cri2J inter8retarea ;i
a8licarea 4atelor5 Se e=al1eaB3 aDor4area gloDal3 a 1nei 2arcini 4e l1cr15 Ace;ti ite0i
2olicit3 con2tr1irea 1n1i r3281n2 liDer con+or0 1nor cerin*e 4ate5 C1 c>t cerin*ele 21nt
0ai 8reci2 +or01late ;i 0ai 4irect e,8ri0ate <n 2cGe0a 4e notare$ c1 at>t cre;te +i4e-
1?.
litatea 81nct3rii5 Ace2t ite0 2e 1tiliBeaB3 n10ai c>n4 oDiecti=1l =iBat (4in categoria
oDiecti=elor 4e tran2+er 2a1 4e e,8ri0are! n1 8oate +i e=al1at e+icient 8rin alt ti8 4e
ite05 Sarcina 4e l1cr1 2e +or01leaB3 clar$ 21ccint ;i 8reci2$ <n ter0eni 4e 8er+or0an*3
a;te8tat35 Conco0itent c1 elaDorarea en1n*1l1i 2e e2ti0eaB3 r3281n21l a;te8tat5 Se
2taDile;te 2cGe0a 4e notare$ o8t>n4 8entr1 0o41l a4ec=at 4e acor4are a 81nctelor5
D183 4i0en2i1nea e2e1l1i a;te8tat e,i2t3:
- e2e1 c1 r3281n2 re2tr>n2 (0inie2e1!$ <n care 4i0en2i1nea e2te 8reciBat3 8rin
cerin*ele en1n*1l1iJ
- e2e1 c1 r3281n2 e,tin2$ 8entr1 care 2e 8reciBeaB3 4oar li0ita ti081l1i 4e
reBol=are5
E,e08le:
" F 23 i4enti+ice +actorii care a1 4eter0inat 4eB=oltarea econo0ic3 a 1nei *3ri5
E,8lica*i <n 0a,i010 o 8agin3 1r03toarea a+ir0a*ie: Secole 4e-a r>n41l$
Marea Qritanie a +o2t 218ran10it3 regina 03rilor$ c3r31;1l l10ii ;i +ierar1l l10ii5
Con2tr1i*i-=3 e,8lica*ia 8e DaBa <ntreD3rilor: C10 a 4e=enit Marea Qritanie cea 0ai
81ternic3 4in l10e <n 4o0eniile 8reciBateH De ceH Din ce ca1B3 a 8ier41t
218re0a*ia 0on4ial3H Ce *3ri a1 4e83;it-oH C10H
ScGe0a 4e notare:
-8entr1 i4enti+icarea ;i e,8licarea ca1Belor care a1 +3c1t 23 aiD3 218re0a*ia 8e 0are
(&$'!
-rol1l 8oBi*iei geogra+ice$ 4e *ar3 in21lar3 <n "cean1l Atlantic :: (1$'!
-rol1l +lotei <n <n=ingerea ri=alilor 81ternici ;i crearea cel1i 0ai 0are i08eri1
coloniaJ (1$'!
-rol1l tra4i*iei$ e41ca*iei$ calit3*ilor 8o8or1l1i engleB <n organiBarea
e,8e4i*iilor 8e 0areJ (1$'!
-21Dlinierea 0o41l1i <n care a1 creat ;i controlat c3i 0ariti0e 8rin 81ncte
2trategice (OiDraltar$ S1eB etc!5 (1$'!
-8entr1 i4enti+icarea ;i e,8licarea ca1Belor care a1 +3c1t 23 +ie +ierar1l l10ii (7$'!
-rol1l re21r2elor 4e c3rD1ne 4in *ar3 :::::55 :::::: (1$'!
-rol1l re21r2elor 4e 0inere1 4e +ier 4in colonii :::::::: (1$'!
-8entr1 i4enti+icarea ;i e,8licarea ca1Belor care a1 4eter0inat 8ier4erea 218re0a*iei
(%$'!
-rol1l 4e2tr303rii 2i2te01l1i colonial ;i l18ta 8o8oarelor 4in colonii 8entr1
in4e8en4en*3J (1$?!
-rol1l noilor 81teri (SUA$ Oer0ania$ (a8onia! care a1 c1cerit 8ie*ele
tra4i*ionale ale Marii QritaniiJ (1$?!
Un 81nct 4in o+ici1 ::::::::::::::: Total 1' 81ncte
0848 6r&ceduri %i inDtrumente de e!aluare c&mplementar
CEeDti&narul DcriD e2te 1n in2tr10ent c1 aE1tor1l c3r1ia 2e <nregi2treaB3
o8inii$ atit14ini$ intere2e$ 2it1a*ii$ +a8te re+eritoare la 1n an10it a28ect 4in realitatea
co08le,35 E2te con2tit1it 4intr-1n an2a0Dl1 4e <ntreD3ri la care 21Diect1l r3281n4e
1?C
<n 2cri25 )rin cGe2tionar 2e i4enti+ic3 1n +eno0en e41ca*ional$ 4ar n1 2e 2taDile;te
ca1Ba 2a1 2ol1*ia 4e reBol=are5
Reeratul8 )rin re+erate 2e e=al1eaB3 ca8acit3*ile ele=ilor: 4e a elaDora ;i
8reBenta 1n te,t ;tiin*i+ic 2cri2J 4e a 1tiliBa c1=inte-cGeieJ 4e a conce8e 1n 8lanJ 4e a
or4ona DiDliogra+iaJ 4e a 8reBenta 8ro8ri1l 8ro412J 4e a e=al1a 8ro4121l 231 ;i al
celorlal*i5
In 4e0er21l 4i4actic 4e elaDorare a re+erat1l1i 8arc1rge0 0ai 01lte eta8e5
8reBentarea 4ec18aE1l1i 4in realitate ;i a i08ortan*ei co08eten*eiJ e=al1area co08e-
ten*ei act1aleJ 8reciBarea titl1l1i orientati= al re+erat1l1iJ c31tarea DiDliogra+iei
a4ec=ate 21Diect1l1i 8ro812J elaDorarea 1n1i 8lan orientati= al re+erat1l1i (ce 2crie
<n intro41cere$ c18rin2$ <ncGeiere!J citirea l1cr3rilor$ e,tragerea i4eilor e2en*iale ;i a
citatelor 8e +i;eT 2electarea i4eilor e2en*iale ;i a citatelor 8entr1 +iecare 81nct al
re+erat1l1i$ +3r3 a generaliBa 2a1 2cGe0atiBaJ elaDorarea re+erat1l1i5
In 4e0er21l 4i4actic 4e e=al1are a re+eratelor 2e 8arc1rg an10ite eta8e: 8re-
Bentarea =erDal3 a re+eratelorJ +or01larea <ntreD3rilor 4e c3tre colegiJ +or01larea
r3281n21rilor la <ntreD3riJ +or01larea a8recierilor re+eritoare la con*in1t1l
re+erat1l1i$ 0o41l 4e elaDorare ;i 4e 8reBentare5
6r&iectul e2te o 0eto43 4i4actic3 4e <n=3*are interacti=3 a08l3 ;i 1n in2tr1-
0ent 4e e=al1are co08le0entar35 Proiectul e2te 1n 8lan 2a1 o l1crare c1 caracter
a8licati=$ <ntoc0it3 8e DaBa 1nei te0e 4ate$ care c18rin4e analiBa F ca1Bal3$ crono-
logic3$ 28a*ial3 F a 1nei 8roDle0e ;i 1n 4e0er2 e,8licit 4e e=ol1*ie ;i 2ol1*ionare a
ei5 Ele=ii 2e con+r1nt3 c1 o 8roDle03 co08le,3$ a1tentic3$ e,tra23 4in realitatea
act1al3$ 8e care o analiBeaB3 ;i 8entr1 care ca1t3 2ol1*ii 4e reBol=are5 )roiect1l
con2tit1ie o 8ro=ocare a4ec=at3 8o2iDilit3*ilor ele=ilor ;i i08lic3 o acti=itate e+ecti=3
4e cercetare$ 4e2+3;1rat3 <ntr-1n an10it inter=al 4e ti085 Aiin4 o acti=itate a08l3$ 4e
41rat3$ 8er0ite o a8reciere n1an*3t3 a <n=3*3rii5 )roiect1l e2te o +or03 4e e=al1are
0oti=ant3 8entr1 ele=i$ c1 toate c3 i08lic3 01lt3 01nc3 ;i e+ort intelect1al5
5ipurile de proiecte dup demersul reali(at 21nt8
proiect de tip constructiv: 23 elaDoreBe 1n a+i;$ 1n colaE 4e +otogra+ii$ 1n
ierDar$ o colec*ie (roci$ 0inerale$ 2e0in*e etc!$ 23 con2tr1ia2c3 o 0acGet3 2a1 1n
01laE$ 23 re4acteBe 1n articol 2a1 o re=i2t3 etc5
proiect de tip problem: 23 reBol=e o 2it1a*ie F 8roDle03 (8re=enirea 1nei
al1nec3ri 4e terenJ a0enaEarea 1n1i teren ero4at$ 8ol1at$ in1n4aDilJ 8roteEarea 1nor
28ecii 4e 8lante 2a1 ani0ale etc5
proiect de tip nvare: 23-;i <0D1n3t3*ea2c3 o teGnic3 2a1 8roce41r3 4e
in2tr1ire (1tiliBarea 4ic*ionar1l1i$ c31tarea DiDliogra+iei 8entr1 o te03! etc5
Etapele "n realizarea unui pr&iect 21nt:
Comunicarea sarcinii de lucru i alegerea subiectului 1 temei proiectului 5
S1Diect1l 8oate +i ale2 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or 2a1 4e c3tre ele=i5 S1Diect1l treD1ie ale2 c1
01lt 4i2cern30>nt$ 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 0ani+e2te intere2 8entr1 realiBarea l1i ;i ca 23
+ie 0oti=a*i <n crearea 1n1i 8ro412 no15 E2te Dine ca ele=ii 23 c1noa2c3 4inainte 1n4e
8ot g32i re21r2ele 0ateriale 2a1 DiDliogra+ice nece2are5 )entr1 ca ele=ii 23 ;tie c1
claritate ce an10e a1 4e +3c1t$ 8re2cri8*iile 4ate 4e 8ro+e2or =or +i e,8licite$ 8reci2e5
1?@
*iscutarea obiectivelor proiectului =ariaB3 4e la 8roiect la 8roiect: a8li-
carea 8ractic3 a 1nor no*i1ni teoretice <n=3*ateJ +or0area ;i 4eB=oltarea 4e8rin4erilor
4e a l1cra <n gr18 (28irit1l 4e ecGi83$ colegialitatea$ toleran*a$ 4ialog1l!J 4eB=oltarea
0ai 01ltor ti81ri 4e inteligen*3J +or0area 1nor 4e8rin4eri 4e 4oc10entare ;tiin*i+ic3
(c31tarea DiDliogra+iei$ alc3t1irea li2tei DiDliogra+ice$ 1tliBarea 4ic*ionarelor etc!J
4eB=oltarea ca8acit3*ii 4e a 2tr1ct1ra ;i 2intetiBa 0aterial1l etc5
Constituirea grupelor de lucru& Un gr18 o8ti0 4e l1cr1 c18rin4e 7-? 0e0-
Dri$ <n +1nc*ie 4e te0a 8roiect1l1i$ e,8erien*a 8artici8an*ilor$ nat1ra oDiecti=elor5 C1
c>t cre;te n103r1l 0e0Drilor gr181l1i$ c1 at>t 2ca4e 8o2iDilitatea 8artici83rii
e+ecti=e la acti=itate$ 4ar 8oate cre;te calitatea 8ro4121l1i realiBat5 )ro+e2or1l 8oate
8ro81ne 21Diecte 8entr1 8roiecte in4i=i41ale 2a1 ele=ii aleg a2t+el 4e 8roiecte5
Programarea etapelor de lucru i distribuirea responsabilitilor5 In +1nc-
*ie 4e oDiecti=e$ ti08$ 28a*i1$ 0iEloace 4i28oniDile$ gra4 4e 4i+ic1ltate al 8roiect1l1i$
ele=ii 2taDile2c 21cce2i1nea$ 41rata ;i con*in1t1l +iec3rei eta8e (i4enti+icarea 21r2elor
4e 4oc10entare$ analiBa 2it1a*iei-8roDle03$ 8rel1crarea 0aterialelor$ 8ro81nerea
1nor =ariante 4e reBol=are$ alegerea 2ol1*iei o8ti0e etc!5 Dac3 2e l1creaB3 <n gr18 2e
4i2triD1ie re28on2aDilit3*ile5 E2te i08ortant ca ele=ii 23 c1noa2c3 4ata 8re43rii ;i
8reBent3rii 8roiect1l1i <n +a*a colegilor5
,eali(area proiectului i monitori(area procesului& E2te i08ortant ca 8ro+e-
2or1l 23 re28ecte toate eta8ele acti=it3*ii$ 23-i 0onitoriBeBe 8e ele=i$ 23 <i aE1te$ 23 <i
oD2er=e atent <n +iecare 0o0ent a2t+el$ ca la +inal$ 23 8oate +i e=al1at ;i 8roce21l$ n1
n10ai 8ro4121l5 )entr1 0onitoriBarea acti=it3*ii 2e 8oate cere ca 4183 o 238t30>n3
23 co01nice 21Diect1l ale2$ co08onen*a ecGi8ei$ DiDliogra+ia 8e care o a1 <n aten*ie5
)entr1 e=al1area 8roce21l1i 4e elaDorare a 8roiect1l1i e2te Dine ca 8ro+e2or1l 23 aiD3
4i2c1*ii 238t30>nale c1 ecGi8ele 8entr1 a oD2er=a ce 4i+ic1lt3*i a1$ 8entr1 a analiBa
an10ite alternati=e 4e reBol=are$ 8entr1 a-i <nc1raEa etc5
Evaluarea re(ultatelor& )roiectele 21nt 8reBentate$ analiBate$ co08arate$
a8reciate5 Se e=al1eaB3 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or$ 4ar ;i 4e c3tre ele=i (intere=al1are ;i
a1toe=al1are!: cercetarea <n an2a0Dl1$ 0o41l 4e l1cr1$ 8reBentarea ;i 8ro412ele
realiBate5 Aiecare ecGi83 treD1ie 23 e,8lice c10 a1 l1crat$ care a1 +o2t atriD1*iile
0e0Drilor ecGi8ei$ c10 a <n4e8linit +iecare 2arcinile5 In ti081l 8reBent3rii
8roiectelor$ ele=ii ia1 noti*e$ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri 2a1 r3281n21ri$ +ac a8recieri
a218ra 8roiectelor$ 4a1 note5 Deoarece 8reBentarea 8oate a=ea a28ect1l 1nei
co08eti*ii$ +iecare ecGi83 2e 2tr341ie;te 23 g32ea2c3 +or0e c>t 0ai originale ;i
atracti=e <n realiBarea ;i 8reBentarea 8roiect1l1i5
6&rt&&liul e2te 1n in2tr10ent co08le, 4e e=al1are integratoare$ ce incl14e
e,8erien*a ;i reB1ltatele rele=ante oD*in1te 8rin celelalte +or0e 4e e=al1are ;i care
o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 4e a e0ite o E14ecat3 4e =aloare 8a DaBa 1n1i an2a0Dl1 4e
reB1ltate al 1nei 8er2oane5 )orto+oli1l 8er0ite 1r03rirea$ con+or0 1nor oDiecti=e
concrete ;i criterii 2taDilite$ a 8rogre21l1i <nregi2trat 4e ele= <n acGiBi*ia c1no;tin-
*elor <ntr-1n inter=al 0are 4e ti08 (2e0e2tr1$ an ;colar$ cicl1 4e <n=3*30>nt! ;i <n
+or0area 1nor ca8acit3*i ori co08eten*e 8rin analiBarea 0aterialelor elaDorate 4e
c3tre 1n ele= <ntr-1n inter=al 0are 4e ti085
1?/
Deoarece ter0enii 4e 8orto+oli1 ;i 8roiect n1 21nt +1n4a0enta*i teoretic
21+icient <n l1cr3rile 4e 28ecialitate$ <n acti=itatea c1 ele=ii 2e co0it con+1Bii5 Intre
8roiect ;i 8orto+oli1 e,i2t3 c>te=a a2e03n3ri: a0Dele =iBeaB3 o acti=itate a08l3 4in
8artea ele=ilorJ acti=itatea 2e 4e2+3;oar3 ;i <n a+ara cla2eiJ i08lic3 in=e2tigarea 1n1i
4o0eni1$ 1tiliBarea 1nei DiDliogra+ii <n toate eta8ele 4e 4oc10entareJ nece2it3 o
e=al1are co08le,3 ;i n1an*at3 a <n=3*3rii5 )orto+oli1l 8oate 23 incl143 8roiect1l ca
0eto43 4e e=al1are5
)orto+oli1l 1n1i ele= 8oate c18rin4e in2tr10ente +or0aliBate9 4e e=al1are
(te2te 4e c1no;tin*e$ te2te 4e e=al1are a co08eten*elor =iBate 4e aria c1rric1lar3$
te2te 4e in=entariere care a1 ca 2co8 e=al1area 210ati=3$ cGe2tionare!$ in2tr10ente
non-+or0aliBate9 (re+erate$ e2e1ri$ recenBii$ reB10ate$ 8o2tere$ +i;e 4e acti=itate
e,8eri0ental3$ +i;e 4e a1toe=al1are etc!5
La geogra+ia continentelor 2e 8oate elaDora 1n 8orto+oli1 <n ti08 4e 4o13
l1ni5 Aiecare ele= =a alege ca 21Diect o *ar3 e1ro8ean35 "Diecti=ele 8ot +i:
- +a0iliariBarea c1 teGnicile 4e 4oc10entare ;i re4actare (<ntoc0irea DiDlio-
gra+iei$ a41narea ;i 2electarea 0aterial1l1i$ +i;area ;i or4onarea in+or0a*iei$
realiBarea 8lan1l1i etc!J
- o e=al1are oDiecti=3 a reB1ltatelor oD*in1te <n 1r0a 4oc10ent3rii ;i re-
4act3riiJ
- c1noa;terea 8ro+1n43 a 1nei *3ri e1ro8eneJ
- 4e2co8erirea 1nor 8artic1larit3*i ale 1nei *3ri ;i 8reBentarea ace2tora <n
+or0e 4i=er2e etc5
)orto+oli1l =a c18rin4e: DiDliogra+ia$ +i;a 4e a1toe=al1are$ +i;a 4e e=al1are$
+i;a 4e +ee4-DacL ;i 8ro412ele 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 4e 0ai Eo25 )entr1 a +i notat c1
81nctaEe 0a,i0e$ +iecare 8ro412 4in 8orto+oli1 =a 2ati2+ace an10ite cerin*e5
In+or0a*iile 8rinci8ale 8ot +i <n2cri2e <ntr-1n taDel ;i a+i;ate <n cla23 8entr1 ca +iecare
ele= 23 tran2crie <n caiet cerin*ele ;i oDiecti=ele5 )entr1 clari+icarea t1t1ror
8roDle0elor ;i 8entr1 a c1noa;te o8inia lor ele=ilor 8ot +i a4re2ate c>te=a <ntreD3ri:
Care 8ro412e =3 8ar cel 0ai gre1 4e realiBatH De ceH C10 cre4e*i c3 =e*i re1;i 23
elaDora*i ace2te 8ro412eH Ce a*i 0ai 4ori 23 c18rin43 8orto+oli1l =o2tr1H )reBent30
co08onentele$ 4e2cri8torii ;i oDiecti=ele 8orto+oli1l1i 8ro812 ele=ilor 4in cla2a a
VI-a 4e la Lice1l teoretic OGeorgGe Sincai9 4in Cl1E-Na8oca 4e c3tre 0entor1l
Nicoleta Da=i45
Tabelul 0838 Co08onentele$ 4e2cri8torii ;i oDiecti=ele 8orto+oli1l1i 8entr1 cla2a a VI-a
6r&duD Calit#ile pr&duDului Obiecti!
Carto2cGe0a
23 aiD3 titl1$ legen43
23 con*in3 1nit3*ile 4e relie+$ +l1=iile$ ora;ele 0ari
linii groa2e$ colorate
23 +ie e,ec1tat3 c1rat
23 elaDoreBe 2ing1ri carto-
2cGe0e 4183 o alt3 Gart3
23 localiBeBe ele0ente 8e Gart3
0e0oreBe 4en10irile
)er2onalit3*i
cele 0ai i08ortante 4in trec1t ;i 8reBent (?
0ini0!
c1 ce an10e 2-a re0arcat +iecare <n l10e
23 ca1te 21r2e 4e 4oc1-
0entare
23 2electeBe ele0ente
1.'
e2en*iale
)o2ter c1 ora;e
2a1 alt 8ro412
2i0ilar (c1D!
cele 0ai i08ortante ora;e
originalitatea colaE1l1i
titl1l 8o2ter1l1i$ n10ele ora;elor
23 i4enti+ice ora;ele cele
0ai i08ortante
23 realiBeBe 1n 8ro412 ori-
ginal
)o2ter c1 8ro-
412e 2a1 alt
8ro412 2i0ilar
a0DalaEe$ +otogra+ii 4e la 8ro412e +aDricate
<n *ara re28ecti=3
originalitatea 8o4121l1i
=arietatea ;i i08ortan*a 8ro412elor
23 i4enti+ice 8ro=enin*a
1nor 8ro412e
23 realiBeBe 1n 8ro412 ori-
ginal
Arit0ogri+
i08ortan*a 4en10irilor <n2cri2e <n arit0ogri+
rele=an*a 4e+ini*iilor
n103r1l 4en10irilor
23 2electeBe in+or0a*ii
23 corelaBe 4en10irea c1 o
caractecte2tic3 e2en*ial3
E2e1 4e28re
4eB=oltarea
econo0ic3
=eri4icitatea 4atelor$ a+ir0a*iilor
2e2iBarea a28ectelor e2en*iale
23 i4enti+ice 21r2e 4e
4oc10entare
23 e,8ri0e o8inia 4e28re
a28ecte 4in realitate
1' c1rioBit3*i
cele 0ai intere2ante a28ecte 4in *ar3
218erlati=e (cel 0ai: cea 0ai: ;tia*i c3 :!
23 i4enti+ice ele0ente
e2en*iale intere2ante
1' ele0ente
e2en*iale
8rin care 2e 4i2tinge 4e alte *3ri
4i=er2itatea a28ectelor
23 4e41c3 caracteri2ticile
1nei *3ri
De2crierea a
cinci oDiecti-
=e t1ri2tice
cele 0ai i08ortante 4in *ar3
4e2crierea con+or03 c1 realitatea
21r8rin4erea e2en*ial1l1i$ 8artic1lar1l1i
originalitate (SocGeaB3^!
23 2electeBe oDiecti=ele
23 le 8reBinte atracti=
Articole 4in
Biare
QiDliogra+ie
4i=er2itatea a28ectelor
n103r1l articolelor (n1 e,agerat!
or4onare corect3
n103r1l l1cr3rilor
23 2e 4oc10enteBe 4in 21r-
2e =ariate
23 <ntoc0ea2c3 o DiDlio-
gra+ie
23 ca1te 21r2e 4e in+or0are
)rin elaDorarea ace2tor 8ro412e ele=ii <;i 4eB=olt3 ca8acit3*i 8ri=in4 c1lege-
rea$ 8rel1crarea ;i 8reBentarea in+or0a*iilor <n 4i+erite +or0e$ iar 8rin +a8t1l c3 n1 a1
+o2t ale;i 4e2cri8tori rigiBi ei <;i 8ot 0ani+e2ta creati=itatea5
In a+ara +a8t1l1i c3 ele=ii oD*in o not3$ ei a8lic3 2trategii 0etacogniti=e 8entr1
c1noa;terea 0etac1no;tin*elor F in+or0a*ii 4e28re 8ro8riile c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e$
8roce41rale$ atit14inale$ co08eten*e etc5 )entr1 realiBarea ace2t1i 4eBi4erat ele=ii
incl14 <n 8orto+oli1 1n e2e1 <n care 23 2crie ceea ce g>n4e2c 4e28re ceea ce a1
<n=3*at 8rin realiBarea 8orto+oli1l1i5 Deoarece n1 to*i ele=ii a1 ca8acit3*ile nece2are
8entr1 a-;i e,8ri0a i4eile ei 8ot alege <ntre a r3281n4e la <ntreD3rile 1n1i cGe2tionar
2a1 a 2crie e2e1l5 IntreD3rile incl12e <n cGe2tionar 21nt: In ce +el 8ro412ele 4in
8orto+oli1 re+lect3 ceea ce ai <n=3*at <n ace2t 2e0e2tr1H In ce 0321r3 creBi c3
realiBarea ace2tor 8ro412e a 4eter0inat 1n 8rogre2 <n 8reg3tirea ta 8entr1 =ia*3 ;i
8entr1 <n=3*3rile 1lterioareH Care 21nt l1cr1rile cele 0ai =aloroa2e 8e care le-ai
<n=3*at 8rin elaDorarea 8orto+oli1l1iH In ce 0321r3 con2i4eri c3 ai realiBat 2co81rile
<n=3*3rii <n ace2t 2e0e2tr1H (Da=i4$ 7'''!5 E2e1l ;i r3281n21rile la cGe2tionar 21nt
1.1
in2tr10ente e+iciente 8rin care ele=1l <n=a*3 23 2e a1toe=al1aBe ;i 4oD>n4e;te
0etac1no;tin*e5 )entr1 o a1toe=al1are c>t 0ai co08let3 +iecare ele= 2crie 8e 4o2ar
nota 8e care con2i4er3 c3 o 0erit35
In inter=al1l 4e la co01nicarea 2arcinii 4e l1cr1 8>n3 la e=al1area ei ele=ii a1
8ri0it <n toate lec*iile 28riEin1l nece2ar 8rin 4irec*ionarea ;i 2ec=en*ialiBarea acti=it3*ii
lor5 Deoarece 8ro412ele 8ro812e 21nt 4i=er2e ca +or03 ;i con*in1t$ <n +iecare lec*ie 2e
8oate aloca 1n inter=al 4e ti08 +iec3r1i ti8 4e 8ro412 <n care 23 2e 28eci+ice c>t 0ai
e,8licit ce an10e 2e a;tea8t3 23 realiBeBe ele=ii5 )entr1 a n1 2taDili ni;te li0ite rigi4e
<n 4eB=oltarea creati=it3*ii 2e e=it3 8reBentarea 0o4elor5 )entr1 a n1 intra <n criB3 4e
ti08 2e 21gereaB3 ele=ilor inter=al1l o8ti0 <n care ar +i Dine 23 realiBeBe 8ro4121l 2a1
o +or03 8ri0ar3 a 2a5 L1cr>n4 <n ace2t +el$ ele=ii =or a=ea ti08 21+icient 23-;i
<0D1n3t3*ea2c3 8ro412ele 8e 8arc1r2$ at1nci c>n4 le =or =eni i4ei noi5
Deoarece +iecare ele= are ne=oie 4e 1n +ee4-DacL clar 4in 8artea 8ro+e2or1l1i$
n1 4oar 4e o not3$ <n 0o0ent1l 8re43rii 8orto+oli1l1i 2e organiBeaB3 1n inter=i1 <n
care 2e analiBeaB3 ra8i4 8ro412ele c1 +iecare ele=$ 2e cere 23-;i 8reBinte 8ro8riile
8ro412e ;i 23 +ac3 o a8reciere a218ra lor5 Ace2t inter=i1 are a=antaE1l c3 4i2c1*ia are
loc 8e DaBa 0aterial1l1i 8ro4125 In acea2t3 4i2c1*ie 2e a8reciaB3 l1cr1l Dine e,ec1tat
;i 2e i4enti+ic3 c1 ele=1l a28ectele care nece2it3 <0D1n3t3*iri (Care 21nt a28ectele
cele 0ai 2laDe ale 8orto+oli1l1iH!5 Ele=1l 2e con=inge c3 e=i4en*ierea 81nctelor 2laDe
ale 2ale 2a1 ale 8orto+oli1l1i n1 e2te 1n 2co8 <n 2ine$ o e=i4en*iere a e;ec1l1i5 Ele=1l
e2te 28riEinit 8rin inter=i1 23-;i +i,eBe 2ing1r oDiecti=e 8entr1 a-;i <0D1n3t3*i
<n=3*3rile =iitoare ;i a alege 0iEloacele concrete 8rin care le 8oate atinge5 )rin
4i2c1*ie 2e <ncearc3 o 2cGi0Dare a 0oti=a*iei ele=1l1i 8rin +a8t1l c3 oDiecti=ele
=iBate 4e 8ro+e2or n1 0ai 21nt oDiecti=e e,terioare$ ci 4e=in ale ele=1l1i5 Ace2ta n1
0ai are i08re2ia c3 e2te <08in2 8e 1n 4r10 la ca83t1l c3r1ia n1 are ni0ic 4e
c>;tigat$ ci con;tientiBeaB3 +inalitatea5 E=al1area 2e +inaliBeaB3 8rin acor4area ;i
0oti=area notei 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or5 )ro+e2or1l <n*elege 4e ce ele=1l ;i-a acor4at o
not3 4i+erit3 4e cea acor4at3 4e c3tre el$ iar ele=1l <n*elege care 21nt 0oti=ele
8ro+e2or1l1i <n 2taDilirea notei5 )rin arg10entarea notei$ ele=1l <n*elege ca ar 81tea
+ace <n =iitor 8entr1 a oD*ine reB1ltate a8reciate ;i notate 0ai Dine5 Inter=i1l 81rtat
<ntr-1n cli0at 82iGologic 4e 2inceritate ;i one2titate con2tit1ie 1n +ee4-DacL
i08ortant 4at 4e c3tre ele= 8ro+e2or1l1i5 Ace2ta oD2er=3 ce an10e ar treD1i 23
<0D1n3t3*ea2c3 <n =iitor <n acti=itatea 2a 8entr1 ca ele=ii 23 n1 2e con+r1nte c1
4i=er2e 4i+ic1lt3*i5 )ro+e2or1l co08etent =a oD2er=a c3 toate in4ica*iile corecte$ 4ar
;i erorile co0i2e 4e c3tre el 2e re+lect3 <n 8ro412ele elaDorate 4e c3tre ele=i5
E=al1area 8rin 8orto+oli1 are a=antaEe 8entr1 ele=: <nc1raEeaB3 <n=3*area
a1to4iriEat3J ele=ii 4e=in a1tore+le,i=i$ 2e g>n4e2c la ei ;i la 01nca lor c>n4
elaDoreaB3 8ro412ele$ c>n4 2cri1 e2e1l 4e28re ce a1 <n=3*at$ c>n4 calc1leaB3 2a1
e2ti0eaB3 nota$ c>n4 2taDile2c oDiecti=ele 8entr1 acti=it3*ile =iitoare$ c>n4 4i2c1t3 c1
8ro+e2or1l 8lan1rile 4e realiBare a ace2tor oDiecti=e5
E=al1area 8rin 8orto+oli1 are ;i 1nele 4eBa=antaEe care +ac ca acea2t3 0eto43
alternati=3 4e e=al1are 23 +ie e=itat3 4e 8ro+e2ori ;i ne4orit3 4e c3tre ele=i: nece2it3
re21r2e 0ari 4e ti08 8entr1 4oc10entare$ 8entr1 realiBarea 8ro412elor ;i e=al1area
lorJ i08lic3 an10ite cGelt1ieli 4e Dani 2a1 0ateriale 4e 4oc10entare (Biare$ re=i2te$
1.7
+otogra+ii$ acce2 la Internet$ 4o2are$ +oi etc5!5 Deoarece 8ro412ele 21nt realiBate <n
a+ara cla2ei ;i <n aD2en*a 8ro+e2or1l1i e,i2t3 ri2c1l ca ace2tea 23 +ie realiBate 4e c3tre
alte 8er2oane5 )entr1 a 4e2c1raEa ace2t 8roce4e1 8e care <l antici830$ e,8lic30 c3
*inta e2en*ial3 n1 o con2tit1ie 8ro412ele <n 2ine$ ci e,er2area ;i 4eB=oltarea 1nor
ca8acit3*i <n ti081l acti=it3*ii5 Ele=ii <n*eleg c3 01l*i 8ot elaDora e,celent ace2t
8orto+oli1$ 4ar c3 e2te <n intere21l lor ca ei 23 +ie ace;tia5 Atit14inile 8oBiti=e
+1n4a0entale +or0ate la ele=i 21nt: corectit14ine <n re28ectarea 8re2cri8*iilor
8ri0iteJ a210area 1nei erori$ lac1ne 2a1 a 1n1i e;ecJ reac*ie 8oBiti=3 la oD2er=a*iile
;i la nota acor4at3 4e e=al1atorJ 4orin*a 4e 8rogre2 <n <n=3*areJ c1raE <n <n+r1ntarea
4i+ic1lt3*ilor etc5
1.%
Capit&lul A
O6TIMI@AREA LEC<IILOR DE GEOGRAFIE
A8,8 Ale'erea Dtrate'iil&r didactice adec!ate pentru eicientizarea
acti!it#ii de predare("n!#are a 'e&'raiei
C&nceptul de Dtrate'ie de inDtruireIaut&inDtruire
Strategiile 4e in2tr1ire K a1toin2tr1ire 21nt 2i2te0e 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee$
0iEloace ;i +or0e 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii 4e in2tr1ire K a1toin2tr1ire$ integrate <n
2tr1ct1ri o8era*ionale$ care a1 la DaB3 o =iBi1ne 2i2te0ic3 ;i care 21nt 0enite 23
a2ig1re o <n=3*are acti=3 ;i creatoare a c1no;tin*elor ;i aDilit3*ilor ;i 23 rela*ioneBe
8roce21l in2tr1irii (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$ 8ag5 1%/!5
Caracteristicile strategiilor de instruire1autoinstruire
caracter 2i2te0ic$ <ntre co08onente e,i2t>n4 cone,i1ni$ interrela*ii ;i
inter4e8en4en*eJ 21nt alc3t1ite 4intr-o 21it3 4e o8era*ii$ eta8e$ reg1li 4e 4e2+3;1rare$
reg1li 4e 4eciBieJ
caracter 4ina0ic$ 4eoarece 2tr1ct1reaB3 <nl3n*1irea 4e 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*areJ
4eclan;eaB3 0ecani20ele 82iGologice ale <n=3*3riiJ
=iBeaB3 8roce21l in2tr1irii <n an2a0Dl1$ n1 4oar oD*inerea 1nei 8er+or0an*e
i0e4iate$ la ni=el1l 1nei 2it1a*ii 4e 8re4are-<n=3*are-e=al1are ca 0eto4a 4i4actic3J
+le,iDilitate$ +3r3 rigi4itatea 1nor reg1li 2a1 algorit0$ c1 toate c3 a1 1n
oarecare caracter nor0ati=J
caracter ;colar ;i e,tra;colar 4eoarece =iBeaB3 toate acti=it3*ile 4e2+3;1rate
4e 8ro+e2ori ;i ele=i5
caracter 8roDaDili2tic$ 4eoarece n1 garanteaB3 re1;ita 8roce21l1i 4e in2tr1ire
4in ca1Ba n103r1l1i 0are 4e =ariaDile care inter=in5
Tax&n&mia Dtrate'iil&r de inDtruire %i aut&inDtruire
M5Ione2c1 (7'''$ 8ag5 1&%! 8reBint3 o ta,ono0ie a 2trategiilor 4i4actice:
*up gradul de generalitate8 generale (co01ne 0ai 01ltor 4i2ci8line 4e
2t14i1!$ 8artic1lare (28eci+ice 1nei 4i2ci8line 4e 2t14i1!J
*up caracterul lor8 4e r1tin3 (DaBate 8e a1to0ati20e rigi4e!J DaBate 8e
2i2te0e 4e 4e8rin4eri$ 8e 0o41ri generale 4e aDor4are a 8re43rii 8entr1 categorii 4e
8roDle0eJ no=atoare$ creati=e (elaDorate 4e c3tre cei care 8re4a1!J
*up natura obiectivelor 8e care 21nt centrate: cogniti=e$ ac*ionale$ a+ecti=-
atit14inaleJ
*up evoluia gndirii elevilor8 in41cti=e$ 4e41cti=e$ analogice$ tran241cti=e$ 0i,teJ
*up gradul de diri:are a nvrii8
- algoritmice (4e <n=3*are rig1ro2 4iriEat3!$ semialgoritmice (4e <n=3*are
2e0iin4e8en4ent3!$ nealgortimice (4e <n=3*are 8re8ron4erent in4e8en4ent3!J
1.&
- prescrise (4e 4iriEare rig1roa23 a <n=3*3rii!: i0itati=e$ e,8licati=-
re8ro41cti=e (e,8oBiti=e!$ e,8licati=-int1iti=e (4e0on2trati=e!$ algorit0ice$
8rogra0ateJ neprescrise 1 participative (4e acti=iBare a ale=ilor!: e1ri2tice (e,8li-
cati= F in=e2tigati=e K 4e2co8erire 2e0i4iriEat3$ in=e2tigati=Ke,8licati=e$ 4e e,8lorare
oD2er=ati=3$ 4e e,8lorare e,8eri0ental3$ 4e 4e2co8erire F in4e8en4ent3$ 4iriEat3$
2e0i4iriEat3$ DaBate 8e con=er2a*ia e1ri2tic3$ 8roDle0atiBante$ DaBate 8e cercetarea
<n ecGi83!$ creati=e$ DaBate 8e originalitatea ele=ilorJ mi%te8 algorit0ico-e1ri2ticeJ
e1ri2tico-algorit0ice5
Criterii de Dtabilire a Dtrate'iil&r didactice
Sco81l 1tiliB3rii 2trategiilor 4i4actice e2te i4enti+icarea cel1i 0ai e+icient
4e0er2 4e in2tr1ire ;i a1toin2tr1ire$ 4e =alori+icare ;i co0Dinare o8ti03 a re21r2elor
0ateriale$ a re21r2elor 8roce41rale ;i a re21r2elor 10ane <n ace2t 4e0er25
)rinci8alele criterii 4e 2taDilire a 2trategiilor 4i4actice 21nt:
conce8*ia 8e4agogic3 ;i 4i4actic3 act1al3$ 8rinci8alele orient3ri 4in
4i4actica 28ecialit3*ii ;i conce8*ia ca4r1l1i 4i4actic reB1ltat3 4in e,8erien*a 8ro8rieJ
2i2te01l 8rinci8iilor 4i4actice generale ;i 2i2te01l 8rinci8iilor 4i4actice
28eci+ice 4i2ci8linei 4e 2t14i1J
i4eal1l e41ca*ional$ +inalit3*ile 2i2te01l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ oDiecti=ele-ca4r1
ale 4i2ci8linei 4e 2t14i1$ oDiecti=ele 4e re+erin*3$ oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental ;i
oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale ale acti=it3*ii 4i4actice$ <ntre care e,i2t3 congr1en*3J
28eci+ic1l con*in1t1l1i ;tiin*i+icJ
rol1l 8re4o0inant al 1n1ia 4in cei 4oi 0e0Dri ai Dino01l1i e41ca*ionalJ
8artic1larit3*ile cla2ei 4e ele=i: n103r1l ele=ilorJ gra41l 4e o0ogenitate 2a1
eterogenitate al colecti=1l1iJ ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al cla2ei <n general ;i la 4i2ci8lina
re28ecti=3J 8artic1larit3*ile 82iGologice 4e =>r2t3 ;i in4i=i41ale ale ele=ilorJ ni=el1l
4e 4eB=oltare intelect1al3 ;i ca8acitatea 4e <n=3*are a ele=ilorJ ni=el1l 0oti=a*ional
8entr1 <n=3*area 4i2ci8linei re28ecti=eJ ne=oile$ intere2ele ;i 2co81rile ele=ilorJ
a8tit14inile 8entr1 4i2ci8lina re28ecti=35
0o41l ;i +or0a 4e e=al1areJ
re21r2ele 0ateriale ale ;colii$ caracteri2ticile 28a*i1l1i ;colarJ
ti081l ;colar 4i28oniDil 8entr1 acti=itatea 4i4actic3 re28ecti=3J
8er2onalitatea$ co08eten*a 82iGo8e4agogic3$ 0eto4ic3 ;i 4e 28ecialitate a
ca4r1l1i 4i4actic$ creati=itatea ;i 2til1l 4e acti=itate 4i4actic3$5
Se con2i4er3 e+iciente acti=it3*ile care 8er0it realiBarea oDiecti=elor in2tr1c-
ti=-e41cati=e <n ti081l 8lani+icat (or3$ 2e0e2tr1$ an ;colar etc! c1 cGelt1ieli 0ini0e
4e re21r2e 0ateriale ;i e41ca*ionale5 Acti=itatea e2te 4e calitate D1n3 c>n4 4i+eren*a
4intre oDiecti=ele 8ro812e ;i reB1ltatele oD*in1te e2te 0ini03 2a1 n1l35 E+icien*a
acti=it3*ii 8oate +i 8ri=it3 21D trei a28ecte: e+icien*a 8e4agogic3 (ran4a0ent1l ;colar$
calit3*ile 4e 8er2onalitate etc!$ e+icien*a econo0ic3 (cGelt1ielile ;i co2t1rile 4e
;colariBare$ =aloarea 8ro41c*iei ;colare! ;i e+icien*a 2ocial-c1lt1ral3 (ni=el1l 4e
c1lt1r3 ;i c1noa;tere$ gra41l 4e 8artici8are a e41ca*ilor la acti=itatea 2ocial-c1lt1ral3
1.?
etc!5 C>n4 alege ;i 8roiecteaB3 2trategia 4e in2tr1ire 8ro+e2or1l are <n aten*ie 0ai
01lte a28ecte 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 1r03tor5
Tabelul A8,8 A28ecte 8ri=in4 inter=en*ia 8ro+e2or1l1i <n lec*ie
9ntrebrile la care rDpunde
inter!en#ia peda'&'ic
Ac#iunile care !&r i realizate de pr&eD&r
Ce 2co8 are 2trategiaH Aor01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale ale acti=it3*ii
In ce con4i*ii 2e =a 4e2+3;1ra acti=itateaH
AnaliBa 0e4i1l1i 4e in2tr1ireJ 2taDilirea ti081l1i
8entr1 in2tr1ire
Cine ;i 8e cine =a in2tr1iH AnaliBa re21r2elor 10ane: ele=ii ;i 8ro+e2or1l
C1 ce =a realiBa oDiecti=eleH
AnaliBa ;i alegerea re21r2elor 0ateriale
4i28oniDile$ crearea altora noi
C10 =a 8roce4a 8entr1 realiBarea
oDiecti=elorH
Alegerea 2trategiei 4e in2tr1ire 2a1 a1toin2tr1ire
corelat3 c1 oDiecti=ele
Alegerea +or0elor 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii
C10 =a ;ti ca a1 +o2t realiBate
oDiecti=eleH
ElaDorarea 1nor 8roDe 4e e=al1are corelate c1
oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale
)entr1 e+icientiBarea lec*iei 2e +or01leaB3 &-? oDiecti=e o8era*ionale 4eri=ate
4in oDiecti=1l +1n4a0ental$ realiBaDile <n 2ec=en*a re28ecti=3 4e ti08J 4ac3 2e 8ro81n
8rea 01lte e,i2t3 ri2c1l ca ele 23 n1 +ie atin2e 4e c3tre ele=i5 "Diecti=ele 8ro812e
a8ar*in celor trei categorii (atit14inale$ 0eto4ologice$ cogniti=e! 8entr1 orientarea
<n=3*3rii 4e la c1no;tin*e$ 28re ca8acit3*i$ atit14ini$ co08eten*e5 Mo41l 4e +or01lare a
oDiecti=elor 8er0ite trecerea 4e la acti=it3*i centrate 8e 8ro+e2or$ la cele centrate 8e
ele=5 "Diecti=ele =or a2ig1ra orientarea <n=3*3rii 28re calitate$ n1 28re cantitate5
)entr1 e+icientiBarea lec*iei 2e aleg 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt care +aciliteaB3
<n*elegerea realit3*ii5 Alegerea 2e +ace <n +1nc*ie 4e: calitatea$ 4i0en2i1nea ;i
con*in1t1l 0iEloc1l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt$ 4e oDiecti=1l o8era*ional =iBat$ 4e con*in1t1l
=eGic1lat5 Se 8re+er3 1tiliBarea 1n1i n103r 0ai 0ic 4e 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt$ <n
E1r1l c3rora 2e organiBeaB3 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are e+iciente5
)entr1 realiBarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale 8ro+e2or1l alege <ntre 4i=er2e
co0Dina*ii 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce41ri ;i teGnici 4e in2tr1ire ;i a1toin2tr1ire$ la care el le
c1noa;te <n 4etali1 0o41l 4e a8licare ;i e+icien*a5 )ro+e2or1l g>n4e;te 2trategia
0eto4ic9$ a4ic3 8a2 c1 8a2$ 8entr1 a a2ig1ra realiBarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale5 El
o8teaB3 8entr1 o an10it3 2trategie$ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=e$ *in>n4 cont 4e ti81rile
=ariate 4e 2trategii cla2i+icate con+or0 criteriiloe 28eci+icate anterior5 Se a8reciaB3
c3 2trategiile 21nt c1 at>t 0ai e+iciente c1 c>t n103r1l ;i con*in1t1l inter=en*iilor
8ro+e2or1l1i e2te 0ai 0ic$ iar ele=ii 21nt i08lica*i acti= <n 2it1a*iile 4e <n=3*are5
)entr1 cre;terea e+icien*ei 2e con2i4er3 ca i4eal3 0oti=area ele=ilor <nainte 4e
1tiliBarea 2trategiei$ 4ar ;i 23 genereBe 4in a8licarea ei5
A8*8 Optimizarea lec#iil&r de 'e&'raie prin rap&rtarea c&n#inuturil&r
la un Dup&rt 'raic %i cart&'raic adec!at
A8*8,8 5tilizarea Dup&rturil&r 'raice "n lec#ie
1..
Tipuri de materiale 'raice8 Materialele gra+ice 2e gr18eaB3 <n cla2e
con+or0 1nor criterii:
*up te"nica de reali(are re0arc30: 4e2enele 2cGe0atice$ carto2cGe0ele$
etc5
*up suportul material al mi:locului grafic: <n 0an1al$ 8e 8lan;e$ 8e +olie 4e
retro8roiector$ 8e 4ia8oBiti=$ 8e +oi =olante$ 8e CD-1ri$ <n 8rogra01l calc1lator1l1i$
8e taDl3$ 8e +li8-cGart$ 8e caietele 4e noti*e etc5
A!anta)ele %i deza!anta)ele utilizrii dieritel&r tipuri de materiale 'raice
UtiliBarea 0aterialelor gra+ice <n lec*ie 8reBint3 0ai 01lte a=antaEe: 8er0it
8erce8erea 1n1i 28a*i1$ oDiect 2a1 +eno0en 8rin inter0e4i1l 1n1i 21D2tit1tJ
+aciliteaB3 <n*elegerea corect3$ ra8i43$ +acil3$ in4irect3 a realit3*iiJ +aciliteaB3
c1noa;terea 1n1i 28a*i1 inacce2iDil 8rin 4i0en2i1ne$ 8eric1loBitate$ 4i2contin1itate
28a*ial3 2a1 te08oral3J integrarea lor e2te 8o2iDil3 <n orice 0o0ent al lec*iei
(4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor$ +i,are$ e=al1are!J in+or0a*iile 2e +i,eaB3 te0einic <n
MLD 8rin a2ocierea =erDal3 ;i =iB1al3 a ele0entelor ;i rela*iilorJ +aciliteaB3
<n=3*area con;tient3 a c1no;tin*elor5
Tabelul A8*8 A=antaEele ;i 4eBa=antaEele 1tiliB3rii 0aterialelorr gra+ice <n
+1nc*ie 4e 218ort1l 8e care 21nt realiBate
Tip de material
'raic
A!anta)e Dea!anta)e
De2ene 8e taDl3
"+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii
1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con-
2ec1ti=e
calitate =ariaDil3 (con*in1t$ elaDorare!
nece2it3 ti08
n1 21nt <ntot4eana =3B1te 4e ele=i
De2ene 8e +olie
"+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii
1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2e-
c1ti=e 2a1 +olii 218ra812e
calitate D1n3
econo0ie 4e ti08
nece2it3 a8arat 8entr1 8roiec*ie
De2ene 8e 8lan-
;e
calitate D1n3
econo0ie 4e ti08
=iBiDile la 4iatan*3 0are +3r3
8roiectare c1 a8arate
nece2it3 218ort ;i 28a*i1 8entr1
4e8oBitare
nece2it3 ti08 ;i 0aterial 8entr1 rea-
liBare
nece2it3 calit3*i 4e 4e2enator
De2ene 4in 0a-
n1al
calitate D1n3
econo0ie 4e ti08 <n lec*ie
8er0it 2t14ierea <n a+ara lec*iei
4i0en2i1ne 1neori 8rea 0ic3
calitate =ariaDil3
8ro+e2or1l n1 8oate in4ica e,act
loc1l la care 2e re+er3
De2ene 8e 4ia-
8oBiti=
calitate D1n3
econo0ie 4e ti08 <n lec*ie
nece2it3 0iEloace 8entr1 +otogra+iere
nece2it3 a8arat 4e 8roiec*ie
nece2it3 ca01+laE
De2ene 8e CD
2a1 la calc1lator
calitate D1n3
econo0ie 4e ti08 <n lec*ie
8er0it <n=3*area <n a+ara lec*iei
o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i
+eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e
nece2it3 2o+t 8entr1 elaDorare 2a1
21r23 4e 4oc10entare
nece2it3 calc1latoare <n lec*ie
nece2it3 aDilit3*i 4e +olo2ire a calc1-
lator1l1i 4in 8artea 8ro+e2or1l1i ;i a ele=ilor
De2ene <n caiet
8er0it <n=3*area <n a+ara lec*iei calitate =ariaDil3
De2ene 8e +oi
o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii 1n1i nece2it3 0iEloace 4e 01lti8licare
1.C
=olante +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2ec1ti=e
8er0it <n=3*area <n a+ara lec*iei
8ro+e2or1l n1 8oate in4ica e,act lo-
c1l la care 2e re+er3
De2ene 8e +li8-
cGart
o+er3 8o2iDilitatea 8reBent3rii
1n1i +eno0en 8rin 4e2ene con2e-
c1ti=e
calitate =ariaDil3
nece2it3 ti08
n1 21nt <ntot4ea1na =3B1te 4e ele=i
Optimizarea lec#iei prin utilizarea deDenel&r DcEematice
*esenul sc"ematic geografic e2te o re8reBentare a 1n1i oDiect$ +eno0en 2a1
8roce2$ areal$ 28a*i1 8rin 0iEloace gra+ice5 Lec*ia 4e=ine 0ai e+icient3 4ac3 <n ti081l
e,8lica*iei 1n1i +eno0en 8ro+e2or1l 2cGi*eaB3 8e taDl3 1nele a28ecte re+erioare la
ace2ta5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea 8re0i2ei 1nei lec*ii e+iciente 4e2enele 2cGe0atice
geogra+ice 2ati2+ac an10ite cerin*e:
de coninut8 23 re8reBinte e2en*ial1l$ +3r3 4etalii ne2e0ni+icati=e care <08ie-
4ic3 <n*elegereaJ 23 core281n43 con*in1t1l1i ;tiin*i+ic 4in 8rogra0a ;colar3$ 4in
0an1al ;i e,8lica*iei 8ro+e2or1l1iJ 23 re8reBinte corect ;i 21ge2ti= tr323t1rile caracte-
ri2tice (+or0a$ 4i0en2i1nea$ 8ro8or*ia$ c1loarea$ alc3t1irea! co08onentelor 0e4i1l1i
geogra+ic (23 n1 +ie 4eal1l 0ai 0are 4ec>t co8ac1l 2a1 23 aiD3 8ante 0ai 0ari 4ec>t <n
realitate etc!J 23 re4ea 21cce2i1nea logic3 a +eno0enelor 2a1 8roce2elorJ 23 c18rin43
titl1l$ legen4a$ 4en10irile in4icate 8rin 23ge*i etc5
estetice: 23 +ie e,ec1tate c1 linii 2i08le$ groa2e$ clare ;i =iBiDile 4in orice
81nct al cla2eiJ literele 23 +ie 0ari$ 4i2tan*ate ;i 2cri2e c1 linii groa2e 8entr1 a +i
liBiDile la 4i2tan*3J c1lorile inten2e$ contra2tante$ ale2e con+or0 con=en*iilor
interna*ionaleJ 23 re8reBinte realitatea 2cGe0atic$ n1 arti2ticJ 23 +ie or4onate$ c1rate
;i +3r3 ;ter23t1riJ
metodice8 23 +ie 1tiliBate c>n4 re8reBint3 cea 0ai e+icient3 cale 4e <n21;ire a
c1no;tin*elor$ 4e <n*elegere a +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elorJ 23 n1 +ie 1tiliBate 1n n103r
e,agerat 4e 4e2ene$ ci 23 +ie intro412e ;i alte 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt (+otogra+ii$
G3r*i$ 0o4ele tri4i0en2ionale!J ti081l a+ectat 4e2en3rii 23 n1 4e83;ea2c3 7-%
0in1teJ 23 +ie e,ec1tat c1 0>na liDer3$ n1 c1 aE1tor1l liniar1l1i$ 8entr1 +or0area
4e8rin4erii 4e a 2cGi*a ;i 8entr1 +a8t1l c3 nici <n nat1r3 +or0ele n1 21nt cont1rate 4e
linii 4re8teJ 23 n1 +ie co8iate i4entic 4in 0an1al (8rin 218ra81nerea 1nei +oi 4e
in4igo! 8entr1 c3 2co81l 4e2en3rii n1 e2te +or0area 4e8rin4erii 4e a co8iaJ 8entr1 a
e=ita 4egra4area c3r*ilor 4e2enele 23 n1 +ie 4ec18ate ;i li8ite 8e caiete5
Su'eDtii pri!ind utilizarea eicient a deDenel&r DcEematice "n lec#ie
)reg3tirea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8entr1 4e0o2tra*ia 8rin 4e2ene 2cGe0atice c18rin4e:
+or01larea oDiecti=1l1i o8era*ionalJ 4oc10entarea teoretic3J alegerea 4e2en1l1i
2cGe0aticJ alegerea 0o4alit3*ii 4e 8reBentare a 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0aticJ e+ect1area
4e2en1l1i (+olie$ +oaie$ 8lan;3!J alegerea 0o0ent1l1i 1tiliB3rii (4oD>n4irea
c1no;tin*elor$ +i,are$ reca8it1lare$ e=al1are!5
1.@
De0er21l 4e integrare e+icient3 a 4e2en1l1i 2cGe0atic <n lec*ie c18rin4e:
2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri ca1Bale 2a1 alte 8roce4ee 4i4acticeJ co01nicarea
oDiecti=1l o8era*ionalJ e+ect1area 2a1 8reBentarea 4e2en1l1i 2i01ltan c1 e,8licarea
+eno0en1l1i 2a1 8roce21l1iJ integrarea 4e2en1l1i <n 2cGe0a lec*iei 4e 8e taDl3J
a4re2area 1nor <ntreD3ri 8entr1 +iecare a28ect 8e care-l 8ot i4enti+ica$ analiBa 2a1
e,8lica ele=ii 2ing1riJ co01nicarea in+or0a*iilor 8e care n1 le 4e41c 2ing1riJ
2olicitarea ele=ilor 23 +or01leBe <ntreD3ri a218ra a28ectelor neclareJ 2olicitarea
ele=ilor 23 ca1te 2ing1ri r3281n21ri c1 aE1tor1l 1nor in+or0a*ii 218li0entare5
Ele=ii 23=>r;e2c 4i=er2e acti=it3*i: oD2er=3 4e2en1l ;i a2c1lt3 0e2aEele
8ro+e2or1l1i (<ntreD3ri$ e,8lica*ii!J r3281n4 la <ntreD3riJ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri$
e,8lica*iiJ 4e2eneaB3 4183 <ncGeierea 4e0on2tra*iei (4ac3 ti081l 8er0ite$ 4ac3 e2te
nece2ar!5 )rin e,ec1tarea 4e2enelor 2cGe0atice ele=ii <n=a*3: 23 re8reBinte 8la2tic ;i
con;tient 1n a28ect al realit3*iiJ 23 o8ereBe c1 2i0Dol1ri gra+ice (c1lori$ linii$ 2e0ne!$
23 co0Dine ele0ente$ 23 4ea ar0onie ;i +r1012e*eJ 23 4e2co081n3 ;i 23 reco081n3
gra+ic realitateaJ +i,eaB3 c1no;tin*ele <n MLDJ 4e=in 0ai creati=iJ <;i 4eB=olt3
2en2iDilitatea 8entr1 +r1012e*ea 2a1 1r>*enia realit3*iiJ <;i 2cGi0D3 atit14inea +a*3 4e
0e4i1l <n care tr3ie2c5
Tem- Alege*i 1n 4e2en 2cGe0atic ;i 8reciBa*i <n or4ine logic3 <ntreD3rile 8e care le
=e*i a4re2a ele=ilor 8entr1 analiBarea ;i inter8retarea 2a5
Optimizarea lec#iei prin utilizarea cart&cEemel&r GEr#i DcEematiceF
cr&cEiuriH
;arta sc"ematic sau cartosc"ema e2te o re8reBentare 0ic;orat3$ <n 8lan a
caracteri2ticilor e2en*iale ale 1n1i 28a*i1 tere2tr1$ +3r3 1tiliBarea 2c3rii 4e 8ro8or*ie$
4ar c1 0en*inerea 8ro8or*iilor ;i a +or0elor5 C>n4 ele=ii re8ro41c <n caiete G3r*i
+r10oa2e ;i con+or0e celor 4in 0an1al$ n1 elaDoreaB3 carto2cGe0e5 Acea2t3
acti=itate e2te 2teril3 8entr1 ele= 4eoarece 4oar <;i 8er+ec*ioneaB3 teGnica 4e co8iere
;i 4e colorare ;i n1 +ace nici 1n e+ort 82iGic care 23 aiD3 ca reB1ltat +or0area 1nei
ca8acit3*i intelect1ale 2a1 acGiBi*ia 1nei c1no;tin*e5 )entr1 ca acti=itatea 23 +ie
e+icient3 ;i 23 con2tit1ie 1n act 4e <n=3*are +inaliBat 8rin acGiBi*ia 1nei ca8acit3*ii
8ro+e2or1l angaEeaB3 ele=1l <ntr-o a1tentic3 2arcin3 4e l1cr15
UtiliBarea carto2cGe0elor <n lec*ie are a=antaEe 8entr1 ele=i: 2electeaB3 logic
in+or0a*iiJ e,ec1t3 con;tient o carto2cGe03J 2e orienteaB3 8e Gart3J localiBeaB3
co08onentele 2i2te0elor geogra+ice ;i 2taDile2c rela*iile 4intre eleJ +i,eaB3
in+or0a*iile <n MLD (4en10irile ;i 8oBi*ia geogra+ic3! 8rin a2ocierea =erDal3 ;i
=iB1al3 a ele0entelor$ c1no;tin*ele 4e=enin4 te0einiceJ 2e 21D2tit1ie 2cGi*a logic3 a
lec*iei 2cri23 8e taDl3 ;i <n caiete c1 o Gart3 2cGe0atic3J
)entr1 ca 1tiliBarea carto2cGe0elor 23 +ie e+icient3 <n lec*ie$ ace2tea 2ati2+ac
an10ite cerine8
de coninut8 23 aiD3 titl1$ legen43$ 81ncte car4inaleJ 23 re8reBinte corect
218ra+e*ele ;i ele0entele co08onente (orientarea$ 4i0en2i1nea$ 8ro8or*ia$ 8oBi*ia$
+or0a etc5!J 23 re8reBinte e2en*ial1l$ +3r3 4etalii ne2e0ni+icati=e care ar 4i2trage
aten*iaJ <n carto2cGe0a 1nei *3ri re8reBent30 grani*ele$ 4en10irea *3rilor$ 03rilor ;i
oceanelor <n=ecinate$ 1nit3*ile 4e relie+ 0ai i08ortante$ =>r+1l c1 altit14inea
0a,i03$ +l1=iile$ ca8itala ;i ora;ele i08ortanteJ eli0in30 4etaliile ne2e0ni+icati=e
1./
care 218ra<ncarc3 carto2cGe0a ;i 0e0oria ele=1l1i Dloc>n4 loc1l ;i ti081l 1tiliBaDil
<n 4e0er21ri 0ai =aloroa2eJ 8ro+e2or1l care ;tie ce e2te e2en*ial ;i 28eci+ic <ntr-o
regi1ne K *ar3 K continent <i <n=a*3 8e ele=i 23 2elec*ioneBe in+or0a*iile 4183 criteri1l
=aloriiJ 23 re28ecte con=en*iile interna*ionale (4ac3 e2te 8o2iDil!J
estetice: 23 +ie e,ec1tate c1 linii 2i08le$ groa2e$ clareJ literele 23 +ie 0ari$
4i2tan*ate ;i 2cri2e c1 linii groa2eJ c1lorile 23 +ie inten2e$ contra2tante$ ale2e con+or0
con=en*iilor interna*ionaleJ 23 +ie or4onate$ c1rate$ +3r3 ;ter23t1riJ 8entr1 +acilitarea
tra23rii cont1r1rilor *3rilor ;i continentelor 2e 1tiliBeaB3 ;aDloane 4e carton 2a1
8la2ticJ
metodice8 23 +ie 1tiliBate c>n4 re8reBint3 cea 0ai e+icient3 cale 4e <n21;ire a
c1no;tin*elor$ 4e <n*elegere a +eno0enelor ;i 8roce2elorJ ti081l a+ectat 4e2en3rii 23 n1
4e83;ea2c3 7-% 0in1teJ 23 +ie e,ec1tate c1 0>na liDer3J 23 n1 +ie co8iate i4entic 4in
0an1alJ 23 +ie 4e2enate 4183 analiBarea c1 ele=ii a 1nor G3r*i5
De0er21l 4e integrare e+icient3 a carto2cGe0elor <n lec*ie c18rin4e: 2ti01larea
0oti=a*iei 8rin <ntreD3ri ca1Bale 2a1 alte 8roce4ee 4i4acticeJ co01nicarea oDiecti=1l
o8era*ionalJ e+ect1area 2a1 8reBentarea carto2cGe0ei 2i01ltan c1 analiBarea co08o-
nentelor ;i rela*iilorJ integrarea carto2cGe0ei <n 2cGe0a lec*iei 4e 8e taDl3 2a1 <nloc1irea
ace2teiaJ a4re2area 1nor <ntreD3ri 8entr1 +iecare a28ect 8e care-l 8ot i4enti+ica$ analiBa
2a1 e,8lica ele=ii 2ing1riJ co01nicarea in+or0a*iilor 8e care n1 le 4e41c 2ing1riJ
2olicitarea ele=ilor 23 +or01leBe <ntreD3ri a218ra a28ectelor neclareJ 2olicitarea ele=ilor
23 ca1te 2ing1ri r3281n21ri c1 aE1tor1l 1nor in+or0a*ii 218li0entare5
Ele=ii 23=>r;e2c 4i=er2e acti=it3*i: oD2er=3 carto2cGe0a ;i a2c1lt3 0e2aEele
8ro+e2or1l1i (<ntreD3ri$ e,8lica*ii!J r3281n4 la <ntreD3riJ +or01leaB3 <ntreD3ri$
e,8lica*iiJ 4e2eneaB3 2i01ltan c1 8ro+e2or1l5 )rin e,ec1tarea carto2cGe0elor <n=a*3:
23 re8reBinte con;tient 1n 28a*i1 geogra+icJ 23 o8ereBe c1 2i0Dol1ri gra+ice (c1lori$
linii$ 2e0ne!$ +i,eaB3 c1no;tin*ele <n MLD5
Tem- AnaliBa*i o Garta 4in 0an1al5 ElaDora*i carto2cGe0a 28a*i1l1i re28ecti=5
Aor01la*i <n 2cri2 in+or0a*iile 8e care le =e*i o+eri ele=ilor <n ti081l 4e2en3rii
carto2cGe0ei 8e taDl35
A8*8*8 5tilizarea materialel&r cart&'raice "n lec#ie
a8 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea eicient a Er#il&r "n lec#ie
;arta e2te o re8reBentare a 218ra+e*ei tere2tre$ con=en*ional3$ generaliBat3$
0ic;orat3 con+or0 1nei 2c3ri ;i 1nei 8roiec*ii cartogra+ice$ 8e care e2te re4at3
re8arti*ia 28a*ial3 a ele0entelor concrete 2a1 aD2tracte ce 8ot +i localiBate <n 28a*i15
Narta e2te 1n 0o4el 0ate0atic al 218ra+e*ei tere2tre 4eoarece acea2ta e2te
re8reBentat3 0ic;orat con+or0 1nei 2c3ri 4e 8ro8or*ie$ care in4ic3 4e c3te ori a +o2t
0ic;orat3 l1ngi0ea 2a1 218ra+a*a 4in nat1r35 Narta re43 ele0entele concrete 4e 8e
218ra+a*a tere2tr3 <n 0o4 con=en*ional ;i int1iti= c1 aE1tor1l 2e0nelor con=en*ionale
(c1lori$ Ga;1ri$ iBolinii$ 2i0Dol1ri etc!$ care 21nt e,8licate <n legen435
Avanta:ele utili(rii "rilor <n lec*ie 21nt: 8erce8erea =iB1al3 a 1n1i 28a*i1
8rin inter0e4i1l 1n1i 21D2tit1tJ <n*elegerea corect3$ ra8i43$ +acil3$ in4irect3 a
realit3*iiJ c1noa;terea 1n1i 28a*i1 inacce2iDil 8rin 4i0en2i1neJ c1noa;terea
1C'
localiB3rii 28a*iale a co08onentelor 2i2te0elor geogra+ice ;i 2taDilirea rela*iilor
4intre eleJ orientarea <n 28a*i1l tere2tr1J +i,area te0einic3 a in+or0a*iilor <n MLD5
Su'eDtii pri!ind pr&iectarea %i &r'anizarea Ditua#iil&r de "n!#are cu
Dup&rt cart&'raic
)reg3tirea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8entr1 lec*ie i08lic3 an10ite acti=it3*i legate 4e
organiBarea acti=it3*ii c1 Garta: +or01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ 4oc10entarea
teoretic3J alegerea G3r*ilor <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l +i,at$ 4e con*in1t1l ale2 ;i 4e
ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al ele=ilorJ 8roiectarea 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are 8e DaBa G3r*ii
(+or01larea <ntreD3rilorJ 2taDilirea +or0ei 4e organiBare a acti=it3*iiJ! alegerea
0o0ent1l1i <n care =a +i 1tiliBat3 Garta (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi$ +i,are$
reca8it1lare$ a8licare$ e=al1are!5 )entr1 o8ti0iBarea <n=3*3rii geogra+iei$ <n lec*ie 2e
1tiliBeaB3 tipuri =ariate de "ri (VeBi S1Diect1l &575!
In ti081l lec*iei$ 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 1tiliB30 1n no1 ti8 4e Gart3 2e 8arc1rg
an10i*i 8a;i: citirea ;i <n*elegerea 2e0ni+ica*iei titl1l1i G3r*iiJ i4enti+icarea ti81l1i
G3r*ii 4183 4i+erite criteriiJ analiBa legen4eiJ analiBa 2c3riiJ citirea ele0entelor G3r*ii
care intere2eaB3 <n 2it1a*ia re28ecti=3 4e <n=3*areJ inter8retarea rela*iilor 4intre
ele0entele i4enti+icate 8e Gart35
Acti=it3*ile <n care 2e 1tiliBeaB3 Garta a1 +or0e =ariate 4e organiBare:
acti=it3*i +rontale (c1 G3r*ile 01raleJ c1 G3r*ile 4in 0an1al 2a1 atla2!J acti=it3*i 8e
gr18e (c1 G3r*ile 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!J acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale
(c1 G3r*ile 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2$ 4e 8e ecran1l calc1lator1l1i 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!5
C>n4 ele=ii 21nt <n 8ri0a eta83 4e <n=3*are a 1tiliB3rii G3r*ii 2e 8re+er3 acti=it3*ile
+rontale 4iriEate 4e 8ro+e2or$ a8oi 2e alterneaB3 c1 acti=it3*ile 8e gr18e ;i aDia c>n4
ele=ii a1 co08eten*a 4e a citi ;i inter8reta 2ing1ri Garta 2e organiBeaB3 acti=it3*i
in4i=i41ale5
)e 8arc1r21l ;colarit3*ii e,i2t3 01lti8le 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are <n care ele=ii 21nt
antrena*i 8entr1 4oD>n4irea co08eten*ei 4e a 1tiliBa Garta: orientarea 8e Gart3 4183
81nctele car4inaleJ orientarea 8e Gart3 4183 re*ea1a cartogra+ic3 2a1 4183 re8ereJ
orientarea <n teren c1 aE1tor1l G3r*iiJ orientarea G3r*ii c1 D12olaJ orientarea G3r*ii +a*3
4e 4etaliile 4in terenJ i4enti+icarea 2a1 tran281nerea 8e Gart3 a 4etaliilor 4in terenJ
i4enti+icarea <n teren a 1n1i 4etali1 re8reBentat 8e Gart3J 4e8la2area <n teren 4183
Gart3J calc1larea coor4onatelor geogra+ice ale 1n1i 81nct 4183 Gart3J calc1larea
4i2tan*ei 4intre 4o13 localit3*i$ c1 aE1tor1l G3r*ii ;i a riglei gra4ateJ calc1larea
l1ngi0ii 1nei linii 4re8te 8e Gart3$ 4183 2cara gra+ic3$ c1 aE1tor1l 1n1i co08a2J
calc1larea l1ngi0ii 1nei linii c1rDe 4e 8e Gart3$ c1 aE1tor1l 1nei DenBi 4e G3rtieKa*ei
10eBite ;i a 2c3riiJ calc1larea 1nei 218ra+e*e 4e 8e Gart3 c1 aE1tor1l G>rtiei
0ili0etriceJ calc1larea altit14inii 2a1 a4>nci0ii relati=e a 1n1i 81nct$ c1 aE1tor1l
2c3rii <n3l*i0ilor ;i a4>nci0ilorJ analiBa 2c3riiJ analiBa legen4eiJ analiBa re*elei
cartogra+iceJ analiBa ele0entelor re8reBentate 8e Gart3J co08ara*ia ele0entelor
re8reBentate etc5
Aplica#ie- "D2er=a*i Narta +iBic3 a Ro0>niei5 Aor01la*i <ntreD3rile 8e care le
=e*i a4re2a ele=ilor 8entr1 analiBarea titl1l1i$ a8oi 8entr1 analiBarea legen4ei5 Crea*i
e,erci*ii 8rin care ele=ii e,er2eaB3 1tiliBarea 2c3rii5 )entr1 analiBarea ;i inter8retarea
con*in1t1l1i G3r*ii +or01la*i <ntreD3ri con=ergente ;i <ntreD3ri 4i=ergente5
1C1
b8 Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind utilizarea eicient a dia'ramel&r "n lec#ie
*iagramele 21nt re8reBent3ri gra+ice 2intetice$ e,8re2i=e$ la 2car3$ ale 4atelor
2tati2tice$ 21D +or03 4e 4e2ene geo0etrice$ liniare 2a1 <n 218ra+a*3$ care re4a1
+eno0enele cercetate at>t 21D a28ect1l cantitati=$ c>t ;i calitati=$ e=i4en*iin4
tr323t1rile e2en*iale ale ace2tora5 Diagra0ele 1tiliBate <n lec*ii <n4e8line2c 0ai 01lte
cerin*e: n1 re8reBint3 0ai 01lt 4e % F & ele0ente 2a1 +eno0ene 8entr1 a n1 <nc3rca
4e2en1lJ a1 titl1$ legen43$ 2car3J n1 c18rin4 te,t e,8licati=$ e,ce8t>n4 1nele ci+re
2a1 4en10iri 8rinci8ale5
In lec*ii 2e 1tiliBeaB3 4i+erite tipuri de diagrame8
Diagra0e 2i08le: <n coloane (4iagra0a <n coloane$ 4iagra0a <n coloane <n
a+l1,$ 2tereogra0a!$ <n DenBi (4iagra0a <n DenBi$ 4iagra0a <n DenBi <n a+l1,!$
4iagra0a areolare (<n 83trate$ 8rin cerc1ri 8ro8or*ionale!
Diagra0e co08le,e: cronogra0a 2a1 Gi2toriogra0a (2i08l3 2a1 co0Di-
nat3!$ 4iagra0ele 2tr1ct1rale (8rin cerc 2tr1ct1ral$ 8rin 4re8t1ngGi 2tr1ct1ral$ 8rin
83trat 2tr1ct1ral!$ 4iagra0a 8olar3$ 8ira0i4a 2tr1ct1ral3 etc5
'ugestii privind proiectarea i organi(area situaiilor de nvare cu a:utorul
diagramelor
)reg3tirea 8ro+e2or1l1i 8entr1 lec*ie i08lic3 an10ite acti=it3*i legate 4e
organiBarea acti=it3*ii: +or01larea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionaleJ 4oc10entarea
teoretic3J alegerea 4iagra0elor <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=1l +i,at$ 4e con*in1t1l ale2 ;i 4e
ni=el1l 4e 8reg3tire al ele=ilorJ 8roiectarea 2it1a*iei 4e <n=3*are 8e DaBa 4iagra0ei
(+or01larea <ntreD3rilorJ 2taDilirea +or0ei 4e organiBare a acti=it3*iiJ! alegerea
0o0ent1l1i <n care =a +i 1tiliBat3 4iagra0a (4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi$ +i,are$
reca8it1lare$ a8licare$ e=al1are!5
In ti081l lec*iei$ 4e +iecare 4at3 c>n4 1tiliB30 o 4iagra03 2e 8arc1rg an10i*i
8a;i: citirea ;i <n*elegerea 2e0ni+ica*iei titl1l1i G3r*iiJ analiBa legen4eiJ analiBa
2c3riiJ citirea ele0entelor 4iagra0ei care intere2eaB3 <n 2it1a*ia re28ecti=3 4e
<n=3*areJ inter8retarea rela*iilor 4intre ele0entele i4enti+icate 8e 4iagra03J corelarea
in+or0a*iilor 4e 8e 4iagra03 c1 cele 4in te,t$ 4in taDele$ 4in alte 21r2e5
Acti=it3*ile <n care 2e 1tiliBeaB3 4iagra0e a1 +or0e =ariate 4e organiBare:
acti=it3*i +rontale (c1 4iagra0e a+i;ate 8e taDl3J c1 4iagra0ele 4in 0an1al 2a1 4in
alte 21r2e!J acti=it3*i 8e gr18e (c1 4iagra0ele 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2 2a1 4e 8e +oi
=olante!J acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale (c1 4iagra0ele 4in 0an1al$ 4in atla2$ 4e 8e ecran1l
calc1lator1l1i 2a1 4e 8e +oi =olante!5 C>n4 ele=ii 21nt <n 8ri0a eta83 4e <n=3*are a
1tiliB3rii 4iagra0elor 2e 8re+er3 acti=it3*ile +rontale 4iriEate 4e 8ro+e2or$ a8oi 2e
alterneaB3 c1 acti=it3*ile 8e gr18e ;i aDia c>n4 ele=ii a1 co08eten*a 4e a citi ;i
inter8reta 2ing1ri o 4iagra03 2e organiBeaB3 acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale5
Aplica#ie- Alege*i o 4iagra035 Aor01la*i toate <ntreD3rile 8e care le =e*i
a4re2a ele=ilor 8entr1 analiBarea ;i inter8retarea ei5 Selecta*i c1no;tin*ele 8e care le
=e*i e,81ne ele=ilor 8entr1 <n*elegerea con*in1t1l1i ace2teia5
A818 Rap&rtul dintre met&dele exp&ziti!e %i cele axate pe dial&'
1C7
Meto4ele 4i4actice e,8oBiti=e 21nt cele 8rin care 8ro+e2or1l$ care are rol 4e
e0i*3tor$ tran20ite 1ni4irec*ional$ 8e cale oral3$ c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=e c3tre ele=i$
care a1 rol 4e rece8tori5 Meto4ele e,8oBiti=e 21nt: e,81nerea$ 4e2crierea$ 8o=e2tirea$
e,8lica*ia5 Meto4ele 4i4actice a,ate 8e 4ialog 21nt cele <n care in+or0a*iile 21nt
=eGic1late <n a0Dele 2en21ri$ 8e care =erDal3$ <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i$ 4ar ;i <ntre
ele=i5 Meto4ele a,ate 8e 4ialog 21nt: con=er2a*ia$ 4eBDaterea$ 2t14i1l 4e caB$
Drain2tor0ing1l$ 8roDle0atiBarea etc5
Caracteri2ticile co01ne 0eto4elor e,8oBiti=e ;i celor a,ate 8e 4ialog 21nt:
co01nicarea 2e +ace 8e cale oral3J 8er0it co01nicarea 1n1i =ol10 0are 4e
in+or0a*ii$ <n 28ecial c1no;tin*e 4eclarati=eJ 8er0it 1tiliBarea 0iEloacelor 4e
<n=3*30>nt 8entr1 +acilitarea <n*elegerii ;i a a <n=3*3rii5 Deo2eDirile 4intre cele 4o13
ti81ri 4e 0eto4e 21nt 28eci+icate <n taDel1l 1r03tor:
Tem- Adugai alte deosebiri sau asemnri dintre cele dou tipuri de metode&
Tabelul A818 Deo2eDirile 4intre 0eto4ele e,8oBiti=e ;i cele a,ate 8e 4ialog
CaracteriDtica
analizat
Met&dele exp&ziti!e Met&dele axate pe dial&'
Direc*ia 4e co01nicare Uni4irec*ional3: )-]E M1lti4irec*ional3: )-]EJ E-])J
E-]EJ
In=3*area QaBat3 8e 0e0orare 8a2i=3
nonin4i=i41aliBat3 8e ele=i
QaBat3 8e 0e0orare acti=3
Mai in4i=i41aliBat3 8e ele=i
Rol1l 8ro+e2or1l1i <n
lec*ie
S1r23 ;i e0i*3tor 4e in+or0a*ii
ControleaB3 4e0er21l 4i4actic <n
<ntregi0e
Mo4el 4e a e,81ne
Rece8tor ;i e0i*3tor 4e in+or-
0a*ii
N1 controleaB3 8er0anent 4e-
0er21l 4i4actic
Mo4el <n co01nicare
Rol1l ele=1l1i <n lec*ie Rece8tor 4e in+or0a*ii Rece8tor ;i e0i*3tor 4e in+or-
0a*ii
Con*in1t =eGic1lat Vol10 0areJ 2i2te0atiBatJ logicJ Vol10 0ai 0icJ 2laD 2i2te0a-
tiBatJ n1 <ntot4ea1na logicJ
Aee4-DacL SlaD (non=erDal! Q1n (=erDal$ non=erDal$ 8ara-
=erDal!
ViteBa co01nic3rii in-
+or0a*iilor
Aoarte 0are Mai 0ic3
Con2101l 4e ti08 Mic Mai 0are
Ca8acit3*i 4eB=oltate A e,81ne$ a 4e2crie$ a 8o=e2ti$ a
e,8lica$ a arg10enta (la 8ro+e2or!J
De a a2c1lta$ a <n*elege (la ele=!
A e,81ne$ a 4e2crie$ a 8o=e2ti$
a e,8lica$ a a2c1lta$ a <n*elege$
a +or01la <ntreD3ri$ a +or01la
r3281n21ri$ a arg10enta (la
8ro+e2ori ;i ele=i!
Tem- Completai alte avanta:e i de(avanta:e ale celor dou tipuri de metode&
Tabelul A8=8 A=antaEele ;i 4eBa=antaEele 0eto4elor e,8oBiti=e ;i ale celor
a,ate 8e 4ialog
Met&dele exp&ziti!e Met&dele axate pe dial&'
1C%
A=antaEe
ra8i4itatea co01nic3rii in+or0a*iilor
=ol10 0are 4e in+or0a*ii =eGic1lat
0o4alitate +acil3 4e tran20itere a
c1no;tin*elor 4e c3tre 8ro+e2or
cale 4irect3 4e tran20itere a c1no;-
tin*elor
+aciliteaB3 0e0orarea acti=3 a c1-
no;tin*elor
8er0it e,er2area ca8acit3*ilor 4e co-
01nicare ale in4i=iBilor
8er0it 4eB=oltarea ca8acit3*ilor 4e a
re+lecta$ 4e a arg10enta$ 4e a recon2-
tr1i$ 4e a crea$ 4e a ra*iona$ etc
DeBa=an-
taEe
+ee4-DacL 2laD
+aciliteaB3 0e0orarea 8a2i=3
2e <n=3*3 4oar 21D ? la 21t3 4in ce 2e
a14e
2e =eGic1leaB3 1n =ol10 0ai 0ic 4e
c1no;tin*eJ
nece2it3 1neori o 8roiectare 4etaliat3
a 4e0er21l1i 4i4actic
2e <n=3*3 circa 7' la 21t3 4in ceea ce
2e co01nic3
A8=8 F&rme Duple de &r'anizare a lec#iei de 'e&'raie
+orma de organi(are a activitii e2te 0o41l 2a1 0aniera 4e l1cr1 <n care 2e
realiBeaB3 acti=itatea5
Tax&n&mia &rmel&r de &r'anizare a acti!it#ii8 E,i2t3 0ai 01lte +or0e 4e
organiBare a aciti=it3*ii gr18ate <n cla2e$ 4183 4i+erite criterii5
*up numrul participanilor care lucrea( mpreun e,i2t3: acti=it3*i
+rontale$ c1 <ntreaga cla23J acti=it3*i 8e ecGi8e 2a1 gr18e$ c>n4 ele=ii 21nt gr18a*i
4183 4i+erite criteriiJ acti=it3*i <n 8erecGi$ c>n4 ele=ii 21nt gr18a*i 4oi c>te 4oiJ
acti=it3*i in4i=i41ale c>n4 +iecare ele= 4e2+3;oar3 2ing1r acti=itatea5
*up ponderea diferitelor categorii de metode didactice (M5Ione2c1$ 7'''$
8ag5 7&C! e,i2t3: acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele 4e co01nicareJ acti=it3*i <n
care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele 4e cercetareJ acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele
e,8eri0entaleJ acti=it3*i <n care 8re4o0in3 0eto4ele a8licati=e5
*up locul de desfurarea a activitii didactice e,i2t3: acti=it3*i
4e2+3;1rate <n 0e4i1l ;colarJ acti=it3*i 4e2+3;1rate <n 0e4i1l e,tra;colar5
Su'eDtii met&d&l&'ice pri!ind &r'anizarea Dupl a di!erDel&r m&mente
ale lec#iei
$omentul leciei re8reBint3 o 2ec=en*3 2a1 o 0icro2tr1ct1r3 4in ca4r1l lec*iei
4e2tinat3 realiB3rii 1n1i oDiecti= +1n4a0ental5 Scenari1l ;i 4er1larea concret3 a 1nei
lec*ii c18rin4e o 21it3 4e 0o0ente care 2e 21cce4 te08oral ;i <n ca4r1l c3reia 2e
4e2+3;oar3 acti=it3*i 28eci+ice5
Mo0entele i4enti+icaDile <ntr-o lec*ie 21nt: 0o0ent1l organiBatoricJ =eri-
+icarea te0ei 4e ca23J =eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor anterioareJ 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor
noi (c1 21D0o0entele: e=ocarea c1no;tin*elor anterioare$ 2ti01larea 0oti=a*iei$
4i2c1tarea oDiecti=elor o8era*ionale$ 4e2crierea 2arcinii 4e <n=3*are$ angaEarea <n
2it1a*ia 4e <n=3*are$ co01nicarea noilor c1no;tin*e etc!J e=al1area c1no;tin*elor noiJ
+i,area c1no;tin*elor noi (corectarea gre;elilor$ co08letarea lac1nelor$ <0Dog3*irea
c1no;tin*elor$ con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor!J 2i2te0atiBarea c1no;tin*elorJ reca8it1-
larea c1no;tin*elor5 Aiecare 0o0ent al lec*iei 8oate +i organiBat <ntr-o an10it3
+or035
Tem- Completai in fiecare tabel alte forme de organi(are a activitilor&
1C&
Tabelul A838 Aor0e 4e organiBare a e=al13rii c1no;tin*elor
E!aluare &ral E!aluare DcriD E!aluare prin pr&be practice
cG2tionare +rontal3
a2c1ltarea e,81nerii 1n1i ele=
a2c1ltarea e,8lica*iei 1n1i ele=
a2c1ltarea 4e0on2tra*iei 1n1i
ele=
a2c1ltarea 8reBent3rii 1n1i re+e-
rat
conc1r21ri 8e ecGi8e 2a1 in4i-
=i41ale
8rin conc1r21ri
8e ecGi8e 2a1 in4i-
=i41ale
8rin e,te08orale
(+rontaleK8e gr18e!
8rin te2te (+ron-
tale!
8rin l1cr3ri 2cri2e
(+rontale$ 8e gr18e!
8rin 1tiliBarea in2tr10entelor K
a8aratelor
8rin reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii ;i
8roDle0e
8rin elaDorarea 1nor 0ateriale
gra+ice
8rin elaDorarea ;i 8reBentarea
1nor 8roiecte
8rin conc1r21ri
8rin e+ect1area 4e 4e0on2tra*ii
2a1 e,8eri0ente
Tabelul A848 Aor0e 4e organiBare a 4oD>n4irii c1no;tin*elor noi
F&rme de &r'ani(
zare a predrii
F&rme de &r'anizare a "n!#rii
acti=it3*i DaBate 8e
0eto4e 4e co01ni-
care e,8oBiti=e
acti=it3*i DaBate 8e
0eto4e 4e co01ni-
care c1 4ialog
acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e 4e cercetare (2t14i1 4e caB$ in=e2tiga*ie
;tiin*i+ic3!
acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e e,8eri0entale (+rontale$ 8e ecGi8e$
in4i=i41ale!
acti=it3*i DaBate 8e 0eto4e a8licati=e: 2t14i1l in4i=i41al al 1n1i
4oc10ent (te,t$ Gart3$ 0aterial gra+ic!$ reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii ;i
8roDle0e$ elaDorarea 1nor te,te (e2e1$ re+erat$ reB10at!$ or4onarea
1nei DiDliogra+ii$ elaDorarea 1nor 0ateriale gra+iceK0o4eleK8roiecte etc
Tabelul A808 Aor0e 4e organiBare a +i,3rii c1no;tin*elor noi
Acti!it#i indi!iduale Acti!it#i In perecEi Acti!it#i "n
ecEipeI'rupe
Acti!it#i
r&ntale
reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K
8roDle0e
co08letarea reD121rilor
r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntre-
D3ri
elaDorarea 0aterialelor
gra+ice
co08letarea +i;elor
reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K
8roDle0e
Eoc1ri
co08letarea reD121rilor
r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntre-
D3ri
elaDorarea 0aterialelor
gra+ice
Eoc1ri
conc1r21ri
4eBDateri
2t14ii 4e caB
reBol=3ri 4e
2it1a*ii-
8roDle03
con=er2a*ie
Eoc1ri
conc1r21ri
Tabelul A8A8 Aor0e 4e organiBare a reca8it1l3rii c1no;tin*elor
Acti!it#i indi!iduale Acti!it#i In perecEi Acti!it#i "n
ecEipeI'rupe
Acti!it#i
r&ntale
r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <ntreD3ri
co08letarea +i;elor
reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K 8ro-
Dle0e
reBol=3ri 4e e,erci*ii K
8roDle0e
Eoc1ri
co08letarea reD121-
Eoc1ri
conc1r21ri
4eBDateri
con=er2a*ie
Eoc1ri
conc1r21ri
1C?
Eoc1ri
co08letarea reD121rilor
elaDorarea 2cGi*elor reca8i-
t1lati=e
elaDorarea 1nor con*in1t1ri
2intetice
2t14ierea te,telor ;i G3r*ilor
rilor
r3281n21ri 2cri2e la <n-
treD3ri
elaDorarea 2cGi*elor
reca8it1lati=e
2t14ierea te,telor ;i a
G3r*ilor
2t14ii 4e caB
reBol=3ri 4e
2it1a*ii-
8roDle03
2t14ierea
te,telor ;i a
G3r*ilor
4eBDateri
reBol=3ri 4e
e,erci*ii ;i 8ro-
Dle0e
8reBentarea
;i a2c1ltarea
re+eratelor
8reBentarea
8roiectelor
C>n4 8roiecteaB3 o lec*ie$ 8ro+e2or1l o8teaB3 8entr1 o an10it3 co0Dina*ie 4e
+or0e 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii 8e tot 8arc1r21l ei$ 4eci in +inal$ +iecare lec*ie
4oD>n4e;te o 2tr1ct1r3 4i+erit3 4e a celorlalte5 Integrarea 0iEloacelor 4e <n=3*30>nt
atrage 4183 2ine o =arietate 0are 4e 0o4alit3*i 4e organiBare a 2it1a*iilor 4e <n=3*are
organiBate 8e DaBa ace2tora5
A838 Creati!itate "n c&nceperea %i c&nducerea lec#iil&r de 'e&'raie
6r&eD&rul creati!8 Se con2i4er3 c3 orice e41cator ar treD1i 23 +ie 1n agent al
2cGi0D3rii$ ca8aDil 23 8reia 4in reB1ltatele act1ale ale 2ociet3*ii ele0entele noi$
8rogre2i2te ;i a le tran2+era ele=ilor 8rin 8roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt5Un 8ro+e2or creati=
0ani+e2t3 <n acti=itatea c1 ele=i 0ai 01lte caracteri2tici ;i atit14ini: atit14ine
8oBiti=3 +a*3 4e ele0entele 4e no1tate ;i +a*3 4e intro41cerea ace2tora <n 8ro8ria
acti=itateJ acce8tarea no1l1i ca 1n in4ici1 al 8rogre21l1i$ ino=a*iilor ;i al creati=it3*ii
10aneJ +le,iDilitate ;i 4i28oniDilitate 0are 4e a a+la$ 4e a <n=3*a l1cr1ri noi ;i 4e a-i
<n=3*a 8e al*ii ace2te l1cr1ri noiJ <nc1raEarea 0ani+e2t3rilor ele=ilor caracteriBate 8rin
originalitate ;i a reB1ltatelor ine4iteJ +or0area ;i 4eB=oltarea a8tit14inilor ;i
ca8acit3*ilor creati=e at>t la 8ro8ria 8er2oan3$ c>t ;i la ele=iJ 8reoc18are 8er0anent3
4e a reg>n4i 2trategiile 4e l1cr1$ 4e a le integra <n 2i2te0e 4ina0ice$ +le,iDile$
e+iciente5
Direc#iile de manieDtare a creati!it#ii pr&eD&rului "n pr&ceDul de "n!#m$nt
)ro+e2or1l 8oate 0ani+e2ta creati=itate 8er0anent <n toate a28ectele
8roce21l1i 4e <n=3*30>nt5 S1Dlinie0 c>te=a 4in ace2te 4irec*ii: re2tr1ct1rarea ;iK2a1
reelaDorarea$ elaDorarea c1rric1l101l1i ;colarJ 8roiectarea 8e4agogic3 (2e0e2trial3$
a 8erioa4ei 4e e=al1are$ a lec*iilor! <ntr-o 2tr1ct1r3 eliDerat3 4e ;aDloane9 rigi4eJ
0anage0ent1l e41ca*ionalJ 1tiliBarea 1nor 2trategii 4i4actice 8ro28ecti=e ;i
o8era*ionaleJ =arietatea +or0elor 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ilor in2tr1cti=-e41cati=eJ
e=al1area e+icient3 a re1ltatelor ele=ilorJ 8racticarea 0o4alit3*ilor 4e a1toe=al1are a
reB1ltatelor at>t 4e c3tre ele=i$ c>t ;i 4e c3tre 8ro+e2orJ reglarea 8er0anent3 a
4e0er21rilor 4i4acticeJ o8ti0iBarea rela*iilor 8ro+e2or-ele=$ 4ar ;i <ntre ele=i5
Toate ace2te 4irec*ii 4e 0ani+e2tare a creati=it3*ii 8ro+e2or1l1i con2tit1ie
8re0i2a 8entr1 8roiectarea ;i organiBarea 1nor lec*ii 4e geogra+ie originale5
Creati!itatea pr&eD&rului "n c&nceperea pr&iectului lec#iei
)ro+e2or1l 0ani+e2t3 creati=itate <n:
1C.
utili(area unor variate modele de proiectare a leciei (VeBi ca85 .!$ <n
+1nc*ie 4e 2tr1ct1ra lec*ieiJ <n +1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele 1r03rite ;i 4e e,8erien*a
8ro+e2or1l 8re+er3 1n ti8 4e 8roiect e2te <n loc1l alt1ia5 )entr1 a antici8a 4e0er21l
logic al lec*iei 8ro+e2orii <nce83tori +or01leaB3 +iecare <ntreDare 8e care o =or a4re2a
ele=ilor <n lec*ie5 La acti=it3*ile <n care ele=ii l1creaB3 8e ecGi8e$ in4i=i41al 2a1 <n
8erecGi n1 2e 8roiecteaB3 <n 4etali1 4e0er21l 4e 4oD>n4ire a c1no;tin*elor5
alegerea momentelor leciei& N1 +iecare lec*ie c18rin4e toate 0o0entele
8o2iDile (=eri+icarea c1no;tin*elor$ 4oD>n4irea c1no;tin*elor noi$ +i,area
c1no;tin*elor noi$ 2i2te0atiBare$ reca8it1lare$ e=al1area c1no;tin*elor noi$ =eri+icarea
te0ei 4e ca23 etc!$ 0oti= 8entr1 care 8ro+e2or1l 4eci4e 8entr1 +iecare lec*ie$ <n
+1nc*ie 4e oDiecti=ele +1n4a0entale ;i 4e con*in1t1l 4e2tinat <n=3*3rii$ c>te ;i ce
0o0ente =a a=ea lec*ia5 Un 8ro+e2or creati= n1 =a organiBa toate lec*iile 4in r1tin3$
4183 acela;i ti8ar9$ ci =a 2cGi0Da or4inea 0o0entelor 2a1 =a 8ractica 4i=er2e
co0Dina*ii 4e 0o0ente ;i 21D0o0ente5
alegerea i amena:area spaiului <n care 21nt organiBate lec*iile5 Lec*iile 4e
geogra+ie 8ot +i organiBate <n cla23$ <n caDinet1l 4e geogra+ie$ <n teren1l geogra+ic$ <n
01Bee$ <n 8arc1ri$ <n 28a*i1l 4in a8ro8ierea ;colii etc5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea 1n1i 0e4i1
o8ti0 8entr1 lec*ie$ 2ala <n care 2e organiBeaB3 lec*iile ar +i Dine 4ac3 ar a=ea
+acilit3*ile 1n1i caDinet 4e geogra+ie (Vei ca85 ?5%!5
alegerea coninutul destinat nvrii& Con*in1t1l =eGic1lat <n lec*ie e2te cel
28eci+icat <n 8rogra0a ;colar3$ 4ar$ 4e oDicei$ 2e 8reciBeaB3 4oar 21Diect1l lec*iei$
l32>n4 0are liDertate 8ro+e2or1l1i5 )ro+e2or1l 1tiliBeaB3 Dene=ol$ ca re8er$ con*in1t1l
8re=3B1t <n 0an1alele ;colare$ 4ar 4eci4e ;i a218ra alt1i con*in1t 8ro=enit 4in alte
21r2e5 E2te i08ortant ca ele=ii 23 realiBeBe oDiecti=ele o8era*ionale 8re=3B1te 8entr1
lec*ie$ 4ar 8entr1 atingerea lor 2e 1tiliBeaB3 con*in1t1ri =ariate5 Un 8ro+e2or creati=
=a a41ce <ntot4ea1na ele0ente 4e con*in1t ine4ite$ intere2ante$ act1ale$ 8reBentate
a4e2ea <ntr-o +or03 ;ocant395
alegerea formelor de organi(are a activitii& Aiecare 0o0ent al lec*iei
8oate +i organiBat <n 0ai 01lte +or0e (VeBi ca85 @5&!5 )rin 8racticarea 4i=er2elor
0o4alit3*i 4e organiBare a acti=it3*ii in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e$ =ariate 4e la 0o0ent la
0o0ent$ lec*iile 4e=in originale <n an2a0Dl15
alegerea strategiilor de instruire i autoinstruire& C>n4 8roiecteaB3 lec*ia
8ro+e2or1l are la 4i28oBi*ie o =arietate 0are 4e 0eto4e$ 8roce4ee ;i 2trategii 4e
in2tr1ire ;i a1toin2tr1ire 4in care alege5 Mo41l c10 =a 8roce4a 8a2 c1 8a2 <n lec*ie$
c10 =a 1tiliBa ace2te 0eto4e ;i 8roce4ee$ ce 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt =a +olo2i ;i
c10 an10e$ e2te 28eci+icat <n 2cenari1l acti=it3*ii5 )entr1 a2ig1rarea caracter1l1i
creati= al lec*iei 21nt 1tiliBate 0iEloace 4e <n=3*30>nt 4i=er2e ca +or03$ con*in1t$
calitate etc$ +3r3 <n23 a +ace e,ce2e <n 8ri=in*a n103r1l1i ace2tora5 )e DaBa ace2tora
21nt organiBate 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are =ariate ;i e+iciente5
alegerea formelor- instrumentelor i te"nicilor de evaluare i autoevaluare
(=eBi ca8 @5&!5 )entr1 e=al1area 4i=er2elor +or0e 4e reB1ltate ale <n=3*3rii 21nt
nece2are +or0e =ariate 4e e=al1are corelate c1 oDiecti=ele =iBate5 Un 8ro+e2or
creati= n1 2e li0iteaB3 la 1tiliBarea e=al13rii 8rin con=er2a*ie ;i 8e DaBa te2telor$ ci
1CC
8ractic3 o =arietate 4e +or0e alternati=e 4e e=al1are$ ;i <n 8l12 in2i2t3 0ere1 a218ra
4eB=olt3rii ca8acit3*ii 4e a1toe=al1are a ele=ilor5
alegerea strategiilor de consolidare a cunotinelor =iBeaB3 0ai 01lte
4irec*ii: corectarea erorilor$ co08letarea lac1nelor$ <0Dog3*irea c1no;tin*elor =iBate
8rin oDiecti=e$ +ini2area ;i con2oli4area c1no;tin*elor a+late <n 8ri01l 2ta4i1 4e
4oD>n4ire a lor5 Creati=itatea i08lic3 8roiectarea 1nor 2it1a*ii 4e <n=3*are care 23
=iBeBe toate ace2te 4irec*ii5 Mo0ent1l 4e2tinat con2oli43rii e2te integrat lec*iei 2a1
e2te g>n4it ca o 8rel1ngire a acti=it3*ii 8rin te0ele e+ect1ate aca23 (VeBi ca85 @5&!5
)ro+e2or1l 0ani+e2t3 creati=itate 8rin 0o41l <n care 2i2te0atiBeaB3
c1no;tin*ele 8e taDl3 (VeBi ca85&515?5!$ 8rin 0o41l c10 8roiecteaB3 ;i con41ce
reca8it1larea c1no;tin*elor anterioare$ 8rin 0o41l <n care 4eter0in3 e=ocarea
c1no;tin*elor 4in MLD$ 8rin 0o41l <n care con41ce acti=itatea in2tr1cti=-e41cati=3
4e la <ntrarea <n cla23 8>n3 la ie;irea 2a5 )ro+e2or1l 8oate +i creati= 8rin 0ani+e2tarea
2a e,terioar3$ 8rin 0o41l <n care co01nic3 =erDal$ non=erDal$ 8ara=erDal c1 ele=ii$
8rin <ntreg1l 231 co08orta0ent 0ani+e2tat <n +a*a ele=ilor5
A848 Rela#iile pr&eD&r(ele! 2 act&r de Dtimulare a "n!#rii 'e&'raiei
)roce21l 4e <n=3*30>nt i08lic3 0ani+e2tarea 1nor rela*ii <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i cla2a
4e ele=i$ <ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=i$ ca in4i=iBi ;i rela*iile 4intre ele=i5 Calitatea rela*iilor
con2tit1ie 1n +actor 4e 2ti01lare 2a1 4e +r>nare a acti=it3*ii in2tr1cti=-e41cati=e$ iar
8ro+e2or1l 4e=ine 1n 0o4el ;i 1n 0o4elator al rela*iilor 0ani+e2tate <n lec*ie5
5ipuri de relaii manifestate ntre profesori i elevi
,elaii autoritariste !autocrate#5 Ter0en1l a1tocrat 8ro=ine 4in 4o13
c1=inte 4in li0Da greac3: a1to2 (<n21;i! ;i Lrato2 (81tere!5 )ro+e2or1l care 2taDile;te
rela*ii a1tocrate c1 ele=ii 23i 4e*ine rol1l 4o0inant <n 8roce21l in2tr1cti=-e41cati=$ el
4iriEeaB3 ;i 4eci4e tot1l$ +3r3 a 2olicita 83rerea celorlal*i5 Ace2t ti8 4erela*ie 2to8eaB3
ini*iati=a ;i creati=itatea$ +r>neaB3 4eB=oltarea 8er2onalit3*ii a1tono0e a ele=ilor5
Ele=ii a;tea8t3 23 li 2e 281n3 ce 23 +ac3 <n +iecare 0o0ent ;i c10 an10e 23 +ac3
(Magi2ter 4i,it9!$ ei <nceteaB3 23 g>n4ea2c3 c10 an10e ar treD1i 23 8roce4eBe
2ing1ri5 )racticarea ace2t1i ti8 4e rela*ii 4eter0in3 roDotiBarea9 8er2onalit3*ii
10ane$ 1n oarecare 4re2aE95
,elaii libere (lai22er-+aire!5 M1l*i 8e4agogi a1 212*in1t 0ani+e2tarea
ace2tor rela*ii +3r3 con2tr>ngeri <n acti=itatea in2tr1cti=-e41cati=3: (5(5Ro122ea1$ Le=
Tol2toi$ Monte22ori$ Areinet$ DecrolP etc5 Unele 2i2te0e 8e4agogice (Xal4or+$
Areinet$ Monte22ori!$ c1no2c1te 2a1 cGiar 1tiliBate la noi ca alternati=e e41ca*ionale$
8ro0o=eaB3 ace2t ti8 4e rela*ii5 A3r3 a +i 2inoni0e liDertinaE1l1i$ ace2te rela*ii
=iBeaB3 4eB=oltarea la ele=i a 28irit1l1i 4e in4e8en4en*3 ;i 4e ini*iati=3$ a 28irit1l1i
4e oD2er=a*ie ;i a cel1i critic K a1tocritic$ a210area re28on2aDilit3*ii ;i 2ti01larea
creti=it3*ii5 In ace2te rela*ii 21nt i08ortante a1toe41ca*ia$ a1tocontrol1l$ a1toa8re-
cierea ele=1l1i$ <n23 ele=1l nea=>n4 e,8erien*3 ;i +iin4 <n +or0are 2e i081ne
re28ectarea 1nor con4i*ii: e,i2ten*a 1nei <n4r103ri 218le ;i co08etente 4in 8artea
1C@
e41catorilor$ care 23 le o+ere 0o4ele +le,iDile ;i 23-i <n=e*e c10 23 <n=e*e 2ing1r$
in4e8en4entJ 23-i 4eB=olte 28irit1l 4e r3281n4ere$ 4e a1tocontrol ;i a1toa8reciere$
8entr1 a n1-i li0ita a1toin2tr1ireaJ 23 e=ite ten4in*a 28re liDertinaE$ <n 2en21l ca
ele=1l 23 +ac3 orice$ +3r3 nici o r3281n4ereJ 23 con;tientiBeBe ;i 23 acce8te nece2i -
tatea con2ilierii 8ro+e2or1l1i$ a e,igen*ei 2ale5
,elaiile democratice5 Ace2te rela*ii 2e +1n4a0entea3 8e c>te=a 8rinci8ii:
4re8t1rile o01l1i$ re28ect1l +a*3 4e ceilal*i ;i +a*3 4e 2ine$ nece2itatea 4e a 2e 4e23=>r;i
28irit1al ;i 4e a 4eB=olta o 8er2onalitate co08le,3$ a1tono03$ creatoare5 Rela*iile
4e0ocratice 8re2181n 1r03toarele caracteri2tici ;i con4i*ii: <n*elegerea nece2it3*ii
oDiecti=e a 2taDilirii ;i 0ani+e2t3rii 4e rela*ii inter10ane ;i e41ca*ionale 4e0ocratice
<ntre 8ro+e2or ;i ele=iJ acce8tarea con;tient3 a rol1l <n4r103tor al 8ro+e2or1l1iJ
<0Dinarea e,igen*ei con2tr1cti=e$ 0ere1 28orite c1 re28ect1l +a*3 4e ele=$ ca o0$
cet3*ean$ ca 8er2onalitate <n 4e=enire$ care =a treD1i 23 4o=e4ea2c3 28irit 4e
in4e8en4en*3$ 4e ini*iati=3$ 28irit critic ;i creatorJ colaDorare ;i aE1tor reci8roc$ ca
+actori re28on2aDili ai acel1ia;i 8roce2$ care 23 aiD3 ca +inalitate oD*inerea 1nei
te0einice ;i ele=ate 8reg3tiri a ele=1l1i <n =e4erea integr3rii l1i 2ocio-8ro+e2ionale5
1C/
.I.LIOGRAFIE
AeDli$ M5$ (1/C%!$ *idactica psi"ologic- E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
Q3rg3oan1$ )5$ M>n4r1*$ "5 (1/C/!$ $etodica predrii geografiei la clasele H-HIII$ E5D5)5$
Q1c1re;ti5
Qonta;$ I$ (1//?!$ Pedagogie$ E4it1ra All$ Q1c1re;ti5
Qrien$ R5$ (1//C!$ 'cience cognitive Q formation- )re22e2 4e l_Uni=er2ite 4e c1eDec5
Qr1ner$ (5S5$ (1/C'!$ Pentru o teorie a instruirii$ E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
Qr1ner$ (5S5$ (1/C'!$ Procesul educaiei intelectuale$ E45Stiin*i+ic3$ Q1c1re;ti5
Q1B$ V5$ S3n41lacGe$ Al$ (1/@C!$ Cartografie$ Uni=er2itatea RQaDe;-QolPaiR$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
Qr1net R5$ Aerra2 R5 ;i TGeriP N5$ 2es $ots de la gRograp"ie$ *ictionnaire critiBue$ col5
Dina0iY1e2 41 territoire9 Recl12 K La Doc10entation +rancai2e$ Mont8ellier F )ari2$
1//%5
Cri2tea$ Sorin$ (1//@!$ *icionar de termeni pedagogici- E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
Cri;an$ A5 (coor45!$ (1//@!$ Curriculum i de(voltare curricular n conte%tul reformei
nvmntului& Politici curriculare de perpectiv- Doc10ent MEN$ Con2ili1l Na*ional
8entr1 C1rric1l10$ Q1c1re;ti5
C1co;$ C5$ (1//.!$ Pedagogie$ E4it1ra )oliro0$ Ia;i5
Di=i4$ Nicoleta$ (7'''!$ Evaluarea prin portofoliu$ <n *idactica geografiei$ nr5 15
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (1//.!$ *idactic geografic- E4it1ra Cl12i10$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (1//@!$ *esenul sc"ematic i cartosc"ema- <n *idactica geografiei- nr5 15
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (1//@!$ 6tili(area e%perimentului n leciile de geografie- <n *idactica
geografiei- nr5 15
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (1//@!$ Evaluarea tradiional a re(ultatelor elevilor- <n *idactica
geografiei$ nr5 75
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (1//@!$ Evaluarea prin teste pedagogice$ <n *idactica geografiei- nr5 75
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (1///!$ $ateriale grafice pentru predarea i nvarea geografiei fi(ice-
E4it1ra Cl12i10$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ (7'''!$ 'trategii didactice$ E4it1ra Cl12i10$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ )o8a-Qota$ N&- (1//.!$ 5ipuri de "ri$ <n 4ri(ont- nr5 15
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ )o8a-Qota$ N5$ (1//@!$ Problemati(area / metod fundamental n nvare$
<n *idactica geografiei- nr5 15
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ )o8a-Qota$ N5$ (1//@!$ Jocul- un pas spre nvare i munc- <n *idactica
geografiei$ nr5 75
D1la03$ Maria EliBa$ Soo2 LenLe$ (1//@!$ *emonstraiile cu a:utorul filmelor- diapo(itivelor i
fotografiilor$ <n *idactica geografiei- nr5 7$
Ao1lY1ie$ )5$ 1/C1!$ *ictionnaire de la langue pedagogiBue$ )re22e2 1ni=er2itaire2 4e Arance$
)ari25
Oaillar4$ R5 (1/@%!$ I-a ng"iit pdurea$ E4it1ra Meri4iane$ Q1c1re;ti5
Ilinca$ N5$ (7'''!$ *idactica geografiei- E4it1ra Corint$ Q1c1re;ti5
Oagnd$ R5M5$ Qrigg2$ L5 (1/CC!$ Principii de design al instruirii$ E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
Ione2c1$ M5$ CGi;$ V5$ (1//7!$ 'trategii de predare i nvare$ E4it1ra Stiin*i+ic3$ Q1c1re;ti5
Ione2c1$ M5$ Ra41$ I5$ (1//?!$ *idactic modern- E4it1ra Dacia$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
Ione2c1$ M5$ (1//@!$ Educaia i dinamica ei- E4it1ra TriD1na In=3*30>nt1l1i$ Q1c1re;ti5
Ione2c1$ M5$ (7'''!$ *emersuri creative n predare i nvare- E4it1ra )re2a Uni=er2itar3
Cl1Eean3$ Cl1E-Na8oca$
(inga$ I5$ Negre*$ I$ (1//&!$ nvarea eficient- E45 E4iti2$ Q1c1re;ti5
LeroP$ OilDert$ (1/C&!$ *ialogul n comunicaie (tra45!$ E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
1@'
Mali*a$ M5 (1/C1!$ ,enovarea pedagogiei i educaiei n spiritul tiinei moderne$ <n ,evista de
pedagogie$ nr5 1$ 8ag5 1C5
M>n4r1*$ "5$ Ung1rean1 Valerica$ Mierl3$ I5 (1/@7!$ $etodica predrii geografiei n clasele I0-
0II- E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
Merenne-ScGo10aLer$ Qerna4ette$ (1//@!$ *idactica geografiei$ E4it1ra All$ Q1c1re;ti5
Miclea$ M5$ (1///!$ Psi"ologie cognitiv& $odele teoretico-e%perimentale$ E45 a II-a re=3B1t3$
E4it1ra )oliro0 Ia;i5
MeGe4in*I$ S5 (1/%'!$ Introducere n geografie ca tiin- E4it1ra Na*ional3$ Q1c1re;ti5
Mo0an1$ Mariana$ (1//@!$ Proiectarea i desfurarea activitii didactice$ <n Psi"opedagogie
pentru e%amenele de definitivare i grade didactice$ E4it1ra )oliro0$ Ia;i5
MoPle2$ (5R5$ (1/@/!$ Just PlaGingD 5"e role and status of plaG in earlG c"il"ood$ "8en Uni=er2itP
)re22$ )Gila4el8Gia
Neac;1$ Ioan$ (1//'!$ Instruire i nvare !5eorii- modele- strategii#- E4it1ra ;tiin*i+ic3$ Q1c1re;ti5
"Lon$ X5$ (1/C@!$ nvmntul problemati(at n coala contemporan- E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
)31n$ E5$ (1//1!$ .oi de(voltri n cmpul metodelor euristice de predare- <n Re=i2ta 4e
8e4agogie9$ nr5 75
Ra41$ I5$ Ione2c1$ M5$ (1/@C!$ E%periena didactic i creativitate- E4it1ra Dacia$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
Sala4e$ D5 (coor45!$ (1/@7!$ *idactica$ E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
S3l3=32tr1$ C5$ (1//?!$ 2ogic i limba: educaional$ E5D5)5$ Q1c1re;ti5
Stan$ C5 (7'''!$ *imensiunea educaional a fenomenului ludic$ <n Ione2c1$ M5 Ra41$ I5$ Sala4e$
D5 'tudii de pedagogie aplicat$ E4it1ra )re2a Uni=er2itar3 Cl1Eean3$ Cl1E-Na8oca5
V3i4ean1$ O5 (coor45!$ (1/@.!$ Pedagogie$ E4it1ra Uni=er2it3*ii RAl_I_C1BaR$ Ia;i5
Vlate$ M5$ (1///!$ Psi"ologia mecanismelor cognitive$ E4it1ra )oliro0$ Ia;i5
Ti83rit la I08ri0eria
eATLASFCLUSIUMf
Cl1E-Na8oca$ a1g12t 7''1
1@1