SUCCES IN INVATAREA LIMBII ENGLEZE !

<titlu> Gramatica limbii engleze, pentru uz colar </titlu>

Autori:
Georgiana Gl!eanu
E"at eri na Co#i$el
E%itura %i%a"ti" $i &e%agogi" ' Bu"ure$ti
()*+
<"o&erta I>
San%a Retin,"-i . a,i,tent uni/er,itar
Re0eren!i: Ale1an%ra Va,iliu . &ro0e,oar
An"a Ilie,"u . &ro0e,oar
</"o&erta I>
Contri2u!ia autoarelor la ela2orarea lu"rrii a 0o,t ur#toarea:
G3 Gl!eanu: "a&3 I3435 (.+365 63(3.6375 8.(95 II395 :65 (*5 ()5 ++5 +65 III3935 +:.+73
E3 Co#i$el: "a&3 +3:3.+3;5 6383.63(95 :.75 ((5 (+5 (:.(85 +95 +(3
Re%a"tor: Si#ona Bo,etti
Te-nore%a"tor: Con,tantina Vel"o/i"i
Co&erta: Ion <a"i=
Pag. 003
<titlu> CUVNT NAINTE </titlu>
Lu"rarea %e 0a! a 0o,t "on"e&ut "a un #aterial %e re0erin! &entru ele/i> &ro0e,ori $i alte "ategorii %e
&er,oane intere,ate %e ,tu%iul li#2ii engle?e3
@n tratarea &ro2le#elor> ,.a a/ut @n /e%ere #o%ul @n "are a"e,tea ,unt &re?entate @n #aAoritatea
#anualelor $i gra#ati"ilor %e li#2 engle? %in !ara noa,tr3 Au 0o,t %e a,e#enea @n aten!ia autorilor
&rogre,ele @nregi,trate @n anali?a 0eno#enului ling/i,ti" @n general> nu nu#ai @n Ro#Bnia> %ar $i @n !rile
un%e ,e /or2e$te li#2a engle?> &re"u# $i "ara"teri,ti"a li#2ii engle?e "onte#&orane %e a a&li"a regulile
0le1i2il $i nuan!at> @n 0un"!ie %e ,"o&ul "o#uni"rii> %e interlo"utor Cli#2aA o0i"ial ,au 0a#iliarD $i %e
a,&e"tul li#2ii C,"ri, ,au oralD3
LuBn% @n "on,i%era!ie toate a"e,te a,&e"te> Gra#ati"a li#2ii engle?e &entru u? $"olar &re?int
0eno#enele gra#ati"ale @n #o% %e,"ri&ti/3
En "a%rul &r!ii I> Mor0ologia> ,unt ,tu%iate regulile &ri/itoare la 0or#a "u/intelor3 A"ea,t &ri# &arte
e,te "on,i%erat "a %eo,e2it %e i#&ortant &entru "el "are ,tu%ia? li#2a engle?> %eoare"e &ri#ul lu"ru
"are ,e @n/a! @n gra#ati"a unei li#2i ,trine e,te "u# ,e 0or#ea? "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e 2a?:
ti#&urile /er2ului> &luralul ,u2,tanti/elor> "o#&ara!ia a%Ae"ti/elor et"3
Fartea a II.a $i &artea a III.a> Sinta1a &ro&o?i!iei $i Sinta1a 0ra?ei> "u&rin% regulile &ri/itoare la
@#2inarea "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ii $i a &ro&o?i!iilor @n 0ra?e3 A"ea,t &arte e,te "on,i%erat %e3 a,e#enea
i#&ortant> %eoare"e ea arat "elui "are ,tu%ia? li#2a engle? "u# , 0olo,ea," 0or#ele gra#ati"ale
&e "are le.a @n/!at3 In %e,"rierea 0or#ei "u/intelor C@n "a%rul #or0ologieiD $i a 0un"!ionrii lor @n
"o#uni"are C@n "a%rul ,inta1eiD> lu"rarea reia a0ir#a!iile "on!inute @n #anualele $"olare @n /igoare3
Ceea "e a%u"e @n &lu, Gra#ati"a li#2ii engle?e> &entru u? $"olar e,te o i#agine 0un"!ional> %e
an,a#2lu> a,u&ra 0eno#enului gra#ati"al "onte#&oran> &rin ,&e"i0i"area atBt a unor &o,i2ile a2ateri %e
la reguli> "Bt $i a ,itua!iilor @n "are ,e 0olo,e," 0or#ele gra#ati"ale: @n /or2irea "urent ,au @n li#2a
,"ri,> @n ,tilul o0i"ial ,au @n literatur> @n /arianta 2ritani" ,au "ea a#eri"an a li#2ii engle?e3
@n ela2orarea lu"rrii> ,.a &ornit %e la e1&li"a!iile gra#ati"ale $i "o#&en%iile %e gra#ati" "u&rin,e @n
#anualele %e li#2 engle? a"tual#ente @n u? @n $"olile %in !ara noa,tr $i %e la e1&erien!a &er,onal $i a
altor "a%re %i%a"ti"e @n &re%area li#2ii engle?e3
En &ri#ul rBn%> autoarele ,.au 2a?at &e tra%i!ia "reat %e gra#ati"ile ela2orate %e: Leon Le/i!"-i> Ioan
Fre%a . Gra#ati"a li#2ii engle?e> E%3 Gtiin!i0i" ()785 Ali"e B%e,"u . Gra#ati"a li#2ii engle?e> E%3
Gtiin!i0i"> ()765 Cate%ra %e li#2 $i literatur engle?3 Uni/er,itatea %in Bu"ure$ti . Gra#ati"a li#2ii
engle?e> E%3 Gtiin!i0i"> ()7+5 Ioana Gte0ne,"u . Le"ture, in Engli,- Mor&-ologH> Uni/3 %in Bu"3> ()8*3
A/Bn% @n /e%ere ten%in!ele re"ente %in li#2a engle? "onte#&oran> au 0o,t 0olo,ite $i lu"rri &u2li"ate
@n Marea Britanie $i @n alte !ri C/e?i "a&3 Bi2liogra0ieD5 iar &entru a o0eri "ititorului un "a%ru %e re0erin!
0a#iliar $i &o,i2ilitatea %e a 0a"e "o#&ara!ii "u ,tru"tura li#2ii ro#Bne> %e0ini!iile generale> ,tru"tura
lu"rrii $i ter#inologia au 0o,t ela2orate &e 2a?a unor gra#ati"i ale> li#2ii ro#Bne: A"a%e#ia R3S3R3 .
Gra#ati"a li#2ii ro#Bne> E%3 A"a%e#iei R3S3R3> ()775 C3 Ii#itriu . Gra#ati"a li#2ii ro#Bne e1&li"at3
Mor0ologia> Juni#ea> ()8)5 I3 Ior%an> VI3 Ro2u . Li#2a ro#Bna "onte#&oran> E3I3F3> ()8*3
Tri#iterile la ,ur,ele 0olo,ite .ro#Bne$ti ,au ,trine .nu au 0o,t %e regul #en!ionate &e &ar"ur,ul lu"rrii
&entru a nu @ngreuia le"tura> #aterialele %e re0erin! 0iin% ,&e"i0i"ate la ,0Br$itul lu"rrii3
Iatorit "ara"terului &ra"ti" al lu"rrii> 0a&tele %e teorie gra#ati"al "on!inute @n Gra#ati" au 0o,t
e1&u,e ,u""int $i @n,o!ite %e nu#eroa,e e1e#&li0i"ri3 E1e#&lele &re?ente @n lu"rare ,unt %intre "ele #ai
,i#&le> a$a "u# ,unt ele 0olo,ite @n /or2irea "urent ,au &re?entate @n alte gra#ati"i ale li#2ii engle?e>
0iin%3 "on,truite &e 2a?a unui /o"a2ular re%u, $i a""e,i2il> u$or %e @n!ele, &entru ele/i3
Situa!iile @n "are %eo,e2irile %intre "ele %ou li#2i &re?int %i0i"ult!i &entru ele/ul ro#Bn au 0o,t
,u2liniate @n lu"rare $i &ra"ti"ate @n e1er"i!iile "are ur#ea? 0ie"rui "a&itol3 Re?ol/area unui #are nu#r
%e e1er"i!ii a 0o,t in"lu, la ,0Br$itul /olu#ului3
Autoarele %ore," ,.$i e1&ri#e gratitu%inea 0a! %e autorii gra#ati"ilor li#2ii engle?e #en!iona!i
anterior> "are au &u, 2a?ele unei ,oli%e tra%i!ii %e angli,ti" @n Ro#Bnia5 #ul!u#irile noa,tre ,e @n%rea&t
%e a,e#enea "tre a,i,t3 uni/3 San%a Retin,"-i %e la Uni/er,itatea %in Bu"ure$ti> &ro03 Ale1an%ra Va,iliu>
%e la li"eul %e art KGeorge Ene,"uL $i &ro03 An"a Ilie,"u> %e la $"oala general nr3 ;9 %in Bu"ure$ti>
&entru "o#&eten!a $i r2%area "u "are au &ar"ur, lu"rarea @nM ,ta%iul %e ela2orare> o0erin% 2ine/enite
,uge,tii "riti"e3
@n egal #,ur> autoarele !in , #ul!u#ea," re%a"!iei %e ,&e"ialitate %e la E%itura %i%a"ti" $i
&e%agogi" &entru re"o#an%rile &re!ioa,e %ate $i #un"a %e,0$urat @n &regtirea /olu#ului &entru
&u2li"are3
Ela2orarea unei a,e#enea gra#ati"i &re?entBn% nu#eroa,e %i0i"ult!iM autoarele a$tea&t eu intere,
,uge,tii $i re"o#an%ri %in &artea "ititorilor> @n /e%erea @#2unt!irii lu"rrii> &entru o e/entual
ree%itare3
G3 G3 $i E3 C3
pag: 005
Partea I
MO!O"OGIA
#Morp$olog%&
I'(' GENEA"ITA)I
('*' Mor+ologia i ,inta-a
Cele %ou &r!i "on,tituti/e ale gra#ati"ii tra%i!ionale ,unt #o0ologia $i ,inta1a3
Mor+ologia "u&rin%e regulile &ri/itoare la 0or#a "u/intelor $i la #o%i0i"rile 0or#ale ale
"u/intelor ,tu%iate &e &r!i %e /or2ire5 , i n t a 1 a "u&rin%e regulile &ri/itoare la @#2inarea "u/intelor @n
&ro&o?i!ii $i 0ra?eN3
(
<note>
(3 Gra#ati"a li#2ii ro#Bne> /ol3 I> E%3 A"a%3 R3S3R3> Bu"ure$ti> ()77> &3((3
</note>
('.' Criterii /e utilizare 0n /e+inirea p1r2ilor /e 3orbire
Unitatea %e anali? @n gra#ati"a tra%i!ional e,te "u/Bntul3
Gra#ati"a tra%i!ional gru&ea? "u/intele @n ?e"e "la,e #ari> nu#ite &r!i %e /or2ire:
,u2,tanti/ul> arti"olul> a%Ae"ti/ul> &ronu#ele> nu#eralul> /er2ul> a%/er2ul> &re&o?i!ia> "onAun"!ia $i
interAe"!ia3
E#&r!irea "u/intelor @n ?e"e &r!i %e /or2ire ,e 2a?ea? %e 0olo,irea "on"o#itent a trei "riterii:
aD "riteriul ,e#anti" O ,en,ul le1i"al "el #ai general al "la,elor %e "u/inte5
2D "riteriul #or0ologi" O ,"-i#2rile "e au lo" @n 0or#a "u/intelor &entru e1&ri#area "ategoriilor
gra#ati"ale %e gen> nu#r> "a?> &er,oan> "o#&ara!ie> #o%> ti#&> a,&e"t $i %iate?5
"D "riteriul ,inta"ti" O &o,i2ilitatea "u/intelor %e a @n%e&lini 0un"!ii ,inta"ti"e @n "a%rul &ro&o?i!iei3
Ie0inirea &r!ilor %e /or2ire ,e 2a?ea? &e toate "ele trei "riterii> un ,ingur "riteriu 0iin%
in,u0i"ient3
('.'*3 Iin &un"t %e /e%ere ,e#anti"> &r!ile %e /or2ire ,e %i,ting %u& "eea "e e1&ri# ele:
nu#ele unui o2ie"t C,u2,tanti/ul> in%ire"t $i &ronu#ele> "are !ine lo"ul unui ,u2,tanti/D> o @n,u$ire a unui
o2ie"t Ca%Ae"ti/ulD> un nu#r ,au o %eter#inare nu#eri" Cnu#eralulD> o a"!iune ,au o ,tare C/er2ulD> o
"ara"teri,ti" a unei a"!iuni> ,tri ,au in,u$iri Ca%/er2ulD> e1teriori?area unui ,enti#ent> a unei ,tri 0i?i"e>
a unui a"t %e /oin! ,au i#itarea unui ,unet CinterAe"!iaDN
+
<note>
+3 I2i%3> &3 (+3
</note>
pag: 006
Iin &un"t %e /e%re al "riteriului ,e#anti"> &r!ile %e /or2ire ,e @#&art @n:
aD &r!i %e /or2ire "u ,en, le1i"al %e ,ine ,tttor> $i "are &ot 0i &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie: ,u2,tanti/ul>
a%Ae"ti/ul> &ronu#ele> nu#eralul> /er2ul> a%/er2ul $i interAe"!ia5
2D &r!i %e /or2ire "are nu au @ntot%eauna ,en, le1i"al %e ,ine ,tttor> e1&ri#Bn% ra&orturi @ntre
no!iuni> $i "are nu &ot 0i &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie: &re&o?i!ia> "onAun"!ia $i arti"olul3
('.'.' En 0un"!ie %e "riteriul #or0ologi"> "u/intele %in li#2a engle? @$i #o%i0i" 0or#a &entru
e1&ri#area "ategoriilor gra#ati"ale %e gen> nu#r>"a?> &er,oan> "o#&ara!ie> ti#&> #o%> a,&e"t $i
%iate?3
S"-i#2rile @# 0or#a "u/intelor "are e1&ri# "ategoriile gra#ati"ale al"tuie," 0le1iunea3
En 0un"!ie %e &re?en!a ,au a2,en!a 0le1iunii> "u/intele ,e @#&art @n:
aD "u/inte 0le1i2ile> "are au "el &u!in o "ategorie gra#ati"al> &entru e1&ri#area "reia @$i
#o%i0i" 0or#a5
(
Gra#at i "a li#2ii ro#Bne> /ol3 I> E%3 A"a%3 R3S3R3> Bu"urePti> ()77> &3 ((3
+
i2i%3> &3 (+
2D "u/inte ne0le1i2ile> "are nu ,unt #ar"ate &entru "ategorii gra#ati"ale3
('.'43 En 0un"!ie %e "riteriul ,inta"ti"> "u/intele ,e @#&art @n:
aD "u/inte "are @n%e&line," o 0un"!ie ,inta"ti" @n &ro&o?i!ie> &utBn% 0i o &arte &rin"i&al C,u2ie"t>
&re%i"atD ,au ,e"un%ar Catri2ut> "o#&le#ent> ele#ent &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entarD %e &ro&o?i!ie5
2D "u/inte "are nu au o 0un"!ie ,inta"ti"> %ar "are #ar"-ea? 0un"!ii ,inta"ti"e:
IQ/e 2oug-t t-i, 2oo= 0or MarH3
S-e re"ei/er% t-e &ar"el a0eter &aHing 0or it3
(3 VERBUL CT-e Ver2D
(3(3 5e+ini2ie
Ver2ul e,te &artea %e /or2ire "are:
aD e1&ri# a"!iuni> &ro"e,e ,au ,tri5
2D are "ategorii gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan $i nu#r "o#une "u alte &r!i %e /or2ire $i "ategoriile
,&e"i0i"e %e ti#&> #o%> a,&e"t $i %iate?5
"D @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia ,inta"ti" %e &re%i"at3
pag: 007
(3+3 Cla,i+icare
Ver2ele &ot 0i "la,i0i"ate %in &un"t %e /e%ere al ,tru"turii #or0ologi"e ,au %in &un"t %e /e%ere al
,en,ului le1i"al $i al 0un"!iei3
(3+3(3 Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al ,tructurii mor+ologice> /er2ele &ot 0i "la,i0i"ate @n:
aD /er2e ,i#&le: go5
2D /er2e "o#&u,e: spotlight5
"D /er2e "u &arti"ul a%/er2ial: put on, put off, put away5
%D /er2e "u &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie: look at, listen to, wait, for, succees in5
eD lo"u!iuni /er2ale: take care of, make use of3
Gru&ele aD> 2D $i eD nu &re?int &arti"ularit!i %eo,e2ite3 Fentru "D /e?i R*38> iar &entru %D /e?i
R*3+3;3
(3+3+3 6en,ul le-ical al 3erbelor3 Ver2ele @n li#2a engle? ,e @#&art @n:
aD /er2e "u ,en, le1i"al &lin> nu#ite %e o2i"ei /er2e no!ionale5
2D /er2e "u ,en, le1i"al re%u,> "are ,unt 0olo,ite #ai #ult "u 0un"!ii gra#ati"ale3 En "la,a /er2elor
"u ,en, le1i"al re%u, intr /er2ele "o&ulati/e> /er2ele au1iliare $i /er2ele #o%ale3
(3+363 !unc2ia ,intactic1 a 3erbelor3 Fe &lan ,inta"ti" /er2ele "u ,en, le1i"al &lin ,unt
&re%i"ati/e> a%i" &ot 0or#a ,ingure &re%i"atul unei &ro&o?i!ii> &e "Bn% /er2ele "u ,en, le1i"al re%u, ,unt
ne&re%i"ati/e> au ne/oie %e o "o#&linire C/er2 no!ional> nu#e &re%i"ati/D &entru a %e/eni &re%i"ate: T-e
"-il% i, cle3er3 En ,"-i#2 ele #ar"-ea? anu#ite "ategorii gra#ati"ale3
En: The film 7a, seen by millions of people. Sil#ul a 0o,t /?ut %e #ilioane %e oa#eni3
was are 0un"!ia %e #ar" a %iate?ei &a,i/e> ti#&ul Paste Tense> &er,oana a III.a ,ingular &entru
/er2ul see3
*'.'83 Ver2ele "u ,en, le1i"al re%u, ,e @#&art @n:
aD /er2e "o&ulati/e Cbe> $i> "on0or# gra#ati"ii tra%i!ionale: appear, seem, look, turn, become,
get, remain, stay et"3D: e ,eem, ill3 Fare 2olna/3
2D /er2e au1iliare Cbe, ha!e, shall"shoul#, will"woul#, may"might, can"coul#, #o$ "are @n%e&line,"
0un"!ia %e #ar" a "ategoriilor gra#ati"ale %e %iate?> #o%> ti#&> a,&e"t> &er,oan $i nu#r> a 0or#ei
interogati/e $i negati/e la /er2ele &e "are le @n,o!e,":
e 7a, tol/ a lie3 I ,.a ,&u, o #in"iun3 . Iiate?a &a,i/3
e 7a, tr%ing to catch the ball when he fell3 En"er"a , &rin% #ingea "Bn% a "?ut3 . A,&e"tul
"ontinuu et"3
"D /er2e ,e#iau1iliare ,au #o%ale Ccan"coul#, must, ha!e to, may"might, shall"shoul#,
will"woul#, ought to et"3D "are arat atitu%inea /or2itorului 0a! %e enun!:
. &o,i2ilitate: %t mig$t rain later3 S.ar &utea , &lou #ai tBr?iu3
. ne"e,itate: &ou mu,t finish before noon3 Tre2uie , ter#ini @nainte %e &rBn? et"3
pag: 00'
(363 Categoriile gramaticale ale 3erbului
En li#2a engle? /er2ul are 0or#e gra#ati"ale %eter#inate %e "ategoriile ,&e"i0i"e %e ti#&>
a,&e"t> %iate? $i #o% $i %e "ategoriile ne,&e"i0i"e %e &er,oan $i nu#r3 En 0un"!ie %e &re?en!a ,au
a2,en!a "ategoriilor %e ti#&> &er,oan $i nu#r> 0or#ele /er2ale @n li#2a engle? ,e @#&art @n 0or#e
&er,onale $i ne&er,onale3
!ormele per,onale ale 3erbului C(inite (orms of the )erbD ,unt #o%urile in%i"ati/ $i
,u2Aon"ti/3 La a"e,te 0or#e> /er2ul e,te #ar"at &entru a e1&ri#a "ategoriile %e ti#&> #o%> %iate?>
a,&e"t> &er,oan $i nu#r> iar %in &un"t %e /e%ere ,inta"ti"> ele &ot 0or#a ,ingure &re%i"atul $i ,e a"or%
@n nu#r $i &er,oan "u ,u2ie"tul3
!ormele neper,onale ale 3erbului C*on+(inite (orms of the )erbD ,unt in0initi/ul ,erun#+ul
C,erun-iulD> &arti"i&iul &re?ent $i &arti"u&iul tre"ut3 A"e,te 0or#e nu au "ategoriile %e ti#&> &er,on $i
nu#r $i nu &ot 0or#a ,ingure &re%i"atul &ro&o?i!iei3
(3:3 Timpul CTen,eD
Categoria gra#ati"al a ti#&ului CTenseD> "ategorie ,&e"i0i" /er2elor> ,e re0er la or%inea
e/eni#entelor @n ti#&> a$a "u# e,te &er"e&ut a"ea,ta %e /or2itor @n #o#entul /or2irii3
Mo#entul @n "are are lo" a"tul %e /or2ire e,te #o#entul &re?ent CnowD3 Sa! %e a"e,t #o#ent
"are "on,tituie a1a %e re0erin! a &re?entului> unele e/eni#ente ,unt:
aD anterioare> "Bn% ele au lo" @nainte %e #o#entul /or2irii Ce/eni#entele ,unt a#intite %e
/or2itorD: Present Perfect5
2D &o,terioare 0a! %e #o#entul /or2irii Ce/eni#entele 0iin% anti"i&ate %e /or2itor> %eoare"e /or
a/ea lo" %u& #o#entul /or2iriiD: (uture5
"D ,i#ultane "u #o#entul /or2irii Ca/Bn% lo" @n a"ela$i ti#&D Present3
Con,i%erBn% #o#entul /or2irii &un"tul &re?ent> /or2itorul @$i &oate a#inti un e/eni#ent "are a
a/ut lo" la un #o#ent anterior #o#entului /or2irii CthenD3 En ra&ort "u a"e,t #o#ent a#intit then> "are
% na$tere a1ei %e re0erin! a tre"utului> alte e/eni#ente &ot 0i:
aD anterioare #o#entului tre"ut then: Past Perfect5
2D ,i#ultane "u then: Past Tense5
"D &o,terioare: (uture in the Past3
Ie a,e#enea> in #o#entul /or2irii CnowD> /or2itorul &oate anti"i&a anu#ite e/eni#ente
C&o,terioare #o#entului /or2iriiD3 En ra&ort "u un anu#e e/eni#ent &o,terior #o#entului &re?ent Ca1a
%e re0erin! a /iitoruluiD> alte e/eni#ente &ot 0i:
aD anterioare: (uture Perfect5
2D ,i#ultane: (uture5
"D &o,terioare: engle?a nu are #ar" 0or#al &entru a"e,te e/eni#ente3
pag: 00.
En anali?a ti#&ului> tre2uie a,t0el luate @n "on,i%era!ie trei ele#ente:
aD #o#entul /or2irii5
2D #o#entul C,/Br$iriiD a"!iunii5
"D a1a ,au #o#entul %e re0erin!3
aD Mo#entul /or2irii e,te #o#entul @n "are enun!ul e,te &ronun!at %e /or2itor: now3
2D Mo#entul a"!iunii e,te #o#entul @n "are a a/ut lo" a"!iunea ,au ,tarea: now, then, tomorrow
etc.
"D Mo#entul %e re0erin! re&re?int a1a &e "are ,e &la,ea? /or2itorul @n &er"e&erea
e/eni#entului: a1a &re?entului> a1a tre"utului> a1a /iitorului3
En 0un"!ie %e "ele trei ele#ente . #o#entul /or2irii> #o#entul a"!iunii $i #o#entul %e re0erin! .
li#2a engle? "unoa$te ur#torul ,i,te# %e ti#&uri:
. &e a1a &re?entului: Present, Present Perfect, (uture5
. &e a1a tre"utului: Past tense, Past Perfect, (uture in the Past5
. &e a1a /iitorului: (uture, (uture PerfectN
*'9' Timpul prezent ,implu CFre,ent Ten,e Si#&leD
(3;3(3 5e+ini2ie3 Fre?entul ,i#&lu %e,e#nea? un e/eni#ent Co a"!iune ,au ,tareD "are ,e
@ntB#&l ,i#ultan "u #o#entul /or2irii C&re?entul in,tantaneuD ,au "are in"lu%e #o#entul /or2irii
C&re?entul generi" $i -a2itualD3
(3;3+3 !orm13 Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al 0or#ei> &re?entul ,i#&lu e,te i%enti" "u in0initi/ul> la toate
&er,oanele ,ingular $i &lural> "u e1"e&!ia &er,oanei a III.a ,ingular> "are a%aug .CeD,:
I ,7im Eu @not
Tou ,7im Tu/Voi @no!i/@nota!i
Ue ,7im Noi @not#
T-eH ,7im Ei /Ele @noat
<e ,Vim, El @noat
S-e ,7im, Ea @noat
It ,7im El/Ea @noat
CneutruD
(3;363 Pronun2area i ortogra+ierea ter#ina!iei .CeD, la &er,oana aIII.a ,ingular &re?int
a"elea$i "ara"teri,ti"i "a $i ter#ina!ia %e &lural .CeD, a ,u2,tanti/elor:
:#e&, ,e &ronun!:
W,X %u& "on,oane ,ur%e: e thinks WYt,YiYnY=,X3
W?X %u& "on,oane ,onore $i /o"ale: e stu#ies WZ,tYaY%i?X3 e runs WrYaYn?X3
Wi?X %u& "on,oane ,i2ilante: S-e Va,-e, WZYVYoY$Yi?X
Ver2ele ,aH $i %o au la &er,oana a III.a ,ingular o &ronun!are %eo,e2it 0a! %e "elelalte
&er,oane:
I ,aH W,aiX . -e ,aH, W,e?X5 I %o W%u:X . -e %oe, W%YaY?X3
pag: 0/0
Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al ortogra0iei> #aAoritatea /er2elor a%aug ., 5a &er,oana a III.a ,ingular:
<e Val=,3 S-e ,ee,3
Ii,inen!a %e/ine .e, "Bn% /er2ul ,e ter#in @n ,> 1> ?> ,-> "-> t"- ,au o:
S-e Vat"-e,3 It 2u??e,3 <e goe,3
Ver2ele ter#inate @n .H &re"e%at %e "on,oan> ,"-i#2 H @n i $i a%aug .e,: I trH . -e trie,3
*'9'8' ntrebuin2are' Fre?entul ,i#&lu are #ai #ulte @ntre2uin!ri:
(D Fre?entul generi" CGeneri" Si#&le Fre,entD e1&ri# a"!iuni generale "are au lo" @ntr.un
inter/al %e ti#& ne,&e"i0i"at> %ar "are in"lu%e #o#entul /or2irii:
T-e Eart- #o/e, roun% t-e Sun3 Bir%, 0lH3 T-ree an% t-ree #a=e ,i13
A%/er2ele %e 0re"/en! ti&i"e &entru &ro&o?i!iile generi"e ,unt: alVaH,> ne/er> regularlH> e/er:
Uoo% alVaH, 0loat, on Vater3
+D Fre?entul ,i#&lu e,te 0olo,it &entru a"!iuni o2i$nuite> re&etate C<a2itual Si#&le Fre,entD> "are
au lo" @ntr.o &erioa% %e ti#& general ,au ,&e"i0i"> #en!ionat &rin a%/er2e ,au lo"u!iuni a%/er2iale %e
ti#& "a: on Mon%aH,> in ,u##er> e/erH %aH ,au a%/er2e ,au lo"u!iuni a%/er2iale %e 0re"/en! "a: o0ten>
0re[uentlH> ,el%o#> rarelH> o""a,ionallH> ,o#eti#e,> on"e a Vee=/#ont-/Hear: I go to ,"-ool e/erH %aH3 I
u,uallH Vat"- TV in t-e e/ening3
Not: Fre?entul ,i#&lu %e,e#nBn% a"!iuni re&etate e,te a&ro&iat %e &re?entul generi" %eoare"e
ni"i el nu in%i/i%uali?ea? e/eni#entele ,au ,&e"i0i" #o#entul a"!iunii3 Ieo,e2irea @ntre "ele %ou
0olo,iri ale &re?entului ,i#&lu e,te ur#toarea: @n &ro&o?i!ii "are "on!in a"!iuni re&etate ,u2ie"tul e,te
in%i/i%uali?at> &e "Bn% @n "ele generi"e ,u2ie"tul e,te general: I go ,=iing in Vinter3 Uater 2oil, al (99
Centigra%e3 A %o"tor Vor=, -ar%3
6D Fre?entul in,tantaneu CIn,tantaneou, Si#&le Fre,entD ,e re0er la a"!iuni "are ,unt /?ute "a
a/Bn% lo" @n @ntregi#e @n #o#entul /or2irii3 A"ea,t @ntre2uin!are a &re?entului ,i#&lu ,e @ntBlne$te @n:
aD "o#entarii: T-e goal.=ee&er #i,,e, t-e 2all an% one #ore goal i, ,"ore%3 Fortarul nu &rin%e
#ingea $i ,e #ar"-ea? @n" un gol3
2D %e#on,tra!ii: I noV #i1 t-e 2utter Vit- t-e "o"oa3 A"u# a#e,te" untul "u "a"ao3
"D e1"la#a!ii: <ere "o#e, our tea"-er! Iat C"D /ine &ro0e,orul no,tru!
:D Solo,irea &re?entului ,i#&lu "u alte /alori te#&orale
AD Fre?entul "u /aloare %e /iitor e,te @ntre2uin!at @n &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&ale:
aD &entru e1&ri#area %atei: To#orroV i, Ie"e#2er +(,t3 MBine e,te +( %e"e#2rie3 To#orroV i,
Satur%aH3 MBine e,te ,B#2t3
2D &entru re%area unor a"!iuni &lani0i"ate> unor aranAa#ente &entru /iitor> "on0or# unui orar ,au
&rogra# ,ta2ilit C%e e1e#&lu @n e1"ur,ii organi?ateD> #ai ale, "u /er2e %e #i$"are "a: go> "o#e> lea/e>
return ,au /er2e "a 2egin> ,tart> en%> 0ini,-:
Ue lea/e Bu"-are,t at eig-t3 Ue arri/e in Fre%eal at ten3 Fle"a# %in Bu"ure$ti la ora *3 So,i# la
Fre%eal la ora (93
pag: 0//
BD Fre?entul "u /aloare %e /iitor e,te @ntre2uin!at $i @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate:
aD %e ti#&> intro%u,e @n V-en> a0ter> 2e0ore> a, ,oon a,:
UeQll get -o#e 2e0ore it get, %ar=3 Vo# aAunge a"a, @nainte , ,e @ntune"e3
2D "on%i!ionale> intro%u,e %e i0> unle,,> &ro/i%e%> in "a,e:
I0 it rain, on Sun%aH> IQll re&air #H 2i"H"le3 Ia" o , &lou %u#ini"> a# ,.#i re&ar 2i"i"leta3
CD Fre?entul "u /aloare %e tre"ut ,e 0olo,e$te:
aD @n nara!iuni> &entru @n/iorarea &o/e,tirii C&re?entul i,tori"D:
4ne %aH> t-e little 2oH goe, to t-e Voo%,3 T-ere -e 0in%, a 2urie% trea,ure3
2D "u /er2e "a tell> -ear> learn> Vrite> &entru a ,u2linia e0e"tul &re?ent al unei "o#uni"ri tre"ute:
<e tell, #e t-at -a/e Von t-e "o#&etition3 E#i ,&une " ai "B$tigat "on"ur,ul3
*';' Timplul trecut ,implu #Pa,t Ten,e 6imple&<
*';'*' 5e+ini2ie' Fa,t Ten,e> a,&e"tul ,i#&lu> %e,e#nea? un e/eni#ent %e0init "are a a/ut lo" &e
a1a tre"utului Ce/eni#entul e,te a#intit @n #o#entul &re?entD3
*';'.' !orm1' Mar"a ti#&ului Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu e,te> la /er2ele regulate> .e%: Ue li,tene% to t-e
"on"ert la,t nig-t3 A# a,"ultat "on"ertul a,ear3
*';'4' Pronun2area i ortogra+ierea ter#ina!iei .e% e,te @n 0un"!ie %e ter#ina!ia in0initi/ului3
.e% ,e &ronun!:
aD W%X "Bn% /er2ele ,e ter#in @n /o"al ,au "on,oan ,onor W2>g>l>#>n>/>?>%?>Y%AYX: &laH .
&laHe% W&lei%X5 arri/e% WYYQrai/%X5
2D WtX "Bn% /er2ele ,e ter#in @n "on,oan ,ur% W0>=>&>,>Y$Y>tY$YX li=e . li=e% Wlai=tX> "ro,, .
"ro,,e% W=rYoY,tX5
"D Wi%X "Bn% /er2ele ,e ter#in @n .t ,au .%: Vant . Vante% WZVYoYnti%X5 no% . no%%e% WZnYoY%i%X5
Farti"ularit!i ortogra0i"e ale ter#ina!iei .e%:
aD "on,oana 0inal a 0or#ei %e in0initi/ ,e %u2lea? "Bn% /o"ala "are o &re"e%e e,te ,"urt $i
a""entuat: ,to& . ,to&&e%5 &re0er . &re0erre%3
Not:
(3 Con,oana 0inal ,e %u2lea? la "Bte/a /er2e> %e$i ,ila2a 0inal nu e,te a""entuat: =i%na& .
=i%na&&e%5 -an%i"a& . -an%i"a&&e%5 Vor,-i& . Vor,-i&&e%5 iar la /er2e ter#inate @n i"> O" ,e %u2lea? @n
"=: &i"ni" . &i"ni"=e%3
+3 En engle?a 2ritani"> /er2ele ter#inate @n .l %u2lea? a"ea,t "on,oan> in%i0erent %e a""ent:
"ontrol . "ontrolle%5 tra/el . tra/elle%3
pag: 0/0
63 En /arianta a#eri"an a li#2ii engle?e> .l ,e %u2lea? nu#ai %a" ulti#a ,ila2 e,te a""entuat:
"ontrolle%> %ar: tra/ele%3
2D /er2ele ter#inate @n .H &re"e%at %e "on,oan @l ,"-i#2 @n .i: ,tu%H . ,tu%ie%5
"D /er2ele ter#inate @n .e a%aug %oar .%: #o/e . #o/e%3
*';'83 En "eea "e &ri/e$te /er2ele neregulate> a"e,tea au 0o,t @#&r!ite @n $a&te gru&e> @n 0un"!ie
%e &ronun!area in0initi/ului> a 0or#ei %e Fa,te Ten,e $i a &arti"i&iului tre"ut:
(3 /er2e %e ti&ul:
2urn.2urnt.2urnt
learn.learnt.learnt
len%.lent.lent
,&en%.,&ent.,&ent
+3 "ree&."re&t."re&t
lea/e.le0t.le0t
2uH.2oug-t.2oug-t
"at"-."aug-t."aug-t
63 "a,t."a,t."a,t
-it.-it.-it
,-ut.,-ut.,-ut
Vet.Vet.Vet
:3 #eet.#et.#et
-ang.-ung.-ung
Vin.Von.Von
,it.,at.,at
;3 #oV.#oVe%.#oVn/#oVe%
,oV.,oVe%.,oVn/,oVe%
,Vell.,Velle%.,Vollen/,Velle%
73 Vear.Vore.Vorn
groV.greV.groVn
gi/e.ga/e.gi/en
Vrite.Vrote.Vritten
83 2egin.2egan.2egun
,ing.,ang.,ung
"o#e."a#e."o#e
go.Vent.gone
Not:
En 0un"!ie %e 0or#ele &e "are le au /er2ele la Fa,t Ten,e $i la &arti"i&iul tre"ut> ele ,e @#&art @n
/er2e regulate $i /er2e neregulate3
Ver2ele regulate 0or#ea? Fa,t Ten,e $i &arti"i&iul tre"ut &rin a%ugarea ter#ina!iei .CeD% la
0or#a %e in0initi/: li,ten Ca a,"ultaD . litene% Ca a,"ultatD . li,tene% Ca,"ultatD3
Ver2ele neregulate ,unt "ele "are au 0or#e %eo,e2ite &entru in0initi/> Fa,t Ten,e $i &arti"i&iul
tre"ut> "are tre2uie @n/!ate &e %ina0ar3
pag: 0/3
Verbe neregulate
In+ini ti 3 Pa, t Ten, e Parti ci pi u
trecut
Tra/uc er e a
in+i ni ti 3ul ui
ari,e aro, e ari,en a ,e ri%i"a
CaDVa=eC nD CaDVo=e CaDVo=en a ,e tre?i
2e Va, 2een a 0i
2ear 2ore 2orne a &urt a
2eat 2eat 2eat en a 2at e
2e"o#e 2e"a#e 2e"o#e a %e/eni
2egi n 2egan 2egun a @n"e&e
2en% 2ent 2ent a ,e @n%oi
2i% 2i% 2i% a ruga> a
&orun"i
2in% 2oun% 2oun% a lega
2it e 2it 2itt en a #u$"a
2lee% 2le% 2le% a ,Bnger a
2loV 2leV 2loVn a ,u0la> a
2at e
2rea= 2ro=e 2ro=en a ,&arge
2ree% 2re% 2re% a "re$t e> a
e%u"a
2ring 2roug-t 2roug-t a a%u"e
2uil% 2uilt 2uilt a "on,t rui
2urn 2urnt 2urnt a ar%e
2ur,t 2ur,t 2ur,t a i?2u"ni> a
n/li> a
"r&a
2uH 2oug-t 2oug-t a "u#&r a
"a,t "a,t "a,t a arun"a
"at "- "aug-t "aug-t a &rin%e
"-oo, e "-o,e "-o,en a alege
"ling "lung "lung a ,e ag! a
"o#e "a#e "o#e a /eni
"o,t "o,t "o,t a "o,t a
"ree& "re&t "re&t a ,e tBr@> a
,e 0uri$a
"ut "ut "ut a tia
%eal %eal t %ealt a trat a> a ,e
o"u&a %e
%ig %ug %ug a ,&a
%o %i% %one a 0a"e
%raV %reV %raVn a trage> a
%e, ena
%rea# %rea#t %rea#t a /i,a
%rin= %ran= %run= a 2ea
%ri/e %ro/e %ri/en a $o0a> a
#Bna
%Vell %Velt %Velt a lo"ui
eat at e eat en a #Bn"a
0all 0ell 0allen a "%ea
0ee% 0e% 0e% a -rni
0eel 0elt 0elt a C,eD ,i#!i
0ig-t 0oug-t 0oug-t a C,eD lu&t a
0in% 0oun% 0oun% a g,i
0lee 0le% 0le% a 0ugi> a ,e
re0ugi a
0ling 0lung 0lung a arun"a
0lH 0leV 0loVn a ?2ur a
0or2i% 0or2a% 0or2i%%en a inter?i"e
0orget 0orgot 0orgot t en a uita
0orgi/e 0orga/e 0orgi/en a iert a
0ree?e 0ro?e 0ro?en a @ng-e! a
get got got a &ri#i> a
o2!ine
gi/e ga/e gi/en a %a
go Vent gone a #er ge
grin% groun% groun% a #"i na
groV greV groVn a "re$t e
-ang -ung -ung a at Br na
-a/e -a% -a% a a/ea
-ear -ear % -ear % a au?i
-i%e -i% -i%%en a C,eD
a,"un%e
-it -it -it a lo/i
-ol% -el% -el% a !ine
-urt -urt -urt a lo/i> a rni>
a %urea
=ee& =e&t =e&t a !ine> a
&,t r a
=neel =nelt =nelt a
@ngenun"-i a
=nit =nit =nit a tri"ot a
=noV =neV =noVn a $ti> a
"unoa$ t e
laH lai% lai% a &une> a
a$e?a
lea% le% le% a "on%u"e
lean leant leant a ,e a&l e"a>
a ,e ,&riAini
lea& lea&t lea&t a ,ri
learn learnt learnt a @n/! a
lea/e le0t le0t a &le"a> a
l,a
len% lent lent a %a "u
@#&ru#ut
let let let a l,a> a
&er #i t e
lig-t lit lit a a&rin%e
lie laH lain a ?"ea> a ,e
a0la
lo,e lo,t lo,t a &ier%e
#a=e #a%e #a%e a 0a"e
#ean #eant #eant a @n,e#na
#oV #oVe% #oVe%> #oV
n
a "o,i
&aH &ai% &ai% a &lti
&ut &ut &ut a &une
rea% rea% rea% a "iti
ri% ri% ri% a ,"&a %e>
a ,e
%e,"ot or o,i
ri%e ro%e ri%%en a "lri
ring rang rung a ,una
ri,e ro,e ri,en a r,ri> a ,e
ri%i"a
run ran run a 0ugi
,aV ,aVe% ,aVn> , aVe% a tia "u
0ier,t r ul
,aH ,ai% ,ai% a ,&une
,ee ,aV ,een a /e%ea
,ee= ,oug-t ,oug-t a "ut a
,ell ,ol% ,ol% a /in%e
,en% ,ent ,ent a tri#it e
,et ,et ,et a &une
,eV ,eVe% ,eVn/ , eVe% a "oa, e
,-a=e ,-oo= ,-a=en a ,"ut ur a> a
tre#ur a
,-ear ,-ear e% ,-orn/ ,-e ar
e%
a tun%e oi
,-e% ,-e% ,-e% a /r,a
Cla"ri #i>
,BngeD
,-ine ,-one ,-one a ,trl u"i
,-oe ,-o% ,-o% a &ot"o/i
,-oot ,-ot ,-ot a @#&u$"a
,-oV ,-oVe% ,-oVn a art a
,-rin= ,-ran= ,-run= a ,e ,trBnge>
a ,e ,"oroAi
,-ut ,-ut ,-ut a @n"-i%e
,ing ,ang ,ung a "Bnt a
,in= ,an= ,un= a C,eD
,"u0un%a
,it ,at ,at a $e%ea
,laH ,leV ,lain a u"i%e
,lee& ,le&t ,le&t a %or#i
,ling ,lung ,lung a arun"a
,lit ,lit ,lit a C,eD "r&a
,#ell ,#el t ,#el t a #iro,i
,oV ,oVe% ,oVn a ,e#na
,&ea= ,&o=e ,&o=en a /or2i
,&ee% ,&e% ,&e% a gr2i> a
a""el er a
,&ell ,&elt ,&elt a ortogr a0i a
,&en% ,&ent ,&ent a "-elt ui> a
&etr e"e
,&ill ,&ilt ,&ilt a /r,a
,&in ,&un ,&un a toar"e
,&it ,&at ,&at a ,"ui&a
,&lit ,&lit ,&lit a %e,&i"a
,&oil ,&olit ,&oilt a r,0! a
,&rea% ,&rea% ,&rea% a C,eD
@ntin%e
,&ring ,&rang ,&rung a i?/or@> a
,ri
,t an% ,too% ,too% a ,t a C@n
&i"ioar eD
,t eal ,tol e ,tolen a 0ura> a ,e
0uri$a
,ti"= ,tu"= ,tu"= a li&i
,ting ,tung ,tung a @n!e&a
,tin= ,tun= ,tun= a #iro,i urBt
,treV ,treVe% ,treVn a &re, r a
,tri%e ,tro%e ,tro%e a #er ge "u
&a$i #ari
,tri=e ,tru"= ,tru"= a lo/i
,tring ,trung ,trung a @n$ira C&e o
a! aD
,tri/e ,tro/e ,tri/en a n?ui
,Veat ,Veat ,Veat a tran,&ir a
,Vear ,Vore ,Vorn a Aura> a
@nAura
,Vee& ,Ve&t ,Ve&t a #t ur a
,Vell ,Velle% ,Vollen a ,e u#0l a
,Vi# ,Va# ,Vu# a @not a
,Ving ,Vang ,Vung a legna
ta=e too= ta=en a lua
tea"- taug-t taug-t a @n/! a> a
&re%a
tear tore torn a ru&e> a
,0B$i a
tell tol% tol% a ,&une> a
&o/e,ti
t-in= t-oug-t t-oug-t a C,eD gBn%i
t-ri/e t-ro/e t-ri/en a &ro,&er a
t-roV t-reV t-roVn a arun"a
t-ru,t t-ru,t t-ru,t a @n0ige
trea% tro% tro%%en a "l"a
un%er , t an% un%er ,t oo% un%er , t oo% a @n!el ege
Vear Vore Vorn a &urt a
Vea/e Vo/e Vo/en a !e,e
Ve% Ve% Ve% a C,eD
"ununa
Vee& Ve&t Ve&t a &lBnge
Vet Vet Vet a u%a
Vin Von Von a "B$ti ga
Vin% Voun% Voun% a r,u"i
Vring Vrung Vrung a ,toar"e
Vrite Vrot e Vritt en a ,"rie
pag: 0/6
(373;3 Entre2uin!are3 Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu e,te 0olo,it &entru a e1&ri#a:
(D o a"!iune ,/Br$it $i @n"-eiat @ntr.un #o#ent tre"ut:
aD Mo#entul @n "are a a/ut lo" a"!iunea e,te %e o2i"ei #en!ionat &rin a%/er2e %e ti#& "a: tVo
-our, ago Ca"u# %ou oreD> He,ter%aH CieriD> la,t Vee= C,&t#Bna tre"utD> in ()89 C@n ()89D et"3: I
Vent to t-e o&era la,t nig-t3 A# 0o,t la o&er a,ear3
Ie,&re a"e,t #o#ent ,e &ot "ere in0or#a!ii &rin @ntre2ri @n"e&Bn% "u V-en> V-at ti#e> -oV
long ago:
U-en %i% Hou "all on -i# \ CBn% ai tre"ut &e la el\
U-at ti#e %i% Hou "all on -i# \ La "e or ai tre"ut &e la el\
<oV long ago %i% Hou "all on -i# \ Cu "Bt /re#e @n ur# ai tre"ut &e la el\
I "alle% on -i# He,ter%aH A# tre"ut &e la el ieri
I "alle% on -i# at 0i/e oQ"lo"= A# tre"ut &e la el la ora ;
I "alle% on -i# a 0eV %aH, ago A# tre"ut &e la el a"u# "Bte/a ?ile
2D A"!iunea e,te ,/Br$it $i @n"-eiat @ntr.un anu#e #o#ent tre"ut> "-iar %a" a"e,ta nu e,te
#en!ionat> el &utBn% 0i %e%u, %in "onte1t3 CEn ,"-i#2 ,e &oate ,&e"i0i"a lo"ul a"!iuniiD: <e ,-oo= -i,
-ea% an% ,ai% no3 I%u %in "a& %e?a&ro2ator $i ,&u,e nu3 I #et -i# out,i%e #u,eu#3 M.a# @ntBlnit "u
el @n 0a!a #u?eului3
"D A"!iunea e,te ,/Br$it $i @n"-eiat @ntr.un #o#ent tre"ut "are e,te &re"i?at "a re?ultat al unei
@ntre2ri $i unui r,&un, la Fre,ent Fer0e"t3 A: <a/e Hou ,een t-i, 0il#\ B:Te,> I -a/e3 I ,aV it la,t Vee=3
A:Ai /?ut a"e,t 0il#\ B: Ia> l.a# /?ut3 L.a# /?ut ,&t#Bna tre"ut3
Not: En a"e,t "onte1t C"D> Fa,t Ten,e are o 0un"!ie ana0ori"> re0erin%u.,e la un e/eni#ent %eAa
intro%u, @n /or2ire $i %e"i "uno,"ut: I -a/e 2een to Con,tan!a3 I /i,ite% t-e A[uariu# an% Val=e% %oVn
t-e &ier3
pag: 0/7
+D o a"!iune re&etat @n tre"ut> "are ,e tra%u"e %e o2i"ei &rin i#&er0e"t @n li#2a ro#Bn: I o0ten
/i,ite% -i#3 El /i?ita# a%e,ea3
Not: (3 4 a"!iune re&etat @n tre"ut ,e #ai &oate e1&ri#a $i "u aAutorul /er2ului #o%al Voul%
C"u /aloare ]0re"/entati/^D _ in0initi/> a"ea,t "on,tru"!ie 0iin% "ara"teri,ti" li#2ii literare: <e Voul%
,it 0or -our, in 0ront o0 -i, -ou,e> loo=ing at t-e ,tar,3 Sttea / o2i$nuia , ,tea ore @n $ir @n 0a!a "a,ei
&ri/in% ,telele3
En /or2irea "urent ,e 0olo,e$te u,e% to _ in0initi/: <e u,e% to ,it 0or -our, in 0ro# o0 -i, -ou,e3
42i$nuia , ,tea ore @n $ir @n 0a!a "a,ei3
+3 Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu nu ,e 0olo,e$te ni"io%at "u /aloare generi" ,au in,tantanee> "a Fre,ent
Ten,e ,i#&lu3
63 Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu &oate 0i 0olo,it $i "u alte /alori te#&orale:
aD "u /aloare %e #ai #ult "a &er0e"t CFa,t Fer0e"tD> &entru re%area unor a"!iuni ,u""e,i/e @n
tre"ut> @n ,&e"ial @n &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& intro%u,e %e V-en> a0ter et"3:
<e Vent out to &laH a0ter -e 0ini,-e% -i, -o#eVor=3
I ,aV -i# 2e0ore -e ,aV #e3
A"ea,t 0olo,ire a lui Fa,t Ten,e e,te "ara"teri,ti" /er2elor "are e1&ri# a"!iuni Ca"ti/itH /er2,D:
<e a%%re,,e% an% ,eale% t-e en/elo&e,3
2D "u /aloare %e &re?ent> &entru a e1&ri#a o rug#inte &oliti"oa, &rin /er2e "a Vi,-> Vant>
Von%er> li=e> inten%: I Von%ere% i0 Hou "oul% len% #e t-i, 2oo=3 M @ntre2a# %a" a!i &utea ,.#i
@#&ru#uta!i "artea3
"D "u /aloare %e &re?ent> @n /or2irea in%ire"t> %a" /er2ul %in &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al e,te la un
ti#& tre"ut:
<e tol% #e -e Va, ill3
%D "u /aloare %e /iitor> @n &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#&> %a" /er2ul %in &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al
e,te la un ti#& tre"ut:
<e tol% #e -e Voul% ,-oV #e t-e &-oto, V-en -e "a#e3 Mi.a ,&u, ".#i /a arta 0otogra0iile
"Bn% /a /eni3
*';';' Tra/ucerea lui Pa,t Ten,e
En li#2a ro#Bn> Fa,t Ten,e ,e tra%u"e:
(D @n &ro&o?i!iile &rin"i&ale ,au in%e&en%ente> &rin:
aD &er0e"tul "o#&u, C%e o2i"ei la &er,oana I $i a II.aD $i &er0e"tul ,i#&lu Ca&roa&e e1"li,i/ la
&er,oana a III.aD> "Bn% Fa,t Ten,e e1&ri# o a"!iune tre"ut @n"-eiat> @n,o!it ,au nu %e &erioa%a %e
ti#&:
I lo,t #H u#2rella He,ter%aH3 Mi.a# &ier%ut u#2rela ieri3
I lo,t #H u#2rella a 0eV %aH, ago3 Mi.a# &ier%ut u#2rela a"u# "Bte/a ?ile3
I lo,t #H u#2rella la,t Vee=3 Mi.a# &ier%ut u#2rela ,&t#Bna tre"ut3
<e ,ai% goo%2He an% le0t3 S&u,e la re/e%ere $i &le"3
2D i#&er0e"t> "Bn% Fa,t Ten,e e1&ri# o a"!iune re&etat @n tre"ut> %e o2i"ei @n,o!it %e a%/er2e
%e 0re"/en!:
S-e o0ten le0t -er Engle,- te1t2oo= at -o#e3
Ie,eori @$i uita #anualul %e engle? a"a,3
+D @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate &rin:
aD &re?ent> @n /or2irea in%ire"t C%u& un /er2 tre"utD:
<e tol% #e -e Va, ill3 Mi.a ,&u, " e,te 2olna/3
2D /iitor> @n &ro&o?i!iile te#&orale> "Bn% /er2ul %in &rin"i&al e,te la un ti#& tre"ut:
<e ,ai% -e Voul% 2ring #e t-e 2oo= V-en -e "a#e to #e &la"e3
Mi.a ,&u, ".#i /a a%u"e "artea "Bn% # /a /i?ita3
pag: 0/'
*'=' Per+ectul prezent #Pre,ent Per+ect&
*'='*' 5e+ini2ie' Fre,ent Fer0e"t %e,e#nea? un e/eni#ent /?ut %in &er,&e"ti/a a1ei &re?entului
anterior #o#entului /or2irii> %ar a "rui anterioritate nu e,te 0i1at> a/Bn% un "ara"ter ne%e0init:
IQ/e &ainte% a &i"ture3
*'='.' !orm1' En ,tru"tura 0or#ei Fre,ent Fer0e"t intr /er2ul au1iliar -a/e la &re?ent $i
&arti"i&iul tre"ut al /er2ului %e "onAugat:
I
Tou <a/e -ear% a noi,e3 A#/Ai/Au au?it un ?go#ot3
Ue Z/e
T-eH
<e
S-e -a, -ear% a noi,e3 A au?it un ?go#ot3
It Z,
(38363 Entre2uin!are3 (D Fre,ent Fer0e"t e,te 0olo,it> la 0el "a $i Fa,t Ten,e> &entru a %e,e#na un
e/eni#ent anterior #o#entului /or2irii3 Ieo,e2irea @ntre "ele %ou ti#&uri e,te @n a1a &e "are ,e
&la,ea? /or2itorul: a1a &re?entului CFre,ent Fer0e"tD ,au a1a tre"utului CFa,t Ten,eD5 $i @n natura
e/eni#entului %e,"ri,: aD ne%e0init CFre,ent Fer0e"tD $i 2D %e0init> uni" CFa,t Ten,eD:
aD IQ/e ,een MarH3
2D I ,aV -er at t-e "on0eren"e3
+D Solo,irea lui Fre,ent Fer0e"t e,te a,o"iat "u a%/er2e "are e1&ri# o &erioa% %e ti#&
%e,"-i,> neter#inat: to%aH> t-i, Vee=> t-i, #ont- et"3
IQ/e 2een to t-e t-eatre t-i, Vee=3
&e "Bn% 0olo,irea lui Fa,t Ten,e e,te a,o"iat "u a%/er2e "are e1&ri# o &erioa% %e ti#&
@n"-i,> ter#inat: I Vent to t-e t-eatre la,t Vee=3
6D Fre,ent Fer0e"t e,te uneori 0olo,it "u /aloare %e Fa,t Ten,e> &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune
,/Br$it @n tre"ut $i ter#inat re"ent ,au "-iar @naintea #o#entului /or2irii: <e -a, "o#e3 A ,o,it3
A"ea,t @ntre2uin!are a lui Fre,ent Fer0e"t e,te a%e,eori #ar"at %e a%/er2e %e ti#& "a Au,t
Cto"#aiD> alrea%H C%eAaD> u& to noV> ,o 0ar C&Bn a"u#D> latelH> re"entlH C@n ulti#a /re#eD: <e -a, Au,t
&-one%3 To"#ai a tele0onat3
Aten!ie! Cu a%/er2e "a to%aH> t-i, #orning> t-i, #ont-> t-i, Hear> re"entlH> ,e &oate 0olo,i 0ie
Fa,t Ten,e> 0ie Fre,ent Fer0e"t> @n 0un"!ie %e: aD "ara"terul a"!iunii C%e0init/ne%e0initD $i 2D al &erioa%ei %e
ti#& C@n"-eiat/ne@n"-eiatD:
aD Ii% Hou -ear Ion Voi"u &laH re"entlH \ Con a "ertain o""a,ionD3 <a/e Hou -ear% Ion Voi"u
&laH re"entlH \ Cin t-e near &a,t> not a long ti#e agoD3
2D Ii% Hou ,ee -i# t-i, #orning \ CNoV itQ, 0i/e oQ"lo= &3#3D3 <a/e Hou ,een -i# t-i, #orning\
CNoV itQ, (( a3#3D3
:D Fa,t Ten,e e,te 0olo,it &entru e/eni#ente "are au a/ut lo" @n tre"ut $i ai "ror autori nu #ai
e1i,t @n &re?ent> &e "Bn% la Fre,ent Fer0e"t> e/eni#entele au a/ut lo" @n tre"ut> %ar autorii ,au e0e"tele
e/eni#entelor #ai e1i,t $i @n &re?ent:
Fa,t Ten,e
Marin Fre%a Vrote ,e/eral no/el, an% ,-ort ,torie,3
CMarin Fre%a i, %ea%D3
Ii% Hou ,ee t-e e1-i2ition\
CT-e e1-i2ition i, "lo,e% noVD3
Jo-n inAure% -i, ar#3
CIt %oe, not -urt -i# anH longerD3
Fre,ent Fer0e"t
Eugen Bar2u -a, Vritten ,e/eral no/el, an% ,-ort ,torie,3
CEugen Bar2u i, ali/eD3
<a/e Hou ,een t-e e1-i2ition\
CT-e e1-i2ition i, ,till o&enD3
Jo-n -a, inAure% -i, ar#3
CIt ,till -urt, -i#D3
pag: 0/.
;D Fre,ent Fer0e"t e,te 0olo,it $i &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune @n"e&ut @n tre"ut $i "are "ontinu $i
@n #o#entul /or2irii3 Co#&linirile a%/er2iale %e ti#& "ara"teri,ti"e &entru a"ea,t @ntre2uin!are ,unt "ele
in%i"Bn%:
aD lungi#ea &erioa%ei %e ti#&: 0or a long ti#e C%e #ult /re#eD> 0or ten #inute, C%e (9 #inuteD>
0or tVo %aH, C%e %ou ?ileD et"3 <e -a, 2een -ere 0or -al0 an -our3
Not: Fre&o?i!ia 0or &oate 0i o#i, @n /or2ire: <e -a, li/e% in Bu"-are,t ten Hear,3
2D @n"e&utul &erioa%ei %e ti#&: ,in"e He,ter%aH C%e ieriD> ,in"e Ie"e#2er C%in Ie"e#2rieD> ,in"e
Hou "a#e C%e "Bn% ai /enitD et"3 <e -a, ,tu%ie% Engli,- ,in"e t-e 2eginning o0 t-e ,"-ool Hear3 Stu%ia?
engle?a %e la @n"e&utul anului $"olar3
Ferioa%a %e ti#& re%at &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie te#&oral intro%u, %e ,in"e &oate 0i e1&ri#at:
aD &rintr.un /er2 la Fa,t Ten,e> "Bn% ,e ,&e"i0i" #o#entul ini!ial al &erioa%ei:
I Va, 2orn3
IQ/e li/e% in Bu"-are,t ,in"e #H &arent, "a#e to li/e -ere3
I la,t #et Hou3
2D &rintr.un /er2 la Fre,ent Fer0e"t> "Bn% "ele %ou a"!iuni ,unt &aralele: It -a,nQt ,to&&e%
raining ,in"e IQ/e 2een in t-i, toVn3 I -a/e ne/er "o#e a"ro,, #H 0rien%, ,in"e IQ/e ,taHe% in t-i, -otel3
Aten!ie!
Ieter#inarea 0or333/,in"e333 e,te o2ligatorie &entru a"ea,t @ntre2uin!are a &er0e"tului &re?ent3
Solo,irea lui Fre,ent Fer0e"t Si#&le 0r %eter#inarea te#&oral "u 0or/,in"e333 ,e re0er la o a"!iune
@n"-eiat C/e?i @ntre2uin!rile (>+>:>7D $i nu la una "are "ontinu $i @n #o#entul /or2irii: <e -a, li/e% in
Bu"-are,t C,o#e ti#e in -i, li0e5 -e #aH li/e t-ere again> 2ut -e i, not li/ing t-ere noVD3 A lo"uit @n
Bu"ure$ti C"Bn%/a @n /ia!a lui5 &oate /a #ai lo"ui a"olo> %ar nu lo"uie$te @n Bu"ure$ti @n #o#entul %e
0a!D3 <e -a, ,tu%ie% Engle,- C,o#e ti#e in t-e &a,t> ,o t-e =noV, it> 2ut -e i, not ,tu%Hing it noVD3 A
,tu%iat engle?a C"Bn%/a @n tre"ut> a$a " o $tie> %ar nu ,tu%ia? engle?a a"u#D3
Not: Ii0eren!a @ntre "ele %ou @ntre2uin!ri reie,e $i %in #o%ul @n "are ,e tra%u" @n li#2a
ro#Bn: a"!iunea "are "ontinu $i @n #o#entul /or2irii . &rin &re?ent> iar "ea @n"-eiat> &etre"ut @n
tre"ut @ntr.un #o#ent %e ti#& ne%e0init> %e"i ne,&e"i0i"at . &rin &er0e"tul "o#&u,: <e -a, ,taHe% in t-i,
-otel3 A ,tat @n a"e,t -otel3 <e -a, ,taHe% in t-i, -otel 0or a Vee=3 St @n a"e,t -otel %e o ,&t#Bn3
7D Fre,ent Fer0e"t &oate e1&ri#a o a"!iune "ara"teri,ti"> re&etat @n tre"ut> &re?ent $i &oate $i @n
/iitor: <e -a, &er0or#e% in &u2li"3 A inter&retat @n &u2li"3
A"ea,t @ntre2uin!are e,te #ar"at %e a%/er2e %e 0re"/en! "a: o0ten Ca%e,eaD> alVaH,
Ctot%eaunaD> ne/er Cni"io%atD> ,o#eti#e, CuneoriD et"3: <e -a, o0ten &er0or#e% in &u2li"3
8D En &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate te#&orale ,au "on%i!ionale> Fre,ent Fer0e"t e,te 0olo,it &entru a
re%a o a"!iune anterioar a"!iunii %in &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al> "Bn% a"ea,ta e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 la
i#&erati/> in%i"ati/ &re?ent ,au /iitor: Ring #e u& V-en Hou -a/e 0ini,-e%3 Tele0onea?.#i "Bn% ai
ter#inat3 <e Vill -el& #e i0 -e -a, 0ini,-e% -i, oVn Vor=3 M /a aAuta %a".$i /a 0i ter#inat trea2a lui3
pag: 000
*'>' Mai:mult:ca:per+ectul #Pa,t Per+ect Ten,e 6imple&
(3*3(3 Ie0ini!ie3 Fa,t Fer0e"t e,te un ti#& 0olo,it "Bn% /or2itorul ,e &la,ea? &,i-ologi" &e o a1
a tre"utului> &entru a %e,e#na un e/eni#ent anterior unui #o#ent ,au unui e/eni#ent tre"ut> "are e,te
a#intit @n #o#entul /or2irii:
I -a% 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo= 2H ten oQ"lo"= He,ter%aH3
2H t-e ti#e Hou "a#e3
(3*3+3 Sor#3 Mai.#ult."a.&er0e"tul ,e 0or#ea? %in 0or#a %e Fa,t Ten,e a /er2ului -a/e _
&arti"i&iul tre"ut al /er2ului %e "onAugat:
I -a% 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo= 2e0ore Hou "a#e3
IQ% 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo= 2e0ore Hou "a#e3
Ter#ina,e# "artea @nainte , /ii tu3
<e -a% alrea%H le0t 2H ten oQ"lo"=3 El &le"a,e %eAa la ora (93
(3*363 Entre2uin!are3 Mai.#ult."a.&er0e"tul e,te @ntre2uin!at &entru a e1&ri#a:
(D o a"!iune tre"ut> @n"-eiat @naintea unui #o#ent tre"ut: I -a% 0ini,-e% #H le,,on, 2H ten
oQ"lo"= He,ter%aH3 E#i ter#ina,e# le"!iile @nainte %e ora (9 ieri3
+D o a"!iune tre"ut> @n"-eiat @naintea altei a"!iuni tre"ute: U-en Iori, got to t-e t-eatre> t-e
,-oV -a% Calrea%HD ,tarte%3 CBn% a aAun, Iori, la teatru ,&e"ta"olul C%eAaD @n"e&u,e3 Mot-er -a% "oo=e%
t-e %inner 2H t-e ti#e 0at-er arri/e% -o#e3 Ma#a gti,e %eAa "ina "Bna a aAun, tata a"a,3
6D o a"!iune tre"ut> @n"-eiat i#e%iat @naintea unei alte a"!iuni tre"ute:
I -a% Au,t got into t-e "la,,roo# V-en t-e 2ell rang3 No ,ooner -a% I got into t-e "la,,roo# t-an
t-e 2ell rang3 To"#ai/%e.a2ia intra,e# @n "la, "Bn% a ,unat "lo&o!elul3
I -a% -ar%lH got into t-e "la,,roo# V-en t-e 2ell rang3 No ,ooner -a% I got into t-e "la,,roo#
t-an t-e 2ell rang3 To"#ai/%e.a2ia intra,e# @n "la, "Bn% a ,unat "lo&o!elul3
:D o a"!iune tre"ut> ,/Br$it @ntr.o &erioa% %e ti#& anterioar unei alte a"!iuni tre"ute> %ar
aAungBn% &Bn la a"ea,ta C"u "o#&liniri a%/er2iale @n"e&Bn% "u 0or ,au ,in"eD: <e -a% 2een in t-e
"la,,roo# 0or tVo #inute, V-en t-e tea"-er "a#e in3 Era @n "la, %e %ou #inute "Bn% a intrat
&ro0e,orul3 <e -a% li/e% in Bu"-are,t ,in"e ()8; V-en I #et -i#3 Lo"uia @n Bu"ure$ti %in ()8; "Bn% l.
a# "uno,"ut3
Not: (3 Mai.#ult."a.&er0e"tul e,te un ti#& utili?at #ai 0re"/ent @n li#2a engle? %e"Bt @n li#2a
ro#Bn &entru e1&ri#area anteriorit!ii3 CEn li#2a ro#Bn ,e 0olo,e$te a%e,eori &er0e"tul "o#&u, "u
/aloare %e #ai.#ult."a.&er0e"t: T-e &a,,enger, got out a, ,oon a, t-e train -a% ,to&&e%3 Fa,agerii au
"o2orBt @n%at "e ,.a o&rit trenulD3
+3 En li#2a engle? ,e &oate 0olo,i Fa,t Ten,e @n lo" %e Fa,t Fer0e"t @n ur#toarele ,itua!ii:
aD %u& "onAu"!ia a0ter> "are in%i" &rin ,en,ul ei ra&ortul %e anterioritate ne#ai0iin% ne"e,ar $i o
0or# /er2al ,&e"ial: T-e %ri/er ,tarte% t-e "ar a0ter -e "-e=e% t-e engine3 Go0erul &orni #a$ina %u&
"e /eri0i" #otorul3
pag: 00/
2D En &ro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onate te#&orale tran,0or#ate @n /or2ire in%ire"t "Bn% /er2ul %in
&rin"i&al e,te la un ti#& tre"ut: <e tol% #e -a% ,een a 2ear V-en -e Va, in t-e #ountain,3 Mi.a ,&u, "
a /?ut un ur, "Bn% a 0o,t la #unte3
63 En &ro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onate intro%u,e %e a0ter ,au until> 0olo,irea #ai.#ult."a.&er0e"tului> &rin
"ontra,t "u 0olo,irea lui Fa,t Ten,e> ,u2linia? ra&ortul %e anterioritate> 0a&tul " a"!iunea %in &rin"i&al
nu a a/ut lo" %e"Bt %u& "e a"!iunea %in ,u2or%onat a 0o,t @n"-eiat: T-e &u&il on %utH le0t t-e
"la,,roo# ASTER ,-e -a% turne% o00 t-e lig-t,3 Ele/a %e ,er/i"i a &r,it "la,a Cnu#aiD %u& "e a ,tin,
lu#ina3 T-e Vaiter %i%nQt ta=e t-e &late, aVaH UNTIL t-eH -a% 0ini,-e% t-eir %inner3 C-elnerul n.a
,trBn, 0ar0uriile &Bn n.au ter#inat #a,a3
Mai.#ult."a.&er0e"tul &oate 0i 0olo,it: ;D @n /or2irea in%ire"t> &entru a @nlo"ui Fre,ent Fer0e"t
,au Fa,t Ten,e> "Bn% /er2ul %in &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al e,te la un ti#& tre"ut:
To#: I -a/e ,&o=en to MarH a2out it3
I ,&o=e to -er la,t Vee=3
To# ,ai% -e -a% ,&o=en to MarH a2out it3
<e a%%e% -e -a% ,&o=en to -er t-e Vee= 2e0ore3
*'?' Mi@loace /e e-primare a 3iitorului'
E1i,t #ai #ulte &o,i2ilit!i %e re%are a i%eii %e ti#& /iitor @n li#2a engle?3
A' Viitorul ,implu #6$allABill !uture&
*'?'*' 5e+ini2ie' Viitorul ,i#&lu %e,e#nea? un e/eni#ent &o,terior 0a! %e #o#entul /or2irii3
*'?'.' !orm1
En ,tru"tura /iitorului ,i#&lu intr /er2ul au1iliar ,-all la &er,oana I ,ingular $i &lural> Vill la
&er,oana a II.a $i a III.a ,ingular $i &lural> $i in0initi/ul ,"urt al /er2ului %e "onAugat:
I ,-all go to t-e ,ea,i%e to#orroV3 Voi #erge la #are #Bine3
Ue ,-all go to t-e ,ea,i%e to#orroV3 Vo# #erge la #are #Bine3
Tou Vill go to t-e #ountain, ne1t Vee=3
<e Vill go to t-e #ountain, ne1t Vee=3
T-eH Vill go to t-e #ountain, ne1t Vee=3
Vei/Ve!i/Va/Vor #erge la #unte ,&t#Bna /iitoare3
En engle?a 2ritani" /or2it $i @n engle?a a#eri"an @n general ,e 0olo,e$te Vill $i la &er,oana I
,ingular $i &lural> 0r ni"i o ,"-i#2are %e ,en,:
I Vill go t-e ,ea,i%e to#orroV3 Voi #erge la #are #Bine3
Ue Vill go t-e ,ea,i%e to#orroV3 Vo# #erge la #are #Bine3
Sor#a "ontra, a /iitorului e,te Zll _ in0initi/ la toate &er,oanele: IQll go> <eQll go et"3
A"ea,t 0or# e,te @ntre2uin!at "u &re"%ere @n engle?a /or2it> #ai ale, "Bn% ,u2ie"tul e,te
e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e &er,onal3
pag: 000
*'?'4' ntrebuin2are3 (D Viitorul ,i#&lu e,te un /iitor &ur> in%i"Bn% %oar " a"!iunea are lo" @ntr.
un #o#ent /iitor> #ai a&ro&iat ,au a%e,eori #ai @n%e&rtat %e #o#entul /or2irii:
<eQll "o#e 2a"= to#orroV3 Se /a @ntoar"e #Bine3
<eQll "o#e 2a"= ne1t Hear3 Se /a @ntoar"e anul /iitor3
+D Viitorul ,i#&lu nu e,te %e o2i"ei @ntre2uin!at @n &ro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onate> 0iin% @nlo"uit %e
&re?e%ntul ,i#&lu: <e Vill "o#e V-en -e -a, ti#e3 Va /eni "Bn% /a a/ea ti#&3 Viitorul ,i#&lu a&are
%oar @n &ro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onate "o#&leti/e %ire"te ,au &re&o?i!ionale> %u& /er2ele t-in=> ,u&&o,e>
e1&e"t> 2elie/e> %ou2t> a,,u#e> -o&e> Von%er> 2e ,ure> 2e a0rai%> &entru a e1&ri#a o&iniile ,au
&re,u&uneriule /or2itorului %e,&re o a"!iune /iitoare: IQ# ,ure HouQll 0eel 2etter to#orroV3 Sunt ,igur "
te /ei ,i#!i #ai 2ine #Bine3
6D Viitorul ,i#&lu &oate 0i 0olo,it $i "u /alori #o%ale C&"t3 6.8D3
Viitorul ,i#&lu re&re?entat &rin Vill _ in0initi/> %e e1e#&lu> &oate 0i 0olo,it la &er,oana I
,ingurlar $i &lural> &entru a e1&ri#a:
aD nea""entuat> o inten!ie ne&re#e%itat> ,&ontan> a&rut @n #o#entul /or2irii: A: ItQ, -ot in
-ere3 B: IQll o&en t-e Vin%oV3 A: E "al ai"i3 B: A# ,/M %u" , %e,"-i% 0erea,tra3
2D a""entuat> -otrBrea> %eter#inarea %e a ,/Br$i a"!iunea: A: IonQt ,ell t-at %i"tionarH3 It i,
/erH goo%3 B: I Vill ,ell it> no #atter V-at Hou are ,aHing3 A: Nu /in%e %i"!ionarul> e 0oarte 2un3 B: A#
,.l /Bn%/,unt -otrBt ,.l /Bn% in%i0erent "e ,&ui3
:D Uill _ in0initi/ul &oate 0i 0olo,it $i "u /aloare %e &re?ent -a2itual C0re"/entati/D: E/erH Sun%aH
t-aH Vill go to t-e ,ea,i%e3 En 0ie"are %u#ini"
o2i$nuie," ,e %u" la #are3
o2i"eiul , ,e %u" la #are3
C-il%ren Vill 2e "-il%ren3 Co&iii tot "o&ii3
;D La 0or#a negati/> la &er,oana I $i a III.a ,ingular $i &lural> VonQt _ in0initi/ e1&ri#:
aD nea""entuat> re0u?ul: I VonQt go t-ere3 Nu /reau , # %u" a"olo3
2D a""entuat> re0u?ul a2,olut: I VonQt go t-ere3 Ni"i nu # gBn%e," , # %u" a"olo3
7D Uill _ in0initi/ e,te 0olo,it> la 0or#a interogati/> &entru a e1&ri#a:
aD o @ntre2are %e,&re o a"!iune /iitoare: Uill t-eH o&en t-e e1-i2ition to#orroV \ Vor %e,"-i%e
e1&o?i!ia ei #Bine \
2D o in/ita!ie Cla &er,oana a II.aD: Uill Hou "o#e in> &lea,e\ Vre!i , intra!i> / rog\
"D o rug#inte C%e a,e#enea la &er,oana a II.aD: Uill Hou -el& #e\ Te rog , # aAu!i3
8D La interogati/> S-all _ in0initi/ e1&ri#:
aD /iitorul ,i#&lu: S-all I 0in% t-e# at -o#e i0 I go noV\ A# ,.i g,e," a"a, %a" # %u"
a"u#\
2D ,oli"itarea unei o&inii: S-all I 2uH t-i, Vat"-\ S "u#&r a"e,t "ea,\
Iatorit @n #are &arte i#&li"a!iilor #o%ale &e "are le &re?int /iitorul ,i#&lu nu e,te 0re"/ent
0olo,it @n /or2irea "urent> 0iin% o 0or# "ara"teri,ti" li#2ii ,"ri,e Cli#2aAul Aurnali,ti"> e#i,iuni %e $tiri>
anun!uri o0i"iale> li#2aAul literar et"3D3 En /or2ire ,e &re0er /iitorul "u going to &entru e1&ri#area i%eii
%e /iitor a&ro&iat ,au /iitorul "ontinuu &entru re%area i%eii %e a"!iune neutr> o2i$nuit> @n %e,0$urarea
nor#al a e/eni#entelor /iitoare3
pag: 003
C& Ce about to D in+initi3
*'?'8' Be a2out to _ in0initi/ e1&ri# un /iitor i#e%iat: Ue are a2out to lea/e3 Sunte# &e
&un"tul %e a &le"a3
C& Ce to D in+initi3
*'?'9' Be to _ in0initi/ e1&ri#:
(D un aranAa#ent: I a# to #o/e -ou,e ,oon3 Ur#ea? , # #ut @n "urBn%3
+D un or%in: Tou are to return 2e0ore nig-t0all3 Tre2uie , / @ntoar"e!i @nainte %e "%erea no&!ii3
5& Viitorul cu going to #Going to : +uture&
*'?';' Viitorul "u going to ,e 0or#ea? "u aAutorul 0or#ei 2e going to la &re?ent> ur#at %e
in0initi/ul ,"urt al /er2ului %e "onAugat: I a# going to Vrite letter, to#orroV3 Voi ,"rie ,"ri,ori #Bine3
Tou are going to ,ee a 0il# to#orroV3
Ue are going to ,ee a 0il# to#orroV3
T-eH are going to ,ee a 0il# to#orroV3
<e i, going to &laH tenni, to#orroV3
S-e i, going to &laH tenni, to#orroV3
*'?'=' ntrebuin2are' Viitorul "u going to e,te @ntre2uin!at &entru a e1&ri#a:
(D o a"ti/itate /iitoare a&ro&iat %e #o#entul /or2irii C/e?i e1e#&lele %e #ai ,u,D3
Not1: Ver2ele go $i "o#e nu &ot 0i &re"e%ate %e going to3 Fentru a re%a i%eea %e /iitor a&ro&iat>
ele ,unt @ntre2uin!ate la &re?entul "ontinuu: U-ere are Hou going \ Un%e te %u"i\ <e i, "o#ing tonig-t3
El /ine %i,ear3
+D o a"ti/itate /iitoare "e /a a/ea lo" "a ur#are a unei inten!ii &re?ente: Ue are going to ,&en%
our -oli%aH in t-e #ountain,3 CUeQ/e alrea%H 2oo=e% a roo# in Foiana Bra$o/D3 A/e# %e
gBn%/Inten!ion# , ne &etre"e# /a"an!a la #unte3 CA# re?er/at %eAa o "a#er la Foiana Bra$o/D3
Not: 4 inten!ie ,&ontan> ne&re#e%itat> ,e e1&ri# "u aAutorul /er2ului au1iliar Vill _ in0initi/:
A: IQ# t-ir,tH3 C#i.e ,eteD3 B: I Vill 0et"- Hou a gla,, o0 Vater3 CM %u" ,.!i a%u" un &a-ar "u a&D3
C/e?i R(3)363 &"t36a3D3
63 o a"!iune /iitoare "are /a a/ea lo" "a re?ultat al unei "au?e &re?ente: ItQ, going to rain3 Loo=
at t-e "lou%,3 Cre% " o , &lou3/Are , &lou3 Uit.te la nori3
:D Viitorul "u going to nu e,te 0olo,it %e regul @n &ro&o?i!iile &rin"i&ale> "Bn% ele ,unt ur#ate %e
o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "on%i!ional ,au te#&oral C,e 0olo,e$te in0initi/ul "u ,-all/VillD3 Totu$i
a"ea,t 0or# &oate a&rea @n &ro&o?i!ii te#&orale> "Bn% /re# , ,u2linie# inten!ia /or2itorului: <e i,
going to 2e a &ilot V-en groV, u&3 Are %e gBn%/inten!ionea? , ,e 0a" &ilot "Bn% /a "re$te3
E& Prezentul continuu #Pre,ent Ten,e Continuou,&
*'?'>3 Fre?entul "ontinuu> 0or#at %in /er2ul 2e la &re?ent $i &arti"i&iul &re?ent C0or#a in .ingD a
/er2ului %e "onAugat> e,te 0olo,it &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune /iitoare "are a 0o,t &lani0i"at ,au &roie"tat
@ntr.un #o#ent &re?ent: Ue are lea/ing to#orroV3 CT-i, i, our &lanD3 Fle"# #Bine3 A"e,ta e,te &lanul
no,truD3
*'?'?' Fre?entul "ontinuu e1&ri#Bn% o a"!iune /iitoare e,te %e o2i"ei @n,o!it %e un a%/er2 %e ti#&
/iitor: Ue are -a/ing a #eeting at 6 oQ"lo"=/t-i, a0ternoon/later3 A/e#/Vo# a/ea $e%in! la ora 6/%u&
a#ia?/#ai tBr?iu3
pag: 001
!& Prezentul ,implu #6imple Pre,ent&
*'?'*(' Fre?entul ,i#&lu e1&ri#:
(D o a"!iune /iitoare %e0init> "are /a a/ea lo" "a &arte a unui &rogra# o0i"ial> orar ,ta2ilit et"3 :
T-e &lane ta=e, o00 at 8 &3#3 A/ionul %e"olea? la ora ()3993 Ter# ,tart, in Se&te#2er3 G"oala @n"e&e @n
,e&te#2rie3
+D o a"!iune /iitoare @n &ro&or!ii ,u2or%onate te#&orale $i "on%i!ionale C/e?i R(3;3:3 &"t3 :2D3
*'?'**' Aten!ie3 AtBt &re?entul "ontinuu "Bt $i "el ,i#&lu e1&ri# o a"!iune /iitoare "on0or# unui
&lan ,au aranAa#ent "Bn% ,unt 0olo,ite "u /er2e %e #i$"are "a go> lea/e> arri/e> "o#e et"3
Ieo,e2irea e,te ur#toarea: Uee are lea/ing tonig-t3 Fle"a# %i,ear3 CA"e,ta e,te &lanul no,tru
&er,onalD3 Ue lea/e tonig-t3 Fle"# %i,ear3 CA"e,ta e,te &rogra#ul o0i"ial> ,ta2ilit Cal e1"ur,iei et"3D3
G& Viitorul per+ect #!uture Per+ect 6imple&
*'?'*.' Ie0ini!ie3 Viitorul &er0e"t %e,e#nea? un e/eni#ent anterior unui #o#ent ,au e/eni#ent
"are e,te la rBn%ul ,u &o,terior #o#entului /or2irii3
*'?'*4' Sor#3 Viitorul &er0e"t "on!ine @n ,tru"tura ,a /iitorul ,i#&lu al /er2ului -a/e> ur#at %e
&arti"i&iul tre"ut al /er2ului %e "onAugat: I ,-alll/Vill -a/e %one #H -o#eVor= 2H t-e ti#e return3 E#i
/oi 0i 0"ut le"!iile &Bn te @ntor"i tu3
*'?'*8' Entre2uin!are3 Viitorul &er0e"t e,te 0olo,it &entru a e1&ri#a:
(D o a"!iune /iitoare "are /a a/ea lo" @naintea unui #o#ent /iitor: <e Vill -a/e 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo=
2H Mon%aH3 El /a 0i ter#inat "artea &Bn luni3
+D o a"!iune /iitoare "are /a a/ea lo" @naintea unei alte a"!iuni /iitoare:
<e Vill -a/e 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo= 2H t-e ti#e Hou "o#e 2a"= -o#e3 El /a 0i ter#inat "artea &Bn
"Bn% te @ntor"i tu a"a,3
6D o a"!iune /iitoare "are /a a/ea lo" @ntr.o &erioa% %e ti#& anterioar unei a"!iuni /iitoare> %ar
aAungBn% &Bn la a"ea,ta: <e Vill -a/e Vor=e% in t-i, 0a"torH 0or 0ortH Hear, V-en -e retire,3 Va 0i lu"rat
@n a"ea,t 0a2ri"a ti#& %e :9 %e ani "Bn% ,e /a &en,iona3
Not: Viitorul &er0e"t e,te o 0or# /er2al "ara"teri,ti" li#2ii ,"ri,e> 0iin% rar 0olo,it @n /or2irea
"urent3
*'?'*9' A"!iuni /iitoare %intr.o &er,&e"ti/ tre"ut3 E/eni#entele /iitoare ,unt &o,terioare
#o#entului /or2irii> "are e,te noV3 Iar e/eni#entele &ot 0i &o,terioare $i unui #o#ent tre"ut t-en> "are
e,te a#intit @n #o#entul /or2irii3 Ie &e a"ea,t a1 a tre"utului> &o,i2ilit!ile %e e1&ri#are a i%eii %e
/iitor ,unt ur#toarele:
(D V-oul% _ in0initi/3 CCon,tru"!ie &u!in 0re"/ent @n /or2irea "urent> "ara"teri,ti" ,tilului
narati/ literarD: T-e ti#e, Va, not 0ar o00 V-en -e Voul% reali?e -i, #i,ta=e3 Nu era %e&arte #o#entul
"Bn% @$i /a %a ,ea#a %e gre$eal3
+D 2e going to la Fa,t Ten,e _ in0initi/> a%e,ea "u ,en,ul %e inten!ie nereali?at: Tou Vere going
to in/ite #e to t-e "ine#a3 CBut Hou %i%nQtD3 Ur#a/Tre2uia , # in/i!i la "ine#a3 CIar n.ai 0"ut.oD3
6D Fa,t Ten,e a,&e"tul "ontinuu Ca"!iune "on0or# unui &lan> aranAa#entD: I Va, #eeting t-e# in
Tul"ea t-e ne1t %aH3 Ei @ntBlnea#/ur#a ,.i @ntBlne," @n Tul"ea a %oua ?i3
:D Be to la Fa,t Ten,e _ in0initi/ C"on,tru"`ie 0olo,it @n engle?a literar > "u ,en,ul %e ur#a ,5
]era aranAat^D: <e Va, to "-ange -i, #in% later3 T-e 0e,ti/al Va, to 2e -el% at t-e en% o0 ter#3
;D 2e a2out to la Fa,t ten,e _ in0initi/ C]a 0i &e &un"tul %e^D: S-e Va, a2out to "rH3
pag: 005
*'*(' A,pectul #A,pect&
*'*('*' Ie0ini!ie3 En li#2a engle? a,&e"tul e,te "ategoria gra#ati"al ,&e"i0i" /er2ului> "are ,e
re0er la 0elul @n "are e,te re&re?entat a"!iunea e1&ri#at %e /er2: "a a/Bn% %urat ,au nu> "a 0iin%
ter#inat ,au nu3
*'*('.' E1i,t %ou "ontra,te @n li#2a engle? : %urati/ . non.%urati/ C%enu#it %e o2i"ei
"ontinuu . non."ontinuuD $i &er0e"ti/ . non.&er0e"ti/3
En &ri#ul o&o?i!ia e,te @ntre o a"!iune "are are o anu#it %urat> e,te @n %e,0$urare @ntr.un
anu#it #o#ent ,au @ntr.o anu#it &erioa% %e ti#& $i e,te ra&ortat la #o#entul %e re0erin! noV> t-en
et"3 $i @ntre o a"!iune &entru "are o a,e#enea in0or#a!ie nu e,te i#&ortant3 Co#&ara!i:
Jo-n i, rea%ing an Engli,- neV,&a&er CnoVD3 Jo-n "ite$te un ?iar engle?e," Ca"u#D> "u:
Jo-n rea%, Engli,- neV,&a&er Ce/erH %aHD3 Jo-n "ite$te un ?iar engle?e," C@n 0ie"are ?iD3
En al %oilea a"!iunea e,te @ntre a"!iuni /?ute "a ter#inate @n #o#entul /or2irii: I -a/e rea% an
intere,ting arti"le on &ollution3 A# "itit un arti"ol intere,ant %e,&re &oluare3
$i @ntre a"!iuni %e,&re "are nu ,e % o a,e#enea in0or#a!ie: I -a/e 2een rea%ing ,in"e (9 oQ"lo"=3
*'*('4' Fentru a anali?a "ontra,tul %urati/ . non.%urati/ $i &er0e"ti/ . non.&er0e"ti/ @n li#2a
engle? tre2uie &ornit %e la ,en,ul le1i"al al /er2elorN:
AD Ver2e "are e1&ri# a"ti/it!i @n li#2a engle? Ca"ti/itH /er2,D ,unt %e %ou 0eluri:
. /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ Ce1&ri#Bn% a"!iuni a "ror ,/Br$ire ne"e,it o anu#it %urat %e
ti#&D: eat> %re,,> %rin=> rea%> Val= et"3
. /er2e %e a"ti/itate non.%urati/> "are e1&ri# a"!iuni #o#entane> 0r %urat> 0iin% @n"-eiate
a&roa&e @n a"ela$i ti#& "u e0e"tuarea lor: "at,-> -it> =i"=> ,la#> ,la&> ,na& et"3
Not: A%e,eori ,en,ul non.%urati/ al unor /er2e e,te ,e#nalat %e &re?en!a unor &arti"ule
a%/er2iale "a %oVn> out> u&> "are le %eo,e2e," %e /er2ele %e a"ti/itate %urati/3 Co#&ara!i:
,it . ,it %oVn
,tan% . ,tan% u&
%rin= . %rin= u&
&i"= . &i"= u&
La rBn%ul lor> /er2ele %e a"ti/itate %urati/ ,e @#&art @n:
. /er2e "are nu i#&li" ni"i un ,"o&: ru2> run> Val= et"3
. /er2e "are i#&li" atingerea unui ,"o&: iron a ,-irt> #a=e a %re,,> rea% a 2oo=> Vrite an e,,aH3
BD Fe lBng /er2ele "are %e0ine," a"ti/it!i C%urati/e ,au non.%urati/eD e1i,t $i /er2e "are
%enu#e," ,tri3 A"e,tea ,unt %urati/e> %eoare"e e1&ri# e1i,ten!a unor 0a&te &e o &erioa% @n%elungat
%e ti#&: 2e "le/er> 2e a2le> =noV -oV> e1i,t> li/e3
A,pect continuu #T$e Continuou, A,pect&
*'*('8' Sor#3 Ti#&urile a,&e"tului "ontinuu ,e 0or#ea? %intr.un ti#& al /er2ului 2e $i
&arti"i&iul &re?ent C0or#a @n .ingD a /er2ului %e "onAugat:
Fre,ent Continuou, : I a# rea%ing
Fa,t Continuou,: I Va, rea%ing
Fre,ent Fer0e"t Continuou,: I -a/e 2een rea%ing
Fa,t Fer0e"t Continuou,: I -a% 2een rea%ing
Suture Continuou,: I Vill 2e rea%ing
Suture Fer0e"t Continuou,: I Vill -a/e 2een rea%ing
pag: 006
(3(93;3 4rtogra0ia &arti"i&iului &re?ent %e&in%e %e 0or#a /er2ului la in0initi/:
aD "on,oana 0inal ,e %u2lea? %a" /o"ala "are o &re"e%e e ,"urt $i a""entuat:
,to& . ,to&&ing5 re0er . re0erring3
Not: En engle?a 2ritani"> .l 0inal ,e %u2lea? in%i0erent %e a""ent: "ontrol . "ontrolling5 tra/el .
tra/elling3
En engle?a a#eri"an .l 0inal ,e %u2lea? nu#ai %a" a""entul "a%e &e ulti#a ,ila2: "ontrolling5
%ar: tra/eling3
2D .H 0inal ,e &,trea?> in%i0erent %a" e,te &re"e%at %e "on,oan ,au %e /o"al: ,tu%H .
,tu%Hing5 &laH . &laHing> iar .ie 0inal ,e tran,0or# @n .H: lie . lHing5 %ie . %Hing5
"D .e 0inal ,e o#ite: -a/e . -a/ing
E1"e&!ii: agree . agreeing5 2e . 2eing5 ,ee . ,eeing5 %He . %Heing Ca /o&,iD3
*'*(';3 Entre2uin!area a,&e"tului "ontinuu
aD Solo,irea a,&e"tului "ontinuu "u /er2ele %e a"ti/itate %urati/ 0r ,"o& arat " a"!iunile
%enu#ite %e /er2e ,unt @n %e,0$urare &e a1a &re?entului> a tre"utului ,au a /iitorului: T-eH are Val=ing
@n t-e &ar= noV3 <e Va, ,Vi##ing @n t-e la=e at t-i, ti#e He,ter%aH3
2D Cu /er2ele %e a"ti/itate %urati/ "are i#&li" atingerea unui ,"o&> 0olo,irea a,&e"tului
"ontinuu arat " ,"o&ul nu a 0o,t atin,> a"!iunea nu a 0o,t ter#inat: <e i, rea%ing a 2oo= noV3 Cite$te
o "arte a"u# CNu a ter#inat.oD3S-e Va, ironing a ,-irt3 Ea "l"a o "#a$3
"D Ver2ele %e a"ti/itate non.%urati/ arat o a"!iune re&erat atun"i "Bn% ,unt 0olo,ite la a,&e"tul
"ontinuu: <e i, =i"=ing3 I %in &i"ioare3
%D Ver2ele "are e1&ri# o ,tare arat " a"ea,t ,tare e,te li#itat atun"i "Bn% ,unt 0olo,ite la
a,&e"tul "ontinuu: I li/e in Bra$o/ Ct-atQ, V-ere #H -ou,e i,D3 IQ# li/ing in Bu"-are,t t-i, Hear3 Anul
a"e,ta lo"uie," @n Bu"ure$ti3
Entre2uin!rile a,&e"tului "ontinuu la %i/er,e ti#&uri ,unt "ele enu#erate la R(3(9373 Ii0eren!ele
%e la un ti#& la altul "on,tau @n #o#entul @n "are are lo" a"!iunea $i @n #o#entul %e re0erin!3
*'*('=' Prezentul continuu e,te utili?at &entru a e1&ri#a:
(D "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ 0r ,"o&:
aD o a"!iune @n %e,0$urare @n #o#entul /or2irii: Li,ten! <e i, ,inging in t-e 2at-roo#! A,"ult!
CBnt @n 2aie!
A"ea,t @ntre2uin!are e,te #ar"at %e o2i"ei %e a%/er2e %e ti#& "a: noV Ca"u#D rig-t noV C"-iar
a"u#D> at t-i, #o#ent C@n a"e,t #o#entD: A: U-at ia Ian %oing\ B: <e i, ,-a/ing rig-t noV> %ar &oate
a&rea $i 0r ele> #o#entul %e 0a! al a"!iunii reie$in% %in 0or#a "ontinu a /er2ului: A: U-at i, Ian
%oing\ B: <e i, ,-a/ing3 A: Ce 0a"e Ian Ca"u#D\ B: Se 2r2iere$te3
2D o a"!iune o2i$nuit> re&etat> &re?entat @n %e,0$urarea ei @n anu#ite "ir"u#,tan!e: I alVaH,
ta=e #H u#2rella V-en it i, raining3 Tot%eauna @#i iau u#2rella "Bn% &lou3 I ne/er rea% V-ile I a#
Val=ing in t-e Botani"al Gar%en,3 El @ntBlne," ori %e "Bte ori # &li#2 @n Gr%ina 2otani"3
+D "u /er2ele %e a"ti/itate %urati/ i#&li"Bn% un ,"o&> o a"!iune "are nu a 0o,t ter#inat la
#o#entul /or2irii: <e i, %oing -i, -o#eVor=3 E$i 0a"e te#ele3
6D "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate non.%urati/> o a"!iune re&etat @n #o#entul /or2irii: <e i, =no"=ing
on t-e %oor ,au o a"!iune re&etat @n #o% 0re"/ent> "are %eranAea? ,au i#it &e /or2itor: MH neig-2our
i, alVaH, ,tarting -i, "ar V-en I Vant to -a/e a re,t3 Ve"inul #eu tot%eauna @$i &orne$te #a$ina "Bn%
/reau , # o%i-ne,"3
pag: 007
A"ea,t 0olo,ire a &re?entului "ontinuu e,te o2ligatoriu @n,o!it %e a%/er2e %e 0re"/en! "a:
alVaH,> 0ore/er Ctot%eaunaD> "ontinuallH> all t-e ti#e Ctot ti#&ulD3
A"e,tea ,e a$ea? @ntre au1iliarul 2e $i 0or#a @n .ing> "u e1"e&!ia lui all t-e ti#e "are o"u&
&o?i!ie 0inal @n &ro&o?i!ie: T-at little "-il% i, "ontinuallH "rHing %ar: <e i, "rHing all t-e ti#e3
:D "u /er2e "are %enu#e," o ,tare> o a"!iune "u "ara"ter te#&orar "are are lo" &entru o &erioa%
li#itat %e ti#&> Cin"lu?Bn% $i #o#entul /or2iriiD: Ann i, atten%ing t-e FolH3 Ana ur#ea? &olite-ni"a
C,tu%ia? &olite-ni"aD3
Co#&linirile a%/er2iale &entru a"ea,t @ntre2uin!are a &re?entului "ontinuu ,unt: to%aH Ca,t?iD>
t-i, Vee= C,&t#Bna a"ea,taD> t-e,e %aH, C?ilele a"e,teaD> t-i, #ont- Cluna a"ea,taD> t-i, Hear Canul
a"e,taD et": MH 0at-er u,uallH tea"-e, geo#etrH> 2ut -e i, tea"-ing alge2ra t-i, Hear3 Tatl #eu &re%
geo#etria %e o2i"ei> %ar anul a"e,ta &re% alge2ra3
;D Fre?entul "ontinuu e,te %e a,e#enea 0olo,it &entru a %e,e#na o a"!iune /iitoare &lani0i"at %in
&re?ent C/e?i R (3)3*3D: Ue are lea/ing to#orroV3 Fle"# #Bine3
*'*('>' Pa,t Ten,e Continuou, e1&ri#:
(D "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ 0r ,"o&:
aD o a"!iune @n %e,0$urare @ntr.un #o#ent tre"ut> a#intit @n #o#entul /or2irii:
I Va, Val=ing at tVo oQ"lo"= He,ter%aH3
I Va, Val=ing at t-i, la,t Vee=3
Not: A"ea,t 0or# /er2al e,te 0re"/ent 0olo,it @n %e,"rieri> &entru re%area unor a"ti/it!i
%urati/e> @n %e,0$urare> "are "ontra,tea? "u a"ti/it!i non.%urati/e> ,u""e,i/e $i ter#inate> &entru
re%area "rora ,e 0olo,e$te Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu C0or#a "ara"teri,ti" nara!iunilorD: It Va, a "ol% Vinter
e/ening3 4ut,i%e> t-e Vin% Va, 2loVing3 A 2ig 0ire Va, 2urning in t-e 0ire&la"e3 T-e ol% Vo#an "a#e in
an% Vent near t-e 0ire3 S-e Var#e% -er -an%, an% ,at %oVn3
2D o a"!iune %urati/ @n %e,0$urare> @ntreru&t %e o a"!iune non.%urati/> #o#entan:
<e "a#e in V-en/V-ile I Va, eating3
A intrat "Bn%/@n ti#& "e #Bn"a#3
U-en -e rang u& I Va, CAu,tD going out3 CBn% a tele0onat Cto"#aiD ie$ea#3 <e "alle% #e Au,t a, I
Va, lea/ing3 M.a ,trigat e1a"t "Bn% &le"a#3
"D %ou a"!iuni &aralele @n %e,0$urare @n tre"ut: S-e Va, eating V-ile I Va, Va,-ing3 Ea #Bn"a
@n ti#& "e eu # ,&la#3
Not: Ia" nu ne intere,ea? a,&e"tul %e %e,0$urare> %e %urat al a"!iunilor> "i %oar " a"!iunile
au a/ut lo" @ntr.un #o#ent %in tre"ut &ute# ,&une: S-e ate V-ile I Va,-e%3 ,au: S-e ate V-ile I Va,
Va,-ing3 Cate . a"!iunea a 0o,t #ai ,"urt> ter#inat5 Va, Va,-ing a"!iune . #ai %e %urat> ne@n"-eiat @n
#o#entul @n "are "ealalt a 0o,t @n"-eiatD3
+D "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ "are i#&li" atingerea unui ,"o&: . o a"!iune tre"ut> %ar
ne@n"-eiat: <e Va, rea%ing a 2oo= la,t nig-t3 Citea o "arte a,ear3 CCo#&ara!i "u: <e rea% a 2oo= la,t
nig-t3 a "itit o "arte a,ear3
pag: 00'
6D /er2e %e a"ti/itate non.%urati/> o a"!iune re&etat @n tre"ut> iritant &entru "eilal!i C_alVaH,>
0ore/er> "ontinuallH> all t-e ti#eD: <e Va, alVaH, "o#ing late to t-e Engli,- le,,on3 Tot%eauna @ntBr?ia
la ora %e engle?3
:D "u /er2e "are e1&ri# o ,tare> o a"!iune tre"ut "u "ara"ter te#&orar: <e Va, li/ing in Bra$o/
V-en I #et -i#3
;D Fa,t Ten,e a,&e"tul "ontinuu #ai &oate e1&ri#a $i o a"!iune /iitoare> &lani0i"at @ntr.un
#o#ent tre"ut> 0iin% ,u2@n!elea, ne@n%e&linirea ei CVe?i R(3)3(;3 &"t36D: Ue Vere lea/ing t-e ne1t %aH3
*'*('?' Viitorul continuu #!uture Continuou,&
(D "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ 0r ,"o&> /iitorul "ontinuu e1&ri#:
aD o a"!iune @n %e,0$urare @ntr.un #o#ent /iitor> &o,terior #o#entului /or2irii:
I ,-all 2e Val=ing at tVo oQ"lo"= to#orroV3
I Vill 2e Val=ing at t-i, ti#e ne1t Vee=3
M /oi &li#2a #Bine la ora %ou3
M /oi &li#2a ,&t#Bna /iitoare la ora a,ta3
2D o a"!iune @n %e,0$urare @n /iitor @ntreru&t %e o a"!iune #o#entan3
U-en -e "o#e,> I Vill 2e eating3 CBn% /a /eni> eu /oi 0i @n #iAlo"ul #e,ei3
"D o a"!iune @n %e,0$urare @n /iitor> @n &aralel "u o alt a"!iune @n %e,0$urare %e a,e#enea @n
/iitor: S-e Vill 2e Val=ing V-ile I a# ,lee&ing3 Ea ,e /a &li#2a @n ti#& "e eu /oi %or#i3
Aten!ie!
A %oua a"!iune /iitoare @n %e,0$urare nu &oate 0i &u, tot la /iitorul "ontinuu %eaore"e 0a"e
&arte %intr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat te#&oral C@n "are nu ,e 0olo,e$te /iitorul @n li#2a engle?D3
+D "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ "are i#&li" atingerea unui ,"o&> o a"!iune ne@n"-eiat: S-e
Vill 2e -a/ing -er &iano le,,on V-en Hou "o#e3
6D Viitorul "ontinuu e1&ri# $i i%eea %e a"!iune /iitoare "are /a a/ea lo" @n %e,0$urarea 0irea,"
a e/eni#entelor: IQll 2e ,eeing -i# to#orroV #orning CT-i, -a&&en, e/erH #orningD3 El /% #Bine
%i#inea!3 CEl /% @n 0ie"are %i#inea!D3 IQll 2e &a,,ing t-e gro"erQ, on #H VaH to ,"-ool3 Tre" &rin 0a!a
2"niei @n %ru# ,&re $"oal3
*'*('*(' Tra%u"erea 0or#elor a,&e"tului "ontinuu @n li#2a ro#Bn:
Ver2ul ro#Bne," nu are o "ategorie #ar"at 0or#al &entru re%area "ontra,tului a,&e"tual
"ontinuu.non"ontinuu3 I%eea %e %e,0$urare ,au %urat li#itat a a"!iunii e,te re%at @n li#2a ro#Bn "u
aAutorul a%/er2elor %e ti#&: <e i, tea"-ing noV3 Fre%/Are or a"u#3 <e i, tea"-ing arit-#eti" t-i,
Hear3 Fre% arit#eti"a anul a"e,ta3
Singura 0or# /er2al %in li#2a ro#Bn "are e1&ri#> "a $i a,&e"tul "ontinuu %in li#2a engle?>
o a"!iune neter#inat la un #o#ent %at> ,au %e %urat li#itat> e,te i#&er0e"tul $i a"e,ta e,te 0olo,it %e
o2i"ei &entru tra%u"erea lui Fa,t Ten,e "ontinuu @n li#2a ro#Bn: S-e Va, Vor=ing in t-e gar%en V-en I
arri/ie%3 Mun"ea @n gr%in "Bn% a# ,o,it3
Mai %i0i"il @n, e,te tra%u"erea i#&er0e"tului @n li#2a engle?> %eoare"e e1i,t ten%in!a %e a
0olo,i Fa,t Ten,e Continuou, $i atun"i "Bn% i#&er0e"tul ro#Bne," are alt /aloare> "ea %e a"!iune
re&etat @n tre"ut &entru "are li#2a engle? 0olo,e$te Fa,t Ten,e Si#&le:
Ro#Bn: Mun"ea# @n gr%in "Bn% # %u"ea# la 2uni"i3
Engle?: I Vor=e% t-e gar%en V-en I Vent to #H gran%&arent,3
pag: 00.
*'*('**' Ver2e "are nu &ot 0i 0olo,ite la a,&e"tul "ontinuu3 E1i,t #ai #ulte "la,e %e /er2e> "are
%atorit ,en,ului lor le1i"al nu &ot 0i 0olo,ite la a,&e"tul "ontinuu3
A"e,tea ,unt: AD /er2e %e a"ti/itate non.%urati/> "are ,unt "on,i%erate "a 0iin% @n"-eiate @n
#o#entul @n "are au 0o,t ini!iate:
<e =i"=,> ,la#,> 2ang, t-e %oor3
BD /er2e "are e1&ri# a"!iuni %e,0$urate atBt %e ra&i% ,u2 o"-ii /or2itorului> @n"Bt &ot 0i
"on,i%erate non.%urati/e: ,"ore> ,-oot> &la"e in t-e o/en3 A"ea,ta ,e @ntB#&l %e o2i"ei @n "o#entarii
,&orti/e ,au %e#on,tra!ii &ra"ti"e Ca$a nu#itul &re?ent ,i#&lu in,tantaneu . /e?i R(3;3:3 &"t36D3
CD /er2e "are e1&ri# un a%e/r uni/er,al ,au o "ara"teri,ti" general: Si,- ,Vi#3 CoV, gi/e
#il=3 T-e Ianu2e 0loV, into t-e Bla"= ,ea3
ID /er2e "are e1&ri# o &er"e&!ie ,en?orial CVer2, o0 inert &er"e&tionD: ,ee> -ear> ,#ell> 0eel>
,oun%3 T-e 0loVer ,#ell, ni"e3 Sloarea are un #iro, &l"ut3
Aten!ie! Ver2ele %e &er"e&!ie ,e 0olo,e," "u /er2ul #o%al "an &entru a re%a o a"!iune uni">
"on"ret @n %e,0$urare: I "an ,ee -i# noV3 El /% a"u#3 I ,ee -i# e/erH %aH3 El /% @n 0ie"are ?i3
Ver2ele "are re%au &er"e&!ia ,en?orial &ot 0i 0olo,ite la a,&e"tul "ontinuu %a" ele in%i" o
0olo,ire "on$tient a ,i#!urilor:
aD &rin 0olo,irea unor &ere"-i ,inoni#i"e: li,ten to> loo= at> Vat"-:
A,&e"tul ,i#&lu:
I C"anD -ear #u,i"
I C"anD ,ee -i#3
I C"anD ,ee t-e TV ,et3
A,&e"tul "ontinuu:
I a# li,tening to #u,i"3
I a# loo=ing at -i#3
I a# Vat"-ing TV3
2D &rin 0olo,irea tran?iti/ C"a a"ti/it!iD a unor /er2e "are e1&ri# o "alitate &er#anent
C0olo,ite intran?iti/D: T-e "a=e ta,te, goo%3 I a# ta,ting t-e "a=e3
"D /er2ele %e &er"e&!ie &ot a/ea 0or#e ale a,&e"tului "ontinuu "Bn% ,unt 0olo,ite "u alte ,en,uri:
IQ/e 2een -earing all a2out -er e1a#,3 A# au?it CMi ,.a ,&u, totulD %e,&re e1a#enele ei3 C-ear O a &ri#i
/e$tiD3 IQ# ,eeing -i# tonig-t3 M @ntBlne," "u el %i,ear3 <e i, ,eeing t-e ,ig-t,3 Vi?itea? o2ie"ti/ele
turi,ti"e3 C,ee O a @ntBlni> a /i?ita lo"uri turi,ti"eD3
pag: 00.
ED /er2ele "are e1&ri# o a"ti/itate #intal CVer2, o0 "ognitionD: 2elie/e> =noV> t-in=> i#agine>
#ean> #in%> re#e#2er> re"olle"t> re"all> ,u&&o,e> 0orget> ,u,&e"t> gue,,> &re,u&&o,e> reali?e>
un%er,tan%3
A"e,te /er2e ,unt ur#ate %e o2i"ei %e o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat intro%u, %e t-at ,au %e un
"u/Bnt relati/ @n"e&Bn% "u V-.: I t-in= Ct-atD Hou are rig-t3 Cre% " ai %re&tate3 I %onQt re#e#2er V-at
-e ,ai%3 Nu.#i a#inte," "e.a ,&u,3
Unele %in ele &ot 0i 0olo,ite la a,&e"tul "ontinuu %a" ,unt 0olo,ite "a /er2e %e a"ti/itate: A:
U-at i, -e %oing\ B: <e i, t-in=ing o0 -i, 0uture3 A: Ce 0a"e el\ B: Se gBn%e$te la /iitor3
SD Ver2e "are e1&ri# ,enti#ente> ,tri ,u0lete$ti: lo/e> li=e> "are0or> a%ore> -ate> %i,li=e> %ete,t>
regret> &re0er> Vi,-3 I li=e #H Ao23 E#i &la"e ,er/i"iul #eu3 I %ete,t la?H &eo&le3 Iete,t oa#enii lene$i>
%ar $i: <oV are Hou li=ing t-e tri&\ Cu# @!i &la"e "ltoria/Cu# te %i,tre?i\
pag: 030
GD Ver2e e1&ri#Bn% o rela!ie: a&&lH to> 2e> 2elong to> "on"ern> "on,i,t o0> "ontain> "o,t> %e&en%
on> %e,er/e> in"lu%e> in/ol/e> la"=> #atter> nee%> oVe> oVn> &o,,e,,> -a/e> re[uire> re,e#2le> ,ee#: T-i,
2oo= 2elong, to -i#3 A"ea,t "arte @i a&ar!ine lui3 <e oVn, t-i, -ou,e3 A"ea,t "a, e &ro&rietatea lui3
<elen re,e#2le, -er #ot-er3 Elena ,ea#n "u a#a ei3
A"e,te /er2e nu &ot 0i 0olo,ite la a,&e"tul "ontinuu> "u e1"e&!ia lui 2e $i -a/e "Bn% ele nu
e1&ri# ,tarea> re,&e"ti/ &o,e,ia: <e i, =in%3 El e,te a#a2il C@n generalD3 U-H> -e i, 2eing =in% to%aH!
Ei> ,e &oat "u a#a2ilitate Ce,te a#a2il a,t?i!D Ce,te o ,itua!ie ne"ara"teri,ti"> te#&orarD3 <e -a, a
neV 2i=e3 Are o 2i"i"let nou3 <e i, -a/ing a ri%e noV3 Se &li#2 "u 2i"i"leta a"u#3 @n /or2irea "urent
/er2e "a re,e#2le> "o,t> et"3 ,unt uneori @ntre2uin!ate la a,&e"tul "ontinuu> %a" e1&ri# o inten,i0i"are
tre&tat a a"!iunii: Feter i, re,e#2ling -i, 0at-er #ore an% #ore3 Fetre ,ea#n %in "e @n "e #ai #ult "u
tatl ,u3 Gro"erie, in 2ritain are "o,ting ,o #u"- #ore t-e,e %aH,! En Anglia> &re!ul arti"olelor %e
2"nie a "re,"ut a$a %e #ult @n ?ilele noa,tre!
<D Ver2e "are e1&ri# o ,en?a!ie 0i?i"3 CVer2, o0 2o%H ,en,ationD3 A"e,te /er2e &ot 0i 0olo,ite
la a,&e"tul "ontinuu ,au ,i#&lu> "u #i"i %i0eren!e %e ,en,:
<oV %o Hou 0eel to%aH\
<oV are Hou 0eeling to%aH\
Cu# te ,i#!i a,t?i\
A,pectul per+ecti3 #T$e Per+ecti3e A,pect&
*'*('*.' 5e+ini2ie' A,&e"tul &er0e"ti/ arat " un e/eni#ent Co a"!iune ,au ,tareD e,te
re&re?entat "a @n"-eiat %e "tre /or2itor @n #o#entul @n "are e,te %i,"utat3
*'*('*4' ntrebuin2are' En 0un"!ie %e ,en,ul le1i"al al /er2elor $i a%/er2ele "are le @n,o!e,">
a,&e"tul &er0e"ti/ are tra%i!ional #ai #ulte /alori:
(D a,&e"tul &er0e"ti/ re?ultati/ CRe,ultati/e Fer0e"tD a&are "u /er2e %e a"ti/itate %urati/ "are
i#&li" un ,"o& $i arat " a"e,t ,"o& a 0o,t atin,:
aD I -a/e 2ro=en t-e /a,e3 A# ,&art /a?a3
2D <e -a% rea% t-e 2oo=3 CElD "iti,e "artea3
En "on,e"in!> /or2itorul ,i#te e0e"tul ,au re?ultatul unei a"!iuni anterioare:
aD T-e /a,e i, 2ro=en noV3 Va?a e,te ,&art a"u#3
2D <e =neV V-at t-e 2oo= Va, a2out3 Gtia %e,&re "e e,te /or2a @n "arte3
+D a,&e"tul &er0e"ti/ "ontinuati/ CContinuati/e Fer0e"tD e,te 0olo,it "u /er2e "are e1&ri# o ,tare
$i ,unt @n,o!ite %e a%/er2e %e %urat> &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune @n"e&ut @nainte $i "are "ontinu $i @n
#o#entul &re?ent> a#intit ,au anti"i&at: Ue -a/e lie/e% in Bu"-are,t 0or ten Hear,3 Lo"ui# @n Bu"ure$ti
%e ?e"e ani3 Lon%on -a, ,too% on t-e T-a#e, 0or t-ou,an%, o0 Hear,3 Lon%ra e,te ,ituat &e Ta#i,a %e
#ii %e ani3
6D a,&e"tul &er0e"ti/ al e1&erien!ei CT-e Fer0e"t o0 E1&erien"eD arat " a"!iunea a a/ut lo" o
%at ,au %e #ai #ulte ori @n e1&erien!a /or2itorului3 T-eH -a% li/e% in ,e/eral touVn, in Ro#ania3
Lo"ui,er @n #ai #ulte ora$e %in Ro#Bnia3 U-ene/er I -a/e a,=e% #H 0at-er a [ue,tion> I -a/e re"ei/e%
a ,traig-t0orVar% anVer3 4ri %e "Bte ori i.a# &u, tatlui #eu o @ntre2are> a# &ri#it un r,&un, 0r
o"oli$uri3
pag: 03/
*'*('*8' A,&e"tul &er0e"ti/ $i a,&e"tul "ontinuu ,unt "o#2inate @n ur#toarele 0or#e /er2ale:
&er0e"tul &re?ent "ontinuu> #ai.#ult."a.&er0e"tul "ontinuu $i /iitorul &er0e"t "ontinuu3
Fer0e"tul &re?ent "ontinuu CFre,ent Fer0e"t Continuou,D e,te al"tuit %in 0or#a %e Fre,ent
Fer0e"t a /er2ului 2e ur#at %e &arti"i&iul &re?ent C@n .ingD al /er2ului %e "onAugat:
I -a/e 2een rea%ing 0or t-ree -our,3 Cite," %e trei ore3 IQ/e 2een rea%ing 0or t-ree -our,3
<e -a, 2een rea%ing 0or t-ree -our,3 <eQ, 2een rea%ing 0or t-ree -our,3 Cite$te %e trei ore3
A"ea,t 0or# /er2al e1&ri#:
(Do a"!iune @n"e&ut @ntr.un #o#ent tre"ut> "are "ontinu @n &re?ent $i &oate $i @n /iitor: T-eH
-a/e 2een &laHing tenni, 0or -al0 an -our3 Joa" teni, %e Au#tate %e or3 CO T-eH 2egan &laHing tenni,
-al0 an -our ago3 T-eH are ,til &laHing tenni, an t-eH #aH "ontinue %oing ,o3D
A"ea,t @ntre2uin!are a lui Fre,ent Fer0e"t "ontinuu &oate 0i re%at $i "u aAutorul lui Fre,ent
Fer0e"t ,i#&lu @n "a?ul unor /er2e "a li/e> ,taH> Vor=> ,tu%H et"3
Solo,irea a,&e"tului "ontinuu> &rin "ontra"t "u a"ea a a,&e"tului ,i#&lu> ,"oate @n e/i%en!
"ontinuitatea> in Bu"-are,t 0or ten Hear,3
Un alt "ontra,t &oate 0i "el %e a"!iune to"#ai @n"-eiat . a"!iune ne@n"-eiat: IQ/e Vor=e% on t-i,
"o#&o,ition ,in"e 0i/e oQ"lo"=3 CIQ/e Au,t 0ini,-e% itD3 IQ/e 2een Vor=ing on t-i, "o#&o,ition ,in"e 0i/e
oQ"lo"=3 Can% IQ# ,till Vor=ingD3
+D o a"!iune re&etat 0re"/ent> @ntr.o &erioa% %e ti#& "are ,e @ntin%e %int tre"ut &Bn @n &re?ent:
IQ/e 2een ri%ing a 2i"H"le 0or t-ree Hear,3 Merg "u 2i"i"lete %e trei ani3 <e -a, 2een Vriting &oe#, ,in"e
-e Va, a "-il%3 S"rie &oe?ii %e "Bn% era "o&il3
En a"ea,t ,itua!ie C+D ,e 0olo,e$te Fre,ent Fer0e"t ,i#&lu C$i nu "ontinuuD %a" ,e ,&e"i0i" %e
"Bte ori a 0o,t ,/Br$it a"!iunea re&etat: IQ/e ri%%en #H 2i"H"le -un%re%, o0 ti#e,3 A# #er, "u
2i"i"leta %e ,ute %e ori3 <e -a, Vritten 0i0tH &oe#,3 A ,"ri, "in"i?e"i %e &oe?ii3
Entre2uin!rile ( $i + ale lui Fre,ent Fer0e"t ,unt #ar"ate %e "o#&liniri a%/er2iale in"i%Bn%:
aD lungi#ea &erioa%ei %e ti#&: 0or age, C%e #ult /re#eD> 0or a 0eV #inute, C%e "Bte/a #inuteD>
0or t-ree -our, C%e trei oreD et"3
2D @n"e&utul &erioa%ei %e ti#&: ,in"e Ie"e#2er +;t- C%e la +; %e"e#2rieD> ,in"e la,t Hear C%e
anul tre"utD> ,in"e Mon%aH C%e luniD et"3
6D o a"!iune tre"ut> @n"-eiat re"ent> "are e,te "au?a unui e0e"t ,i#!it @n &re?ent: A: U-H are
Hour -an%, %irtH\ B: IQ/e 2een re&airing #H 2i=e3 A: Ie "e ai #Binile #ur%are\ B: Mi.a# re&arat
2i"i"leta3
*'*('*9' Mai:mult:ca:per+ectul continuu #Pa,t Per+ect Continuou,& ,e 0or#ea? %in /er2ul
2e la #ai.#ult."a.&er0e"t $i %in &arti"i&iul @n .ing al /er2ului %e "onAugat3 El are a"elea$i /alori "a $i
Fre,ent Fer0e"t "ontinuu> #o#entul %e re0erin! 0iin% @n, a1a tre"utului3
pag: 030
A"e,t 0or# /er2al e1&ri#:
(D o a"!iune tre"ut> @n"e&ut @naintea unei alte a"!iuni tre"ute $i "ontinuBn% &Bn la ea:
I -a% 2een Vaiting 0or #H 0rien% ,in"e tVo oQ"lo"= V-en -e 0inallH3
I -a% 2een Vaiting 0or #H 0rien% 0or -al0 an -our arri/e%3
El a$te&ta# &e &rietenul #eu %e la ora %ou "Bn% @n ,0Br$it a ,o,it3
El a$te&ta# &e &rietenul #eu %e Au#tate %e or "Bn% @n ,0Br$it a ,o,it3
+D o a"!iune tre"ut @n"e&ut @naintea unui #o#ent ,au a unei a"!iuni tre"ute> "ontinuBn% &Bn @n
a"el #o#ent ,au &Bn la a"ea a"!iune $i &oate $i %u& a"eea: T-e 2oH, V-ere ,till &laHing 0oot2all at
noon3
T-eH -a% 2een &laHing 0oot2all all #orning3
T-eH -a% 2een &laing 0oot2all ,in"e ten oQ"lo"=3
Bie!ii #ei Au"au 0ot2al la ora &rBn?ului3 Ei Au"a,er 0ot2al toat %i#inea!a3/ Ei Au"au 0ot2al %e la
ora ?e"e3
6D o a"!iune re&etat 0re"/ent @ntr.o &erioa% %e ti#& tre"ut> anterioar unui #o#ent ,au unei
a"!iuni %e a,e#enea tre"ute: <e -a% 2een Vriting &oe#, 0or tVo Hear, V-en I #et -i#3 S"ria &oe?ii %e
%oi ani "Bn% l.a# "uno,"ut3
Aten!ie! Ia" ,e 0a"e o &re"i?are nu#eri"> ,e 0olo,e$te Fa,t Fer0e"t ,i#&lu: <e -a% Vritten 0i0tH
&oe#, V-en I #et -i#3 S"ri,e,e "in"i?e"i %e &oe?ii "Bn% l.a# "uno,"ut3
:D o a"!iune anterioar unei alte a"!iuni %e a,e#enea tre"ut ter#inat "u &u!in @naintea ei> $i
0iin% "au?a a"e,teia: <e Va, "arrHing a -a##er an% nail, 2e"au,e -e -a% 2een #en%ing t-e 0en"e3 A/ea
@n #Bn un "io"an $i "uie &entru " re&ara,e gar%ul3
;D Fre,ent Fer0e"t $i Fa,t Ten,e "ontinuu %e/in #ai.#ult."a.&er0e"t "ontinuu @n /or2irea
in%ire"t> %u& un /er2 tre"ut @n &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al: ]IQ/e 2een rea%ing 0or t-ree -our,3^ S-e ,ai% ,-e
-a% 2een rea%ing 0or t-ree -our,3
Aten!ie! Ti#&ul Fa,t Ten,e "ontinuu %e/ine Fa,t Fer0e"t "ontinuu nu#ai %a" ,e re0er la o
a"!iune @n"-eiat3C/e?i R +7363)3D: ]I Va, t-in=ing o0 going aVaH> 2ut I -a/e "-ange% #H #in%3^ <e ,ai%
-e -a% 2een t-in=ing o0 going aVaH> 2ut -e -a% "-ange% -i, #in%3
Alt#interi Fa,t Ten,e a,&e"tul "ontinuu r#Bne ne,"-i#2at @n /or2irea in%ire"t #ai ale, %a" el
a&are @ntr.o &ro&ro?i!ie ,u2or%onat te#&oral C/e?i R+7363*3 &"t30D: ]U-en I Va, atten%ing t-e
,e"on%arH ,"-ool in Craio/a> I o0ten #et Ian3^ <e ,ai% t-at V-en -e Va, atten%ing t-e ,e"on%arH
,"-ool in Craio/a> -e C-a%D o0ten #et Ian3
*'*('*;' Viitorul per+ect continuu #!uture Per+ect Continuou,& ,e 0or#ea? %in /iitorul
&er0e"t al /er2ului 2e $i %in &arti"i&iul @n .ing al /er2ului %e "onAugat3
Viitorul &er0e"t "ontinuu e1&ri# o a"!iune @n %e,0$urare @n /iitor> @nainte $i &Bn la o alt
a"!iune /iitoare C$i &oate $i %u& a"eeaD : V-en t-e 2ell ring,> Ve ,-all / Vill -a/e 2een Vriting 0or 0i0tH
#inute,3 CBn% /a ,una "lo&o!elul noi /o# 0i o"u&a!i "u ,"ri,ul / Noi /o# 0i ,"ri, %e "in"i?e"i %e #inute3
pag: 033
Aten!ie! A"!iunea ,/Br$it @n a"ea,t &erioa% %e ti#& /iitoare> anterioar unui #o#ent ,au unei
a"!iuni %e a,e#enea /iitoare> e,te la /iitorul &er0e"t "ontinuu %a" ,e ,&e"i0i" lungi#ea &erioa%ei %e
ti#& ,au @n"e&utul ei: BH ,i1 oQ"lo"= &3#3 $i Vill -a/e 2een ,elling 2lou,e, 0or eig-t -our,3 FBn la ora
(* ea /a 0i /Bn%ut 2lu?e ti#& %e o&t ore5 $i la /iitorul &er0e"t ,i#&lu %a" e,te &re?ent o &re"i?are
nu#eri" @n legtur "u a"!iunea: BH ,i1 oQ"lo"= &3#3 $i Vill -a/e ,ol% eig-tH 2lou,e,3 FBn la ora (* ea
/a 0i /Bn%ut *9 %e 2lu?e3
Not: Viitorul &er0e"t "ontinuu e,te rar 0olo,it @n /or2ire> 0iin% o 0or# "ara"teri,ti" li#2ii
,"ri,e3
*'**' 5iateza #Voice&
*'**'*' 5e+ini2ie' Iiate?a e,te "ategoria gra#ati"al ,&e"i0i" /er2ului "are e1&ri# ra&ortul
%intre /er2ului &re%i"at> &e %e o &arte> $i ,u2ie"tul $i o2ie"tul3 C"o#&le#entul %ire"t ,au %e agentD al
/er2ului &re%i"at> &e %e alt &arte3
En li#2a engle? e1i,t %ou %iate?e #ar"ate 0or#al: %iate?a a"ti/> %iate?a &a,i/3
*'**'.' 5iateza acti31 #Acti3e Voice&' Ver2ul e,te la %iate?a a"ti/ "Bn% ,u2ie"tul gra#ati"al
,/Br$e$te a"!iunea "are> la /er2ele tran?iti/e> ,e r,0rBnge a,u&ra o2ie"tului: Lu"H C,u2ie"tD -a, Vritten
C&re%i"atD a letter Co2ie"tD3 Lu"ia a ,"ri, o ,"ri,oare3
Not: Fentru "la,i0i"area /er2elor %in &un"t %e /e%ere al tran?iti/it!ii> /e?i R(:3;3 . (:3*3
*'**'4' 5iateza pa,i31 #Pa,,i3e Voice&' Ver2ul e,te la %iate?a &a,i/ "Bn% ,u2ie"tul gra#ati"al
,u0er a"!iunea ,/Br$it %e o2ie"t: T-i, letter C,u2ie"tD -a, 2een Vritten C&re%i"atD 2H Lu"H Co2ie"tD3
A"ea,t ,"ri,oare a 0o,t ,"ri, %e Lu"ia3
*'**'8' Ce D participiul trecut' In%i"ii 0or#ali ai %iate?ei &a,i/e ,unt:
aD /er2ul 2e ,au uneori get>
2D "o#&le#entul %e agent intro%u, %e &re&o?i!ia 2H3
aD Ver2ul 2e #ar"-ea? "ategoriile %e #o%> ti#&> &er,oan $i nu#r la %iate?a &a,i/3 El e,te
ur#at %e un /er2 no!ional la &arti"i&iul tre"ut: S-e Va, #et at t-e ,tation 2H #H 2rot-er3 Ea a 0o,t
a$te&tat la gar %e 0ratele #eu3
CUa, . #o%ul in%i"ati/> Fa,t Ten,e> &er,oana a III.a ,ingularD3
(3((3;3 ConAugarea unui /er2 la %iate?a &a,i/> #o%ul in%i"ati/ e,te:
A,&e"tul ,i#&lu
Fre,ent: I a# ,een3 <e i, ,een3 Ue are ,een3
Fa,t: I Va, ,een3 Ue Vere ,een3
Fre,ent Fer0e"t: I -a/e 2een ,een3 <e -a, 2een ,een3
Fa,t Fer0e"t: I -a% 2een ,een3
Suture: I ,-all 2e ,een3 <e Vill 2e ,een3
Suture Fer0e"t: I ,-all -a/e 2een ,een3 <e Vill -a/e 2een ,een3
A,&e"tul "ontinuu e,te 0olo,it la %iate?a &a,i/ %oar la Fre,ent $i Fa,t Ten,e3
Sor#a "ontinu %e la %iate?a &a,i/ are @n ,tru"tura ,a /er2ul 2e la a,&e"tul "ontinuu Cti#&ul
Fre,ent ,au Fa,tD $i &arti"i&iul tre"ut al /er2ului %e "onAugat: T-e "la,,roo#, are 2eing "leane% noV3 Se
0a"e "ur!enie @n "la,e a"u#3
T-e ,"-ool Va, 2eing "leane% V-en Ve Vente% to /i,it it3 Se 0"ea "ur!enie @n $"oal "Bn% a#
/rut ,.o /i?it#3
pag: 031
*'**';' GetAbecome D participiul trecut' En a0ar %e /er2ul 2e ,e #ai &oate 0olo,i $i /er2ul get
&entru 0or#area %iate?ei &a,i/e3
Ver2ul get _ &arti"i&iul tre"ut e,te utili?at #ai ale, @n /or2irea "urent> &entru a in%i"a tre"erea
%intr.o ,tare @n alta: <er ,=irt got "aug-t in t-e %oor3 I ,.a &rin 0u,ta @n u$3 All our gla,,e, got 2ro=en
V-en Ve #o/e%3 S.au ,&art toate &a-arele "Bn% ne.a# #utat3
Un ,inoni# al /er2ului get "u ,en,ul %e ,"-i#2are tre&tat e,te /er2ul 2e"o#e> @n,i!it %e,eori %e
#ore an% #ore> in"rea,inglH: T-e &ro%u"tion o0 t-i, 0a"torH i, 2e"o#ing in"rea,inglH ,&e"iali?e%3
Fro%u"!ia a"e,tei 0a2ri"i %e/ine %in "e @n "e #ai ,&e"iali?at3
*'**'=' Complementul /e agent' Co#&le#entul %e agent intro%u, %e &re&o?i!ia 2H in%i" "ine a
,/Br$it a"!iunea ,u0erit %e ,u2ie"tul gra#ati"al al &ro&o?i!iei: T-e &oe# Va, re"ite% 2H MarH3 Cnot 2H
Lu"H or AnnD3 Foe?ia a 0o,t re"itat %e Maria Cnu %e Lu"ia ,au AnaD3
Not: Co#&le#entul %e agent e,te "on,i%erat ,u2ie"tul logi" ,au real al &ro&o?i!iei> %eoare"e el
,/Br$e$te a"!iunea3
Co#&le#entul %e agent nu e,te #en!ionat @n #aAoritatea &ro&ro?i!iilor &a,i/e3 El ,e o#ite "Bn%:
aD nu ,e "unoa$te ,u2ie"tul real> "el "are a ,/Br$it a"!iunea: All /illage, in Ro#ania are ,u&&lie%
VeQ/e ele"tri"itH3 Toate ,atele %in Ro#Bnia ,unt ali#entate "u "urent ele"tri"3 A %o"tor -a, 2een ,en%
0or3 Au / ,.a tri#i, %u& %o"tor3
2D Vor2itorul nu %ore$te , #en!ione?e ,u2ie"tul real al a"!iunii: T-i, ,u2Ae"t Vill 2e3 Treate%
0ullH in t-e ne1t "-arter3 A"ea,t &ro2le# /a 0i tratat &e larg @n ur#torul "a&itol3
"D ,u2ie"tul real al a"!iunii ,e &oate %e%u"e %in "onte1t: <e Va, ele"te% Fre,i%ent o0 t-e Tea"-er
. Farent . A,,o"iation3 A 0o,t ale, &re$e%inte al "o#itetului %e &rin!i3
En a"e,te "a?uri ,u2ie"tul /er2ului la %iate?a a"ti/ e,te %e o2i"ei e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e
&er,onal "u /aloare generi": Tou> t-eH> one> &rintr.un &ronu#e ne-otrBt: e/erH2o%H> ,o#e2o%H> all>
,au &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ "a &eo&le:
A"ti/: T-eH ,&ea= Engli,- o/er t-e Vorl%3
Feo&le ,&ea= Engli,- all o/er t-e Vorl%3
Fa,i/: Engli,- i, ,&o=en all o/er t-e Vorl%3
Aten!ie! Co#&le#entul %e agent ,e o#ite $i "Bn% 0or#a &a,i/ e,te get _ &arti"i&iul tre"ut: T-e
little 2oH got -urt on -i, VaH to ,"-ool3 Bie!elul ,.a lo/it @n %ru# ,&re $"oal3
*'**'>' ntrebuin2area /iatezei pa,i3e' En li#2a engle? "a $i @n li#2a ro#Bn ,e 0olo,e,"
"ontru"!ii &a,i/e $i nu a"ti/e "Bn% inten!ia /or2itorului e,te %e a ,e ,u2linia a"!iunea $i nu &e "el "are a
,/Br$it.o3
A"ti/: Million, o0 &eo&le -a/e ,een t-i, 0il#3
CA""entul "a%e &e ,u2ie"t: Milioane %e oa#eni au /?ut a"e,t 0il#D3
Fa,i/: T-i, 0il# -a, 2een ,een 2H #illion, o0 &eo&le3
CA""entul "a%e &e /er2: A"e,t 0il# a 0o,t /?ut %e #ilioane %e oa#eniD3
Con,tru"!iile &a,i/e ,unt @ntre2uin!ate #ai 0re"/ent @n li#2aAul $tiin!i0i" $i @n "el Aurnali,ti">
"ara"teri?ate &rintr.o e1&ri#are i#&er,onal> o2ie"ti/3
pag: 035
Iiate?a &a,i/ ,e 0olo,e$te "u #aAoritatea /er2elor tran?iti/e $i "u unele /er2e intran?iti/e "u
&re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie @n "are /er2ul 0or#ea? o unitate ,e#anti" "u &re&o?i!ia> %e/enin% &ra"ti"
e"-i/alent "u un /er2 tran?iti/3
Ver2ele "el #ai 0re"/ent 0olo,ite %in a"ea,t "ategorie ,unt: "are 0or/loo= a0ter O ten%> "o#e to O
rea"-> %eal Vit- O analH,e> laug- at O ri%i"ule> li,ten to O -ear> loo= u&on O regar%> relH on O tru,t> ,en%
0or O "all> tal= o0 O %i,"u,,> t-in= o0 O "on,i%er3
T-i, #etter Vill 2e %ealt Vit- at on"e3 Ne /on o"u&a @n%at %e a"ea,t &ro2le#3 An alternati/e
Va, not toug-t o03 La o alternati/ nu ,.au gBn%it3
Fe &lan ,inta"ti"> tre"erea unei &ro&o?i!ii %e la %iate?a a"ti/ la "ea &a,i/ a%u"e "u ,ine #ai
#ulte ,"-i#2ri:
Iiate?a a"ti/: 4ur 0or# tea"-er -a, lent #e t-i, 2oo=3
Iiate?a &a,i/:
aD ,u2ie"tul a"ti/ al a"!iunii %e/ine "o#&le#ent %e agent &a,i/ C"are &oate 0i o#i, @n "a?urile %e
la R(3((383D: T-i, 2oo= -a, 2een lent to #e 2H our 0or# tea"-er3
2D o2ie"tul a"ti/ C"o#&le#entul %ire"t ,au in%ire"tD %e/ine ,u2ie"tul /er2ului &a,i/: T-i, 2oo=
-a, 2een lent to #e 2H our 0or# tea"-e> ,au: I -a/e 2een lent t-i, 2oo= 2H our 0or# tea"-er3
"D &re&o?i!ia 2H e,te intro%u, @naintea agentului: I -a/e 2een lent t-i, 2oo= BT our 0or#
tea"-er3
Not: Fentru %e,"rierea tran,0or#rilor &a,i/e> /e?i &aragra0ul (:3*3
*'**'?' Tra/ucerea con,truc2iilor pa,i3e 0n limba romEn1' Un /er2 engle?e," la %iate?a
&a,i/ ,e tra%u"e %e o2i"ei tot &rintr.o "on,tru"!ie &a,i/: T-e "ar Va, re&aire% Herter%aH3 Ma$ina a 0o,t
re&arat ieri3
En "a?ul /er2elor ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul in%ire"t> ,e &ot 0olo,i $i "on,tru"!ii
re0le1i/e "u /aloare &a,i/ "Bn% "o#&le#entul in%ire"t al &er,oanei %e/ine in%ire"t: T-e tea"-er Va,
o00ere% 0loVer, 2H -er &u&il,3 Fro0e,oarei i ,.au o0erit 0lori %e "tre ele/i3
Ver2ele intran?iti/e "u &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie ,e tra%u" &rin %iate? &a,i/> %iate?a a"ti/ ,au &rin
0or#e re0le1i/.&a,i/e> %e la "a? la "a?: T-e "-il%ren Vere Vell loo=e% a0ter3 Co&iii au 0o,t 2ine @ngriAi!i3
A %o"tor -a, 2een ,ent 0or3 Au tri#i, / S.a tri#i, %u& un %o"tor3
Not: En li#2a engle? e1i,t o "ategorie a&arte %e /er2e intran?iti/e 0olo,ite la %iate?a a"ti/ "u
/aloare &a,i/ $i "are ,e tra%u" @n li#2a ro#Bn 0ie &rin "on,tru"!ii re0le1i/e &a,i/e> 0ie &rin /er2e la
%iate?a &a,i/: T-e 2oo= -a, ,ol% /erH Vell3 Cartea ,.a /Bn%ul 0oarte 2ine3 T-e "a=e "ut, ea,lH3 FrAitura
,e taie u$or3 T-e "lau,e rea%, 2ot- VaiH,3 Clau?a &oate 0i inter&retat @n %ou 0eluri3
*'*.' Per,oana i num1rul #Per,on an/ Number&
S&re %eo,e2ire %e /er2ul ro#Bne," /er2ul engle? are &u!ini in%i"i 0or#ali "are , #ar"-e?e
&er,oana $i nu#rul3
Singura %e,inen! ,&e"i0i" e,te ., &entru &er,oana a III.a ,ingular in%i"ati/ul &re?ent> a%ugate
la 0or#a %e in0initi/ a /er2elor no!ionale3 CVer2ele #o%ate nu &ri#e," .,D: <e &laH, t-e &iano3 El "Bnt la
&ian3
Iatorit a2,en!ei 0or#elor 0le1ionare> &er,oana $i nu#rul @n li#2a engle? ,unt i%enti0i"ate %e
o2i"ei "u aAutorul ,u2ie"tului> #ai ale, "Bn% a"ea,ta e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e &er,onal3
pag: 036
En "on,e"in! ,u2ie"tul e,te %e regul e1&ri#at @n li#2a engle? #ai ale, "Bn% e,te un &ronu#e
&er,onal ,&re %eo,e2ire %e li#2a ro#Bn: I Vor= /erH -ar%3 CEuD #un"e," 0oarte #ult3 Ue Vor= /erH
-ar%3 CNoiD #un"i# 0oarte #ult3
*'*4' Mo/ul #Moo/&
(3(63(3 Ie0ini!ie3 Mo%ul e,te "ategoria gra#ati"al ,&e"i0i" /er2ului "are arat 0elul @n "are
/or2itorul "on,i%er a"!iunea %in &un"tul %e /e%ere al &o,i2ilit!ii %e @n%e&linire a ei @n realitate3
Fentru re%area a"e,tui ra&ort al a"!iunii "u realitatea> li#2a engle? %i,&une %e %ou #o%uri
#ar"ate 0or#al: in%i"ati/ul Ca"!iune realD $i ,u2Aon"ti/ul Ca"!iune &o,i2il ,au &re,u&u,D3
Not: Unele gra#ati"i #en!ionea? $i #o%urile "on%i!ional $i i#&erati/3 En a"ea,t lu"rare
0or#ele %e "on%i!ional C&re?ent $i tre"utD ,unt tratate @n "a%rul #o%ului ,u2Aon"ti/ C/e?i R(3(63(9 $i
R(3(63(+D3 %atorit 0or#ei i%enti"e "u unele 0or#e ale ,unAon"ti/ului analiti" $i 0un"!iei ,i#ilare Ca"!iune
&o,i2il ,au &re,u&u,> @n a"e,t "a? "on%i!ionat %e @n%e&linirea unei altei a"!iuniD> iar 0olo,irea
"on%i!ionalului e,te tratat @n "a%rul Sinta1ei 0ra?ei: R +;3(:3:3
Sor#ele 0olo,ite &entru e1&ri#area unei a"!iuni &orun"ite Ca$a.nu#itul #o% i#&erati/D ,unt
anali?ate @n "a%rul "a&itolului Selurile &ro&o?i!iilor> Fro&o?i!ia i#&erati/> R+63:3
Iu& "ategoria gra#ati"al a &er,oanei $i a &o,i2ilit!ii %e a 0or#a &re%i"atul unei &ro&o?i!ii>
0or#ele /er2ale @n li#2a engle? ,e @#&art @n &er,onale Cin%i"ati/ul $i ,u2Aon"ti/ulD $i ne&er,onale
Cin0initi/ul> &arti"i&iul $i Gerun%.ulD3
!OME"E PE6ONA"E A"E VECU"UI #T$e !inite
!orm, o+ t$e Verb&
*'*4'.' Mo/ul In/icati3 #T$e In/icati3e Moo/&
Mo%ul in%i"ati/ &re?int a"!iunea> ,tarea et"3 e1&ri#at %e /er2 "a real @n%e&linit "-iar3 Mo%ul
in%i"ati/ are ur#toarele ti#&uri> @n @n/e"inarea lor "ronologi":
Fe a1a tre"utului:
Fa,t
Fa,t Fer0e"t
Suture in t-e Fa,t
Fe a1a &re?entului:
Fre,ent
Fre,ent Fer0e"t
Suture
Fe a1a /iitorului:
Suture
Suture Fer0e"t
Y
<e returne% t-e 2oo= to t-e li2rarH a0ter -e -a% rea% it3 A ina&oiat "artea la 2i2liote" %u& "e a
"itit.o3 I "an return t-e 2oo= to t-e li2rarH noV3 I -a/e rea% it3 Fot , @na&oie? "artea la 2i2liote"
Ca"u#D3 A# "itit.o3 <e Vill return t-e 2oo= to t-e li2rarH ne1t Mon%aH3 <e Vill -a/e rea% it 2H t-en3 Va
@na&oia "artea la 2i2liote" lunea /iitoare3 4 /a 0i "itit &Bn atun"i3
Not: Fentru anali?a 0olo,irii ti#&urilor> /e?i R (3;3 . R(3)3
*'*4'4' Mo/ul ,ub@oncti3 #T$e 6ub@oncti3e Moo/&' Mo%ul ,u2Aon"ti/ &re?int a"!iunea "a
&o,i2il> "Bn% a"!iunea e,te &roie"tat @n /iitor> ,au "a /irtual> nereali?at> %e"i ireal> "Bn% a"!iunea
tre2uia , ai2 lo" @n tre"ut3 Mo%ul ,u2Aon"ti/ @n li#2a engle? are 0or#e ,inteti"e $i analiti"e3
*'*4'8' 6ub@oncti3ul ,intetic #T$e 6%nt$etical 6ub@oncti3e&' Su2Aon"ti/ul ,inteti" are 0or#e
%e &re?ent $i tre"ut3
pag: 037
*'*4'9' 6ub@oncti3ul prezent #T$e Pre,ent 6ub@oncti3e& e,te i%enti" "a 0or# "u in0initi/ul
,"urt al /er2ului: It i, ne"e,,arH t-at -e 2e -ere3 It i, ne"e,,arH t-at -e "o#e in ti#e3
E,te ne"e,ar "a el , 0ie ai"i3 E,te ne"e,ar "a el , /in la ti#&3
Su2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent e1&ri# o a"!iune "on,i%erat &o,i2il> %e"i nu "ontrar realit!ii3
Su2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent e,te &u!in 0olo,it @n engle?a "onte#&oran> 0iin% %e o2i"ei @nlo"uit %e alte
"ontru"!ii: ,u2Aon"ti/ul analiti"> in0initi/ul3 Entre2uin!rile lui ,unt li#itate la:
(D &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&ale "on!inBn%:
aD urri: Long li/e &ea"e! Tria," &a"ea!
2D anu#ite e1&re,ii> @n "on,tru"!ii 0i1e CSor#ulai" Su2Aon"ti/eD: So 2e it t-en! A$a , 0ie! Su00i"e
it to ,auH t-at333 E,te %e aAun, , ,&un "333
+D &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate intro%u,e %e t-at> "Bn% &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al e1&ri# o re"o#an%are>
%e"i?ie> rug#inte> ,&eran! ,au inten!ie &entru /iitor ori un ,enti#ent %e ,ur&rin%ere CMan%ati/e
Su2Aon"ti/eD3
A,t0el ,u2Aon"ti/ul ,inteti" e,te 0olo,it @n ur#toarele ti&uri %e &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2ie"ti/e: It i, ne"e,,arH t-at t-e "-air#an in0or# t-e "o##ittee o0 t-e %e"i,ion3
E,te ne"e,ar "a &re$e%intele , in0or#e?e "o#itetul a,u&ra %e"i?iei3
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii atri2uti/e a&ro&o?i!ionale: T-ere Va, a &ro&o,al t-at -e 2e ele"te% &ea"e
"-air#an3 E1i,ta o &ro&unere "a el , 0ie ale, &re$e%inte3
"D @n &ro&o?i!ii "o#&leti/e %ire"te: T-eH ,ugge,te% t-at ,te&, 2e ta=en to "on,oli%ate &ea"e an%
,e"uritH in Euro&e3 S.a &ro&u, luarea %e #,uri &entru "on,oli%area &"ii $i ,e"urit!ii @n Euro&a3
%D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale ,au "on"e,i/e intro%u,e %e o "onAun"!ie: I0 t-i, ru#our 2e true> Ve
"annot ,taH -ere3 Ia" a"e,t ?/on e "u#/a a%e/rat nu &ute# r#Bne ai"i3 T-oug- e/erHone %e,ert Hou>
I Vill not3 C-iar %a" lu#ea te /a &r,i> eu nu o /oi 0a"e3
Solo,irea ,u2Aon"ti/ului &re?ent e,te "ara"teri,ti" ,tilului o0i"ial> 0iin% @ntBlnit @n tratate>
re?olu!ii> regula#ente ,au @n ,tilul te-ni"o.$tiin!i0i"3
Su2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent e,te #ai 0re"/ent 0olo,it @n engle?a a#eri"an Cliterar $i /or2itD3 Engle?a
2ritani" "urent &re0er "on,tru"!ii "u:
aD in0initi/ul: It i, ne"e,,arH 0or -i# to "o#e in ti#e3
2D ,-oul% _ in0initi/ul: T-eH ,ugge,t t-at ,te&, ,-oul% 2e ta=en3
*'*4';' 6ub@oncti3ul trecut #T$e Pa,t 6ub@oncti3e&' Su2Aon"ti/ul tre"ut "oin"i%e "a 0or# "u
Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu> #o%ul in%i"ati/: I Vi,- -e tol% t-e trut-3 A$ %ori , ,&un a%e/rul3
Ver2ul 2e are o 0or# uni" &entru toate &er,oanele: Vere: I Vi,- -e/t-eH Vere -ere3
En /or2irea "urent @n,> e1i,t ten%in!a %e a.l @nlo"ui &e Vere "u Va, la &er,oana I $i a III.a
,ingular: I0 -e Vere/Va, ill> I Voul% ,en% 0or t-e %o"tor3 Ia" ar 0i 2olna/> a$ tri#ite %u& %o"tor3
Sor#a %e ,u2Aon"ti/ tre"ut &oate 0i 0olo,it $i la a,&e"tul "ontinuu3 Ea "on!ine @n ,tru"tura ,a
0or#a Vere ur#at %e &arti"i&iul @n .ing al /er2ului %e "onAugat: I Vi,- -e Vere re/i,ing 0or -i, e1a#
noV3 A$ %ori , re&ete &entru e1a#en a"u#3
pag: 03'
Su2Aon"ti/ul tre"ut e,te 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate> &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune "ontrar
realit!ii:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2ie"ti/e> %u& itQ, C-ig-D ti#e: ItQ, ti#e Hou Vent to 2e%3 E %e #ult ti#&ul ,
/ %u"e!i la "ul"are CE,te 0oarte tBr?iuD3
Not: Co#&ara!i "u: ItQ, ti#e _ in0initi/: ItQ, ti#e 0or Hou to go 2e%3 E ti#&ul , / %u"e!i la
"ul"are3 CE ora %e "ul"areD3
2D @n "o#&leti/e %ire"te> %u& /er2ul Vi,-: I Vi,- Hou Vere telling t-e trut-3 A$ %ori , ,&ui
a%e/rul3
"D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale: I0 I ,aV -i#> I Voul% gi/e -i# Hour #e,,age3 Ia" l.a$ /e%ea i.a$
tran,#ite #e,aAul tu3
%D @n "ir"u#,tan!iale %e #o% "o#&arati/e: S-e tal=e% a, i0 ,-e Vere ill3 Vor2ea %e &ar" era
2olna/3
eD @n &ro&o?i!ii "on"e,i/e: E/en t-oug- -e Vere ill> -e Voul% not #i,, ,"-ool3 C-iar %a" ar 0i
2olna/> n.ar li&,i %e la $"oal3
Su2Aon"ti/ul tre"ut e,te utili?at atBt @n ,tilul literar "Bt $i @n li#2a /or2it3 El e,te "on0un%at %e
o2i"ei "u Fa,t Ten,e> "u "are e,te i%enti" "a 0or#3
Not: En "a&itolele %e ,inta1 a 0ra?ei ,.a 0olo,it ter#enul %e Fa,t Ten,e $i nu %e ,u2Aon"ti/
tre"ut @n %i,"u!ia &ro&o?i!iilor ,u2or%onate @n "are a&are a"ea,t 0or#> &entru ,i#&li0i"are $i u$urarea
#e#orrii3
*'*4'=' 6ub@oncti3ul II trecut' Sor#a %e #ai.#ult."a.&er0e"t a in%i"ati/ului are $i /aloare %e
,u2Aon"ti/ &er0e"t> "Bn% e1&ri# o a"!iune "ontrar unei realit!i tre"ute> %e"i ireal> @n unele &ro&o?i!ii
,u2or%onate:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii "o#&leti/e %ire"te> %u& /er2ul Vi,-: I Vi,- I -a% 2een t-ere too3 C2ut I Va,nQtD3
A$ 0i %orit , 0iu $i eu a"olo3
2D @n "ir"u#,tan!iale %e #o% "o#&arati/e: <e tal=e, a, i0 -e -a% ,een -er3 Vor2ea %e &ar" ar 0i
/?ut.o3
"D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale: I0 -e -a% rea% t-e 2oo=> -e Voul% -a/e Vritten a 2etter ter# &a&er3
Ia" ar 0i "itit "artea ar 0i ,"ri, o te? #ai 2un3
*'*4'>' 6ub@oncti3ul analitic #T$e Anal%tical 6ub@oncti3e&'
En li#2a engle? "onte#&oran e1i,t ten%in!a %e a 0olo,i ,u2Aon"ti/ul analiti"> #ai 0re"/ent
%e"Bt ,u2Aon"ti/ul ,inteti"> &entru a e1&ri#a 0a&te ,au a"!iuni i&oteti"e> ,u2 0or#a unor &re,u&uneri>
@n%oieli> urri> "on%i!ii> "on"e,ii ,au a unui ,"o&3
Sor#ele ,u2Aon"ti/ului analiti" "on!in @n ,tru"tura lor /er2e #o%ale ur#ate %e /er2e no!ionale la
in0initi/3 C&re?ent ,au &er0e"tD3
E1i,t #ai #ulte &o,i2ilit!i %e e1&ri#are a ,u2Aon"ti/ului analiti" C"u o 0or# uni" &entru toate
&er,oaneleD:
,-oul% _ in0initi/ : ,-oul% lea/e
,-oul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t : ,-oul% -a/e le0t
Voul% _ in0initi/ : Voul% lea/e
Voul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t : Voul% -a/e le0t
#aH _ in0initi/ : #aH lea/e
#aH _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t : #aH -a/e le0t
#ig-t _ in0initi/ : #ig-t lea/e
#ig-t _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t : #ig-t -a/e le0t
"oul% _ in0initi/ : "oul% lea/e
"oul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t : "oul% -a/e le0t
pag: 010
Sor#ele %e ,u2Aon"ti/ al"tuite %in /er2e #o%ale ur#ate %e in0initi/ul &re?ent ,e re0er la o
a"!iune ,i#ultan ,au &o,terioar a"!iunii %in &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al> &e "Bn% "ele ur#ate %e in0initi/ul
&er0e"t re%au o a"!iune anterioar a"!iunii %in &ro&o?i!ia &rin"i&al3
Aten!ie! Ie$i "on!in /er2e #o%ale> 0or#ele ,u2Aon"ti/ului analiti" $i.au &ier%ut @n #ulte "a?uri
@n!ele,ul #o%al> /er2ele #o%ale %e/enin% ,i#&le /er2e au1iliare: <e le0t earlH ,o t-at -e #ig-t arri/e in
ti#e3 A &le"at %e/re#e "a , aAung la ti#&3
*'*4'?' ntrebuin2area ,ub@oncti3ului analitic' Sor#ele %e ,u2Aon"ti/ analiti" ,unt 0olo,ite atBt
@n &ro&o?i!iile &rin"i&ale> "Bt $i @n &ro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onate3
Solo,irea a"e,tor 0or#e @n &ro&o?i!iile &rin"i&ale e,te li#itat %e o2i"ei la e1&ri#area unor urri >
@n e1&re,ii 0i1e> ,au &entru e1&ri#area i%eii %e "on%i!ional: MaH -e li/e long! I ,-oul% li=e to go noV3
Sor#ele ,u2Aon"ti/ului analiti" C#ai ale, ,-oul% _ in0initi/D ,unt #ai 0re"/ente @n &ro&o?i!iile
,u2or%onate C@n ,&e"ial "ele intro%u,e %e t-atD> &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune &o,i2il> &re,u&u,> &entru a
,u2linia i%eea %e a"!iune $i nu a"!iunea &ro&riu.?i, ,au @n%e&linirea ei> "are ,unt re%ate &rin in%i"ati/3
Co#&ara!i:
T-e i%ea i, t-at ,&ort 0a"ilitie, ,-oul% 2e i#&ro/e%3 I%eea e,te , ,e @#2unt!ea," 2a?a
#aterial &entru ,&ort3 CA"ea,ta ,e &oate @ntB#&la ,au nuD3 T-e 0a"t i, t-at ,&ort 0a"ilitie, Vill 2e
i#&ro/e%3 Sa&tul e,te " 2a?a #aterial &entru ,&ort /a 0i @#2unt!it3 CA"ea,ta ,e /a @ntB#&laD3
*'*4'*(' 6$oul/ D in+initi3ul' S-oul% _ in0initi/ul e,te 0olo,it: (D @n &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&ale> @n
al"tuirea 0or#elor %e "on%i!ional &re?ent $i tre"ut:
aD S-oul% _ in0initi/ul &re?ent e,te utili?at &entru a re%a "on%i!ionalul &re?ent @n li#2a engle?> la
&er,oana I ,ingular $i &lural: I/Ve ,-oul% li=e to ,ee -i#3 A$/A# %ori ,.l /e%e#3
Not: En /or2irea "urent e1i,t ten%in!a %e a 0olo,i Voul% @n lo" %e ,-oul%: I/Ue Voul% li=e to
,ee -i#3
2D S-oul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e,te 0olo,it "u 0un"!ie %e "on%i!ional tre"ut la &er,oana I ,ingular $i
&lural: I/Ue ,-oul% -a/e li=e% to ,ee -i#3 Gi ai"i e,te &re?ent ten%in!a %e a @nlo"ui ,-oul% "u Voul%:
I/Ue Voul% -a/e li=e% to ,ee -i#3
"D Tot @n &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&ale> ,-oul% _ in0initi/ul e,te 0olo,it &entru e1&ri#area unei atitu%ini
e#o!ionale> @n @ntre2ri @n"e&Bn% "u V-H ,au -oV: U-H ,-oul% Ve [uarrel a2out ,u"- a tri0le\ Ie "e ,
ne "ert# &entru un a,e#enea 0lea" \
+D @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2ie"ti/e intro%u,e it i,/Va, ne"e,,arH> ,trnge> unu,ual> i#&ortant> i#&o,,i2le>
natural> CunD0ortunate> re#ar=a2le> ,u&ri,ing et"3:
It i, ne"e,,arH t-at t-e "-air#an ,-oul% in0or# t-e "o##ittee o0 t-e %e"i,ion ta=en3 E,te ne"e,ar
"a &re$e%intele , in0or#e?e "o#itetul %e,&re %e"i?ia luat3
pag: 010
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2ie"ti/e intro%u,e %e it/Va, a &itH> ,-a#e> ,ur&ri,e> Von%er: It i, Von%er t-at
t-eH ,-oul% "o#e ,o earlH3 E o #inune "a ei , /in a$a %e/re#e3
"D @n &ro&o?i!iile atri2uti/e a&o?i!ionale> %u& ,u2,tanti/ele rea,on> ,u&&o,ition> t-oug-> i%ea>
-int: T-i, i, no rea,on V-H -e ,-oul% 2e late3 A"ea,ta nu e,te un #oti/ &entru "are , @ntBr?ie3
%D @n &ro&o?i!iile "o#&leti/e %ire"te %u& /er2e "are e1&ri# un or%in> o ,uge,tie> o -otrBre:
or%er> "o##an%> %e#an%> re[ue,t> in,i,t> ,ugge,t> &ro&o,e> o00er> arrange> agree> ,ettle: T-eH %e#an%e%
t-at t-e #eeting ,-oul% 2e -el% Vit-out %elaH3 Au "erut "a $e%in!a , 0ie !inut 0r @ntBr?iere3
eD @n &ro&o?i!ii "o#&leti/e &re&o?i!ionale %u& a%Ae"ti/e "a: I a# gla%> &lea,e%> an1iou,> ,orrH
et"3> "are re%au ,enti#entele /or2itorului: S-e Va, an1iou, t-at t-eH ,-oul% ,ee -er %an"ing3 Era
ner2%toare "a ei , o /a% %an,Bn%3
0D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale> &entru e1&ri#area unei "on%i!ii &u!in &ro2a2ile: I0 -e ,-oul% "o#e>
tell -i# to Vait in t-e roo#3
Ia" /ine "u#/a/,e @ntB#&l , /in> ,&une.i , a$te&te @n "a#era %e ?i3
gD @n &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ,"oi& negati/e intro%u,e %e le,t> 0or 0ear Ct-atD> in "a,e Ct-atD>
ur#ate %e un /er2 la 0or#a a0ir#ati/: <e -urrie% 0or 0ear -e ,-oul% 2e late3 Se gr2ea %e 0ri" , nu
@ntBr?ie3
-D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on"e,i/e intro%u,e %e t-oug-> alt-oug-> V-ate/er &entru a e1&ri#a o a"!iune
i&oteti": U-ate/er -e ,-oul% %o> -e i, not li=elH to ,u""ee%3 4ri"e ar 0a"e nu are $an,e , reu$ea,"3
iD @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate te#&orale CrarD: <e Va, a%/i,e% to =ee& a %iet till -e ,-oul% 0eel
2etter3 A 0o,t ,0tuit , !in regi# &Bn ,e /a ,i#!i #ai 2ine3
pag: 010
(3(63 ((3 MaH/ #i g-t _ In0initi/ul3 Su2Aon"ti/ul analiti" e1&ri #at &rin #aH/ #i g-t _
in0initi/ul &re?ent ,au &er0e"t e,t e 0olo,it:
(D @n &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&al e> &ent r u a e1&ri #a o urar e> %orin! : MaH Hou li/e long !
S tri e$ti #ul!i ani ! 4-> t-at -e #ig-t re"o/er ,oon ! 4> %e ,. ar @n,nt o$i
re&e%e !
+D @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onat e3
Aten!i e! Ia" /er2ul %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al e,t e la un ti#& &re?ent > @n
&ro&o?i!i a ,u2or%onat ,e &oat e 0olo,i #aH ,au #ig-t _ in0initi/ C&er0e"t D3
Utili?area lui #ig-t _ in0initi/ in%i" o ne,igur an! #ai #ar e %e"Bt #aH: It i,
&o,,i2l e t-at -e #aH "o#e lat er3 E,t e &o,i2il / Se &oat e , /in #ai tBr?iu3 It i,
&o,,i2l e t-at -e #ig-t "o#e lat er3 S.ar &ut ea , /in #ai tBr?iu3
Mig-t _ in0initi/ul e,t e @ntre2ui n! at @ntot %eauna %u& un /er2 tre"ut @n &ro&o?i!i a
&rin"i&al : <e ,&o=e lou%lH ,o t-at e/erH2o%H #ig-t -ear -i#3 A /or2it tare "a
,. l au% toat lu#ea3
MaH/ #i g-t _ in0initi/ul C&re?ent ,au &er0e"t D e,t e 0olo,it @n ur#t oar el e ti&uri %e
&ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onat e:
pag: 01/
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2i e"ti/e intro%u, e %e it i,/Va, &o,,i2l e> &ro2a2l e> li=elH> la 0or#a
a0ir#at i /: It Va, &o,,i2l e t-at t-eH #ig-t -a/e /i,it e% t-e E1-i2ition t-e %aH
2e0ore3 Era &o,i2il "a ei , 0i /i?itat e1&o?i!i a "u o ?i @naint e3
Not: La 0or#a interogat i / ,au negati /> a"e,t e "on,t r u"!ii ,unt ur#at e %e
,-oul% _ in0initi/: Ua, i, &o,,i2l e t-at ,-oul % -a/e /i,it e% t-e E1-i2ition alrea% \
Era &o?i2il "a ei , 0i /i?itat %eA a e1&o?i!i a \
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii "o#&l eti/e &re&o?i!ional e %u& 2e a0rai %: : <e Va, a0rai % I #ig-t
turn %oVn -i, o00er3 Se te#ea , nu. i re,&i ng o0ert a3
"D @n &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ,"o& intro%u, e %e "onAun"!iile t-at > ,o t-at > in
or%er t-at : S-e re&eat e% t-e e1&l anat i on ,o t-at %e &u&il, #ig-t un%er ,t an% t-e
le,,on 2et t er3 A re&et at e1&li"a!i a "a ele/ii , @n!el eag #ai 2ine le"!i a3
%D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on"e,i /e intro%u, e %e t-oug-> alt-oug-> V-at e/er > -oVe/er> no
#at t er et"3> &ent r u a re%a o a"!iune ne,igur > &re,u&u, : <oVe/er tire%-e #ig-t
2e> -e #u,t "o#e %oVn an% tal= to u,3 4ri"Bt %e o2o,it ar 0i> tre2ui e , "o2oar e
, /or2ea, " "u noi3
*' *4' * .' Boul / D in+i ni ti 3ul ' Su2Aon"ti/ul analiti" e1&ri #at &rin Voul% _
in0initi/ul &re?ent ,au &er0e"t e,t e utili?at:
(D @n &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&al e> &ent r u "on,t r uir ea 0or#el or %e "on%i!ional:
aD "on%i!ional ul &re?ent > la toat e &er,oanel e> e,t e 0or#at %in Voul% _ in0initi/ul
&re?ent : T-eH Voul% li=e to "o#e noV3 Ei ar %ori , /in a"u#3
2D Voul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e,t e @ntre2ui n! at &ent r u 0or#ar e a "on%i!ional ul ui
tre"ut la toat e &er,oanel e: T-eH Voul% -a/e li=e% to "o#e noV3 Ei ar %ori , /in
a"u#3
+D @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onat e:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii "o#&l eti /e %ire"t e> %u& /er2ul Vi,-> &ent r u a e1&ri #a o a"!iune
%orit > %ar a/Bn% &u!ine $an, e %e reali?ar e @n /iitor: I Vi,- -e Voul% len% #e -i,
2oo=3 C2ut I %onQt t-in= -e VillD3 A$ %ori ,. #i @#&ru#ut e "art ea C%ar nu "re% " o
/a 0a"eD3 2D @n &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ,"o& intr;o%u, e %e ,o t-at : S-e =e&t
t-e 0oo% in t-e o/en ,o t-at t-eH Voul% eat it -ot3 A !inut #Bn"ar e a @n "u&t or "a
,. o #nBn"e "al%3
*' *4' * 4' Coul / D in+i ni ti 3ul ' Coul% _ in0initi/ul e,t e 0olo,it %e o2i"ei @n Coul% _
in0initi/ul3 "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ,"o&> "a o alt ernat i / a lui #aH/ #i g-t _ in0initi/ul3
Ieo,e2ir ea %intr e "ele %ou "on,t r u"!ii e,t e ur#t oar e a: #aH/ #i g-t e,t e #ai
0or#al $i in%i" un gra% #ai #ar e %e ne,i gur an! 5 "oul% e,t e utili?at @n /or2ire $i
in%i" un gra% #ai #ar e %e ne,igur an! 5 "oul% e,t e utili?at @n /or2ire $i in%i" %e
o2i"ei o a"!iune real : S-e ,ent -i# #oneH ,o t-at -e "oul% 2uH t-e %i"tionar H3 I.
a tri#i, 2ani "a , &oat "u#&r a / , "u#&er e %i"!ionar ul3
(3(63 (:3 Su2Aon"ti/ul ,au in%i"ati/ul3 En unel e %in ,itua!iile %e #ai ,u, @n "are ,e
@ntre2ui n! e a? ,u2Aon"ti/ul analiti" ,e &oat e 0olo,i $i in%i"ati/ul3 A"e,t a e,t e
utili?at %e o2i"ei "Bn% a"!iunea e,t e #en!i onat "a un 0a&t r eal $i nu "a o
&re,u&uner e5 ItQ, a &itH Hou -a/e #i,,e% ,u"- an o&&ort uni t H3 E &"at " ai
&ier%ut o a,e#e ne a o"a?i e3 CSe ,u2lini a,? i%eea %e a &ier%e o a,e#e ne a
o"a?i eD3
Not: Fentru anali?a #ai %et ali at a 0olo,irii #o%urilor $i ti#&urilor @n &ro&o?i!iile
,u2or %onat e> /e?i Sint a1a 0ra?ei> R +;3 :3 . R+;3 (83
pag: 010
*' *8' !ormel e neper , o nal e al e 3erbul ui #T$e Non: !ini t e !orm, o+ t$e
Verb&
(3(:3 (3 Sor#el e ne&er ,onal e ale /er2ul ui @n li#2a engl e? ,unt in0initi/ul>
&arti"i&iul @n .ing> 0or#a Gerun% Cgerun?i ulD $i &arti"i&iul tre"ut 3
Sor#el e ne&er , onal e ale /er2ul ui nu au "at egoriile gra#at i "al e %e #o%>
&er,oan $i nu#r $i nu &ot @n%e&lini @n &ro&o?i!i e 0un"!i a %e &re%i"at 3 En unel e
,itua!ii @n, ele &ot 0or#a "on,t r u"!ii "u "ara"t er &re%i"ati / @n "are 0or#a /er2al
,e a0l @ntr. un ra&ort &re%i"ati/ i#&li"it 0a! %e ele#ent ul no#i nal: Sat-er "o#i ng
-o#e earlH> Ve Vent 0or a Val=3 Tat a /enin% %e/r e#e a"a, > ne. a# %u, la
&li#2ar e3 T-e &re&ar at i on, 0or t-e e1a# "o#&l et e%> t-e "an%i %at e, Vere alloVe%
to ent er t-e e1a#i nat i on roo#3 Fregt irile &ent r u e1a#e n C0iin%D ter #i nat e> li ,. a
&er #i , "an%i %a!ilor , intre @n ,al a %e e1a#e n3
Sor#el e ne&er , onal e ale /er2ul ui "u at Bt "ara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e> "Bt $i
"ara"t eri ,ti"i no#i nal e3
*' *8' .' Caract eri , t i ci l e 3erbal e "o#une "u "ele ale 0or#el or ne&er ,onal e
,unt:
aD Sor#el e ne&er ,onal e ale /er2ul ui au tra%i!ional "at egori a %e ti#&> %iat e? iar
in0initi/ul are $i "at egori a %e a,&e"t 3
2D &e &lan ,int a"ti"> &ot a/ea ,u2i e"t C0or#Bn% "on,t ru"!ii &re%i"ati /e i#&li"it eD>
"o#&l e#e nt %ire"t C%u& /er2e tran?iti/eD ,au "o#&l e#e nt e "ir"u#, t an! i al e> "a
$i 0or#e &er,onal e: I "an i#agi ne t-e# VorrHing a2out it3 E#i i#agi ne? ". $i 0a"
&ro2l e#e %e,&r e a"e,t lu"ru3 <a/ing rea% t-e 2oo=> ,-e ret urne% it to t-e li2rarH3
Iu& "e a "itit "art ea a @na&oi at. o la 2i2liot e"3 Ue noti"e% ,o#e &u&il, running
in t-e &laHgroun%3 A# o2,er/at "B!i/a ele/i alergBn% @n "urt ea $"olii3
*' *8' 4' Fe lBng a"e,t e "ara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e> in0initi/ul $i Gerun%. ul au $i
caract eri , t i ci ,ub, t ant i 3al e , %at ori t "ror a ele &ot @n%e&lini @n &ro&o?i!i e $i
0un"!ii ,&e"i0i"e ,u2,t ant i /ul ui> iar &arti"i&iul are $i "ara"t eri ,ti"i a%A e"ti/al e>
%at orit "ror a ,e &oat e "o#&or t a "a un a%A e"ti/ @n &ro&o?i!i e: To ,ee -er agai n
Va, -i, onlH %e,ire3 S.o /a% %in nou era ,ingur a lui %orin! 3 Running i, goo% 0or
Hou3 Cro,ul @!i 0a"e 2ine3 <e Voul% a%% ,t a#& a0t er ,t a#& to -i, groVing
"olle"tion o0 ol% Ro#ani an ,t a#&,3 A%uga ti#2r u %u& ti#2ru la "ole"!i a lui @n
"re$t er e> %e /e"-i #r"i &o$t al e ro#Bne$ t i 3 T-ere i, t-e Lo,t Fro&er t H 400i"e3
A"olo e,t e Biroul %e o2ie"t e g,it e3
*' *9' In+ini ti 3ul #T$e In+ini ti 3e&
*' *9' *' !ormel e in+i ni ti 3ul ui ' In0initi/ul are %ou 0or#e: in0initi/ul lung CT-e
Long In0initi/eD> #ar"at %e &arti"ul a to $i in0initi/ul ,"urt CT-e S-ort In0initi/eD>
0r &arti"ul a to3
Not: In0initi/ul "u a%/er 2 inter"al at CT-e S&lit In0initi/eD3 Gra#at i "il e #ai
#en!i one a? $i in0initi/ul "u a%/er 2 int er"al at > o "on,t r u"!i e %e,t ul %e 0re"/ent
@n engl e?a "ont e #&or an> al"t ui t %intr. un in0initi/ lung $i un a%/er 2 %e #o%>
a$e?at @ntre /er2ul &rin"i&al3 Ie e1e#&l u:
to "learlH un%er ,t an% O a @n!el ege "lar
to 0ullH a&&r e"i at e O a a&r e"i a "u# tre2ui e
to 0latH re0u,e O a re0u?a "at egori " et"
T-eH "a#e to 0ullH reali?e t-e i#&ort an"e o0 t-e e/ent 3 Au aAun, ,. $i %ea ,ea#a
&e %e&lin %e i#&ort an! a e/eni #ent ul ui3
*' *9' .' Caract eri , t i ci l e 3erbel e al e in+ini ti 3ul ui '
aD In0initi/ul are "at egoriile gra#at i "al e %e ti#& C&re?ent $i &er0e"t D> a,&e"t
C,i#&l u $i "ontinuuD %iat e?a Ca"ti/ $i &a,i/D3
In0initi/ul Cti#&> a,&e"t > %iat e?D
Ti#&ul A,&e"t ul "ontinuu A,&e"t ul
"ontinuu
Iiat e?a a"ti/ Iiat e?a &a,i/ Iiat e?a a"ti/
Fre?ent
Fer0e"t
Va,-
a ,&l a
-a/e Va,-e%
a 0i ,&l at
2e Va,-e%
a 0i ,&l at
-a/e 2een
Va,-e%
a 0i 0o,t ,&l at
2e Va,-i ng
a ,&l a
-a/e 2een
Va,-i ng
a 0i ,&l at
*' *9' 4' Caract eri , t i ci l e ,ub, t ant i 3al e al e in+i ni ti 3ul ui En &ro&ro?i!i e>
in0initi/ul @n%e&line$t e %e regul 0un"!iile unui ,u2,t ant i /3 In0initi/ul e,t e 0olo,it:
(D la @n"e&ut ul &ro&o?i!i ei:
aD "u 0un"!i e %e ,u2i e"t : To err i, -u#an3 A gre$i e,t e o#ene, "3
Not: @n /or2irea "urent > ,u2i e"t ul e1&ri #at &rintr. un in0initi/ e,t e anti"i&at %e
&ronu#el e it: It i, [uit e ea,H to learn Engli,-3 E,t e %e,t ul %e u$or , @n/e!i
engl e?e$ t e3
2D "a ele#ent in%e&en%e nt @n &ro&o?i!i e> @n "on,t ru"!ii &arent et i "e: to 2e ,ure> to
&ut it #il%lH> to ,&ea= 0ran=lH> to tell t-e trut - et"3: To tell t-e trut -> I %onQt li=e
-i#3
+D %u& ,u2,t ant i /e @n%e&linin% 0un"!i a %e atri2ut : <e i, not t-e #an to %o it3 El
nu e,t e o#ul C"ar eD , 0a" a"e,t lu"ru3 NeV 2lo"=, o0 0lat, Vill 2e 2uilt in t-i,
area in t-e Hear, to "o#e3 En anii "e /or /eni ,e /or "on,t r ui noi 2lo"uri %e
lo"uin! e @n a"ea, t ?on3
Nota: Unele %intre a"e,t e ,u2,t ant i /e &ro/in %in /er2el e %e la (3(;3 63 > &"t3 7:
at t e#&t > %e"i,ion> intenti on> Vi,- et"3: <e announ"e% -i, %e"i,ion to re,ign3 Gi.a
anun! at -ot r Br ea %e a %e#i ,iona3
6D %u& /er2e #o%al e> "a &art e a &re%i"at ul ui:
aD in0initi/ul lung> %u&: oug-t CtoD> -a/e CtoD> 2e CtoD> u,e% CtoD $i uneori %u&
%ar e $i nee% C/e?i (3+93 ;3 $i (3+93 ((3 D> "a &art e a &re%i"at ul ui: Ue -a/e to get u&
earlH e/erH %aH3 Tre2ui e , ne ,"ul# %e/r e#e @n 0ie"ar e ?i3
2D in0initi/ul ,"urt > %u& "an> #aH> #u,t > nee%> %ar e> ,-all/,-oul %> Vill/Voul%: Tou
,-oul% ,ee a %o"t or3 Ar tre2ui , #er gi la %o"t or3
:D %u& /er2e "o&ul ati/e C@n ,&e"i al 2eD> @n%e&linin% 0un"!i a %e nu#e &re%i"ati/:
To ,ee -er i, to li=e -er3 A o /e%ea @n,ea #n a o &l"ea3
;D "a o "o#&linire a unor a%A e"ti/e "are e1&ri # ,t ri ,u0let e$ t i> 0olo,it e
&re%i"ati/: a0rai %> "ert ai n> "ont ent > eager> gla%> &lea, e% ,orrH> ,ure> Vrong et"3:
<e i, eager to -el& Hou3 E,t e %orni" , te aAut e3 IQ# /erH gla% to -a/e ,een t-e#3
Sunt 0oart e 2u"uro% " i.a# /?ut 3
7D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e: arrange> att e #&t > %e"i%e> learn> o00er> &ro#i , e> re0u, e>
Vant> Vi,- et"3 @n%e&linin% 0un"!i a %e "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t3
aD ,ingur e: T-eH -a/e %e"i%e% to re&eat t-e e1&eri #ent 3 Au -ot r Bt , re&et e
e1&eri en! a3
2D @n "on,t r u"!i a A"u?ati/ "u in0initi/> %u& /er2e e1&ri #Bn% o a"ti/it at e #int al
C2elie/e> "on,i%er> t-in= et"3D> &er #i ,i unea CalloV> &er #i tD> un or%in ,au o
rug#i nt e Cor%er> "o##an%> re[ue, t > 2eg> a,= et"3D: Ue re[ue, t e% t-e# to
"o#&l et e t-e ,ur/eH3 Le.a# "erut , ter #i ne an"-et a3
pag: 011
"D Aten!i e! Iu& /er2el e %e &er"e& !ie: -ear> ,ee> Vat"-> noti"e> o2,er/e> &er"ei /e
$i %u& -a/e> let $i #a=e @n "on,t ru"!i a A"u?ati/ "u in0initi/ C/e?i (*3 63 (3 D ,e
0olo,e$ t e in0initi/ul ,"urt: I -ear % t-e# "o#e3 I.a# au?it /enin%3 I #a%e -er Vor=
-ar%er3 A# 0"ut. o , #un"ea, " #ai #ult3
Not: (3 Ver2ul noti"e &oat e 0i ur#at $i %e in0initi/ul "u to: I noti"e% t-e# CtoD
"o#e3 I.a# o2,er/at /enin%3
+3 Ver2el e %e la &"t3 7 "D,unt ur#at e %e in0initi/ul "u to @n tran,0or #ar e a &a,i/ a
"on,t r u"!i ei A"u?ati/ "u in0initi/ . No#inati/ "u in0initi/: T-eH Vere -ear % to
"o#e3 S-e Va, #a%e to Vor= -ar%er3
8D @n "on,t r u"!i a In0initi/ul "u 0or . to: T-eH Vere an1iou, 0or -er to 2egi n -er
,ong3 Erau ner 2%t ori "a ea ,. $i @n"ea& "Bnt e"ul3
*D @n "on,t r u"!i a No#inati/ "u in0initi/: T-eH Vere re[ue, t e% to "o#&l et e t-e
,ur/eH3 Li ,. a "erut , ter #i ne an"-et a3
)D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e ,au intran?iti/e> @n%e&linin% 0un"!i a %e "o#&l e#e nt
"ir"u#, t an! i al %e ,"o&: I "a#e to tal= to Hou3 A# /enit C"aD , ,t au %e /or2 "u
tine3
Not: In0initi/ul "u 0un"!i e %e "o#&l e#e nt "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ,"o& &oat e 0i
&re"e%at %e in or%er to> ,o a, to: <e re&et e a % t-e neV Vor%, e/erH%aH )in or%erD
not to 0orget t-e#3 Re&et a "u/int el e noi @n 0ie"ar e ?i "a , nu le uit e3
(9D &ent r u a @nlo"ui o &ro&o?i!i e ,u2or%onat > &re"e%at %e un &ronu#e/ a%/er 2
int erogat i /> ,au %e o "onAun"!i e:
S-oV #e V-er e to go CO V-er e I #u,t goD3
<e -a, tol% #e V-at to 2uH CO V-at I #u,t 2uHD3
-oV to %o it3 CO -oV I ,-oul% %o itD3
Not: (3 Ver2ul =noV "u ,en,ul %e ]a $ti "u# , 333^ e,t e ur#at %e -oV_i n0initi/:
S-e =noV, -oV to "a&ti/at e -er au%i en"e3 Gtie "u# ,. $i "a&ti/e?e au%it oriul3
+3 Sorget > learn $i tea"- ,unt 0olo,it e @n #o% ,i#ilar: S-e taug-t #e -oV to "at"-
2ut t er0lie,3 M.a @n/! at "u# , &rin% 0luturi3
((D Farti"ul a to &oat e 0i 0olo,it &ent r u a @nlo"ui un /er2 "are a 0o,t %eA a
#en!i onat : A: LetQ, go3 B: I %onQt Vant to3 A: <ai , #er ge #3 B: Nu /reau C,
#er ge #D 3 S-e 2oug-t t-e 2oo= alt-oug- I -a% tol% -er not to3 Ea a "u#&r at
"art ea %e$i i.a# ,&u, , n. o "u#&er e3
*' *9' 8' Tra/uc er e ' In0initi/ul ,e tra%u"e %e o2i"ei @n li#2a ro#Bn &rintr. o
&ro&o?i!i e ,u2or %onat : I Vant to ,ee -er3 Vreau ,. o /%3 <e "oul% "o#e3 A &ut ut
, /in3
*' *;' !orma 0n :ing #T$e :ing !orm&
*' *;' *' Sor#a @n .ing re&r e?i nt %ou 0or#e /er2al e %i,tin"t e: &arti"i&iul @n .ing
$i Gerun%. ul3 A"e,t ea au 0or# i%enti"> &ut Bn% 0i %i0eren!i at e nu#ai %u&
0un"!iile &e "are le @n%e&line," @n &ro&o?i!i e> &e 2a?a %et er #i nrilor &e "are le au3
Sor#a @n .ing ,e "on,t rui e$ t e %in in0initi/ul /er2ul ui %e "onAugat > la "are ,e
a%aug ter #i na! i a .ing: rea% _ .ing O rea%i ng5 VritV _ .ing O Vriting5 "rH O .ing
O "rHing5 lie _ .ing OlHing5 ,it _ .ing O ,itting3 CFent r u ortogr a0i er ea a"e,t ei
0or#e /er2al e> /e?i (3(93 ;3 D3
pag: 015
Sun"!iile @n%e&linit e %e "ele %ou 0or#e /er2al e %eri/ %in "ara"t eri ,ti"ile lor:
&arti"i&iul @n .ing are "ara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e $i a%A e"ti/al e: <e i, ,lee&i ng3 El
%oar #e3 T-e ,lee&i ng "-il%3 Co&ilul "are %oar #e3 iar Gerun%. ul> "ara"t eri ,ti"i
/er2al e $i ,u2,t ant i /al e: Ue -a% t-e a%a/ant a ge o0 Vor=ing in a 0a"torH near our
,"-ool3 A# a/ut a/ant aA ul , lu"r# @ntr. o 0a2ri" lBng $"oal a noa,t r 3 Uor=ing
in a 0a"torH i, u,e0ul 0or our 0uture "areer ,3 Mun"a @n 0a2ri" e,t e 0olo,itoar e
&ent r u /iitoar ea noa,t r &ro0e,i une3
(3(73 +3 Farti"i&iul @n .ing ,au &arti"i&iul &re?ent Ct-e .ing Fart"i&l e> t-e Fre,ent
Farti"i&l eD e1&ri # o a"!iune @n %e,0$ ur ar e ,au o ,t ar e nel egat e %e un agent &rin
"at egoriile %e &er,oan ,au nu#r 3
(3(73 63 Cara"t eri ,ti"ile /er2al e ale &arti"i&iului @n .ing3 aD Farti"i&iul @n .ing are
"at egoriile gra#at i "al e %e ti#& $i %iat e?:
Parti ci pi ul 0n :ing #ti mp i /iat ez 1&
Ti#& Iiat e?
a"ti/ &a,i/
Present participle
Farti"i&iul Fre?ent
Present Participle
Farti"i&iul Fer0e"t
rea#ing
"itin%
ha!ing rea#
"itin%
being rea#
0iin% "itit
hea!i ng been rea#
0iin% "itit
Farti"i&iul &re?ent e1&ri # o a"!iune ,i#ult an "u /er2ul la #o% &er,onal %in
&ro&o?i!i e: Running a"ro,, t-e &ar=> -e -ear % ,o#e2o%H "all -i, na#e3 En ti#& "e
tra/er , a &ar"ul @n 0ug> a au?it &e "ine/a ,trigBn%u. l &e nu#e3
Farti"i&iul &er0e"t
6
,e 0or#ea? %in &arti"i&iul &re?ent al /er2ul ui -a/e %in
&arti"i&iul tre"ut al /er2ul ui %e "onAugat 3 El e1&ri # o a"!iune ant eri oar /er2ul ui
&re%i"ati/ %in &ro&o?i!i e: <a/ing run a"ro,, t-e &ar=> -e 0elt tire%3 Iu& "e a
tra/er , at &ar"ul @n 0ug ,. a ,i#!it o2o,it3
2D Farti"i&iul @n .ing e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u 0or#ar e a a,&e"t ul ui "ontinuu al /er2el or:
T-eH are going -o#e3 Se %u" a"a, 3 I Va, &laHing "-e, V-en t-e tele&-one rang3
Ju"a# $a- "Bn% a ,unat tel e0onul3
"D Fe &lan ,int a"ti"> &arti"i&iul @n .ing &oat e a/ea ,u2i e"t > "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t
C%u& /er2e tran?iti/eD $i "o#&l e#e nt e "ir"u#, t an! i al e > "a $i 0or#el e &er,onal e:
I ,aV -i# rea%i ng an Engli,- 2oo= in t-e li2rarH3 L.a# /?ut "itin% o "art e
engl e?ea, " la 2i2liot e"3
*' *;' 8' Caract eri , t i ci l e a/@ ect i 3al e al e parti ci pi ul ui 0n :ing' Far"i"i&iul @n
.ing &oat e 0i 0olo,it $i "a a%A e"ti/3 El ,e a$ea? @naint ea ,u2,t ant i /ul ui> %a" ,e
a""ent ue a? latur a ,a a%A e"ti/al $i %u& ,u2,t ant i /> %a" latur a /er2al e,t e
#ai e/i%ent : All ,lee&i ng "-il%ren are 2eauti0ul C,lee&i ng O not aVa=eD3 To!i
"o&ii a%or #i !i ,unt 0ru#o$i3 T-e "-il% ,lee&i ng in t-e ne1t roo# i, #H 2a2H
2rot -er C,lee&i ng O V-o i, ,lee&i ngD3 Co&ilul "are %oar #e @n "a#er a alt ur at
e,t e 0r!iorul #eu3
pag: 016
*' *;' 9' !unc2i i l e ,i nt act i c e al e parti ci pi ul ui 0n :ing' Farti"i&iul @n .ing e,t e
0olo,it C,ingur ,au &re"e%at %e "onAu"!ii> @n ,&e"i al V-en ,au V-ileD:
(D @n e1&r e,ii &ar ent et i "e: gener allH ,&ea=i ng O @n gener al > Au%ging 2H
a&&ear an" e, O Au%e"Bn% %u& a&ar en! e5 2egi nni ng Vit- Se&t e#2er (; O
@n"e&Bn% "u (; ,e&t e #2ri e> "on,i%eri ng t-e "ir"u#, t an"e , O luBn% @n
"on,i %er ar e "on%i!iile3 Ju%ging 2H a&&ear a n" e, > no2o%H i, to 2la#e3 Ju%e"Bn%
%u& a&ar en! e ni#eni nu e,t e /ino/at 3
+D "a nu#e &re%i"ati /> %u& /er2el e ,t an%> ,it> lie: S-e ST44I ga?ing at t-e
2rig-tl H lit ,-o& Vin%oV,3 Se uit a "u a%#ir a! i e la /itrinel e /iu lu#inat e3
6D "a @nlo"uit or al unor &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or %onat e> @n%e&linin% @n &ro&o?i!i e 0un"!i a
%e:
aD atri2ut : S-e loo=e% at t-e "-il%ren &laHing in t-e gar%en CO V-o Vere &laHingD:
Se uita la "o&ii "are ,e Au"au @n gr%i n3
6
Farti"i&i ul &er0e"t CFer0e"t Farti"i&l eD $i &arti"i&iul tre"ut CFa,t Farti"i&l eD nu ,unt una $i a"eea $i
0or# /er2al 3
Farti"i&i ul &er0e"t re&re?i nt 0or#a &er0e"t a &arti"i &i ul ui @n .ing in%i"Bn% o a"!i une ,/Br $i t
ant eri or a"!iunii e1&ri #at e %e /er2ul &re%i"at i /: <a/ing 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo=> -e Vent to 2e%3
Ieoar e"e / Iu& "e a ter#i nat "art ea> ,. a %u, la "ul"ar e3
Farti"i&i ul tre"ut re&re?i nt alt 0or# /er2al > li&,it %e "at egori a %e ti#& $i "are %enu#e $ t e
a"!iune a "a re?ult at : T-e 0urnit ur e #a%e in Ro#ani a i, e1&ort e% to #anH "ount ri e,3 Mo2ila
0a2ri"at @n Ro#Bni a e,t e e1&ort at @n #ut e !ri3
Farti"i&i ul tre"ut intr @n ,tru"t ur a 0or#ei %in &arti"i&iu &er0e"t : <a/ing #a%e a u,e0ul ,ugge, t i on>
-e -a% our ,u&&ort 3 Ieoar e"e a 0"ut o &ro&uner e util> CelD ,. a 2u"ur at %e ,&riAinul no,t ru3
2D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t "o#&l e1 CA"u?ati/ "u &arti"i&iu @n .ingD: S-e
-ear % ,o#e2o%H =no"=ing at t-e %oor3 CO t-at ,o#e2o%H Va, =no"=ingD3 A au?it
&e "ine/a 2t Bn% la u$3
"D "o#&l e#e nt "ir"u#, t an! i al> #ai ale, %e:
. ti#&: Arri/ing at t-e ,t ati on> -e ,t art e% loo=ing 0or -i, 0rien% CO V-en -e
arri/e%3 3 3 D So,in% la gar > a @n"e&ut ,. $i "aut e &riet enul 3
. "au?: <a/ing rea% t-e 2oo=> -e Va, a2le to "o##ent on ir3 CO A, -e -a% rea%
t-e 2oo=333D Ieaor e"e "iti,e "art ea> a &ut ut , o "o#ent e? e3
. @#&reA ur ri @n,o!it oar e: S-e "a#e out o0 t-e roo# Veari ng a long e/eni ng %re,,3
CS-e "a#e out333 S-e Va, Vearing3 3 3D A ie$it %in "a#er &urt Bn% o ro"-i e lung %e
,ear 3
Not: E1&ri #ar e a "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al &rintr. un &arti"i&iu @n .ing e,t e
o tr, t ur "ara"t eri ,ti" engl e?ei literar e3 En /or2ire ,e re0er &ro&o?i!iile
,u2or %onat e CVe?i &arant e?el eD3
(3(73 73 Tra%u"er e3 Farti"i&iul @n .ing ,e tra%u"e @n li#2a ro#Bn &rintr. un
gerun?i u ,au &rintr. o &ro&o?i!i e ,u2or%onat : Fa,,ing t-e ,-o&> -e ,aV -i,
#ot -er in,i%e3 Tre"Bn% / En ti#& "e tre"ea &rin 0a! a #aga?i nul ui> o /?u &e #a#a
,a @nunt r u3
*'*=' !orma :ing ca Gerun/ #T$e Gerun/&
*' *=' *' Caract eri , t i ci l e 3erbal e al e +ormei Gerun/' Gerun% are> la 0el "a $i
&arti"i&iul @n .ing> "ara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e:
aD are "at egoriile gra#at i "al e %e ti#& $i %iat e?:
Iiat e?a a"ti/:
Gerun%: I enAoH learning Engli,-3 E#i &la"e , @n/! engl e?a3
Fer0e"t Gerun%: <e %eni e, -a/ing ta=en t-e 2oo=,3 Neag " a luat "r!ile3
pag: 017
Iiat e?a &a,i/:
Gerun%: <e "anQt ,t an% 2eing interru&t e%3 Nu &oat e ,u0eri , 0ie
@ntrer u&t 3
Fer0e"t Gerun%: <e %eni e, -a/ing 2een in/it e% to t-e &art H3 Neag " a 0o,t
in/it at la
&et r e"er e3
Gerun% %enu#e $ t e %e regul o a"!iune ,i#ult an "u a"!iunea /er2ul ui &re%i"ati/
C"u e1"e&!i a ,itua!iilor @n "are Gerun%. ul e,t e &re"e%at %e &re&o?i !i a 2e0or e ,au
a0t erD3
T-e tea"-er enAoHe% ta=ing t-e "-il%ren to t-e #u, eu# la,t Sun%aH3 Fro0e,orul ui
i.a 0"ut &l"er e ,. i %u" &e "o&ii la #u?eu %u#i ni"a tre"ut 3
Sor#a &er0e"t CFer0e"t Gerun%D %enu#e $ t e o a"!iune ant eri oar /er2ul ui
&re%i"ati/3 A"ea,t 0or# e,t e #ai rar 0olo,it %e"Bt Gerun% $i ea a&ar e #ai ale,
%u& /er2ul %enH: <e IENIES -a/ing ,een -er3 Neag " a /?ut. o3
En "a?ul altor /er2e> #ai ale, re#e #2e r > e1"u, e> 0orgi/e> t-an= $i %u&
&re&o?i !iile on> a0t er> Vit-out > ra&ort ul %e ant eri orit at e &oat e 0i e1&ri #at $i %e
Gerun%3
I "anQt re#e #2 er %oing t-i, e1er"i,e 2e0or e3
I "anQt re#e #2 er -a/ing %one t-i, e1er"i ,e 2e0ore3
Nu .#i a#int e, " , #ai 0i 0"ut a"e,t e1er"i!iu3
I t-an=e% -i# 0or -el&ing #e3
I t-an=e% -i# 0or -a/ing -el&e%3
I.a# #ul! u#i t " #. a aAut at 3
Not: Sen,ul &a,i/ al Gerun%. ului e,t e re%at %e o2i"ei &rin 0or#a &a,i/: T-e
"-il%ren enAoi e% 2eing ta=en to t-e #u, eu#3 Co&iilor le. a 0"ut &l"er e , 0ie %u.
$i la #u?eu3 Iu& /er2el e Vant> nee%> re[uire> %e,er/e> $i %u& a%A e"ti/ul Vort -
,e 0olo,e$t e @n, Gerun%. ul a"ti/ &ent r u re%ar ea ,en, ul ui &a,i/: Tour ,-oe, NEEI
#en%i ng3 Tre2ui e ,. !i re&ari &ant o0ii / Fant o0ii ti tre2ui e re&ar a! i 3 U-at i,
U4RT< %oing i, U4RT< %oing Vell3 Ce #erit 0"ut #erit 0"ut 2ine3
2D Fe &lan ,int a"ti "> Gerun% &oat e a/ea ,u2i en"t > "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t @n "a?ul
/er2el or tran?iti/e> "o#&l e#e nt e "ir"u#, t an! i al e: I "anQt i#agi ne -i# %ri/ing a
"ar in t-i, Veat -er3 Nu #i. l i#agi ne? "on%u"Bn% #a$i na &e o a,e#e ne a /re#e3
(3(83 +3 Cara"t eri ,ti"ile ,u2,t ant i /al e ale 0or#ei Gerun%3 S&re %eo, e2i r e %e
&arti"i&iul @n .ing> "are are $i "ara"t eri ,ti"i a%A e"ti/al e> Gerun% are $i "ara"t eri ,ti"i
,u2,t ant i /al e:
aD &oat e 0i %et er #i nat %e arti"ol e> a%A e"ti/e> ,u2,t ant i /e la "a?ul geniti/ ,int eti ":
T-e ,oun% o0 a lou% =no"=ing on t-e %oor int erru&t e% t-eir %i,"u,,i on3
T-e ,oun% o0 -er "o#ing in int erru&t e% t-eir %i,"u,,i on3
T-e ,oun% o0 a 2a2HQ, "rHing interru&t e% t-eir %i,"u,,i on3
Not: Ia" un /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&l e#e nt ul ,u %ire"t e,t e 0olo,it la Gerun%
&re"e%at %e un arti"ol> "o#&l e#e nt ul %ire"t ,e tran,0or # @ntr. un atri2ut
&re&o?i !ional "u o03
Co#&ar a! i : T-e ,trang-eni ng o0 &ea"e an% ,e"urit H in Euro&e i, an e,,ent i al
&rer e[ui ,i t e 0or ,trengt -e ni ng &ea"e an% ,e"urit H t-roug-out t-e Vorl%3 Entrirea
&"ii $i ,e"ur t ! ii @n Euro&a e,t e o "on%i!i e e,en! i al &ent r u @nt rirea &"ii $i
,e"urit !ii @n @ntreaga lu#e3
pag: 01'
T-e Vritting o0 2oo=, ta=e, a great %eal o0 ti#e3
Uritting 2oo=, ta=e, a great %eal o0 ti#e3
S"rier ea "r!ilor ia 0oart e #ult ti#&3
2D e,t e @ntre2ui n! at %u& &re&o?i !ii: ASTER Val=ing 0or an -our> Ve Vent to t-e
"ine#a3 Iu& "e ne. a# &li#2at o or> ne. a# %u, la "ine#a3 <e i, in t-e -a2it 4S
going 0i,-ing e/erH Vee=3 Are o2i"eiul / 42i$nui e$t e , #ear g la &e,"ui t @n
0ie"ar e ,&t #B n 3
"D &e &lan ,int a"ti"> Gerun%. ul @n%e&line$t e 0un"!ii &ro&rii ,u2,t ant i /ul ui
(D ,u2i e"t : Ca#&i ng i, t-e i%eal VaH to ,&en% a -oli%aH3
Not: Su2ie"t ul e1&ri #at &rin Gerun% e,t e a%e, eori intro%u, %e un it anti"i&ati /:
ItQ, no goo% Vorring3 ItQ, -o&el e, , trHing to get t-i, "ar going3
+D &art e %intr. un &re%i"at /er2al> %u& /er2el e in%i"Bn% @n"e&ut ul 2egin> ,t art5
"ontinuar e a: "ontinue> go on> =ee& ConD $i ,0Bn$it ul a"!iunii: ,to&> en%> 0ini,->
"ea, e:
<e BEGAN ,ear"-i ng 0or t-e %o"u#e nt 3
<e UENT 4N ,ear"-i ng 0or t-e %o"u#e nt 3
<e SINISC<EI ,ear"-i ng 0or t-e %o"u#ent 3
6D nu#e &re%i"ati / CrarD: Seei ng i, %o"u#ent 3
:D "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t : San"H #eet i ng Hou -er e !
;D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt &re&o?i!ional: <e Va, ,u""ee%e% in "olle"ting all
t-e #at eri al3
7D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt "o#&l e1:
I "an i#agi ne -er get ti ng u&,et 3
I "an i#agi ne MarHQ, get ti ng u&,et 3
8D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt "ir"u#, t an! i al C&re"e%at %e o &re&o?i !i e "are in%i"
$i 0elul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui:
. %e ti#&: A0ter "H"ling %ouVn t-e a/enue> -e turne% rig-t3
. %e #o%: <e Von t-e "o#&et i tion 2H [ue,,i ng all t-e an,Ver ,3
*D &art e %intr. un atri2ut &re&o?i !ional: I -a% t-e &lea, ur e o0 tra/elling Vit- t-e#3
(3(83 63 Entre2ui n! ar e a 0or#ei Gerun%
(D Sor#a Gerun% e,t e 0olo,it :
aD %u& &re&o?i !ii "a a0t er> 2e0or e> 2H> 0or> 0ro#> on et"3> "are in%i" rela!ii
te#&or al e> "au?al e> %e #o%> %e ,"o&> et"3: 4N Va=ing u&> -e 0oun% -i#, el0 in a
-o,&i t al Var%3 CBn% ,. a tre?it ,. a /?ut @ntr. un ,alon %e ,&it al3 Rea% Hour &a&er
agai n BES4RE -an%i ng it in3 Cite$t e @n" o %at lu"rar ea @naint e , o &re%ai3 TouQll
get a ti"=et S4R &ar=ing -er e3 Ai , &ri#e$ ti a#en% &ent r u " ai &ar"at ai"i3 S-e
=ee&, -eal t -H BT =ee&i ng a ,tri"t %iet3 E$i #en!i ne ,nt at e a !inBn% un regi #
,tri"t3
2D %u& &r!i %e /or2ire ur#at e @n #o% o2ligat ori u %e anu#i t e &re&o?i !ii:
. ,u2,t ant i /e "u &re&o?i !i e o2ligat ori e: . %ou2t _ a2out 5 . "au, e> rea,on _ 0or5 .
2elie0> "on0i%en"e> %elig-t > %i00i"ultH> e1&eri en"e> 0ait-> inter e, t > lu"=> &ri%e _ in5 .
"-arge> 0a/our> -a2it> -o&e> int enti on> o&&ort uni t H> &oint _ o05 . "ontri2uti on>
o2A e"tion> o&&o,ition _ to5 et"3 <e -a, a lot o0 EaFERIENCE IN 0oreign language
tea"-i ng3 Are #ult e1&eri en! @n &re%ar e a li#2ii ,tri ne3
pag: 01.
. a%A e"ti/e $i &arti"i&ii tre"ut e "u &re&o?i !i e o2ligat ori e: . angrH> an1iou,> "ert ai n>
ent -u,i a, ti "> -a&&H> o&ti #i,ti"> &lea, e%> ,ure> Vorrie% _ a2out 5 . angrH>
a,t oni ,-e%> 2a%> "le/er> %elig-t e%> e1&er t > goo%> &lea, e%> ,=i0ul> ,ur&ri,e% _ at5 .
e1"ellent > 0a#ou,> re,&on,i 2l e> ,orrH> ,uit a2l e> u,e0ul _ 0or5 . "on,i,t ent > "orre"t >
%iligent > e1&eri en"e%> e1&er t > 0ortunat e> -el&0ul> int er e, t e%> lat e> &ro#&t > [ui"=>
"on,"iou,> "on/in"e%> 0on%> guiltH> &rou%> tire% _ o05 . 2a,e%> %e&en%e nt > int ent >
=een _ on5 . a""u,t o#e %> e[ual> e[ui/al ent > o&&o, e%> u,e% _ to5 . annoHe%>
2ore%> "ont ent > %elig-t e%> 0uriou,> %i,a&&oi nt e%> -a&&H> &lea, e%> ,ati,0ie%> ,i"=>
u&,et _ Vit-3 I a# IELIG<TEI AT -er Vinning t-e 0ir,t &ri?e3 Sunt @n"Bnt at " a
"B$tigat &re#i ul @ntBi3
I a# USEI T4 get ti ng u& earlH3
Sunt o2i$nui t , # ,"ol %e/r e#e3
. /er2e "u &re&o?i!i e o2ligat ori e: . "o#&l ai n> %rea#> learn> VorrH _ a2out 5 . ai#>
-e,it at e _5 . 0ig-t> ,truggl e _ agai n,t 5 . 2egi n> "on"lu%e> en% _ 2H5 . a&ologi?e>
"are _ 0or5 . &re/ent > re"o/er3 re0rai n> retire _ 0ro#5 . 2elie/e> "on,i,t > %elig-t >
&arti"i&at e> ,u""ee% _ in5 . a""u, e> a&&ro/e> 2oa,t > "o#&l ai n> "on,it> -ear> t-in=
_ o05 . agr ee> "on"ent r at e> "ongr at ul at e> "ount > %e"i%e> 0o"u,> in,i,t> li/e> relH _
on5 . agr ee> "ont ri2ut e> loo= 0orVar%> o2A e"t > re,ort _ to5 . agr ee _ Vit-3
I %onQt AGREE T4 Hour lea/ing earlier t-an t-e ot-er ,3
I 4BJECT T4 Hour lea/ing earlier t-an t-e ot-er ,3
Nu ,unt %e a"or% , &le"i #ai %e/r e#e %e"Bt "eilal!i3 I VonQt <EAR 4S 2uHing a
neV TV ,et3 Nu /reau , au% , "u#&r # un tel e/i?or nou3 IQ# L44bING
S4RUARI T4 ,eei ng Hou agai n3 A$te&t "u ner 2%ar e , te /% %in nou3 T-e,e
#ea, ur e, C4NTRIBUTE T4 ,trengt -e ni ng &ea"e an% ,e"uri t H3 A"e,t e #, uri
"ont ri2ui e la @ntrirea &"ii $i ,e"urit ! ii3
+D Gerun% e,t e @ntre2ui n! at %u& ,u2,t ant i /ul u,e @n "ont ru"!i a it i, no u,e ,au
t-er e i, no u,e $i %u& a%A e"ti/ul Vort -: T-i, 2oo= i, U4RT< rea%i ng3 A"ea,t
"art e #erit "itit 3 ITQS N4 USE trHing to #en% t-e /a"uu#. "leaner 3 Iegea2a
@n"er"i , re&ari a,&irat or ul3
6D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e: a%#i t > a/oi%> "on,i%er> %enH> %et e, t > %i,li=e> e,"a&e>
0an"H> 0ini,-> gi/e u&> "annot -el&> =ee& ConD> %onQt #in%> #i,,> &o,t &one>
&ra"ti, e> &ut o00> re,ent > re,i,t> ri,=> "annot ,t an%> ,to&> ,ugge, t et"3 Tou #u,t
AV4II 2eing lat e in 0utur e3 Tre2ui e , e/i!i , @ntBr?ii @n /iitor3 <e <AS GIVEN UF
,#o=i ng3 S.a l,at %e 0u#at 3 I CANN4T <ELF laug-i ng at -i, Ao=e,3 Nu &ot , nu
rB% la glu#el e lui3 I CANN4T STANI 2eing int erru&t e% in #H Vor=3 Nu &ot ,u0eri
, 0iu @ntrer u&t %in lu"ru3
:D %u& /er2e e1&ri #Bn% o a"ti/it at e #int al : 0orget > re#e #2e r > un%er ,t an% et"
,au o ,t ar e ,u0let ea, ": "annot 2ear> %rea%> -at e> li=e> lo/e> negl e"t > &re0er>
regr et > et"3 @n alt ernan! "u in0initi/ul: I re#e #2 er 2eing %i,a&&oi nt e%3 E#i
a#i nt e, " " a# 0o,t %e?a# gi t 3 I <ATE t-eir arri/ing lat e3 Nu. #i &la"e " @ntBr?i e3
;D %u& /er2e in%i"Bn% un &ro"e,: &lan> trH> un%er t a=e5 @n"e&ut ul: 2egin> ,t art 5
"ontinuar e a: "ontinue ,au ,0Br$it ul a"!iunii: "ea, e> @n alt er nan! "u in0initi/ul3
T-eH STARTEI "o#&ari ng not e,3
T-eH C4NTINUEI "o#&ari ng not e,3
T-eH CEASEI "o#&ari ng not e,3
pag: 050
*' *=' 8' Tra/uc er e ' Sor#a Gerun% nu are "ore,&on%ent &er0e"t @n li#2a
ro#Bn3 Ea ,e tra%u"e %e o2i"ei> @n 0un"!i e %e "ont e1t > &rin:
aD un gerun?i u: <e ent e% -i, ,&ee"- 2H t-an=i ng e/erH2o%H 0or t-eir at t ent i on3 Gi.
a @n"-ei at "u/Bnt ar e a #ul! u#i n% tut uror &ent r u at en! i e3
2D un ,u2,t ant i /: SVi##i ng =ee&, Hou 0it3 Enotul te #en!i ne @n 0or#3
"D o &ro&o?i!i e ,u2or%onat : <e i, 0on% o0 rea%i ng alou%3 Ei &la"e , "itea," "u
gla, tar e3
*' *=' 9' In+ini ti 3ul cu to i +orma Gerun/' In0initi/ul "u to $i 0or#a Gerun% au
unel e "ara"t eri ,ti"i ,u2,t a, t a nt i /al e $i /eral e "o#une> %at orit "ror a:
aD &ot a/ea:
. ,u2i e"t : I Vant Hou to go 0ir,t3 I "anQt ,t an% To# int erru&ti ng #e all t-e ti#e5
. "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t: I int en% to rea% t-i, to#orr oV3 I re#e #2er ,&en%i ng a
-oli%aH Vit- t-e#3
. "o#&l e#e nt "ir"u#, t an! i al: Ue Vant e% to go to t-e t-eat r e3 <e -a% t-e 2ene0it
o0 ,tu%Hi ng at a Ro#ani an uni/er,i t H3
2D &ot @n%e&lini a"el el a$i 0un"!ii @n &ro&o?i!i e:
. ,u2i e"t > nu#e &re%i"ati /: To ,ee -er i, to li=e -er3 Seei ng i, 2elie/ing3
. "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t: I lo/e to ,Vi# in t-e ,ea3 I lo/e ,Vi##i ng3
. atri2ut &re&o?i !ional: <e -a, no %e,ire to go3 <e -a, no int enti on o0 going et"3
En alt e "a?uri @n,> nu#ai una %in "ele %ou 0or#e e,t e &o,i2il3 Vo# anali?a %e"i
"a?urile:
(D "Bn% ,e 0olo,e$t e nu#ai in0initi/ul5
+D "Bn% ,e 0olo,e$t e nu#ai 0or#a Gerun%5
6D "Bn% ,e &oat e 0olo,i ,au in0initi/ul ,au Gerun%. ul $i "are ,unt %i0eren! el e %e
,en,3
(3(83 73 Solo,irea in0initi/ului "u to e,t e o2ligat ori e:
aD %u& /er2el e enu#er at e la R(3(;3 63 &"t3 7: arange> a,=> att e #&t > "-oo, e>
%e"i%e> %e#an% et"3 _ agr ee> ai#> "on,ent > %et er #i ne> -o&e> #anage> et"3:
T-eH IECIIEI to #a=e anot -er att e #&t 3
T-eH AGREEI to #a=e anot -er att e #&t 3
T-eH C4NSENTEI to #a=e anot -er at t e#&t 3
2D %u& /er2e> ,u2,t ant i /e ,au a%A e"ti/e> &ent r u a e1&ri #a ,"o&ul:
Ue -urrie% to e1&lore% t-e "a/e3
Ue -a% no ti#e e1&lor e% t-e "a/e3
Ue 0oun% it e1"iting e1&lor e% t-e "a/e3
"D @n "on,t r u"!i a A"u?ati/ "u in0initi/> %u& /er2e "are e1&ri # un or%in ,au o
rug#i nt e:
<e 4RIEREI u, to lea/e i##e%i at el H3
<e REcUESTEI u, to lea/e i##e%i at el H3
<e ASbEI u, to lea/e i##e%i at el H3
*' *=' =' !ol o,i re a +ormei Gerun/ e, t e obli gat ori eF
aD %u& /er2el e enu#er at e la R (3(83 63 &"t3 6: <e AV4IIS #enti oni ng t-e
,u2A e"t 3 U-H %o Hou FUT 4SS telling -er t-e trut - \ I I4NZT MINI %oing it agai n3
2D %u& &re&o?i!ii: BES4RE going out> ,Vit"- o00 t-e lig-t , &lea, e3 <e i, =een 4N
rea%i ng &oet rH3
"D %u& a%A e"ti/el e Vort -> li=e $i %u& t-er e i, no: ItQ, U4RT< li,t eni ng to -i#3
T<ERE IS N4 a""ounti ng 0or ta,t e,3
pag: 05/
*' *=' > 3 En alt e ,itua!ii ,e &oat e 0olo,i 0ie In0initi/ul "u to $i 0or#a Gerun%3
Ieo,e2irile &rin"i&al e @ntre "ele %ou 0or#e> @n anu#i t e ,itua!ii> ,unt
ur#t oar el e:
aD Gerun% in%i" @n gener al > in0initi/ul . ,/Br $ir ea a"!iunii @n anu#i t e
"ir"u#, t an! e: ItQ, no u,e to %enH t-at I Va, 0rig-t ene% at 0ir,t3 Nu are ro,t , neg
" #i Oa 0o,t tea# la @n"e&ut 3 ItQ, no u,e "rHing o/er ,&ilt #il=3
2D Gerun% in%i" o a"!iune ant eri oar /er2ul ui la #o% &er,onal > in0initi/ul . o
a"!iune /iitoar e: I re#e #2er gi/ing -er t-e &ar"el3 E#i a#i nt e, " " i.a# %at
&a"-et ul 3 I #u,t re#e #2e r to gi/e -er t-e &ar"el3 Tre2ui e , nu uit ,. i %au
&a"-et ul 3
"D Gerun% in%i" o a"!iune ant eri oar > in0initi/ul . ,"o&ul a"!iunii e1&ri #at e %e
/er2ul &re%i"ati /: <e ,to&&e% rea%i ng3 S.a o&rit %in "itit3 <e ,to&&e% to rea% t-e
a%/er ti , e#e nt 3 S.a o&rit , "itea," re"l a#a3
%D Gerun%. ul ,e re0er la o a"!iune %eli2er at > in0initi/ul> la o a"!iune in/olunt ar :
S-e 2egan ,&ea=i ng3 A @n"e&ut , /or2ea, "3 S-e 2egan to Vee&3 A @n"e&ut ,
&lBng> et"3
Ieoa, e2i rile %e @ntre2ui n! ar e %intr e in0initi/ $i 0or#a Gerun%> %et ali at e &e /er2e>
,unt ur#t oar el e:
*' *=' >' 5eo, e bi ri l e /e 0ntrebui n2 ar e /intre in+ini ti 3 i Gerun/
Ver2> _ In0initi/ _ Gerun%
Su2,t ant i />
A%Ae"ti/
Sen, E1e#&l u Sen, E1e#&l u
-at e> li=e>
%i,li=e>
&re0er
. "u re0erire
la o anu#i t
o"a?i e:
I -at e to get
u& earluH on
Mon%aH,3
I li=e to go
to "on"er t ,
. a"!iune
/?ut @n
gener al :
I -at e
get ti ng u&
earlH3
I li=e going
to "on"ent ,3
"on%u"t e%
2H Ion
Voi"u3
re#e #2er
0orget
. a"!iune
&o,t eri oar :
I #u,t
re#e2er to
&o,t t-e
lett er3
I 0orgot to
&-one -er
la,t nig-t3
. a"!iune
ant eri oar :
I re#e #2e r
&o,ti ng t-e
lett er3
IQll ne/er
0orget
,eei ng -er
%an"e3
regr et . a"!iune
,i#ult an
"u regr et ul:
I regr et to
,aH it Va,nQt
true3
. a"!iune
ant eri oar :
I regr et
,aHing it
Va,nQt true3
2egin
"ea, e
. a"!iune
in/olunt ar
It 2egan to
rain V-ile
t-eH Vere
Val=ing3
<e 2egan to
reali?e -i,
#i,t a=e3
. a"!iune
%eli2er at :
<e 2egan
Vriting V-en
-e Va, 0i0tH3
,to& . ,"o&ul
a"!iunii:
<e ,to&&e%
to tal= to
-er3 CO in
or%er to
tal=D
. @n"et ar ea
a"!iunii:
<e ,to&&e%
tal=ing3 C<e
2e"a#e
,ilent D3
"ontinue>
%rea%> 0ear>
inten%>
negl e"t
. 0re"/ent @n
/or2ire $i @n
e1&ri #ar e a
,"ri,
0a#iliar:
I int en% to
,&en% t-e
-oli%aH, at
t-e ,ea,i %e3
. @n li#2a
,"ri,>
literar :
I inten%
,&en%i ng #H
-oli%aH, at
t-e ,ea,i %e3
%e, er /e>
nee%>
re[uire>
Vant
_ in0initi/
&a,i/:
<i,
,t at e #e nt
nee%, to 2e
"-e"=e%3
. "on,t ru"!i a
"u Gerun%
#ai
0re"/ent
%e"Bt "u
in0initi/ul
&a,i/:
Tour ,-oe,
nee%
#en%i ng3
trH . a @n"er"a>
a 0a"e un
e0ort:
TrH to Vrit e
Vit- Hour
le0t -an%3
CHour rig-t
-an% i, in
&la,t erD
. a tre"e
&rin> a
e1&eri #ent a
:
I trie%
Vritting Vit-
#H le0t -an%
V-en I Va,
a "-il%3
#ean . a
int en!i ona:
I #eant to
tell Hou> 2ut
I 0orgot3
. a @n,e#na: <i, "o#i ng
to#orroV
#ean,
#ot -erQ,
Vor=ing
e1tr a -ar%
to%aH3
alloV>
&er #i t
_
"o#&l e#e nt
in%ire"t al
&er,oanei :
<e %oe, nQt
alloV /
&er #i t
&u&il, to
tal= %uring
te,t ,3
. 0r
"o#&l e#e nt
in%ire"t:
<e %oe,nQt
alloV /
&er #i t
tal=ing
%uring te,t ,3
o&&ort uni t H _ /er2ul 2e
O un
#o#ent
"on/ena2il>
o"a?i e:
T-Ai, Vill 2e
a goo%
o&&ort uni t H
C0or HouD to
#eet -i#3
.
&o,i2ilitat e:
I -a% t-e
o&&ort uni t H
o0 #eet i ng
-i#3
a0rai % . @ntr. o
anu#i t
,itua!i e:
IQ# a0rai% to
%i,t ur2 -i#
at t-i, lat e
-our3
. @n gener al: I "anQt &laH
re"or%, -er e
a, IQ# a0rai%
o0 %i,t ur 2i ng
-i#3
pag: 050
(3(83 )3E1i,t $i ,itua!ii @n "are 0olo,irea in0initi/ului "u to ,au a Gerun%. ului nu
i#&li" %i0eren! e #ari %e ,en,:
aD Unele ,u2,t ant i /e> "a a#2i tion> "-ange> "-arge> -onour> int enti on> &o,,i2ilitH>
&ot 0i ur#at e 0ie %e in0initi/> 0ir %e o0 _ Gerun%: Ue -a% t-e <4N4UR 4S #eet i ng
t-e great ,in2ger3 A# a/ut onorea %e a 0i &re?ent a! i #ar ei "Bnt r e! e3 I %o not
-a/e t-e <4N4UR to 2elong to t-i, a,,o"i ati on3 Nu a# onoar ea %e a 0i #e#2r u
al a"e,t ei a,o"i a!ii3 S-e -a% no INTENTI4N 4S going on t-e tri&3 Nu a/ea ni"i o
int en!i e , #ear g @n e1"ur,i e3 S-e le0t at eig-t > Vit- t-e INTENTI4N to go to 2e%
earlH3 A &le"at la * "u inten!i a , ,e "ul"e %e/r e#e3
2D Unele ,u2,t ant i /e> a%A e"ti/e ,au /er2e &ot 0i 0olo,it e uneori 0r &re&o?i!i e> $i
at un"i ,unt ur#at e %e un in0initi/> iar alt eori "u &re&o?i !i e $i at un"i ,unt ur#at e
%e un Gerun%: S-e AGREEI to "o#e3 A 0o,t %e a"or% , /in: I AGREE T4 -er
"o#i ng3 Sunt %e a"or% , /in3 Ue IECIIEI to /i,it t-e e1-i2ition3 A# -ot r Bt ,
/i?it# e1&o?i!i a3 Ue IECIIEI 4N /i,iting t-e e1-i2ition3 Tou Vere [uit e RIG<T
to re0u,e -i, o00er3 Ai a/ut %re&t at e ,. i re0u?i o0ert a3 S-e Va, RIG<T IN re0u,i ng
-i#3 CEaD a 0"ut 2ine " l.a re0u?at 3
Aten!i e la ur#t oar el e ,itua!ii "are &re?int %e,eori %i0i"ult !i &ent r u ele/ii
ro#Bni:
aD #anage _ in0initi/5 ,u""ee% _ in _ Gerun%5 <e MANAGEI to ,et e/erHt -i ng
rig-t> %ar: <e SUCCEEIEI IN ,et ti ng e/erHt -i ng rig-t3
2D ai# _ in0initi/5 ai# _ at _ Gerun%:
T-i, 2oo= AIMS to gi/e %e,"ri &tion o0 t-e ,tru"t ur e o0 &re, ent . %aH Engli,-3
T-i, 2oo= AIMS AT gi/ing %e,"ri&tion o0 t-e ,tru"t ur e o0 &re, ent . %aH Engli,-3
"D o""a,ion _ in0initi/5 o&&ort uni t H _ o0 _ Gerun%: I -o&e I VonQt -a/e 4CCASI4N
CO rea,on 0or / nee% toD to &uni,- Hou3 S&er " nu /oi a/ea #oti/e , te
&e%e&, e, "3 I0 I -a/e 4CCASI4N to #eet -i#> IQll gi/e -i# Hour #e,, age3 Ia" a#
#oti/ ,. l @nt Blne, "> a# ,. i tran, #i t #e, aA ul tu3 I0 I -a/e an 4FF4RTUNITT 4S
#eet i ng -i#> IQll -i# Hour #e,, age3 Ia" ,e i/e$t e /reo o"a?i e / Ia" a#
&o?i2ilitat ea ,. l @ntBlne," a# ,. i tran, #i t #e, aA ul tu3
%D CunDa2l e _ in0inti/5 CunD"a&a2l e _ o0 _ Gerun%: <e Va, CUNDABLE to %o it3 <e
Va, CUNDCAFABLE 4S %oing it3
pag: 053
*' *>' Parti ci pi ul trecut #T$e Pa, t Parti ci pl e&
*' *>' *' Farti"i&iul tre"ut e,t e 0or#a ne&er , onal a /er2ul ui "are %enu#e $ t e
a"!iunea "a re?ult at 3
Farti"i&iul tre"ut al /er2el or regul at e ,e 0or#ea? %e la in0initi/> la "are ,e
a%aug ter #i na! i a .e%: li,ten . li,t ene%> #o/e . #o/e%> "arrH . "arrie%> ,to& .
,to&&e%> et"3
CFent ru &arti"ilarit !il e 0oneti"e $i ortogr a0i"e ale 0or#ei @n .e%> /e?i R(373 63 D
Fent ru 0or#a %e &arti"i&iu tre"ut a /er2el or neregul at e> /e?i li,ta &rin"i&al elor
/er2e neregul at e> &&3 (+ . (73
*' *>' .' Caract eri , t i ci l e 3erbal e al e parti ci pi ul ui trecut F
aD Farti"i&iul tre"ut e,t e 0olo,it la 0or#ar e a %iat e?ei &a,i/e> @#&reun "u /er2ul
2e: Sre,- 0ruit an% /eget a2l e, are ,ol% -er e3 Ai"i ,e /Bn% 0ru"t e $i legu#e
&roa,&et e3
2D Farti"i&iul tre"ut e,t e @ntre2ui n! at la 0or#ar ea ti#&urilor &er0e"t e ale /er2el or>
@#&r eun "u /er2ul au1iliar -a/e:
Fre,ent Fer0e"t: <e -a, rea% t-e 2oo=3 El a "itit "art ea3
Fa,t Fer0e"t: <e -a% rea% t-e 2oo=3 El "iti,e "art ea3
Suture Fer0e"t : <e Vill -a/e rea% t-e 2oo=3 El /a 0i "itit "art ea3
Fa,t Con%itional: <e Voul% -a/e rea% t-e 2oo=3 El ar 0i "itit "art ea3
Not: Ver2ul go $i #ai rar "o#e &ot re%a i%ea %e &er0e"t &re?ent $i re,&e"t i / %e
#ai. #ult. "a. &er0e"t > "u aAut orul /er2ul ui 2e la &re?ent ,au Fa,t Ten,e C@n lo" %e
au1iliarul -a/eD: T-e &lu#2er i, "o#e3 A ,o,it in,t al at or ul3 T-e [ue,t Vere gone3
Mu,a0irii &le"a, er 3
*' *>' 4' Caract eri , t i ci l e a/@ ect i 3al e al e parti ci pi ul ui trecut ' Farti"i&iul tre"ut
are $i "ara"t eri ,ti"i a%A e"ti/al e> &ut Bn% 0un"!iona "a un a%A e"ti/ @n &ro&o?i!i e3
Su2linier ea> 0ie a nat urii /er2al e a &arti"i&iului tre"ut > 0ie a "elei a%A e"ti/al e>
reie, e %in &o?i!ia a"e,t ui a3
CBn% ,e a""ent ue a? "ara"t er ul /er2al> &arti"i&iul ur#ea? ,u2,t ant i /ul>
0un"!ionBn% "a un @nlo"uitor al unei &ro&o?i!ii relati/e: T-e t-ing, not Vant e%
Vere gi/en aVaH CO V-i"- Vere not Vant e%D3
CBn% e,t e a""ent uat a,&e"t ul a%A e"ti/al al &arti"i&iului> el ,e a$ea? @naint ea
,u2,t ant i /ul ui: T-e,e are &ortr ai t , o0 Vant e% &er,on,3
*' *>' 8' Aten2 i e G Unele /er2e au 0or#e ,&e"i al e &ent r u &arti"i&iile tre"ut e
0olo,it e a%A e"ti/al:
aD &arti"i&iul unor /er2e regul at e Cage%> 2elo/e%> learne%> "ur,e%> 2le,, e%D @$i
,"-i #2 &ronun! i a> a%ugBn% un Wi%X ,ila2i":
pag: 051
Farti"i&iul tre"ut A%Ae"ti/ %in &arti"i&iu:
<e Va, age%3 \\\\
<e Va, 2elo/e% \\\\ 2H -i,
,tu%ent , 3
<e -a, learne% \\\\ t-i, le,,on3
<e i, an age% \\\\ #an3
4ur 2elo/e% \\\\ "ount rH3
<e i, a learne% \\\\ #an3
2D Unel e /er2e ner egul at e au 0or#e la &arti"i&iul tre"ut : una 0olo,it "a &arti"i&iu>
"eal al t "a a%A e"ti/ C"are &oat e a&r ea 0ie ,ingur> 0ie @n anu#i t e "o#2i na! iiD:
Farti"i&iu tre"ut : A%Ae"ti/ %in &arti"i&iu:
T-e little "-il% Va, 2eat en 2H t-e
2igger 2oH,3
Ue -a/e %run= too #u"- "o00ee3
T-e ,t eel -a, #el t e%3
T-e tree Va, ,tru"= 2H lig-t ni ng3
T-e laVn Va, #oVn/ #oVe%
He,t er %aH3
S-e -a, ,eVn/ , eVe% a %re,,3
<e -a, Au,t ,-a/e%3
T-eH -a/e ,-ourn/ , -e ar e % t-e
,-ee&3
T-e ,-irt -a, ,-run=3
T-e ,-i& -a, ,un=3
<e -a, ,oVn/ ,oVe% t-e 0iel%3
<e -a, ,&ilt/,&ille% t-e #il=3
T-eH -a/e ,&oilt/,&oil e% t-e "-il%3
T-eH -a/e Vor=e% -er e3
<e Va, %ea%. 2eat C#ort %e
o2o,eal D a0t er t-e %aHQ, Vor=3
A %run=en #an i, un&l ea, ant to
loo= at3 C0olo,irea atri2uti/ a
a%A e"ti/ul uiD %ar $i: <e Va, -al0 .
%run=3
C0olo,irea &re%i"ati / a
a%A e"ti/ul uiD
Molten ,t eel3 gol %/l a/a Catri2uti/D>
&ent r u #et al e> %ar: #el t e%
2ut t er/ ,noV3
<e Va, grie0 ,tri"=en C0olo,it
&re%i"ati /D3
<e Va, &ani" ,tri"=en C0olo,it
&re%i"ati /D3
<e Va, terror ,tri"=en C0olo,it
&re%i"ati /D3
<e Va, ,tri"=en Vit- 0e/er3
MoVn gra,,/ -aH C%oar atri2uti/D
A -an%, eVn %re,,3
A "lean, -a/e n #an3
A ,-orn la#23
S-run=en "lot -e,3
Sun=en eHe,3
SoVn ,ee%,3
S&ilt #il=3
A ,&oilt "-il%3
Uroug-t iron5 Vroug-t . u& ner/e,3
*' *>' 9' !unc2i i l e ,i nt act i c e al e parti ci pi ul ui trecut ' Farti"i&iul tre"ut
@n%e&line$t e 0un"!iile ,int a"ti"e %e:
aD atri2ut : T-ere i, t-e Lo,t Fro&ert H 400i"e3 A"olo e,t e 2iroul %e o2ie"t e g,it e3
2D nu#e &re%i"ati /: <e Va,> i#&re, , e% 2H -er =in%ne, ,3 A 0o,t i#&re,i onat %e
2unt at e a ei3
"D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t "o#&l e1 CA"u?ati/ "u &arti"i&iu tre"ut D: I
Vant it %one i##e%i at el H3 Vreau "a a"ea, t a , 0ie 0"ut i#e%i at 3
%D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt "ir"u#, t an! i al C%e ti#&> "au?> "on%i!i e>
"o#&ar a! i eD> %e,eori &re"e%at %e "onAun"!iile V-en> i0> a, i0/a, t-oug- et"3: Stru"=
Vit- t-e e#oti on in -i, tone> ,-e turne% an% loo=e% at -i#3I#&r e,i onat %e
e#o!i a "are ,e ,i#! ea @n /o"ea lui> CeaD ,e @ntoar, e $i.l &ri/i3 S-e =e&t ,ilent AS IS
&u??l e% 2H #H Vor%,3 T"ea "a $i "Bn% "u/int el e #el e i.ar 0i ,t Brnit ne%u#eri r ea3
(3(*3 73 Tra%u"er e3 Farti"i&iul tre"ut ,e tra%u"e %e o2i"ei @n li#2a ro#Bn &rintr.
un &arti"i&iu ,au &rintr. o &ro&o?i!i e ,u2or %onat : <e loo=e% at t-e "ler= 2ent
o/er t-e &a&er ,3 Fri/i la 0un"!ionar ul a&l e"at &e,t e -Brtii3 T-e &re&ar at i on, 0or
t-e 2irt-%aH &art H "o#&l et e%> I Vent out to 2uH a 2irt-%aH "oo=3 Iu& "e a#
ter #i nat &regt i rile &ent r u ani/er , ar e> a# ie$it , "u#&r un tort3
pag: 055
*' *>' =' Con@ugar e a 3erbul ui call
Ti#&ul Iiat e?a a"ti/ Iiat e?a &a,i/
A,&e"t ul
,i#&lu
A,&e"t ul
"ontinuu
A,&e"t ul
,i#&lu
A,&e"t ul
"ontinuu
In%i"ati/ul
&re?ent
I "all I a# "alling I a# "alle% I a# 2eing
"alle%
Fer0e"t ul
&re?ent
I -a/e "alle% I -a/e 2een
"alling
I -a/e 2een
"alle%
.
Fa,t Ten,e I "alle% I Va, "alling I Va, "alle% I Va, 2eing
"alle%
Mai #ult "a
&er0e"t
I -a% "alle% I -a% 2een
"alling
I -a% 2een
"alle%
.
Viitorul
a&ro&i at
I a# going
to "all
I a# going
to 2e "alling
I a# going
to 2e "alle%
.
Viitorul
,i#&l u
I ,-all/Vill
"all
I ,-all/ Vill
2e "alling
I ,-all/Vill
2e "alle%
.
Viitorul
&er0e"t
I ,-all/
Vill -a/e
"alle%
I ,-all/Vill
-a/e 2een
"alling
I ,-all/Vill
-a/e 2een
"alle%
.
Su2Aon"ti/ul I "all
I ,-oul % "all
et"3
I 2e "alling
I ,-oul % 2e
"alling et"3
I 2e "alle%
I ,-oul% 2e
"alle% et"3
.
Con%i!ional u
l &re?ent
I ,-oul %/
Voul% "all
I
,-oul %/Voul
% 2e "alling
I
,-oul%/ Voul
% 2e "alle%3
.
Con%i!ional u I ,-oul %/ I I .
l tre"ut Voul% -a/e
"alle%
,-oul %/Voul
% -a/e 2een
"alling
,-oul%/ Voul
% -a/e 2een
"alle%
I#&er at i /ul Let #e "all !
Call !
Let #e 22e
"alling !
Be "alling !
Let #e 2e
"alle% !
Be "alle% !
.
In0initi/ul
&re?ent
"all 2e "alling 2e "alle% .
In0initi/ul
&er0e"t
-a/e "alle% -a/e 2een
"alling
-a/e 2een
"alle%
.
Farti"i&iul
&re?ent $i
Gerun%
"alling . 2eing "alle% .
Farti"i&iul $i
Gerun%. ul
&er0e"t
-a/ing
"alle%
. -a/ing 2een
"alle%
.
Farti"i&iul
tre"ut
"alle% . "alle% .
pag: 056
*' *?' Verbel e au-ili are #Au-ili ar% Verb,&
*' *?' *' Ver2el e au1iliare au ur#t oar el e "ara"t eri ,iti"i:
(D ,unt golit e %e ,en, le1i"al: I ,-all lea/e a0t er -e "o#e,3 Voi &le"a %u& "e /ine
el3
Not: Unel e /er2e au1iliare CVill/Voul%> ,-all/,-oul %> #aH/ #i g-t D &ot 0i 0olo,it e $i
"a /er2e #o%al e: Tou ,-oul % ,ee t-i, 0il#3 Tre2ui e , /e?i 0il#ul a"e,t a3
Alte /er2e au1iliare &ot 0i 0olo,it e $i "a /er2e no!ional e> a/Bn% un ,en, le1i"al
&ro&ri u @n anu#i t e "ont e1t e: I -a/e a 2oo=3 A# o "art e3 Io t-i, tran,l ati on>
&lea, e> Vill Hou3 S te rog a"ea, t tra%u"er e3
+D @n%e&line," 0un"!i a %e #ar" a "at egoriilor gra#at i "al e %e %iat e?> #o%> ti#&>
&er,oan $i nu#r la /er2el e &e "are le @n,o! e,": S-e Va, o00ere% 0loVer,3 I ,. au
o0erit 0lori3
6D @nlo"ui e," /er2el e no!ional e @n r,&un, uril e ,"urt e $i @ntre2ril e %i,Aun"ti/e Cla
0el "a $i /er2el e #o%al eD: A: Io Hou li=e t-i, 2oo= \ B: Te,> I %o3 <e -a, Vritt en a
goo% "o#&o,i tion> -a,nQt -e \
:D %in &un"t %e /e%er e al &ronun! rii $i ortogr a0i ei> /er2el e au1iliar e a&ar a%e, e a
,u2 0or#e re%u, e> "ont r a, e> ele 0iin% %e o2i"ei nea""ent ua t e @n /or2ire3 Solo,irea
0or#el or "ont r a, e e,t e "ara"t eri ,ti" /or2irii "urent e $i e1&ri #rii 0a#iliare @n
,"ri,3
Not: Unele 0or#e "ontr a, e ,unt "ara"t eri ,ti"e e1&ri #rii %ial e"t al e ,au /or2irii
ne"ul ti/at e3 <e ainQt no 0ool CO <e i, no 0oolD El nu e &ro,t %elo"3
Ele a&ar "a 0or#e in"ore"t e %in &un"t %e /e%r e gra#at i "al @n ra&ort "u li#2a
,t an%ar %3
*' *?' .' !orme contra, e "on,t au @n ,"rut ar e a 2er2el or au1iliare la 0or#a
a0ir#at i / $i a nega!i ei not la 0or#a negati /: IQ/e got a 2oo=3 I -a/enQt got a
2oo=3
4 0or# "ontr a, &oat e a/ea #ai #ult e /alori: <eQ, "o#e O <e -a, "o#e3 <eQ,
-er e O <e i, -er e3
Sor#el e "ont r a, e ale /er2el or au1iliare $i #o%al e Cla a0ir#ati / $i la negat i / "u
a%/er 2ul not "ont r a,D ,unt ur#t oar el e:
*' *?' .' !orme 3erbal e contra, e
Sor#a "ontr a, En lo" %e Sor#a "ontr a, En lo" %e
Z/e CiQ/e> HouQ/e
et"3D
Z, C-eQ, et"3D
Z%
Z# CIQ#D
Zre CHouQre et"3D
Zll CIQll> HouQll
et"3D
%onQt
%oe, nQt
%i%nQt
"anQt
"oul%nQt
#u,t nQt
-a/e
(D -a, +D i,
(D -a%
+D ,-oul %
6D Voul%
a#
are
(D ,-all
+D Vill
%o not
%oe, not
%i% not
"annot
"oul% not
#u,t not
-a/enQt
-a%nQt
i,nQt
arenQt
Va,nQt
VerenQt
,-anQt
,-oul %nQt
VonQt
Voul%nQt
%arenQt
nee%nQt
letQ,
]le##e^
]ainQt^
-a/e not
-a% not
i, not
are not
Va, not
Vere not
,-all not
,-oul % not
Vill not
Voul% not
%are not
nee% not
let u,
let #e
(D a# not
+D i, not
pag: 057
Aten!i e ! Sor#el e "ontr a, e ale /er2el or au1iliare la a0ir#at i / nu &ot 0i 0olo,it e:
aD @n r,&un, uril e ,"urt e: <a, -e got a neV 2i"H"le \ Te,> -e -a,3
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii interogat i /e: S-all Ve go to "ine#a \ U-ere %i% -e go \
"D @n &art ea 0inal a @ntre2rilor %i,Aun"ti/al e: <e Va,nQt t-er e> Va, -e \
%D "Bn% ,unt a""ent uat e> &ent r u ,u2linier e: <e Va, at t-e "on0er en"e3 I %i% ,ee
-i# t-er e3
*' *?' 4' Ce, 7a,A 7er e , bee n #a +i&' Ver2ul 2e> Fa,t Ten,e: Va,> Vere> &arti"i&iul
tre"ut 2een> a&ar e @n ,tru"t ur a:
aD a,&e"t ul ui "ontinuu C2e _ &arti"i&iul &re?ent D:
Iiat e?a a"ti/ Iiat e?a &a,i/
In0initi/e: 2e rea%i ng
Fre,ent : <e i, rea%i ng3 I i, 2eing rea%3
Fa,t: <e Va, rea%i ng3
Suture: <e Vill 2e rea%i ng3
Con%itional: <e Voul% 2e rea%i ng3
In0initi/e Fer0e"t : <a/e 2een
rea%i ng3
Fre,ent Fer0e"t : <e -a% 2een
rea%i ng3
Suture Fer0e"t : <e Vill -a/e 2een
rea%i ng3
Con%itional Fer0e"t : <e Voul%
-a/e 2een rea%i ng3
It Va, 2eing rea%3
.
.
.
.
.
.
2D a %iat e?ei &a,i/e C2e _ &arti"i&iul tre"ut D:
In0initi/e: 2e rea%3 Fer0e"t In0initi/e: -a/e 2een rea%
Gerun%: 2eing rea%3 Fer0e"t Gerun%: -a/ing 2een rea%3
Fre,ent : It i, rea%3 Fre,ent &er0e"t : It -a, 2een rea%3
Fa,t: It Va, rea%3 Fa,t Fer0e"t: It -a% 2een rea%3
Suture: It Vill 2e rea%3 Suture Fer0e"t : It Vill -a/e 2een rea%3
Con%itional: It Voul% 2e rea%3 Con%itional Fer0e"t: It Voul% -a/e 2een rea%3
*' *?' 8' Ha3e, $a/, $a/ #a a3e a& ' Ver2ul -a/e> Fa,t Ten,e: -a%> &arti"i&iul
tre"ut : -a%> a&ar e> at Bt la %iat e?a a"ti/> "Bt $i la "ea &a,i/> @n ,tru"t ur a
0or#el or &er0e"t e:
Iiat e?a a"ti/ Iiat e?a &a,i/
Fer0e"t In0initi/e: -a/e rea%
Fer0e"t Gerun%: -a/ing rea%3
Fre,ent Fer0e"t: <e -a, rea%3
Fa,t Fer0e"t: <e -a% rea%3
Suture Fer0e"t : <e Vill -a/e rea%3
Con%itional Fer0e"t: Ue Voul%
-a/e rea%3
-a/e 2een rea%
-a/ing 2een rea%
It -a, 2een rea%
It -a% 2een rea%
It Vill -a/e 2een rea%
It Voul% -a/e 2een rea%
*' *?' 9' 6$al l , ,$oul / 6$al l , 6$oul / a&ar e:
aD la a#2el e %iat e?e> @n ,tru"t ur a ti#&urilor /iitoar e> #o%ul in%i"ati/ $i ale
ti#&urilor #o%ul ui "on%i!ional> la &er,oana I ,ingul ar $i &lural:
Iiat e?a a"ti/ Iiat e?a &a,i/
Suture: I ,-all gi/e
Suture Fer0e"t : I ,-all -a/e gi/en3
Con%itional:I ,-oul % gi/e
Con%itional Fer0e"t: I ,-oul % -a/e
gi/en
I ,-all 2e gi/en
I ,-all -a/e 2een gi/en
I ,-oul% 2e gi/en
I ,-oul % -a/e 2een gi/en
Not: S-oul% _ in0initi/ e,t e 0olo,it $i "a /iitor. @n. tre"ut CSut ur e in t-e Fa,tD: I ,ai%
I ,-oul % %o it3 A# ,&u, " a# ,. o 0a"3
2D la toat e &er,oanel e> &ent r u 0or#ar e a ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui analiti":
ItQ, ,trange t-at t-eH ,-oul% 2e -er e noV3
ItQ, ,trange t-at t-eH ,-oul% -a/e 2een -er e3
*' *?' ;' Bill, 7oul / intr @n "o#&onen! a a"elor a$i 0or#e /er2al e "a $i ,-all>
,-oul% C/iitor $i "on%i!ionalD> la &er,oanel e a II.a $i a III.a ,ingul ar $i &lural> iar @n
/or2ire> $i la &er,oana I ,ingul ar $i &lural:
Iiat e?a a"ti/: Iiat e?a &a,i/:
Suture: <e Vill gi/e3
Suture Fer0e"t : <e Vill -a/e gi/en3
Con%itional: <e Vill gi/e3
Con%itional Fer0e"t : <e Voul%
-a/e gi/en3
<e Vill 2e gi/en3
<e Vill -a/e 2een gi/en3
<e Voul% 2e gi/en3
<e Voul% -a/e 2een gi/en3
Not: Uoul% _ in0initi/ e,t e 0olo,it $i "a /iitor. @n. tre"ut : <e ,ai% 2e Voul% %o it3 A
,&u, " o ,. o 0a"3
*' *?' = 3 MaH> #ig-t a&ar e @n ,tru"t ur a ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui analiti"> 0olo,it #ai ale, @n
&ro&o?i!iile "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ,"o&: <urrH u&> ,o t-at Ve #aH arri/e in ti#e3
Gr2e$ t e. te "a , aAunge # la ti#&3 T-eH -urrie% ,o t-at t-eH #ig-t arri/e in
ti#e3 S.au gr2i t "a , aAung la ti#&3
*' *?' >' "et a&ar e @n ,tru"t ur a i#&er at i /ul ui> &er,oana I $i a III.a ,ingul ar $i
&lural:
Let #e t-in= !
Let u, t-in= !
Let -i# t-in= !
Let t-e# t-in= !
*' *?' ?' aD 5o, /oe , , 0or#a %e Fa,t Ten,e /i/, intr @n al"t uir ea 0or#ei
int erogat i /e $i negat i /e a /er2el or no!ional e la ti#&ul Fre,ent Si#&l e> re,&e"ti /
Fa,t Ten,e Si#&l e: Io Hou li/e in t-i, toVn \ Lo"uie$ti @n a"e,t ora$ \ Ioe, -e
Vor= -er e \ Lu"rea? ai"i \ Ii% -e at t en% t-i, ,"-ool \ A ur#at a"ea, t $"oal \ I
%onQt li=e it3 <e %oe,nQt un%er ,t an%3 T-eH %i%nQt go3
Not: (3 Ver2ul au1iliar 2e &ri#e$ t e au1iliarul %o la i#&er at i /ul negat i /: IonQt 2e
,illH ! Nu 0i &ro,t Cu! D !
+3 Ver2ul -a/e 0or#ea? int erogat i /ul $i negat i /ul "u aAut or ul lui %o @n engl e?a
/or2it $i @n /ariant a a#eri "an a li#2ii engl e?e: I %onQt -a/e enoug- ti#e to %o
t-i,3 N.a# %e,t ul ti#& "a , 0a" a,t a3
2D Io a&ar e @n ,tru"t ur a 0or#ei negat i /e a #o%ul ui i#&er at i /:
IonQt li,t en to t-at non, en, e3
IonQt letQ, li,ten to t-at non,en, e3
"D Io e,t e @ntre2ui n! at &ent r u ,u2linier ea &re%i"at ul ui la 0or#a a0ir#ati / a
in%i"ati/ul ui> ti#&urile &re?ent $i Fa,t Ten,e $i a i#&er at i /ul ui> @n "are ,itua!i e
e,t e a""ent uat : S-e %oe, #a=e all -er %re,, e, -er, el03 Entr. a%e/r @$i 0a"e toat e
ro"-iile ,ingur 3 Io rea% t-i, lett er to #e3 Cite$t e. #i te rog> ,"ri,oar ea3
pag: 05.
*' .(' Verbel e mo/al e #Mo/al Verb, &
*' .(' *' Ver2el e #o%al e e1&ri # atit u%i nea /or2itorul ui 0a! %e enun! > a"!iunea
%in "a%rul a"e,t ui a 0iin% /?ut "a &o,i2il> &ro2a2il > ne"e, ar > o2ligat ori e> %e
%orit et"3: It #ig-t rain lat er3 S.a &ut ea , &lou #ai tBr?iu3 Tou #u,t #eet -i# at
t-e ,t ati on3 Tre2ui e ,. l a$t e&! i la gar3
Iin &un"t %e /e%er e al "ara"t eri ,ti"ilor 0or#al e> /er2el e #o%al e engl e?e$ t i ,e
@#&ar t @n:
(D /er2e no!ional e e1&ri #Bn% #o%alit at ea CVant > Vi,-> or%er> o2lige> a%/i,e>
int en%> #ean> &re0er> et"3D "are ,e "o#&or t "a "elel alt e /er2e no!ional e: <e
Vant , to ,ee t-e &laH3 Vrea , /a% &ie,a3 IonQt o2lige -i# to %o t-i,3 Nu. l o2liga
, 0a" a,t a3
+D /er2e #o%al e %e0e"ti/e CIe0e"ti/e Mo%al Ver2,D C"an/"oul %> #aH/ #i g-t > #u,t >
-a/e to> ,-all/,-oul %> Vill/Voul%> oug-t to> 2e to> u,e% to> nee%> %areD> "are
e1&ri # %e a,e#e ne a #o%alit at e a> %ar "are %in &un"t %e /e%er e 0or#al> &re?int
anu#i t e "ara"t eri ,ti"i3
Not: Ter#enul %e /er2e #o%al e 0olo,it &e &ar"ur, ul lu"rrii ,e re0er la /er2el e
#o%al e %e0e"ti/e3
*' .(' .' Caract eri , t i ci l e 3erbel or mo/al e ' Ver2el e #o%al e au ur#t oar el e
"ara"t eri ,iti"i:
aD ,unt %e0e"ti/e> a%i" le li&,e," anu#i t e 0or#e /er2al e3 En "on, e"i n! > nu &ot 0i
"onAugat e la toat e #o%urile $i ti#&uril e3
Sor#el e &e "are le au /er2el e #o%al e &ot 0i 0olo,it e &ent r u re%ar e a #ai #ult or
ti#&uri $i #o%uri3 Can> #aH> #u,t > nee% $i %are> %e e1e#&l u> e1&ri # in%i"ati/ul
&re?ent : I "an -el& Hou3
Ia" ele ,unt @n, ur#at e %e un a%/er 2 %e ti#& /iitor> a"!iunea e1&ri #at %e
/er2ul la in0initi/ ,e re0er la un #o#ent /iitor: I "an onlH -el& Hou ne1t Vee=3
A# , te &ot aAut a a2ia ,&t #B n a /iitoar e3
Sor#el e a&ar ent tre"ut e ale /er2el or #o%al e au /alori:
. %e Fa,t Ten,e> "on%i!ional $i ,u2Aon"ti/ C"oul%> Voul%> #ig-t D: I "oul% ,=at e
V-en I Va, a "-il%3 Gtia# , &ati ne? "Bn% era# "o&il3 I "oul% -el& Hou i0 Hou
Vant e% #e to3 A$ &ut ea , te aAut %a" ai %ori3 S-e lent -i# t-e "a#er a ,o t-at
-e "oul% ta=e &-ot o, on t-e tri&3 I.a# @#&ru#ut at a&ar at ul %e 0otogr a0i at "a ,
0a" 0otogr a0ii @n e1"ur,i e3
Not: Mig-t &oat e 0i 0olo,it "u /aloar e %e Fa,t Ten,e %oar @n /or2irea in%ire"t :
S-e ,ai% Hou #ig-t go3
. %e "on%i!ional $i ,u2Aon"ti/ C,-oul %D: I ,-oul% li=e to "o#e to#orroV i0 Hou %onQt
#in%3 A$ %ori , /in #Bi ne> %a" nu te %eranA ea?3 <e %e#an%e % Ve ,-oul %
"o#e t-e ne1t %aH3 A "erut , /eni # a %oua ?i3
. la unel e 0or#e "are le li&,e,"> /er2el e #o%al e ,unt @nlo"uit e %e &eri0ra?e
#o%al e> %e anu#i t e "on,t r u"!ii "u ,en, #o%al CMo%al E[ui/al ent ,D: "an . 2e a2l e
to5 #u,t . -a/e to5 #aH . 2e alloVe% to/&er #i t t e% to:
Fre,ent : Tou #aH go noV3 Fo!i / Ai /oie , &le"i a"u#3
Fa,t Ten,e: <e Va, alloVe% go to3 I ,. a &er #i , / %at /oie , &le"e3
Fa,t Fer0e"t : <e -a% 2een alloVe% to go out an% &laH 2e0ore t-eH le0t3 I ,e
&er #i , e, e , ia, a0ar , ,e Aoa"e @naint e "a ei , &le"e3
2D nu &ri#e," , la &er,oana a III.a ,ingul ar C"u e1"e&!i a lui 2e to $i -a/e toD: <e
#u,t ,ee t-i, &laH3 Tre2ui e , /a% a"ea, t &ie,3
"D 0or#ea? int erogat i /ul $i negat i /ul 0r aAut orul au1iliarul ui %o/%i% C"u e1"e&!i a
lui -a/e toD: Mu,t Hou %o t-i, \ Tre2ui e , 0a"i a,t a \ S-e "annot ,Vi#3 Nu $tie ,
@noat e> %ar: Io Hou -a/e to tH&e t-at re&ort \ Tre2ui e , %a"tilogr a0i e?i ra&ort ul \
pag: 060
%D ,unt ur#at e %e in0initi/ul ,"urt al /er2el or no!ional e C"u e1"e&!i a lui 2e to>
-a/e to> oug-t toD:
S-e "an "oo=3 Gtie , gt ea, "> %ar: <e -a, to get u& earlH e/erH %aH3 Tre2ui e ,
,e ,"oal e %e/r e#e @n 0ie"ar e ?i3
CBn% ,unt ur#at e %e in0initi/ul &re?ent > /er2el e #o%a[l e ,e re0er la o a"!iune
&re?ent ,au /iitoar e: <e #ig-t 2e t-er e noV3 S.ar &ut ea "a el , 0ie a"olo a"u#3
S-e #ig-t "o#e lat er3 Ea ,. ar &ut ea , /in #ai tBr?iu3
CBn% ,unt ur#at e %e in0initi/ul &re?ent > /er2el e #o%al e ,e re0er la o a"0!iune
&re?ent ,au /iitoar e: <e #ig-t 2e t-er e noV3 S.ar &ut ea "a el , 0ie a"olo a"u#3
S-e #ig-t "o#e lat er3 ea ,. ar &ut ea , /in #ai tBr?iu3
CBn% ,unt ur#at e %e in0initi/ul &er0e"t > a"!iunea e1&ri #at %e /er2ul no!ional
are un "ara"t er tre"ut > %e ant eri orit at e: <e #ig-t -a/e 2een -ere 2e0ore Ve
arri/e%3 S.ar &ut ea , 0i 0o,t ai"i @naint e , ,o,i # noi3
eD &e &lan ,int a"ti "> /er2el e #o%al e %e0e"ti/e al"t ui e," un &re%i"at /er2al
"o#&u, @#&r eun "u un alt /er2 la in0initi/: Tou "an 2uH a TV.,et in in,t al #ent , 3
Fo!i , "u#&eri un tele/i?or @n rat e3
En "a%rul &re%i"at ul ui /er2al "o#&u,> /er2el e #o%al e @n%e&line," o 0un"!i e %u2l :
. 0un"!i a gra#at i "al %e #ar" a ti#&ul ui: <e "an ,=at e noV3 Gtie , &ati ne?e
a"u#3 <e "oul% ,=at e V-en -e Va, a "-il%3 Gtia , &atine?e "Bn% era "o&il3
. 0un"!i a le1i"al %e e1&ri #ar e a #o%alit !ii: S-e "an tH&e3 Gtie , 2at la #a$i n3
Tou nee%nQt tH&e t-i,3 Nu e,t e ne/oi e , 2a!i a,t a la #a$i n3
*' .(' 4' CAN A COU"5' Can e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u toat e &er,oanel e la in%i"ati/
&re?ent 3
Coul% e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u toat e &er,oanel e la Fa,t Ten,e $i ,u2Aon"ti/. "on%i!ional3
Can/"oul % &oat e e1&ri #a:
(D "a&a"i t at e a C0i?i" ,au int el e"t ual D %e e0e"t uar e a unei a"!iuni: To# "an ,&ea=
t-ree 0oreign language , 3 To# $tie trei li#2i ,trine3 I "oul% run 0a,t er t-an Hou
la,t Hear3 Fut ea# , alerg #ai re&e%e %e"Bt tine anul tre"ut 3
Not: Can ur#at %e un /er2 %e &er"e&! i e ,en?ori al C,ee> -ear et">D "ore,&un%e
a,&e"t ul ui "ontinuu al /er2ul ui re,&e"t i /: I "an ,ee t-e "ar noV3 I "an -ear
0oot ,t e&,3
Can e1&ri #Bn% "a&a"i t at e a 0i?i" ,au int el e"t ual Ca2ilitHD e,t e @nlo"uit %e 2e
a2le to/2e "a&a2l e o0/=noV -oV to:
Fre?ent : I "an ,=i noV/I a# a2l e to ,=i noV3 C#ai &u!in 0re"/ent D
Fa,t Ten,e: I "oul% ,=at e V-en I Va, a "-il%3 Gtia# , &atine? "Bn% era# "o&il3
C"a&a"i t at e a %e a &atina @n gener alD3 Alt-oug- it Va, /erH "ol% He,t er %aH> Ve
Vere a2le to ,=at e 0or an -our3 Ie$i a 0o,t 0oart e 0rig ieri> a# reu$i t , &atin # o
or3 C"a&a"i t at e a %e a &ati na . #ani0e,t at @n anu#i t e "on%i!ii> @n ,&e"i al
ne0a/or a2il eD3
Viitor: IQll 2e a2l e to ,=at e ne1t Hear3
Con%i!ional: Uoul% Hou 2e a2l e to #anage 2H Hour,el0 i0 it Va, ne"e, , ar H \
Coul% Hou #anage 2H Hour, el0 i0 it Va, ne"e, , ar H \
Te. ai &ut ea %e,"ur"a ,ingur %a" ar 0i ne/oi e \
Aten!i e ! Ii0eren! a %e ,en, @ntre "oul% $i Va,/Ver e a2l e to ,e &ier%e la negat i /
,au "u /er2e %e &er"e&! i e:
I "oul%nQt ,=i He,t er %aH a, t-e Veat -er Va, /erH 2a%3
I Va,nQt a2l e to ,=i He,t er %aH a, t-e Veat -er Va, /erH 2a%3
I "oul%nQt ,ee -i# in t-e %ar=3
I Va,nQt a2l e to ,ee -i# in t-e %ar=3
pag: 06/
+D Can e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a &er #i ,i unea> "a o alt er nat i / a lui #anH @n
e1&ri #ar e a 0a#iliar : A: Can I 2orroV Hour u#2r ell a \ B: 40 "our, e Hou "an3 Fot
, iau u#2r el a ta \ Ie,igur3
Coul% e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a &er #i ,i une a @n tre"ut : 4n Sun%aH, Ve "oul%
,t aH in 2e% until ten oQ"lo"=3 Iu#i ni" a/ea # /oie , ,t # @n &at &Bn la ora (93
En a"e,t ,en,> "an/"oul % &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e 2e alloVe% to> 2e &er #i t t e% to: 4n
Sun%aH, Ve Vere alloVe% to ,t aH in 2e% until ten oQ"lo"=3
6D Fo,i2ilit at ea %at orit "ir"u#, t an! el or ,e e1&ri # a,t0el:
Fre?ent : Tou "an ,=i at Fre%eal noV3 T-ere i, enoug- ,noV3
Fa,t Ten,e: Ue "oul% ,=i at Fre%eal la,t Hear3 T-ere Va, enoug- ,noV3
Viitor:
It Vill 2e &o,,i 2l e 0or Hou to ,=i at Fre%eal > t-er e Vill 2e &lent H o0 ,noV in
Ie"e#2er 3
Tou Vill 2e a2l e to ,=i at Fre%eal > t-er e Vill 2e &lent H o0 ,noV in Ie"e#2er 3
Sor#e %e "on%i!ional: ItQ, 0oggH3 T-e air&ort "oul% 2e "lo,e%3 I0 -e -a% enoug-
#oneH -e "oul% 2uH a 2i"H"le3
:D Can/"oul % ,unt 0olo,it e &ent r u a e1&ri #a: o "erer e> rug#i nt e &oliti"oa, : Can
Hou Vait a 0eV #o#ent , \
Coul% e,t e #ai &oliti"o, %e"Bt "an3
;D Coul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a "a&a"i t at e a nereali?at
%e e0e"t uar e a unei a"!iuni @n tre"ut : S-e "oul% -a/e -el&e% #e3 CBut ,-e %i%nQtD3
Ar 0i &ut ut , # aAut e3
7D CanQt/"oul %nQt _ in0initi/ul &re?ent al /er2ul ui 2e e1&ri # o %e%u"!i e negat i /
%e,&r e un e/eni #ent &re?ent : A: IQ# -ungrH3 B: Tou "anQt 2e -ungrH3 TouQ/e Au,t
-a% Hour %inner3
CanQt/Coul%nQt _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e1&ri # o %e%u"!i e negat i / %e,&r e un
e/eni #ent tre"ut : A: Ii% Ann tH&e t-e re&ort \
B: S-e "anQt/"oul %nQt -a/e tH&e% it3 S-e -a,nQt learne% to tH&e Het3
*' .(' 8' MAIAMIGHT' MaH e,t e 0olo,it la toat e &er,oanel e "u /aloar e %e in%i"ati/
&re?ent $i /iitor3
Mig-t e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u toat e &er,oanel e "u /aloar e %e "on%i!ional $i ,u2Aon"ti/3
Mig-t e,t e @ntre2ui n! at "u /aloar e %e Fa,t Ten,e %oar @n /or2irea in%ire"t 3 ]It
#aH rain lat er^3 > -e ,ai%3 <e ,ai% it #ig-t rain lat er3
MaH e,t e 0olo,it:
(D &ent r u a "ere CaD ,au a a"or%a C2D &er #i ,i unea C#ai o0i"ial %e"Bt "anD:
aD MaH I go \ Fot , &le" \
2D Tou #aH go3 Fo!i , &le"i3
Sor#a negat i / %e nea"or %ar e a &er #i ,i unii %e #aH not> rar #aHnQt: A: MaH I go
out \ B: No> Hou #aH not3
Mu,t not C#u,nQtD e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a inter%i"!i a> #ai ale, @n
regul a#e nt e> in,tru"!i uni: Tou #u,t nQt Val= on t-e gra,,3 Nu "l"a!i &e iar23
E"-i/al ent ul #o%al &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a &er #i ,i unii e,t e 2e alloVe% to / 2e
&er #i t t e% to:
<e Va, alloVe% to go3 I ,. a &er #i ,/I ,. a %at /oie , &le"e3
<e Va, &er #i t t e% to go3 I ,. a &er #i ,/I ,. a %at /oie , &le"e3
pag: 060
+D MaH/ #i g-t &oat e e1&ri #a o "erer e> o rug#i nt e &oliti"oa, C#aH e,t e #ai
&oliti"o, $i o0i"ial %e"Bt "an/ "oul %D: MaH I u,e Hour &-one \ E#i %a!i /oie , %au
tel e0on \
Solo,irea lui #ig-t @n a"e,t ,en, in%i" un gra% %e ne,igur an! #ai #ar e %e"Bt
#aH C"u &ri/ire la r,&un,D: Mig-t I u,e Hour &-one \ A$ &ut ea , %au un tele0on \
6D MaH/ #i g-t _ in0initi/ul &re?ent e1&ri # o &o,i2ilitat e &re?ent ,au /iitoar e C@n
,au %u& #o#ent ul /or2iriiD:
<e #aH "o#e to%aH3 Se &oat e , /in a?i3
<e #ig-t "o#e to#orroV3 S.ar &ut ea , /in #Bi ne3
Mig-t e,t e 0olo,it:
aD &ent r u a e1&ri #a o &o,i2ilitat e #ai @n%e&r t at C,. ar &ut ea3 3 3 D
2D %u& un /er2 tre"ut > @n /or2irea in%ire"t : <e ,ai% -e #ig-t "o#e3
"D @n 0ra?e "on!inBn% ,u2or %onat e "on%i!ional e: I0 Hou ,-out e%> -e #ig-t -ear
Hou3 Ia" ai ,triga> ,. ar &ut ea , te au%3
La 0or#a interogat i / $i negati /> #aH e1&ri #Bn% &o,i2ilit at ea e,t e @nlo"uit %e
"on,t r u"!iile %o Hou t-in= _ &re?ent / /iitor ,au 2e li=elH _ in0initi/:
Io Hou t-in= -eQll "o#e to%aH \ Cre?i " o , /in a,t ?i \
I, -e li=elH to "o#e to%aH \ Cre?i " o , /in a,t ?i \
MaH/ #i g-t _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a o ,&e"ul a!i e %e,&r e
o a"!iune tre"ut :
<e #aH -a/e arri/e%3 Se &oat e , 0i ,o,it3
<e #ig-t -a/e arri/e%3 S.ar &ut ea , 0i ,o,it3
:D Mig-t #ai e,t e 0olo,it:
aD @n "ereri in,i,t ent e ,au at un"i "Bn% /or2it orul e,t e iritat %e ne@n%e&li nirea unei
a"!iuni C#ig-t _ in0initi/ul &re?ent D: Tou #ig-t gi/e #e a "o&H o0 t-at &a&er3
CFlea, e gi/e #e a "o&H3 IQ# annoHe% t-at Hou -a/enQt gi/en #e one3 D
2D &ent r u a e1&ri #a iritar ea> re&ro$ ul @n legt ur "u nee0 e"t uar e a unei a"!iuni
tre"ut e C#ig-t _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t D: Tou #ig-t -a/e tol% #e V-at -a% -a&&ene%3
Ai 0i &ut ut ,. #i ,&ui "e ,. a @nt B#&l at 3
*' .(' 9' MU6T A HAVE TO A NEE5' Mu,t e,t e 0ol,it la toat e &er,oanel e> la
in%i"ati/ul &re?ent $i /iitor3
<a/e to e,t e 0olo,it "a @nlo"uit or a lui #u,t e1&ri #Bn% o2liga!i a> iar nee% e,t e
0olo,it "u /aloar e %e &re?ent $i /iitor> #ai ale, @n &ro&o?i!ii negat i /e $i
int erogat i /e3
Mu,t ,e 0olo,e$ t e &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
(D o2liga!i a: T-eH #u,t ,to& 2e"au, e t-e tra00i" lig-t i, re% noV3
Mu,t e1&ri #Bn% o2liga!i a &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e -a/e to ,au Z/e got to3
<AVE T43 Entre #u,t $i -a/e to e1i,t ur#t oar el e %i0eren! e %e ,en,:
aD Mu,t e1&ri # o o2liga!i e i#&u, %e "tr e /or2itor> &e "Bn% -a/e to e1&ri # o
o2liga!i e i#&u, %in e1t erior: I #u,t go3 CItQ, #H %e"i,ionD3 Ue -a/e to go3 CT-e
,-o& i, "lo,ingD3
2D Mu,t e1&ri # o o2liga!i e i#&ort ant > urgent : I #u,t 2e at t-e -o,&ot al at
tVo3 ItQ, #o,t i#&ort ant 3
<a/e to e1&ri # o o2liga!i e o2i$nuit > re&et at C-a2it ual o2ligati onD: I -a/e to 2e
at t-e -o,&it al at ,e/en oQ"lo"= e/erH #orni ng3 I 2egin Vor= ar ,e/en3
Fre?ent : Tou #u,t ,t aH in 2e% 0or a 0eV %aH,3 TouQ/e got 0lu3 Tou -a/e to ,t aH in
2e% V-en Hou -a/e 0lu3
pag: 063
Fa,t Ten,e: <e -a% to ,t aH in 2e% la,t Vee=3 <e Va, [uit e ill3
Viitor: Tou #u,t ,t aH in 2e% to#orroV i0 Hou %onQt 0eel 2et t er3 TouQll -a/e to ,t aH
in 2e% V-en Hou 0eel 0e/eri,- agai n3
<AVE G4T T4
En /or2irea 0a#iliar> ,e a%aug got la -a/e to> iar -a/e ,e "ontr age o2!inBn%u. ,e
IQ/e got/I -a/enQt got to &-one -er3
A"ea,t 0or# e1&ri # %e o2i"ei o2liga!i a @#&linirii unei ,ingur e a"!iuni3
Sor#a #u,t not C#u,t nQt D e1&ri # int er%i"!i a> ,au un ,0at la &re?ent ,au /iitor:
Tou #u,t not #o/e3 Tou #u,t nQt Val= on t-e gra,,3 Tou #u,t nQt #i,, t-at 0il#> it
i, /erH goo%3
Li&,a o2ligati/it !ii ,e e1&ri # "u aAut or ul lui nee%nQt > ,au not -a/e to/not nee%
to:
Tou nee%nQt "o#e earlH3
Tou %onQt -a/e to "o#e earlH3
Sor#a negat i / a lui -a/e to e1&ri # o o2liga!i e e1t er n ,au re&et at > -a2it ual :
Ue %onQt -a/e to get u& earlH Sun%aH,3 CUe %onQt go to ,"-oool on Sun%aH,D3
Ue VonQt -a/e to get u& earlH Sun%aH,3 CUe %onQt go to ,"-oool on Sun%aH,D3
Nee% &oat e 0i 0olo,it la #ai #ult e ti#&uri C"a $i not -a/e toD:
Fre?ent : A: Nee% I go t-er e noV \ B: No> Hou nee%nQt 3 A: Io I nee% to "o#e e/erH
%aH \ B: Tou %onQt nee% to3
Fa,t Ten,e: Ii% Hou nee% to go t-er e He,t er %aH \ I %i%nQt nee% to go3
Viitor: Tou nee%nQt/ VonQt nee% to go t-er e to#orr oV3
Not: En &ro&o?i!iile interogat i /e> 0olo,irea lui nee% @n lo"ul lui #u,t arat /
/or2itorul ,e a$t ea&t la un r,&un, negati /: A: Nee% I Va,- t-e %i,-e, \ CI -o&e
not3D
Aten!i e ! Nee% $i nee%nQt ,unt ur#at e %e in0initi/ul ,"urt3 Celel alt e 0or#e ,unt
ur#at e %e in0initi/ul lung: Tou nee%nQt -a/e 2oug-t tVo loa/e, o0 2rea%3 IQ/e
2oug-t a loa0 #H,el03
Not: Nee% &oat e 0i 0olo,it $i "a /er2 &rin"i&al> @n,e#nBn%: <e nee%, -el&3 Are
ne/oi e %e aAut or3 Ii% ,-e nee% t-e %i"tionar H \ A a/ut ne/oi e %e %i"!ionar \
+D Mu,t &oat e e1&ri #a $i %e%u"!i a logi": S-e #u,t 2e at -o#e3 S-e le0t an -our
ago3
Ie%u"!i a negat i / ,e e1&ri # "u aAut orul lui "annot / "anQt _ in0initi/ul &re?ent al
/er2ul ui to 2e: S-e le0t ten #inut e, ago> ,-e "anQt 2e at -o#e noV3
Mu,t _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e1&ri # o %e%u"!i e logi" C@n &re?ent D %e,&r e o a"!iune
tre"ut : S-eQ, got a ten in -er ter # &a&er3 S-e #u,t -a/e Vor=e% /erH -ar%3
Ie%u"!i e logi" negat i / ,e e1&ri # "u aAut or ul lui "anQt/"oul %nQt _ in0initi/ul
&er0e"t :
S-e "anQt -a/e 2a=e% t-i, &ie3 S-e "anQt "oo=3
S-e "oul%nQt -a/e 2a=e% t-i, &ie3 S-e "anQt "oo=3
En /or2irea in%ire"t ,e 0olo,e$t e #u,t ,au -a/e to %u& "a?> %u& un /er2
%e"l ar ati / la un ti#& tre"ut : S-e ,ai% ,-e Voul% -a/e to lea/e earlH in t-e
#orni ng Co2liga!i eD3 Ue t-oug-t ,-e #u,t 2e ill3 A# "re?ut " e,t e 2olna/
C%e%u"!i e logi"D3
pag: 061
*' .(' ;' 6HA""A6HOU"5' S-all e,t e 0olo,it:
(D &ent r u a e1&ri #a o2liga!i e> @n ,til o0i"ial . a"t e> regul a#e nt e> et"3 la &er,oana a
II.a $i a III.a: T-e ,eller ,-all ,u&&l H t-e ,&ar e &art , in %ue ti#e3
VBn?t or ul /a 0urni?a &ie,el e %e ,"-i #2 @n ti#& util3
VBn?t or ul e,t e o2ligat , 0urni?e?e &ie,el e %e ,"-i #2 @n ti#& util3
+D S-all e,t e 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!ii interogat i /e> la &er,oana I ,ingul ar ,au &lural:
aD &ent r u a "ere un ,0at> o ,uge, ti e> un or%in: U-er e ,-all Ve &ut t-e 0loVer, \
Un%e , &une # 0lorile \ S-all Ve go to t-e "ine#a tonig-t \ CCe ,&uiD> #er ge # la
"ine#a %i,ear \ U-at ,-all I %o \ Ce tre2ui e , 0a" \
2D &ent r u a 0a"e o o0ert : S-all I -el& Hou \ S te aAut \
S-oul% e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
(D o2liga!i a> ne"e,i t at e a logi" %e @n0&t uir e a unei a"!iuni> %e o2i"ei ,u2 0or#
%e ,0at %e "tr e /or2itor: T-e 2oo= i, /erH int er e, t i ng3 Tou ,-oul% rea% it3 Cart ea
e 0oart e int er e, ant 3 Ar tre2ui ,. o "ite$ti3 <e ,-oul%nQt tell lie,3 N.ar tre2ui ,
#int 3
+D o &re,u&uner e Cin%i"Bn% un gra% %e ne,i gur an! #ai #ar e %e"Bt VillD: <e
,-oul% 2e t-er e 2H noV3 Ar tre2ui , 0i aAun, a"olo %eA a3 <e ,-oul% -a/e le0t 2H
noV3 Ar tre2ui , 0i &le"at %eA a3
6D S-oul% e,t e 0re"/ent 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!iile ,u2or %onat e C/e?i "a&3 +;D:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2i e"ti/e: ItQ, ,trange t-at -e ,-oul% 2e-a/e li=e t-at 3
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii "o#&l eti/e %ire"t e: I ,ugge, t Ve ,-oul % lea/e at on"e3
"D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionat e &ent r u a e1&ri #a o "on%i!i e #ai &u!in &ro2a2il : I0
,-e ,-oul% "o#e> tell -er to Vait 0or #e3 Ia" ,e @nt B#&l , /in> ,&une. i , #
a$t e&t e3
%D @n &ro&o?i!ii %e ,"o&> @n &ar al el "u Voul%: S-e &ut on -er ,un gla,, e, ,o t-at ne
one ,-oul%/ Voul % ,ee -er tear ,3 E$i &u,e o"-el arii %e ,oar e "a , nu. i /a% ni#eni
la"ri #ile3
eD @n &ro&o?i!ii %e ,"o& negat i /e> %u& le,t $i uneori %u& in "a,e: S-e Va, a0rai%
in "a,e ,-e ,-oul% ,li& on t-e i"H roa%3 Ei era tea# , nu alune"e &e %ru#ul
@ng-e! at 3
S-oul% _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e1&ri # ne@n%e&linirea unei o2liga!ii ,au a unei
a"!iuni @n tre"ut :Tou ,-oul % -a/e ,ent -er a telegr a #3 U-H %i%nQ t Hou \ Ar 0i
tre2ui t , .i tri# i!i o telegr a # 3 Ie "e n. ai 0 "ut. o \
*' .(' =' OUGHT TO' 4ug-t to in%i" o2lig a!i a ,au %at ori a> %e o2i"ei ,u2 0or#
%e ,0at %at % e " tre /or2itor Cla 0el "a ,-oul %D:
A: Tou oug-t to 0ini,- t-e 2oo= 2e0ore going on -oli%aH3 A: Ar tre2ui , ter #i ni
"art ea @naint e , &le"i @n /a"a n! 3
B: I =noV I ,-oul%3 B: Gtiu ".ar tre2ui3
E1&ri #ar e a unui ,0at> a unei re"o#an% ri> ,uge, t ii> &rin oug-t to/,-oul % e,t e #ai
&u!i n &ut er n i" %e"Bt &rin #u,t : Co#&ar a!i :
Tou ,-oul% ,ee a %o"t or3 Ar tre2ui , te %u"i la %o"t or3
Tou oug-t to ,ee a %o"t or3 Ar tre2ui , te %u"i la %o"t or3
Tou #u,t ,ee a %o"t or3 Tre2ui e , te %u"i la %o"t or3
4ug-t to _ in0initi/ul &er0e"t e1&ri # o %at ori e ne@n%e&linit > o a "!i une "are ar 0i
tre2ui t e0e"t uat Cla 0el "a ,-oul%D:
Tou oug-t to -a/e "ro,,e% V-en t-e lig-t , Vere green3
Tou ,-oul% -a/e "ro,,e% V-en t-e lig-t , Vere green3
Ar 0i tre2ui t , tra/er , e?i "Bn% lu#ina ,e#a0 or ul ui era /er%e3
pag: 065
Tou oug-t nQt to -a/e "ro,,e% V-en t-e lig-t , Vere re%3
Tou ,-oul%nQt -a/e "ro,, e% V-en t-e lig-t , Vere re%3
N.ar 0i tre2ui t , tra/er , e?i &e lu#ina ro $ ie a ,e#a0 or ul ui3
4ug-t to/,-oul % r #Bne ne,"-i #2at @n /or2irea in%ire"t > %u& un /er2 la un
ti#& tre"ut 3 :
<e tol% #e Hou oug-t to at t ent t-e "on0er en"e3
<e tol% #e Hou ,-oul% att ent t-e "on0er en"e3
Mi.a ,&u, " ar tre2ui , /ii la "on0eri n! 3
*' .(' >' BI""ABOU"5' Uill e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
(D o "o#an% i#&er ,onal C,i#ilar "u #u,t > 2e toD: Tou Vill "o#e -ere at on"e3
Vino @n"oa"e i#e%i at 3
+D in,i,t e n! a > -ot rBrea %e a e0e"t ua o a "!i une: <e Vill ,tu%H "-e#i ,t r H V-at e/er
-i, 0at-er ,aH,3 Va ,tu%i a / e,t e %e"i, , ,tu%i e?e "-i#i a> in%i0er ent %e & rerea
tat lui , u3
6D o a "!i une re&et at > un o2i"ei al unei &er,oane CVill ]0re"/ent at i /^ D: <e Vill ,it
on t-e 2en"- 0or -our, an% ga?e at t-e ,t ar,3 42i $ nuie $ te , ,t ea ore. n $ ir &e
2an" $ i , ,e uit e la ,t el e3
:D o in/it a!i e> @n &ro&o? i!ii interogat i /e> la &er,oana a II.a: Uill Hou -a/e anot -er
,anVi"- \ Mai /rei / ia te rog un ,an%/i $ 3
;D o "erer e ,au rug #int e C&e un ton &oliti"o,> %ar #ai aut orit ar %e"Bt Voul%D:
Uill Hou ,ign t-e regi,t er \ V rog , ,e#n a!i @n regi,t r u3
7D o int e n!i e ,&ont an > ne&r e #e %i t at > @n #o#ent ul /or2irii la &er,oana I C%e
o2i"ei "ont r a, @n ZllD:
A: IQ# t-ir,t H3 B: IQll 0et"- Hou a gla,, o0 Vat er3 A: Mi.e ,et e3 B: S .! i a%u" un
&a-ar "u a& 3
Uill %e/ine Voul% ,au in0initi/ @n /or2irea in%ire"t > @n 0un "!i e ,e ,en,:
Uoul% e,t e 0olo,it:
(D &ent r u a e1&ri #a o "erer e> o rug #int e &oliti"oa, :
Uoul% Hou %o #e 0a/our \ Vre!i , .#i 0a" e!i un ,er/i"iu \
Uoul% Hou %o #e a 0a/our \ V rog , .#i 0a" e!i un ,er/i"iu \
Not : Uoul% li=e e,t e %e o2i"ei 0olo,it @n lo"ul lui Vant> 0iin% o 0or# %e e1&ri #ar e
#ai &oliti"oa, :
I Voul% li=e to tal= to t-e #anager 3
I Vant to tal= to t-e #anager 3
A$ %ori , /or2e," "u %ire"t or ul3
Uoul% Hou li=e to tal= to -i# noV \ Ior i!i "u el a"u# \
+D Ca 0or#a %e Fa,t Ten,e a lui Vill> Vou% e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
aD int e n!i a C@n /or2ire in%ire"t D: I ,ai%> ]I Vill -el& -er^3 I ,ai% I Voul% -el& -er3
2D int e n!i a negat i / Cre0u?ulD:
Fre,ent : <e VonQt -el& #e3 Nu /rea , # aAut e3
Fa,t ten, e: <e Voul%nQt -el& #e3 Nu /oia , # aAut e3
pag: 066
"D in,i,t e n! a > -ot rBrea %e a e0e"t ua o a "!i une @n tre"ut : <e Voul% =ee& ,ilent 0or
-our,> no #et t er V-at argu#e nt , I u,e%3
%D o a"ti/it at e re&et at > un o2i"ei @n tre"ut CVoul% ]0re"/ent at i /^D: S-e Voul% Vait
0or #e in 0ront o0 t-e ,"-ool gat e,3
6D Uoul% e,t e 0olo,it $ i &ent r u a e1&ri #a &ro2a2ilit at e a: T-at Voul% 2e t-eir "ar3
Fro2a2il " a"eea e,t e #a $ ina lor3 CA" eea[ tre2ui e , 0ie #a $ ina lorD3
Ate n!i e ! Uoul% _ rat -er/ ,ooner _ in0initi/ul ,"urt e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a
&re0eri n! a :
I Voul% rat -er li,t en to t-e "on"er t t-an ,ee t-e 0il#3
I Z% ,ooner li,t en to t-e "on"er t t-an ,ee t-e 0il#3
A$ &re0er a , a,"ul t "on"er t ul %e"Bt , / % 0il#ul3
*' .(' ?' U6E5 TO' U,e% to e,t e 0olo,it %oar la Fa,t Ten,e> &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
(D o a "!i une re&et at > un o2i"ei tre"ut > "are nu #ai e,t e &ra"ti"at @n &re?ent : I
u,e% to ,Vi# in t-e 4lt ri/er V-en I Va, a "-il%> 2ut I %onQ t %o t-i, anH longer3
42i $ nuia# , @not @n 4lt "Bn% era# "o&il> %ar a"u# nu #ai @not3
+D o a "!i une re&et at > un o2i"ei tre"ut > "are #ai e,t e &ra"ti"at $ i @n &re?ent : T-eH
u,e% to ,&en % t-eir -oli%aH, in t-e #ount ai n,3 CItQ, /erH li=elH t-eH ,till %o it3D3
Ate n!i e ! (3 U,e% to &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e Voul% la ,en,ul +D3 Uoul% e,t e 0re"/ent :
T-eH Voul % ,&en% t-eir -oli%aH, in t-e #ount ai n,3
E$i &etr e"ea u /a"a n! e le la #unt e3
42i $ nuiau , .$ i &etr ea" /a"a n! e le la #unt e3
Ate n!i e ! U,e% to nu are 0or# la &re?ent 3 Fentru a e1&ri #a un o2i"ei &re?ent >
0olo, i!i &re?ent ul ,i#&l u: I Cu,uallHD ,&en% #H -oli%aH, in t-e #ount ai n,3
Ie o2i"ei @#i &et r e" /a"a n! e le la #unt e3
42i $ nuie," , .#i &etr e" /a"a n! e le la #unt e3
*' .(' * (' CE TO' Be to e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
(D o "o#an% ,au in,tru "!i uni @ntr. un #o% i#&er,onal C%e o2i"ei la &er,oana a III.
aD:
<e i, to ,t aH -ere till Ve ret ur n3
Tre2ui e Va ,t a , ,t ea ai"i &Bn ne @ntoar"e #3
Ur#ea? Va ,t a , ,t ea ai"i &Bn ne @ntoar"e #3
+D o a "!i une &lani0i"at C"on,t r u "!i e %e, 0olo,it @n li#2aA ul Aurnali,ti"D: T-e
"o#&et i tion i, to ,t art in a Vee=Q, ti#e3
6D un or%in ,au "o#an% > @n /or2irea in%ire"t : <e ,aH,> ]Uait -er e till I "o#e^3
<e ,aH, t-a t I a# to Vait -er e till -e "o#e,3
La Fa,t Ten,e> 2e &oat e 0i ur#at :
aD %e un in0initi/ &re?ent : <e Va, to go3 Ur#a , &le"e3
&ro&o? i!ie %in "are nu a0l # %a" a "!i unea &lani0i"at a 0o,t @n%e&linit ,au nu5
2D %e un in0initi/ &er0e"t > &ent r u a e1&ri #a o a "!i une &l nuit %ar ne@n%e&linit :
<e Va, to -a/e gone C2ut -e %i%nQtD3
pag: 067
*' .(' * *' 5AE' Iare ,e 0olo,e $ te "u ,aen, ul %e a @n%r ?ni> a a/ea "uraA ul> @n
,&e"i al @n &ro&o? i!ii interogat i /e $ i negat i /e: <oV %are Hou "ontr a%i "t #e \ Cu#
@n%r ?ne $ ti , # "ont r a?i"i \ T-e 2oH %ar e% not tell -i, 0at -er V-at -e -a% %one3
B iatul n. a @n%r ?nit , .i ,&un tat lui , u "e a 0 "ut3
La a0ir#at i /> %ar e ,e "onAug "a un /er2 &rin"i&al:
Fre?ent : %are> %are,5
Fa,t Ten,e: %ar e%3
La negat i / $ i int erogat i /> %are &oat e 0i "onAugat "a un /er2 n o!i onal ,au "a un
/er2 #o%al: Iare -e ,&ea= \ En%r ?ne $ te , /or2ea, " \ Ioe, -e %ar e CtoD
,&ea= \
Iare "a /er2 #o%al e,t e ur#at :
aD %e in0initi/ul 0 r to %u& 0or#a in/ari a2il %ar e C&er,oana a III.a ,ingul ar ,au
Fa,t Ten,eD: I Von%er V-et -er -e IARE "o#e3 M @ntre2 %a" /a @n%r ?ni , /in 3
<e 0elt t-at -e IARENQT trH3 Gi.a %at ,ea#a " n. are "uraA ul , @n"er"e3
2D %e in0initi/ul "u to> %u& &arti"i&iul &re?ent ,au %u& &er,oana a III.a ,ingul ar:
NoV -e %ar e, to at t a"= #e ! A"u# @n%r ?ne $ te , # at a"e !
"D %e in0initi/ul "u ,au 0 r to %u& 0or#a %e in0initi/ a /er2ul ui> 0or#a %e Fa,t
Ten,e %ar e% $ i &arti"i&iul tre"ut : <e Voul%nQt %are CtoD tell #e t-i,3 N.ar @n%r ?ni
, .#i ,&un a"e,t lu"ru 3 <e %ar e% CtoD Vrit e u&on t-e ,u2A e"t 3 A a/ut "uraA ul ,
,"rie %e,&r e a"ea &ro2l e# 3 <e -a% ne/er %are% CtoD a,= #e3 Nu @n%r ?ni,e
ni"io%at , # @ntre2e3
Ate n!i e ! Ver2ul %ar e e,t e ur#at %e in0initi/ul "u to "Bn% e,t e 0olo,it "a /er2
&rin"i&al: <e %ar e% #e to "o#&et e Vit- -i#3 M.a &ro/o"at la @ntre"er e3
EaERCI`II
I3 4rtogr a0i a!i ur# toar el e /er2e la &er,oana a III.a ,ingul ar Fa,t Ten,e> 0or#a @n
.ing $ i &arti"i&iul tre"ut :
,tu%H> &lH> &aH> Vrite> ,to&> "ut> tra/el> o""ur> %ie> %He> re0er> Va,-> Vat"-> go to>
2egi n> "rH> , ee> regr et > 0ree> ,-oV> ,eV3
II3 Fun e!i /er2el e %in &ar ant e? la ti#&ul &otri/it3
(3 Loo=! It CrainD3 Ta=e Hou u#2r ell e3
+3 U-H C-e> %ri/eD ,o 0a,t to%aH\
63 It C,t art D to rain V-ile ,-e CVal=D in t-e &ar= He,t er %aH3
:3 T-e tele&-one CringD Au,t a, -e CgoD out a 0eV #inut e, ago3
;3 I0 t-e Veat -er C2eD 0ine to#orroV> Ve CgoD on a tri& to Foiana Bra $ o/3
73 U-at CHou> goD tonig-t \
83 U-at ti#e Ct-e train lea/eD\ It Clea/eD at * oQ"lo"= a""or%i ng to ,"-e%ul e3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 It i, raining3
+3 I, -e %ri/ing5 %ri/e,5
63 ,t art e%> Va, Val=ing3
:3 rang> Va, going out5
;3 i,> ,-all 2e ,=iing5
73 %oe, t-e train lea/e> lea/e,5
83 are Hou %oing5 a# loo=ing5 -a/e Hou 2een loo=ing5"a#e5 %i% Hou "a#e5 "a#e3
III3 Tra%u" e!i @n li#2a engl e? :
(3 Flou 3 Flou a%e, e a toa#na3 +3 Flou %e "Bn% ai /enit3 63 A &louat 3 :3 A &louat
$ i ieri3 ;3 Floua "Bn% #. a# uit at &e 0erea, t r 3 73 St , &lou 3 83 Vo# 0a"e o
&li#2ar e %u& "e /a 0i ,t at &loai a3 *3 Nu /o# #er ge @n &ar" %a" nu /a ,t a
&loai a3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 It i, raining3 It o0t en rain, in aut u#n3 +3 It -a, 2een raining ,in"e Hou "a#e3 63
It -a, raine%3 :3 It raine% He,t er %aH too3 ;3 It Va, raining V-en I loo=e% out o0 t-e
Vin%oV3 73 I, loo=, li=e rain3 83 UeQll go 0or a Val= V-en t-e rain -a, ,to&&e%3 *3
Ue ,-anQt go 0or a Va= unle,, it ,to&, raining3
IV3 Tre" e!i ur# toar el e &ro&o? i!ii la %iat e?a &a,i/ > tran,0or #Bn% "o#&l e#e nt ul
&er,oanei @n ,u2i e"t 3
E1e#&l u: T-eH o00ere% -er 0loVer,3
S-e Va, o00ere% 0loVer,3
(3 T-e gui%e i, ,-oVing t-e# t-e #u, eu#3
+3 T-eH -a/e a&&oi nt e% -i# &re,i %ent 3
63 S-e -a, gi/en #e a goo% %i"tionar H3
:3 T-eH Vill tell Hou V-at ti#e t-e 2u, lea/e,3
;3 IQll &aH t-e "art ent er 0or -i, Vor=3
73 <e &ro#i , e% t-e# neV 2i"H"l e,3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 T-eH are 2eing ,-oVn t-e #u, eu#3 +3 <e -a, 2een a&&oi nt e% &re,i %ent 3 63 I
-a/e 2een gi/en a goo% %i"tionar H3 :3 Tou Vill 2e tol% V-at ti#e t-e 2u, lea/e,3
;3 T-e "ar&en%er Vill 2e &ai% 0or -i, Vor=3 73 T-eH Vere &ro#i , e% neV 2i"H"le,3
V3 Tra%u" e!i ur# toar el e &ro&o? i!ii @n li#2a engl e? > 0olo,in% /er2e la %iat e?a
&a,i/ :
(3 A"ea,t &ro2l e# tre2ui e anali?at 3
+3 Nu ,. a %or #i t @n a"e,t &a t 3
63 Co&iii au 0o,t 2ine @ngriA i!i3
:3 CBinel e a 0o,t " l"at %e un aut o2u?3
;3 Vor rB%e %e tine %a" /ei &urt a ro"-i a a,t a3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 T-i, #at t er #u,t 2e loo=e% into3
+3 T-i, 2e% -a, not 2een ,le&t in3
63 T-e "-il%ren Vere Vell loo=e% a0t er3
:3 T-e %og Va, run o/er 2H a 2u,3
;3 Tou Vill 2e laug-e% at i0 Hou Vear t-i, %re,,3
VI3 En &ro&o? i!iile %e #ai Ao,> @nlo"u i!i> ,u2Aon"ti/ul ,int eti" "u ,u2Aon"ti/ul analiti"
"u ,-ou l% ,au #aH:
E1e#&l u:
aD It i, ne"e, , ar H t-at -e ,an% t-e lett er at on"e3
It i, ne"e, , ar H t-at -e ,-oul ,en% t-e lett er at on"e3
2D U-oe/er t-e Vo#an 2e> Hou #u,t ,en% 0or a %o"t or3
U-oe/er t-e Vo#an #aH 2e> Hou #u,t ,en% 0or a %o"t or3
(3 Sat-er in,i,t e% t-at -i, ,on rea% 2oo=, in Ro#ani a -i,torH3
+3 It i, i#&er at i /e t-at t-eH e1"ee% &ro%u"ti on3
63 T-e %o"t or re"o##e n%e % t-at t-e ol% Vo#an =ee& to 2e% 0or a 0eV %aH,3
:3 Long ,-e 2e -a&&H3
;3 T-e "-air #an %e#an%e % t-at &ro&o, al , 2e #a%e3
VII3 Tra%u" e!i @n li#2a engl e? 0olo,in% 0or#e ale ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui ,int eti" ,au
analiti":
(3 E,te re"o#an%a 2il , 0ii a"olo la ora * 0i13
+3 Ei "er "a tru&el e ina#i"e , 0ie retra, e %e &e terit oriul lor3
63 Ie "e , 0a"e# noi a,t a \
:3 Iori n! a lui "a noi , %e/eni # &ro0e,ori ,. a @n%e&linit3
;3 Sie "e. o 0i> /oi &orni #ot or ul3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 It i, a%/i,a2l e t-at Hou 2e / ,-oul% 2e t-er e at eig-t oQ"lo"= ,-ar&3
+3 T-eH re[uire t-at t-e ene#H troo&, 2e/ ,-oul % 2e Vit-%r aVn 0ro# t-eir
territorH3
63 U-H ,-oul % Ve %o t-i,\
:3 <i, Vi,- t-at Ve ,-oul % 2e"o#e tea"-er , -a, 2een 0ul0ille%3
;3 Co#e V-at #aH> IQll ,t art t-e engine3
pag: 06.
VIII3 Fun e!i /er2el e %in &arant e?e la in0initi/ul lung C"u toD ,au ,"urt C0 r toD3
E1e#&l u:
aD Tou #u,t C-elD -i#3
Tou #u,t -el& -i#3
2D T-eH Vant C"o#eD noV3
T-eH Vant to "o#e noV3
(3 <e -a, %e"i%e% C2e"o#eD a #e"-ani "3
+3 Uill Hou C"o#eD to t-e t-eat r e Vit- #e\
63 Tou oug-t Cre/i,eD 0or Hour e1a#, t-i, Vee=3
:3 Ue "an CVaitD 0or Hou -er e3
;3 I ,aV t-e# C"ro,,D t-e ,treet 3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 to 2e"o#e5
+3 "o#e5
63 to re/i,e5
:3 Vait5
;3 "ro,,3
Ia3 Co#&l et a!i ,& a!i ile li2ere "u &re&o? i!iile ne"e, ar e3 Fun e!i /er2el e %in
&ar ant e?e la 0or#a Gerun%3
E1e#&l u:
<e 0inallH ,u""ee%e% 333 C,ellD -i, ol% "ar3
<e 0inallH ,u""ee%e% in ,elling -i, ol% "ar3
(3 T-e 2a% Veat -er &re/ent -i#333 Clea/eD la,t Mon%aH3
+3 4ur tea"-er %oe, nQt a&&ro/e3 3 3 C,tu%HD lat e at nig-t 3
63 <e Vorrie,3 33 Clo,eD -i, &o,ition3
:3 <e 0inallH ,u""ee%e %3 3 3 C&o,tD t-e lett er3
;3 S-e in,i,t ,3 33 C%oD e/erHt -i ng -er, el03
73 T-i, re,ear "- ai #,3 3 3 C0in%D a #or e e00i"ient #et -o%3
Re?ol/a!i:
(3 0ro# lea/ing
+3 o0 ,tu%Hi ng5
63 a2out lo,ing5
:3 in &o,ti ng5
;3 on %oing5
73 at 0in%ing3
a3 Fun e!i /er2el e %in &arant e?e la 0or#a Gerun%3 Fun e!i &ronu#el e &er,onal e la
a"u?ati / C&ent r u o e1&ri #ar e 0a#iliar D> ,au tran,0or # a!i .le @n &ronu#e &o,e,i /e
C&ent r u o e1&ri #ar e #ai literar D3
E1e#&l u:
I "anQt un%er ,t an% C-e> 0orget D to "o#e to t-e #eet i ng3
I "anQt un%er ,t an% -i# / -i, 0orgeti ng to "o#e to t-e #eet i ng3
(3 MH #ot -er -at e, CI> r ea%D V-ile IQ# V-ile IQ# eati ng3
+3 I %onQt re#e #2e r C-e> "o#eD lat e 2e0or e3
63 E1"u,e CI> int erru&t D Hou3
:3 I %onQt li=e C,-e> VearD #H %re,, e,3
;3 I o2A e"t to Ct-eH> #a=eD ,o #u"- noi,e3
73 <e %oe, nQt agr ee to CVe> "o#eD lat e to ,"-ool3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 #e/ #H rea%i ng5
+3 -i#/ -i, "o#ing5
63 #e 0or interru&ti ng Hou/ #H int erru&ti ng Hou5
:3 -er/ -er Veari ng5
;3 t-e#/ t -ei r #a=i ng5
73 u,/our "o#ing3
aI3 Fun e!i /er2el e %in &arant e?e la in0initi/ul "u to ,au 0or#a Gerun% @n 0un "!i e %e
,en,:
(3 I Vill re#e #2er Cgi/eD Hour #ot -er Hour #e, , age3
+3 I re#e #2e r C#eet D -i# at Hour 2irt -%aH la,t Hear3
63 Flea, e ,to& Cint err u&t D #e in t-e #i%%l e o0 a ,ent en"e3
:3 <e ,to&&e% Ctal=D to -i, 0or#er &u&il,3
;3 Ii% Hou 0orget Cgi/eD -i# t-at #e,, age\
73 I %e0init elH re"all Clea/eD #H "oat in t-i , roo#3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 to gi/e3
+3 #eet i ng3
63 interru&t i ng3
:3 to tal=3
;3 to gi/e3
73 lea/ing3
pag: 070
aII3 Fune!i "u/int el e %in &ar ant e?e la 0or#a "ore"t : &arti"i&iu @n .ing ,au
&arti"i&iu tre"ut :
E1e#&l u:
aD Ue ,aV an Cent er t ai nD &rogr a ##e on TV la,t nig-t3
Ue ,aV an ent er t ai ni ng &rogr a##e on TV la,t nig-t 3
2D T-e "ar&ent er re&air e% t-e C2rea=D "-air3
T-e "ar&ent er re&aire% t-e 2ro=en "-air3
(3 UeQll -a/e to Vor= -ar% t-e C0olloVD Vee=,3
+3 T-e &oli"e Vere on t-e tra"=, o0 t-e C0olloVD #an3
63 T-at Va, a /erH Cint er e, t D 2oo=3
:3 T-e Cint er e, t D &arti e, ,igne% t-e agr ee #e nt 3
;3 T-eH ,ell C0ree?eD goo%, -er e3
73 T-e te#&er at ur e i, 2eloV C0ree?eD &oint3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 0olloVing3
+3 0olloVe%3
63 inter e, ti ng3
:3 inter e, t e%3
;3 0ro?en
73 0ree?ing3
aIII3 Tra%u"e! i @n li#2a engl e?:
(3 Cr!ile @#&ru#ut at e %e la 2i2liot e" tre2ui e @na&oi at e la ti#&3
+3 Sere,t r el e ,alonul ui ,e %e,"-i %eau ,&re o ter a, "u &ri/ire la #ar e3
63 Au?in% &a$i> ,e @ntoar, e tre, ri n%3
:3 Toat e lu"rurile &e "are le $ti # %e #ult ne ,unt %ragi3
;3 T"u> &r Bn% #irat %e &urt ar ea #ea3
73 Iu& "e a ter #i nat "e. a/ea %e 0"ut> ,e ri%i" , o&rea," #a$i na3
Re?ol/ar ea:
(3 Boo=, 2orroVe% 0ro# t-e li2rarH #u,t 2e ret urne% in ti#e3
+3 T-e Vin%oV, o0 t-e %raVi ng. roo# o&ene% on to a terr a"e o/erloo=ing t-e ,ea3
63 <earing 0oot,t e&, > -e turne% Vit- a ,t art 3
:3 All long =noVn o2A e"t , are %ear to u,3
;3 <e =e&t ,ilent> a, i0 &u??l e% 2H #H 2e-a/i our3
73 <a/ing "o#&l et e% -er &ie"e o0 Vor=> ,-e ro,e to ,Vit"- o00 t-e #a"-i ne3
aIV3 Enlo"ui!i "u/int el e ,"ri,e "ur,i/ "u /er2e &otri/it e "a ,en, $i /er2e no!ional e
la in0initi/ul &re?ent ,au &er0e"t :
E1e#&l u:
Ue are o2lige% to %o our -o#eVor= e/erH %aH3
Ue -a/e to %o our -e#Vor= e/erH %aH3
(3 Tou are gi/en &er #i ,,i on to lea/e3
+3 Fer-a&, t-eH -a/e -ear % t-e neV,3
63 <e &ro2a2l H Vent to 4ra%ea on 2u,ine, ,3
:3 C-il%ren are 0or2i%%en to &laH Vit- #at "-e,3
;3 S-e %i%nQt 0orget a2out t-e a&&oi nt #e nt 5 it i, i#&o,,i 2l e3
73 A, Hou %onQt 0eel Vell itQ, goo% 0or Hou to ,ee a %o"t or3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 #aH lea/e3
+3 #aH -a/e -ear %3
63 #u,t -a/e gone3
:3 #u,t not &laH3
;3 "oul%nQt -a/e 0orgot t en3
73 ,-oul % ,ee3
aV3 Tra%u"e! i @n li#2a engl e?> 0olo,in% /er2e #o%al e &otri/it e "a ,en,:
(3 Vrei ,. #i a%u"i ?iarul> te rog \
+3 S "u#&r ni$t e 2anane \ A$ &re0er a , "u#&r ni$t e &ort o"al e3
63 Vre!i , ,e#na! i @n regi,t ru> / rog \
:3 Fut e!i , # aAut a!i la 2agaA e \
;3 Iori!i o "ea$" %e "a0ea \ Nu> #ul! u#e , "3 A$ %ori o "ea$" %e "eai3
73 Ea nu $tie @n, engl e?e$ t e %ar /a $ti a"ea, t li#2 &e,t e "B!i/a ani3
Re?ol/ar e:
(3 Uill Hou 0et"- #e t-e neV,&a&er > &lea, e3
+3 S-all I 2uH ,o#e 2anana, \ TouQ% rat -er 2uH ,o#e orange, 3
63 Uoul% Hou ,ign in t-e regi,t er> &lea, e3
:3 Coul% Hou -el& #e Vit- #H luggage \
;3 Uoul% Hou li=e a "u& o0 "o00ee\ No> t-an= Hou3
73 S-e "anQt ,&ea= Engli,- Het> 2ut ,-e Vill 2e a2l e to %o ,o in a 0eV Hear ,Q ti#e3
pag: 07/
.' 6ub, t ant i 3ul #T$e Noun&
.' *' 5e+i ni 2i e
Su2,t ant i /ul:
aD %enu#e $ t e o2ie"t e @n ,en, 0oart e larg> a%i" 0iin! e> lu"ruri> 0eno#ene C#an>
"-air> ,noV> Val=> Vi,%o#D5
2D are "at egorii gra#at i "al e %e gen> nu#r $i "a?5
"D &oat e @n%e&lini @n &ro&o?i!i e 0un"!iile %e ,u2i e"t > nu#e &re%i"ati /> atri2ut >
a&o?i!i e> "o#&l e#e nt > ele#ent &re%i"ati / ,u&li #ent ar > ,au &oat e 0i e"-i/al ent ul
unei &ro&o?i!ii ,au 0ra?e3
.' .' Cla,i +i car e 3
Su2,t ant i /el e %in li#2a engl e? &ot 0i "la,i0i"at e %in #ai #ult e &un"t e %e /e%er e3
+3+3 (3 Iin &un"t %e /e%er e al 0or#rii lor> ,u2,t ant i /el e ,e @#&ar t @n:
aD ,u2,t ant i /e ,i#&l e: 2oH> #eal> %aH5
2D ,u2,t ant i /e 0or#at e %in %eri/ar e "u ,u0i1e ,au &re0i1e: "-il%-oo%> %i,gu,t >
un-a&&i ne, , 5
"D ,u2,t ant i /e 0or#at e &rin "o#&uner e C,u2,t ant i /el e "o#&un, eD: ,"-ool 2oH>
"la,,roo#5
pag: 070
%D ,u2,t ant i /e 0or#at e &rin "on/er ,i une> %in alt e &r!i %e /or2ire:
. a%A e"ti/e: t-e goo%> t-e e/il> t-e ri"-> t-e &oor5
. /er2e la in0initi/: "oo=> 0all5
. /er2e la Gerun%: rea%i ng> 2o1ing5
. /er2e la &arti"i&iul tre"ut : t-e inAure%5
eD ,u2,t ant i /e 0or#at e &rin "ontr ager e: a% Ca%/er ti , e#e nt D > 0ri%ge Cre0riger at orD>
gH# CgH#na,i u#D> la2 Cla2or at or HD> li/ Cli/ingroo#D> &olH C&olHt e"-ni "D> &ra#
C&er a#2ul at or D> &u2 C&u2li" -ou,eD5
0D a2r e/i eri: MF CMe#2er o0 Farlia#ent D> Ir C%o"t orD> Mr BroVn CIl3 BroVnD> Mr,
BroVn C%na BroVnD> Mi,, BroVn C%ra BroVnD> M, BroVn Ca&el ati/ &ent r u 0e#ei>
",t ori t e ,au ne", t ori t eD3
.' .' .' Iin &un"t %e /e%er e al gra/ul ui /e in/i 3i /ual i zar e , ,u2,t ant i /el e @n
li#2a engl e? ,e @#&art @n %ou "la,e #ari: ,u2,t ant i /e "o#une $i ,u2,t ant i /e
&ro&rii3
A3 Su2,t ant i /el e "o#une ,unt li&,it e %e &o,i2ilitat ea %e a in%i/i%uali?a &rin ele
@n,el e3 Ele %enu#e , " un ele#ent &rintr. o "at egori e %e o2ie"t e %e a"el a$i 0el:
ta2l e> ,"-ool3 Su2,t ant i /el e "o#une ,e ,u2"l a,i0i" @n:
aD ,u2,t ant i /e a&el ati /e> "are %enu#e , " un ele#ent %intr. o "at egori e: ta2l e>
,"-ool5
2D ,u2,t ant i /e "ole"ti/e> "are %enu#e , " o2ie"t e "on,t Bn% %in #ai #ult e
ele#ent e %e a"el a$i 0el: 0a#ilH> &eo&l e5
"D ,u2,t ant i /e "on"r et e> "are %enu#e , " o2ie"t e ,au ,u2,t an! a "on,tit uti/ a unor
o2ie"t e: ta2l e> Voo%> ,t eel5
%D ,u2,t ant i /e a2,t r a"t e> "are %enu#e, " a2,t r a"! i uni: %i00i"ultH> VorrH> &ea"e>
lo/e> #u,i"3
B3 Su2,t ant i /el e Cnu#el eD &ro&rii au "a&a"i t at e a %e a in%i/i%uali?a un o2ie"t
%intr. o "at egori e %e o2ie"t e %e a"el a$i 0el> %enu#i n% @n &rin"i&iu un ,ingur
ele#ent %intr. o "at egori e3 En li#2a engl e?> ,u2,t ant i /el e &ro&rii %enu#e , ":
aD nu#e %e &er,oane: C-ur"-ill5
2D %enu#i ri geogr a0i"e:
. nu#e %e lo"alit !i
. nu#e %e tri $i "ontinent e
. nu#e %e a&e $i #un!i
"D %i/i?iuni te#&or al e:
. lunile anul ui
. ?ilele ,&t #B ni i
. ,r2t ori
%D nu#e %e "r!i> ?iare> re/i,t e
eD nu#e %e in,tit u!ii
Ortogra+ i a ,ub, t ant i 3 el or proprii ' En li#2a engl e? ,u2,t ant i /el e &ro&rii ,e
,"riu "u liter #ar e> "a $i @n li#2a ro#Bn: <elen . Elena5 Ro#e . Ro#a3 E1i,t
@n, unel e ,itua!ii @n "are u?aA ul @n li#2a engl e? e,t e %i0erit %e "el %in li#2a
ro#Bn:
pag: 073
aD nu#el e lunilor anul ui $i ale ?ilelor ,&t #B nii ,e ,"riu "u liter #ar e @n li#2a
engl e?> 0iin% "on,i %er at e ,u2,t ant i /e &ro&rii: A&ril . a&rilie> Sun%aH . %u#i ni"5
2D toat e "u/int el e C"u e1"e&! i a arti"ol elor> &re&o?i!iilor $i "onAu"!iilorD %intr. un
,u2,t ant i / &ro&riu e1&ri #at &rintr. o &eri0ra? ,u2,t ant i /al ,e ,"riu "u liter
#ar e @n li#2a engl e?:
. titluri %e "r!i: Io#2eH an% Son . Io#2eH $i 0iul
. titluri %e ?iare: T-e IailH Mirror
. titluri %e re/i,t e: Engli,- Language Tea"-i ng Journal5
. titluri %e "a&it ol e> arti"ol e> lu"rri> in,tit u!ii et"3: T-e Con0er en"e 0or Fea"e an
Se"urit H in Euro&e . Con0erin! a %e &a"e $i ,e"urit at e @n Euro&a5 t-e Unite%
Nation, 4rgani?ati on . 4rgani?a!i a Na!iunilor Unite>
"D nu#el e %e na!ionalit !i $i li#2i ,e ,"riu %e a,e#e ne a "u liter #ar e @n li#2a
engl e?: <e ,&ea=, Engli,-3 CElD Vor2e$t e engl e?e$ t e3 Ue are Ro#ani an,3 Noi
,unt e# ro#Bni3
.' 4' Num1rul ,ub, t ant i 3 e l or' #Number o+ Noun, &
Su2,t ant i /el e @n li#2a engl e? au "at egoriile gra#at i "al e %e gen> nu#r $i "a?3
Nu#r ul e,t e "at egori a gra#at i "al "are ,e re"unoa$ t e "el #ai u$or> %at orit
%e,inen! ei .,> ,&e"i0i" &ent r u 0or#a %e &lural a ,u2,t ant i /el or3 Iin &un"t %e
/e%er e al i%eii %e nu#r> ,u2,t ant i /el e @n engl e? ,e @#&ar t @n nu#r a2il e CCount
noun,D $i nenu#r a 2il e CMa,, noun,D3 Su2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e ,unt %e o2i"ei
/aria2il e "a 0or# CVaria2l e Noun,D> a/Bn% at Bt ,ingul ar "Bt $i &lural> iar "ele
nenu#r a 2il e ,unt %e regul in/ari a2il e "a 0or# CIn/ari a2l e noun,D> a/Bn%
0or#a nu#ai %e ,ingul ar ,au nu#ai %e &lural3
.' 4' *' 6ub, t ant i 3 el e num1rabi l e #Count Noun, & ' Su2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e
%enu#e, " no!iunile "a unit !i ,e&ar at e> "are &ot 0i nu#r at e: a 2oH> tVo 2oH,> a
0eV 2oH,> et"3 Su2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e au ur#t oar el e "ara"t eri ,ti"i:
aD ,unt /aria2il e "a 0or#> a/Bn% at Bt nu#r ul ,ingul ar> "Bt $i nu#r ul &lural:
#u, eu# . #u, eu#, > "-il% . "-il%ren5
2D &ot 0i &re"e%at e %e nu#er al e "ar%inal e ,au "uanti0i"at ori: one 2oo=> t-ree
2oo=,> ,e/er al a&&l e,> a lot o0 2ru,-e,5
"D la nu#r ul ,ingul ar ,e a"or% "u /er2e la ,ingul ar: T-e 2oo= i, on t-e ta2l e3 iar
la nu#r ul &lural> "u /er2e la &lural: T-e a&&l e, are in t-e 2a,=et 3
.' 4' . Cla,i +i car e a ,ub, t ant i 3 el or num1rabi l e' Su2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e &ot
0i: a&el ati /e: gar%en> &en"il5 ,au "ole"ti/e: "o##i t t e e> au%i en"e5 "on"ret e: "-il%>
,"-ool5 ,au a2,t r a"t e: %i00i"ultH> [ue,ti on3
Su2,t ant i /el e "ole"ti/e ,unt o %i/i?iune a ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#r a2il e3 Ele ,e
"o#&or t :
(D "a ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e &ro&ri u. ?i,e "Bn% %enu#e , " o "ole"ti/it at e
"on,i %er at "a un @ntreg: T-e tVo 0oot 2all tea#, are in t-e 0iel% noV3 Cele %ou
e"-i&e %e 0ot2al ,unt a"u# &e ter en3
En a"e,t "a? ele au nu#r ul ,ingul ar $i nu#r ul &lural $i ,e a"or% "u /er2e la
,ingul ar ,au la &lural: <i, 0a#ilH i, larger t-an #ine3 Sa#ilia lui e,t e #ai
nu#er oa, %e"Bt a #ea3 4n ea"- 0loor li/e tVo 0a#ilie,3 La 0ie"ar e et aA lo"uie,"
%ou 0a#ilii3
pag: 071
+D CBn% a"e,t e ,u2,t ant i /e ,e re0er la #e#2rii "o#&onen! i ai "ole"ti/it !ii> ele
,e "o#&or t "a ,u2,t ant i /e "ole"ti/e &ro&ri u. ?i,e3 En a"ea, t ,itua!i e>
,u2,t ant i /el e "ole"ti/e ,e 0olo,e," "a 0or#a %e ,ingul ar> re0erirea 0iin% la o
"ole"ti/it at e: 0a#ilH> tea#> "are ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural> re0erirea 0iin% la
#e#2rii "ole"ti/it !ii: MH 0a#ilH are at -o#e3 Sa#ilia #ea e,t e a"a, 3 COAll t-e
#e#2er , o0 #H 0a#ilH333D3
Iin gru&a ,u2,t ant i /el or "ole"ti/e 0a" &art e ,u2,t ant i /el e: ar#H> a,,e #2l H>
au%i en"e> "la,,> "lu2> "o##i t t e e> "o#&anH> "reV> "roV%> 0a#ilH> go/er n#e nt >
AurH> &art H> &re,,> &u2li"> regi #ent > troo&> 0lig-t Co0 2ir%,> in,e"t ,> &lane,D> 0lo"=
Co0 ,-ee&D> -er% Co0 "at tl eD> &a"= Co0 Vol/e,D> &oultrH> ,-oal Co0 0i,-D> ,Var # Co0
2ee,D3
.' 4' 4' !ormar e a plural ul ui ,ub, t ant i 3 e l or num1rabi l e ' Su2,t ant i /el e
nu#r a2il e au %ou 0or#e: o 0or# %e ,ingul ar $i o 0or# %e &lural3
Sor#a %e ,ingul ar e,t e ne#ar "at : 2oo=> 2o1> "-il%3
Sor#el e %e &lural ,unt %e %ou 0eluri:
A3 regul at e> "Bn% &luralul ,e 0or#ea? &rin a%ugar e a %e,inen! ei ., la 0or#a %e
,ingul ar: 2oo= . 2oo=,3
B3 Neregul at e> "Bn% &lural ul ,e 0or#ea? @n alt e #o%uri3
A' Plural ul regul at al ,ub, t ant i 3 el or ,e 0or#ea? &rin a%ugar e a %e,i nen! ei
., la 0or#a ,ingul ar al ,u2,t ant i /ul ui3
.' 4' 8' Pronun2 ar e a plural ul ui regul at e,t e ur#t oar e a:
aD W.,X %u& "on,oane ,ur%e: 2oo=,> &roo0,> la#&,> "ar&et ,> #ont -,5
2D W.?X %u& "on,oane ,onor e $i /o"al e: glo/e,> ta2l e,> 2oH,> tree5
"D Wi?X %u& ,unet e: "la,, e,> no,e,> 2ru,-e,> #at "-e, > /illage,3
.' 4' 9' Ortogra+ i a plural ul ui regul at '
(D Ie,inen! a ., ,e ,"rie ., %u& #aA orit at e a ,u2,t ant i /el or> in"lu?Bn%
,u2,t ant i /el e ter #i nat e @n .e #ut : 2oo= . 2oo=,> ta2l e . ta2l e,3
+D E1"e&!ii: E1i,t unel e ,itua!ii "are 0a" e1"e&! i e %e la a"ea, t regul gener al :
aD Su2,t ant i /el e ter #i nat e @n .,> .?> .1> ."-> .,- a%aug e,: 2u, . 2u,e,5 gla,, .
gla,, e,5 2u?? . 2u??e,5 2o1 . 2o1e,5 Vat"- . Vat "-e,5 2ru,- . 2ru,-e,5
2D La "Bt e/a %intr e ,u2,t ant i /el e %in a"e,t gru& ,e %u2l ea? "on,oana 0inal : 0e?
. 0e??e,> [ui? . [ui??e,3
"D Su2,t ant i /el e ter #i nat e @n .o: a%aug %e,i nen! a .,:
. "Bn% .o e &re"e%at %e o /o"al : "u"=oo,5 =angar oo,5 ra%io,5 ,"enari o,5 ,tu%io,>
?oo,5
. la ,u2,t ant i /e &ro&rii: Nero,> Ro#eo,5
. @n a2re/i eri: =ilo, C=ilogra##e , D > &-ot o, C&-ot ogr a&-, D> &ro, C&ro0e,ional ,D5
. la unel e ,u2,t ant i /e ,tri ne: "on"er t o,> %Hna#o, > &iano,> ,olo,> ,o&rano,>
tango,> ta2a""o,5
. a%aug .e, la ,u2,t ant i /e "a: e"-oe,> -eroe,> #o,[ui t oe,> Negroe,> &ot at oe,>
to#at oe, 5
pag: 075
. au %ou 0or#e %e &lural: 2anA o, . 2anA oe,5 2u00alo, . 2u00aloe,5 "argo, .
"argoe,5 #e#e nt o, . #e#ent oe , 5 #ot t o, . #ot t oe,5 /ol"ano, . /ol"anoe,5
%D Su2,t ant i /el e ter #i nat e @n .H &re"e%at %e o "on,oan tran,0or # &e H @n i $i
a%aug .e,: "itH . "itie,5 0a"torH . 0a"tori e,3 Tran,0or #ar e a nu are lo":
. %u& /o"al e: 2oH . 2oH,> &laH . &laH,5
. @n ,u2,t ant i /e &ro&rii: t-e benne%H,5
. @n ,u2,t ant i /e "o#&u, e: ,t an%. 2H,5
eD Literel e> nu#er al el e $i a2r e/i eril e 0or#ea? &luralul &rin a%ugar e a unui
a&o,t ro0 $i .,: AQ,> ()+9Q,5 MFQ,: T-ere are tVo AQ, an% t-ree +Q, in t-e nu#2er o0
t-at Eng-i,- "ar3 T-ere are tVo MFQ, in t-e lo22H3
En engl e?a "ont e#&or a n e1i,t ten%i n! a "a nu#er al el e $i a2r e/i eril e , 0or#e?e
&lural ul $i &rin a%ugar e a %oar a unui ., la ,ingul ar: in t-e ()69,5 MF CMe#2er o0
Farlia#ent D . M&,5 Mt CMount ai nD . Mt,3
Sor#a %e &lural 0r a&o,t ro0 e,t e #ai 0re"/ent 0olo,it %e"Bt "ea "u a&o,t ro03
6D Fluralul ,u2,t ant i /el or "o#&u, e
aD MaAorit at ea ,u2,t ant i /el or "o#&u, e a%aug ., la ulti#ul ele#ent : "la,,roo# .
"la,,roo#, 5 0orget. #e. not . 0orget. #e. not ,5 ra"e -or,e C"al %e "ur,eD . ra"e
-or,e,5
2D Unele ,u2,t ant i /e "o#&u, e> %e o2i"ei "ele al"t ui t e %intr. un ,u2,t ant i / $i
%intr. o "on,t ru"!i e &re&o?i!ional > a%aug ., la &ri #ul ele#ent : loo=er. on .
loo=er,. on5 #ot -er. in.loV . #ot -er ,. in. loV5
"D ,u2,t ant i /el e "o#&u, e @n "are &ri#ul ele#ent e,t e #an ,au Vo#an
tran,0or # la &lural a#2el e ele#ent e: #an ,inger . #en ,inger ,5 Vo#an %o"t or .
Vo#en %o"t or,3
.' 4' ;' C' Plural ul nere gul at al ,ub, t ant i 3 e l or ,e 0or#ea? @n #ai #ult e
0eluri:
aD "on,oana ,ur% WX> W0X> ,au W,X @n "are ,e ter #i n ,u2,t ant i /ul ,e tran,0or # @n
&er e"-e a ei ,onor : W/X> W?X C/oi"ingD la unel e ,u2,t ant i /e:
(D .t- t-,: 2at - . 2at -,5 #out - . #out -,5 &at - . &at -,5
+D .0CeD W0X /e, W/?X: "al0 . "al/e,5 el0 . el/e,5 -al0 . -al/e,5 =ni0e . =ni/e,5 lea0 .
lea/e,5 li0e . li/e,5 loa0 . loa/e,5 ,el0 . ,el/e,5 ,-el0 . ,-el/e,5
6D .,e W,X ,e, W?i?X: -ou, e . -ou, e,3
pag: 076
Aten!i e ! A"e,t 0eno#en %e ,onori?ar e a "on,oanei 0inale nu ,e &ro%u"e la toat e
,u2,t ant i /el e ter #i nat e @n W X> W0X> ,au W,X3 E1i,t $i 0or#e %e &lural regul at $i
o,"ila!i e @ntre "ele %ou 0or#e:
Flural regul at C(D: Sor#e %u2l e C(D:
"on,oan _ .t-: /o"al _ .t-:
2ert - . 2ert -, "lot- . "lot-,
eart - . eart , %eat - . %eat -, oat - . oat -,
leng- . lengt -, 0ait- . 0ait-, trut - . trut -,
Flural regul at C+D: Sor#e %u2l e C+D:
2elie0 . 2elie0, %Var0 . %Var0, . %Var/e,
"-ie0 . "-ie0, -an%=er "-i e0 . -an%=er "-i e0, .
-an%=er "-i e/e,
"li00 . "li00, -oo0 . -oo0, . -oo/e,
&roo0 . &roo0, ,"ar0 . ,"ar0, . ,"ar/e,
roo0 . roo0, V-ar0 . V-ar0, . V-ar/e,
,a0e . ,a0e,
. Sonori?ar ea lui W,X ,e &ro%u"e nu#ai la ,u2,t ant i /ul -ou, e3
2D /o"al a ,au %i0tongul 0inal ,e ,"-i #2 @n alt /o"al ,au %i0tong C#ut at i onD:
#an . #en5 Vo#an . Vo#en5 0oot . 0eet 5 goo, e . gee, e5 toot - . teet -5 #ou, e .
#i"e5 lou,e . li"e3
"D Trei ,u2,t ant i /e a%aug %e,i %en! a .en C"u ,au 0r #ut a! i e /o"ali"D: o1 .
o1en5 "-il% . "-il%ren5 2rot -er . 2ret -r en3
%D Unel e ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e au a"eea$i 0or# la ,ingul ar $i &lural C&ri #e,"
%e,i%en! a ?ero . &lural ?eroD3
Fluralul ?ero e,t e 0olo,it:
. "u unel e ,u2,t ant i /e @n .,: 2arra"=, . 2ar a"5 -ea%[uar t er , . ,e%i u5 #ean, .
#iAlo"5 ,erie, . ,eri e3
T-i, i, an ar#H 2arra"=,3 T-e,e are ar#H 2arra"=,3 T-e 2u,> trolleH2u, an% t-e
un%er gr oun% are #o%er n #ean, o0 tran, &or t 3 Auto2u?ul> trolei2u?ul $i #et roul
,unt #iAloa"e #o%er ne %e tran, &or t 5
. "u nu#el e %e na!ionalit !i ter #i nat e @n .e,e: t-e C-ine, e> t-e Ja&ane, e> t-e
Fort u[ue, e> t-e Vietna#e, e:
<e i, ,&ea=i ng to a Fort u[ue, e3 El /or2e$ t e "u un &ort ug-e?3 T-e Fort u[ue, e li/e
in Euro&e3 Fort ug-e?ii tri e," @n Euro&a5
pag: 077
. "u ,u2,t ant i /el e %enu#i n% ani #al e3 A"e,t ea &ot a/ea:
(D %oar &lural ul ?ero: "ar& . "ar&5 %eer . %eer5 ga#e . ga#e5 grou, e . grou, e5
,-ee& . ,-ee&5 &i=e . &i=e3
+D &luralul ?ero C0olo,it #ai ale, @n li#2aA ul /Bnt or e, "D $i &luralul regul at @n .,>
0olo,it &ent r u in%i"ar ea unor /ariet ! i: ant el o&e . ant el o&e . ant el o&e,5 "o% . "o% .
"o%,5 %u"= . %u"= Dra! e ,l2ati"eD . %u"=, Cra! e %e 0er#eD5
6D %oar &lural ul regul at : "oV . "oV,5 %og . %og,5 -en . -en,5 -or,e . -or,e,5
eD Flural e ,tri ne CSoreign Flural,D3 E1i,t #ai #ult e %e,i%en! e %e &lural %e
origine ,tri n "are ,unt 0olo,it e @n li#2a engl e?> #ai ale, @n li#2aA ul $tiin!i0i":
Flural e ,trine
Singul ar Flural
Ter#i na!i a E1e#&l e Ter#i na!i a E1e#&l e
.u, ,ti #ul u,
"or&u,
.i
.ora
,ti #uli
"or&or a
.a
.u#
.e1
.i1
.i,
.on
.eau
?ero
.o
genu,
alga
lar/a
,trat u#
"o%e1
t-e,i ,
"rit erion>
&-eno#e non
ta2l eau
"-a#oi ,> "-a,,i ,>
"or&,
gra00ito
.era
.ae
.a
.i"e,
.e,
.a
.eau1
?ero
.i
gener a
algae
lar/ae
,trat a
"o%i"e,
t-e, e,
"rit eri a>
&-eno#e n a
ta2l eau1
"-a#oi ,> "-a,,i ,>
"or&,
gra00iti C%e o2i"ei
&luralD
Unele %intre a"e,t e %e,inen! e ,unt #ai 2ine re&r e?ent at e @n li#2a engl e?:
.u, .i: ,ti#ul u, ,ti#uli5 2a"illu, 2a"ili3
.u# .a: a%%en%u# a%%en%a5 %at u# %at a5
agen%u# agen%a5 errat u# errat a5
2a"t eri u# 2a"t eri a5 ,trat u# ,trat a3
.i, .e,: analH,i , anal H, e,5 elli&,i, elli&,e,5
a1i, a1e,5 -H&ot -e,i , -H&ot -e, e, 5
2a,i, 2a, e,5
"ri,i, "ri,e,5 &ar al H,i , &ar al H, e,5
%iagno,i , %iagno, e, 5 &ar ent -e,i , &arent -e, e , 5
,Hnt -e,i , ,Hnt -e, e, 5 t-e,i , t-e, e,3
pag: 07'
En "eea "e &ri/e$t e &lural el e ,tri ne e1i,t #ai #ult e ,itua!ii:
(3 Unele ,u2,t ant i /e %e origine ,trin $i.au &,t r at 0or#a %e &lural %in li#2a %in
"are au 0o,t @#&ru#ut at e C/e?i ta2el ul %e &e &ag3 88D3
+3 Unel e ,u2,t at i /e au nu#ai &lural ul "u .,:
.u, u,e, : 2onu, 2onu, e,
"a#&u, "a#&u, e,
"-oru, "-oru, e,
"ir"u, "ir"u, e,
ignor a#u, ignora#u, e ,
.a a, : arena arena, %ra#a %ra#a,
%ile##a %ille#a, en"H"lo&e%i a en"H"lo&e%i a,
%i&lo#a %i&lo#a, era era,
.u# u#,: al2u# al2u#, gH#na,i u# gH#na,i u#,
ger ani u# gerani u#, #u, eu# #u, eu#,
.on on,: %e#on %e#on,
ele"t ron ele"t ron,
le1i"on le1i"on,
.o .o,: ,o&r ano ,o&r ano,
63 Alte ,u2,t ant i /e %e origine ,trin au %ou 0or#e %e &lural: &lural ul regul at "u
., $i &lural ul %e origine ,tri n:
.u, .u,e,: "a"t u, "a"t u, e, "a"ti
.i geni u, geniu, e, genii C,&irit e> %u-uriD
Coa#eni %e geni uD
,Hlla2u, ,Hlla2u, e, ,Hlla2i
ter #i nu, ter #i nu, e, ter #i ni
.a .a,: ant enna ant enna, ant enna e
.ae 0or#ul a 0or#ul a, 0or#ul ae
/ert e2r a /ert e2r a, /ert e2r a e
.u# .u#,: a[uari u# a[uari u#, a[uari a
.a "urri"ulu# "urri"ulu#, "urri"ul a
#e%i u# #e%i u#, #e%i a
,anat ori u# ,anat ori u#, ,anat ori a
,H#&o,i u# ,H#&o,i u#, ,H#&o,i a
.i1 .i1e,: a&&en%i 1 a&&en%i 1e, a&&en%i "e,
.e1 .i"e, in%e1 C@n anat o#i eD C@n "r!iD
in%e1e, in%i"e,
C"u&rin,uriD Cin%i"i . @n #at e #a t i "D
.on .on,
.on .a aut o#at on aut o#a t on, aut o#at a
.eau .eau,: 2ureau 2ureau, 2ureau1
.eau1 &lat eau &lat eau, &lat eau1
.o .o,: li2ret t o li2ret t o, li2ret ti
.i /irtuo,o /irtuo,o, /irtuo,i
pag: 07.
Not: Sor#el e %e &lural @n i ,unt rare3
La ,u2,t ant i /el e "u %ou 0or#e %e &lural> 0or#el e ,trine %e &lural ,unt %e o2i"ei
0olo,it e @n li#2aA ul te-ni"> iar &lural ul @n , e,t e @nt Blnit @n /or2irea "urent 3
.' 4' =' 6ub, t ant i 3 el e nenum1r abi l e #Ma, , Noun, & ' Su2,t ant i /el e
nenu#r a 2il e %enu#e , " no!iuni /?ut e "a un @ntreg3 Su2,t ant i /el e nenu#r a 2il e
&ot 0i "on"r et e: ,ugar> "oal> ,t eel ,au a2,t r a"t e: 2eaut H> =in%ne, ,3
Su2,t ant i /el e nenu#r a 2il e au ur#t oar el e "ara"t eri ,ti"i:
aD ,unt in/ari a2il e "a 0or#: tea> in0or#at i on> "at tl e3
2D nea/Bn% "ont r a, t ul ,ingul ar . &lural> ele nu &ot 0i nu#r at e "u aAut orul
nu#er al el or ,au al altor "uanti0i"at ori: I nee% C,o#eD tea3 I nee% C,o#eD
in0or#at i on3 I nee% C,o#eD ,"i,,or,3
"D Se a"or% "u /er2ul ,ingul ar: C-ine, e tea i, /erH goo%3 Ceaiul "-ine?e," e,t e
0oart e 2un> ,au la &lural: T-e ,"i,,or, are on t-e ta2l e3 Soar0e"a e,t e &e #a, 3
%D Unele ,u2,t ant i /el engl e?e$ t i 0a" &art e at Bt %in "la,a ,u2,t ant i /el or
nu#r a2il e> "Bt $i %in a "elor nenu#r a 2il e> "u %i0eren! e %e ,en,:
S-e i, a 2eaut H3 CEaD e,t e o 0ru#u, e! e3
Beaut H i, to 2e a%#ir e%3 Sru#u, e! e a tre2ui e a%#i r at 3
T-e #ai n "-ar a"t er o0 t-e ,torH i, on ol% 0i,-er #an3 Eroul/&er ,onaA ul &rin"i&al al
nu/el ei e,t e un 2t r Bn &e,"ar3
<e i, a #an o0 "-ar a"t er3 CElD e,t e un o# %e "ara"t er3
I -a% an inter e, ti ng e1&eri en"e V-en tra/elling in t-e Nort- o0 "ount rH3 Mi ,. a
@nt B#&l at "e/a inter e, ant "Bn% a# "lt ori t @n nor%ul !rii3
T-i, tea"-er -a, a great %eal o0 e1&eri en"e3 A"e,t &ro0e,or are 0oart e #ult
e1&eri en! 3
Gi/e #e an i"e> &lea, e3 I. #i o @ng-e! at te rog3
T-at 2lo"= o0 i"e i, /erH %anger ou,3 A"e,t 2lo" %e g-ea! e,t e 0oart e &eri"ulo,3
S-e -a, got a neV iron3 Are un nou 0ier %e "l"at 3
T-i, tool i, #a%e o0 iron3 A"ea,t uneal t e,t e %in 0ier3
pag: 0'0
eD Uneori %i0eren! el e %e ,en, %intre ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e $i "ele
ne#u# r a 2il e ,unt e1&ri #at e &rin "u/int e %i0erit e3
IQ/e 2oug-t tVo loa/e,3 A# "u#&r at %ou &Bini3
IQll 2uH 2rea% at t-e ,u&er #ar =et 3 A# , "u#&r &Bine la aut o, er /ir e3
T-ere are tVo ,-ee& in t-e 0iel%3 Sunt %ou oi &e "B#&i e3
I li=e #ut t on3 E#i &la"e "arnea %e oai e3
T-i, &ig i, /erH 0at3 For"ul a"e,t a e,t e 0oart e gra,3
IQ/e 2oug-t ,o#e &or= 0or %inner3 A# "u#&r at ni$t e "arne %e &or"3
0D En li#2a engl e? 0a" &art e %in "la,a ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e la ,ingul ar unel e
,u2,t ant i /e "are ,unt nu#r a2il e ,au in/ari a2il e la &lural @n li#2a ro#Bn:
a%/i"e> 2u,ine, ,> 0urnit ur e> -o#eVor=> in"o#e> in0or#at i on> =noVle%ge> luggage>
#er"-an%i , e> #oneH et"3
<e alVaH, gi/e, #e goo% a%/i"e3 Tot%eauna @#i % ,0at uri 2une3
Tou #u,t %o Hour -o#eVor= "are0ullH3 Tre2ui e ,. !i 0a"i "u at en! i e le"!iile3
I nee% 0urt-er in0or#at i on3 A# ne/oi e %e in0or#a! ii ,u&li #ent ar e3
<i, =noVle%ge o0 Engli,- i, &oor3 Cuno$ti n! el e lui %e engl e? ,unt ,la2e3
+363 *3 Nu#r ul ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e3 Su2,t ant i /el e in/ari a2il e nu au o&o?i!ia
,ingul ar . &lural3 Ele au nu#ai ,ingul ar: gol%> ,au nu#ai &lural t-e &oli"e> "at tl e
et"3
A3 Su2,tanti/ele in/aria2ile la ,ingular
Un nu#r %e ,u2,t ant i /e in/ari a2il e au nu#ai 0or# %e ,ingul ar: ,ugar> Vi,%o#>
neV,> #ea,l e,> t-e goo%3 Uale,3
A"e,t ea ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la ,ingul ar: F-oneti ", i, a 2ran"- o0 lingui,ti",3
Solo,irea lor "u 0or# %e &lural $i/,au "u un /er2 la &lural ,e 0a"e %oar @n ,itua!ii
,&e"i al e3
Iin "la,a ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e la ,ingul ar 0a" &art e:
aD ,u2,t ant i /el e nenu#r a 2il e "on"r et e: 2rea%> 2ut t er> "-al=> 0oo%> 0ruit3
Sruit i, goo% to eat 3 E,t e 2ine , #nBn"i 0ru"t e3
pag: 0'/
2D Su2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e a2,t r a"t e: a%/i"e> "leanline, ,> -o#eVor=>
in0or#at i on3
"D Unel e ,u2,t ant i /e ter #i nat e @n .,> "are e1&ri # ur#t oar el e no!iuni:
(D ,u2,t ant i /ul neV,: <ere i, t-e ) oQ"lo"= neV,3 A"e,t ea ,unt $tirile %e la ora
nou3
+D nu#e %e 2oli: #ea,l e, . &oAar5 #u#&, . oreion5 ri"=t, . ra-iti,#:
Mea,l e, i, a "at"-i ng %i,ea, e3 FoAarul e,t e o 2oal "ont agi oa, 3
6D nu#e %e $tiin! e $i o2ie"t e %e ,tu%iu ter #i nat e @n .i",: a"ou,ti ",> "H2er net i ",>
e"ono#i ",3
A"ou,ti", i, t-e ,"in"e o0 ,oun%3 A"u,ti"a e,t e $tiin! a ,unet el or3
Ie a,e#e ne a: at -l eti",> et -i",> gH#na, t i ",3
:D Unel e nu#e %e Ao"uri: 2illiar%,> 2oVl,> "ar%,> %art ,3
Io#inoe, i, a ga#e 0or "-il%ren3
Iar: a 2illiar%. ta2l e> a 2oVling. alleH> a %art. 2oar%3
;D Unel e ,u2,t ant i /e &ro&rii: At-en,> Bru,,el ,> Na&le,> Uale,> t-e T-a#e,:
Uale, i, in t-e ,ount -. Ve,t o0 great Britain3 `ara Galilor ,e a0l @n &art ea %e ,u%.
e,t a Marii Britanii3
%D A%Ae"ti/e a2,t r a"t e ,u2,t ant i /i?at e: t-e 2eaut i0ul> t-e ,u2li #e> t-e goo%> t-e
e/il:
In 0airH. ,torie, t-e goo% alVaH, Vin,3 En 2a, #e 2inel e @n/inge tot %eauna3
Cuati0i"ar ea ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e la ,ingul ar ,e &oat e reali?a "u aAut or ul unor
"u/int e "a: a &ie"e o0> an ite# o0> a 2ar o0> a 2ag o0 et"3
Su2,t ant i /e "on"ret e:
a &ie"e o0 2a"on
a ,li"e o0 "a=e
a &i"e o0 2rea%
a loa0 o0 2rea%
a &i"e o0 lan%
a ,tri& o0 lan%
a &ie"e o0 0urnit ur e
an arti"le o0 0urnit ur e
a 2it o0 gra,,
a 2la%e o0 gra,,
a &ie"e o0 &a&er
a ,-eet o0 &a&er
pag: 0'0
Su2,t ant i /e a2,t r a"t e:
a &ie"e o0 a%/i"e
a Vor% o0 a%/i"e
a &i"e o0 in0or#at i on
an ite# o0 neV,
an ite# o0 2u,ine, ,
a 2it o0 2u,ine, ,
a &ie"e o0 Vor=
a 2it o0 Vor=
a Vor% o0 a2u, e
a 0it o0 &a,,ion
an att a"= o0 0e/er
B3 Su2tanti/e in/aria2ile la &lural
Su2,t ant i /el e in/ari a2il e la &lural au nu#ai 0or# %e &lural $i ,e a"or% %e
regul "u un /er2 la &lural: T-e 2ino"ul ar, are on t-e ta2l e3 Bino"lul e,t e &e
#a, 3
Iin "la,a ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e la &lural 0a" &art e:
aD ,u2,t ant i /el e "are %enu#e , " o2ie"t e 0or#at e %in %ou &r!i egal e3 A"e,t e
,u2,t ant i /e ,e nu#e, " ,u##na t i on &lural , @n li#2a engl e?3 Ele %enu#e , ": (D
unelt e: 2ino"ul ar,> "o#&a, , e, > gla,, e,> &in"er,> &lier,3
U-er e are t-e ,"i,,or, \ Un%e e,t e 0oar0e"a \
+D arti"ol e %e @#2r" #i nt e: 2ra"e,> "lot -e, 0lannel ,> Aean,> o/er all,> &ant ,>
&HAa#a, > ,-ort ,> trou, er ,:
T-e,e trou, er , are too long 0or Hou3 A"e$ti &ant al oni ,unt &rea lungi &ent r u tine3
Not: (3 42,er/a! i 0or#a %e ,ingul ar a unor a %intr e a"e,t e ,u2,t ant i /e "Bn% ,unt
0olo,it e atri2uti/: a ,&e"t a"l e "a,e. to" %e o"-el ari> a &HA a#a "or% . "or%on %e
&iAa#a> a ,u,&en%er 2elt . &ortA arti er> a trou, er leg . "ra" %e &ant al on
+3 Su2,t ant i /el e "are %enu#e , " o2ie"t e %in %ou &r!i ,e nu#r "u aAut or ul
"u/Bnt ul ui &air: a &air o0 ,"i,,or,> a &air o0 trou, er ,5 tVo &air, o0 gla,, e,5 t-ree
&air, o0 ,=i,> et"3
2D alt e ,u2,t ant i /e 0olo,it e nu#ai la &lural C&lurali a tant u#D > ter #i nat e %e regul
@n .,: <e li/e, in t-e out ,=irt , o0 t-e touVn3 Lo"uie$t e la &eri0eri a ora$ul ui3
E1e#&l el e %e &lurali a tant u# @n li#2a engl e? ,unt nu#er oa, e:
Fluralia tantu# @n .,
annal , anal e
t-e anti &o%e, anti &o?i
ar#, ar#e
au,&i"e, au,&i"ii
e00e"t , e0e"t e> @#2r" #i nt e
0un%, 0on%uri
groun%, ?a!> %roA%i e
lett er , litere
t-e Lor%, Ca#er a Lor?ilor
regar %, ,alut ri
re#ai n, re,t uri
,u%, "l2u" %e ,&un
,t air, ,"ri
t-an=, #ul! u#i ri
troo&, tru&e
tro&i", tro&i"e
pag: 0'3
Unele ,u2,t ant i /e 0a" &art e %in "la,a &luralia tant u# %oar @n li#2a engl e?> @n
li#2a ro#Bn ele 0iin% ,u2,t ant i /e /aria2il e ,au in/ari a2il e la ,ingul ar:
ar"-i/e, ar-i/
a,-e, "enu$
"ont ent , "on!inut
goo%, #ar0
-olH%aH, /a"an!
#inut e, &ro"e,. /er2al
&ain, o,t ene al
,an%, &laA
,&irit, %i,&o?i!i e
Vage, ,al ariu
Aten!i e ! E1i,t unel e ,u2,t ant i /e "are au %ou 0or#> "u @n! el e,uri %i0erit e: o
0or# in/ari a2il la ,ingul ar $i o 0or# in/ari a2il la &lural:
Su2,t 3 in/ari a23 Su2,t 3 in/ari a23
la ,ingul ar la &lural
a%/i"e. ,0at uri a%/i"e,. @n$tiin! ri> a/i?e
air. aer air,. aer e C0igurat D
a,-. ,"ru# %e !igar a,-e,. "enu$ C@n gener alD
2ra"e. &er e"-e C%e &ot Br ni"-iD 2ra"e,. 2ret el e
-onour. onoar e -onour ,. onoruri5 %i,tin"!i e la e1a#e ne
#i%%l e age. /Br,t #iAlo"ie t-e Mi%%le Age,. E/ul #e%i u
re,&e"t . ,ti#> "on,i %er a! i e re,&e"t ,. o#agii
pag: 0'1
Su2,t ant i /el e &lurali a tant u# $i ,u##at i on &lural , ,e "on0un% uneori "u 0or#a
%e &lural a unor ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e:
"olour O "uloar e5 &l3 "olour,
"olour, C&l3 tant u#D O %ra&el
"o#&a, , O 2u,ol 5 &l3 "o#&a, , e,
"o#&a, , e, C&l3 tant u#D O "o#&a,
%a#age O a/ari e5 &l3 %a#age ,
%a#age , C&l3 tant u#D O %e,&gu2i ri
e00e"t , C&l3 tant u#D O e0e"t e> -aine
gla,, O &a-ar5 &l3 gla,, e,
gla,, e, C&l3 tant u#D O o"-el ari
groun% O #oti/> "au?5 &l3 groun%,
groun%, C&l3 tant u#Y O ?a!> ter en
lett er O ,"ri,oar e5 &l3 lett er ,
lett er , C&l3 tant u#D O literat ur > litere
#inut e O #inut 5 &l3 #inut e,
#inut e, C&l3 tant u#D O &ro"e,. /er2al
&ain O %urer e5 &l3 &ain,
&ain, C&l3t ant u#D O o,t ene al
[uart er O ,0ert> "arti er5 &l3 [uart er ,
[uart er , C&l3 tant u#D O lo"uin! > "ant o#a #e nt
,"al e O ga# #u?i"al > ,ol?5 &l3 ,"al e,
,"al e, C&l3 tant u#D O 2alan!
,&e"t a"l e O ,&e"t a"ol5 &l3 ,&e"t a"l e,
,&e"t a"l e, C&l3t ant u#D O o"-el ari
ter # O &erioa%> ter #en> tri#e, t r u5 &l3 ter #,
ter #, C&l3t ant u#D O ter #eni > rela!ii> ra&ort uri> "on%i!ii
"D Su2,t ant i /e ne#ar "at e la &lural3 En "la,a ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e la &lural
intr $i unel e ,u2,t ant i /e 0olo,it e nu#ai la &lural %ar ne#ar "at e 0or#al &ent r u
a"e,t nu#r3 A"e,t e ,u2,t ant i /e ,unt: "at tl e> "lergH> gent rH> &eo&l e> &oli"e3
T-e "at tl e are in t-e 0iel%3 Vitele ,unt &e "B#&3 T-ere are a lot o0 &eo&l e in t-e
,treet 3 Sunt #ul!i oa#eni &e ,tra%3
%D A%Ae"ti/el e ,au &arti"i&iile &er,onal e ,u2,t ant i /i?at e: t-e -an%i "a&&e%> t-e
inAure%> t-e &oor> t-e ri"-> t-e ,i"=> t-e Voun%e%:
T-e inAure% Vere ta=en to -o,&i t al3 Rni!ii au 0o,t %u$i la ,&it al3
pag: 0'5
eD Unel e ,u2,t ant i /e &ro&rii: t-e Al&,> t-e Ea,t / Ue,t In%ie,> t-e <e2ri%e,> t-e
<ig-lan%,: T-e <ig-lan%, are #ount ai nou, region3 Regiunea <ig-lan%, e,t e o
regiune #unt oa, 3
Nu#r ul ,u2,t ant i /el or
Su2,t ant i /e /ari a2ile
Selul Sor#a E1e#&l e
&lural ul ui &lural ul ui Singul ar Flural
Flural e
regul at e
_, W,X
_, W?X
_e, Wi?X
2oo=
&en"il> 2oH
Vat"-
2oo=,
&en"il,> 2oH,
Vat"-e,
,onori?ar ea
"on,oanei
W9X. WYt?YX_W?X
W0X.W/X_W?X
W,X. W/X_Wi?X
2at -
=ni0e
-ou, e
2at -,
=ni/e,
-ou, e,
#ut a! i e /o"ali" #an
0oot
#ou, e
#en
0eet
#i"e
&lural @n .en _.
#ut a! i e /o"ali"
o1
"-il%
o1en
"-il%ren
Zero ,-ee&
Vor=,
t-e Ja&ane, e
,-ee&
Vor=,
t-e Ja&ane, e
.u,: .i5 .ora5 .era5
.a:. ae5
.u#: .a5
Flural e .e1> .i1: .i"e,5
,trine .i,: .e,5
.on: .a
?ero
.o: .i
,ti #ul u,
"or&u,
genu,
lar/a
%e,i%er at u#
"o%e1
analH,i ,
&-eno#e non
"-a,,i ,
te#&o
,ti #uli
"or&or a
gener a
lar/ae
%e,i%er at a
"o%i" ,
analH, e,
&-eno#e n a
"-a,,i ,
te#&i
Su2,tanti/e in/aria2ile
Sor#a
in/ari a2il
Selul
,u2,t ant i /el or
E1e#&l e
Singul ar aD ne#u#r a 2il e
"on"r et e
2D nenu#r a 2il e
a2,t r a"t e
"D ,u2,t ant i /e @n .,
%D a%A e"ti/e
a2,t r a"t e
,u2,t ant i /i?at e
eD ,u2,t ant i /e &ro&rii
gol%> #il=> -oneH
art> &atrioti, #
neV,
t-e 2eauti0ul> t-e
goo%
<elen> BroVn>
Antar"ti"a
Flural aD ,u##at i on &lural,
2D &lurali a tant u# @n
.,
"D ,u2,t ant i /e "u
&lural ne#ar "at
%D a%A e"ti/e
&er,onal e
,u2,t ant i /i?at e
eD unel e ,u2,t ant i /e
&ro&rii
,"i,,or,
"u,t o#,> goo%,
"at tl e> &oli"e
t-e ri"-> t-e &oor
t-e Car&at -i an,> t-e
<e2ri%e,> t-e Unite%
Stat e,
pag: 0'6
.' 8' Genul ,ub, t ant i 3 e l or #Gen/er o+ Noun, &
.' 8' *' Genul e,t e "at egori a gra#at i "al "ara"t eri ,ti" @n &ri #ul rBn%
,u2,t ant i /el or> a%i" "u/int el or "are in%i" nu#el e o2ie"t el or3 Con!inut ul
"at egori ei gra#at i "al e a genul ui "on,t @n a"eea " o2ie"t el e %in lu#ea
in"onA ur t oar e> %a" re&r e?i nt 0iin! e> ,unt unel e %e ,e1 2r2t e, " C#a,"ulinD $i
alt el e %e ,e1 0e#ei e," C0e#i ninD> iar %a" re&r e?i nt lu"ruri> ,unt @n a0ar ,e1ul ui
Cneut r eD3
S&re %eo, e2i r e %e li#2a ro#Bn> @n "are &art ea 0inal a ,u2,t ant i /el or "on,t ui e
#ar"a "at egori ei gra#at i "al e a genul ui: #a, > 0rat e et"3> @n li#2a engl e? genul
,u2,t ant i /el or e,t e rareori #ar"at 0or#al3 En a0ar a "a?urilor @n genul e,t e #ar"at
0or#al: 2oH . girl> lion . lione,,> genul ,u2,t ant i /el or @n li#2a engl e? ,e i%enti0i"
%e o2i"ei "u aAut or ul &ronu#el or "are ,e re0er la ,u2,t ant i /e $i "are au 0or#e
%i0erit e %u& gen:
T-e li2rari an i, at -i, %e,=3 <e i, Vritt en ,o#et -i ng3 Bi2liot e"ar ul e,t e la 2iroul
,u3 El ,"rie "e/a3 T-e li2rari an i, at -er %e,=3 S-e i, Vritting ,o#et -i ng3
Bi2liot e"ar a e,t e la 2iroul ei3 Ea ,"rie "e/a3
.' 8' .' Cla,i +i care a ,ub, t ant i 3 el or /up1 i/ee a /e gen' Iin &un"t %e /e%er e
al a&ar t ene n! ei la genul #a,"ulin> 0e#i nin ,au neut r u> ,u2,t ant i /el e %in li#2a
engl e? ,e @#&art @n trei gru&e #ari: A3 ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane5 B3
,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e ani #al e $i C3 ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e o2ie"t e3
.' 8' 4' Genul ,ub, t ant i 3 el or nume /e per, oan e #Gen/er o+ Per, onal
Noun, & '
En li#2a engl e?> ,u2,t ant i /el e "are %enu#e , " &er,oane %e ,e1 2r2t e, " ,unt
%e gen #a,"ulin: #an> 2rot -er> iar ,u2,t ant i /el e "are %enu#e, " &er,oane %e ,e1
0e#ei e, " ,unt %e genul 0e#inin: Vo#an> ,i,t er3
La ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e &er,oane> "at egori a gra#at i "al a genul ui &oat e 0i
#ar"at : (D le1i"al5 +D #or0ologi"5 6D i%enti0i"at "u aAut orul unor "u/int e "are
#ar"-e a? genul> iar ,u2,t ant i /el e ne#ar "at e &ent r u gen Cgenul "o#unD3
(D la ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane genul e,t e #ar"at le1i"al> &rin "u/int e
%i0erit e:
2rot -er ,i,t er
earl "ount e, ,
0at -er #ot -er
=ing [ueen
lor% la%H
#an Vo#an
un"l e aunt
+D la alt e ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane> genul e,t e #ar"at #or0ologi"> &rin
a%ugar e a unui ,u0i1 la 0or#a %e #a,"ulin:
aD e,,:
a"t or a"tr e, ,
"ount "ount e, ,
go% go%%e, ,
#a,t er #i,t r e, ,
Vait er Vaitre,,
2D .ine: -ero -eroine5
,au &rin a%ugar e a unui ,u0i1 la 0or#a %e 0e#inin:
aD .er: Vin%oV Vi%oVer
2D .groo#: 2ri%e 2ri%egr oo#
6D alt e ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane au o ,ingur 0or# at Bt &ent r u #a,"ulin
"Bt $i &ent r u 0e#inin3 Ele a&ar !i n genul ui "o#un3 E3: arti,t> "-air #an> "oo=>
"ou,i n> %o"t or> 0oreiner> 0rien%> [ue,t > #u,i"i an> &arent > tea"-er> Vriter3
A&art enen! a la genul #a,"ulin ,au 0e#inin ,e &re"i?ea? @n "ont e1t :
pag: 0'7
"u aAut or ul &ronu#el or:
T-e tea"-er a,=e% t-e &u&il a 0eV #or e [ue,ti on, a, ,-e Vant e% to gi/e -i# a
2et t er #ar=3
"u aAut or ul unor "u/int e la "are genul e,t e #ar"at le1i"al> "a 2oH> #al e>
0e#al e:
2oH. 0rien% girl. 0rien%
#al e. ,tu%ent 0e#al e. ,tu%ent
"-air #an "-airVo#a n
"u aAut or ul unor a%A e"ti/e 0olo,it e %oar &ent r u un ,ingur ,e1:
MH neig-2our i, &regnant 3
.' 8' 8' Genul ,ub, t ant i 3 el or nume /e ani mal e #Gen/er o+ Animat e Noun, &
Su2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e ani #al e %e ,u2"l a,i0i" @n: (D nu#e %e ani #al e #ari $i +D
nu#e %e ani #al e #i"i3
(D Su2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e ani #al e #ari ,unt "on,i%er at e %e o2i"ei %e genul
#a,"ulin> 0iin% @nlo"uit e %e &ronu#el e -e: T-e -or,e Va, rat -er re,ti/e at 0ir,t>
2ut -e ,oon 2e"o#e #or e #anage a 2l e3
La unel e %intre a"e,t e ani #al e> %i,tin"!i a %e ,e1 #a,"ulin. 0e#i nin e,t e #ar"at
0or#al> ,itua!i e @n "are ,u2,t ant i /el e ,unt @nlo"uit e %e &ronu#el e -e ,au ,-e: T-e
#ar e V-inni e% V-en ,-e ,aV -er #a,t er3 Ia&a a ne"-e?at "Bn% $i.a /?ut
,t &Bnul 3
Mar"a genul ui &oat e 0i reali?at :
aD le1i"al: -or,e: ,t allion #ar e
o1: 2ull "oV
,-ee&: ra# eVe
&ig: 2oar ,oV
%eer: ,t ag -in%
2D #or0ologi": lion lione,,> tiger tigre,,3
+D Su2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e ani #al e #i"i ,unt "on,i%er at e %e o2i"ei neut r e> 0iin%
@nlo"uit e %e &ronu#el e it: I ,aV a 0rog 2H t-e la=e3 It Va, 2ig an% uglH3
En unel e "a?uri @n, ,e &ot in%i"a %i0eren! el e %e ,e1:
aD le1i"al:
"o"= -en
%og 2it"-
%ra=e %u"=
2D &rin "u/int e #ar" ale genul ui:
"o"= ,&arroV -en ,&arroV
-e goat ,-e goat
To# "at ,-e "at
.' 8' 9' Genul ,ub, t ant i 3 el or nume /e obi ect e #Gen/er o+ Inani mat e
Noun, &
Su2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e o2ie"t e ,unt %e genul neut r u: U-er eQ, Hour u#2r ell e \ It
i, #H 2ag3
.' 8' ;' !ol o,i re a ,tili , ti c1 a cat e g ori ei gramat i c al e a genul ui ' A' Unele
,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e o2ie"t e "are ,unt %e regul neut r e @n /or2irea "urent ,unt
uneori &er,oni0i"at e @n literat ur > un%e ele &ot 0i trat at e "a ,u2,t ant i /e #a,"uline
,au 0e#inine3
Sunt #a,"uline ,u2,t ant i /el e "are %enu#e, ":
aD &a,iuni inten, e $i a"!iuni /iolent e: anger> 0ear> #ur%er3
2D 0eno#ene nat ur al e &ut er ni"e: o"ean> ri/er> ,un3
"D nu#e %e 0lu/ii: t-e Ianu2e> t-e T-a#e,3
%D nu#e %e #un!i: t-e Car&at -i an,> t-e C-e/iot3
pag: 0''
Sunt 0e#i nine:
aD ,u2,t ant i /el e "are ,uger ea? o "ara"t eri ,ti" 0e#i nin> un "ara"t er 2lBn%>
a0e"t uo,> "ele "are in%i" 0ertilit at ea: a00e"tion> %e/oti on> 0ait-> -o&e> Au,ti"e5
2D ,u2,t ant i /el e "are %enu#e , " tr, t uri negat i /e %e "ara"t er: a#2i tion> 0ollH>
Aealou,H> re/enge> /anit H5
"D ,u2,t ant i /e a2,t r a"t e "a: 0ortune> li2ert H> #er"H> nat ur e> &ea"e> ,"ien"e3
C' Su2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e o2ie"t e> %e ani #al e ,au &er,oane ,e &ot @n%e&r t a %e
la 0olo,irea lor o2i$nui t > la genul neut r u #a,"ulin ,au 0e#i nin> @n /or2irea
"urent 3
E1i,t %ou ten%i n! e:
(D ,u2,t ant i /el e inani #at e ,unt &er,oni0i"at e> %e/eni n% ,-e ,au -e @ntr. o
e1&ri #ar e a0e"t uoa, > iar ,u2,t ant i /el or ani #at e 0olo,it e %e o2i"ei la genul
neut r u li ,e atri2ui e genul #a,"ulin ,au 0e#inin3
En a"ea, t "at egori e intr:
%enu#i ril e %e /e-i"ul e> #a$i ni> a#2ar "a! i uni: 2oat > 2u,> "ar> engine>
lo"o#oti/e> #ot or> ,-i&3 Fer,oanel e "are #ani &ul ea? a"e,t e /e-i"ul e le
"on,i %er %e genul 0e#i nin @ntr. o e1&ri #ar e a0e"t uoa, : I a# /erH 0on% o0 #H "ar
an% I Va,- -er e/erH %aH3
nu#el e %e !ri> !inut uri> lo"alit !i> "Bn% ,unt &ri/it e "a unit !i &oliti"e
e"ono#i "e: Ro#ani a -a, gratl H %e/el o&e% -er touri, #3
ani #al e %o#e, t i "e ,unt @n gener al %e genul neut r u> %ar "Bn% int er/in %in
"on,i %er ent e %e or%in a0e"ti/ li ,e atri2ui e genul #a,"ulin ,au 0e#i nin: U-ere i,
t-e "at \ S-e i, on t-e 2e%3 <a/e Hou ,een t-e %og \ I %onQt =noV V-er e -e i,3
,u2,t ant i /el e 2a2H> in0ant > "-il%> "are ,unt %e o2i"ei neut r e> &ot 0i 0olo,it e $i la
genul #a,"ulin ,au 0e#inin> @ntr. o e1&ri #ar e a0e"t uoa, : T-e "-il% -a,nQt eat en
-i, 2rea=0 a, t 3 Set"- t-e 2a2H 0ro# -er "ot5 ,-e i, "rHing3
+D E1i,t $i o alt ,itua!i e> o&u, "elei #en!i onat e ant eri or> re0erit oar e la
,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane3 CBn% o &er,oan e,t e trat at "u %i,&re! > a"ea, t a
&oat e 0i "on,i%er at un o2ie"t ne@n,u0l e!i t> re0erirea la ea 0"Bn%u. ,e "u
&ronu#el e it: So HouQ/e 0oun% t-e girl at la,t3 U-er e %i% Hou 0in% it \
.' 9' Cazul ,ub, t ant i 3 el or #Ca, e o+ Noun, &
+3;3 (3 Ca?ul e,t e "at egori a gra#at i "al "are in%i" ra&ort uril e %intr e o2ie"t e ,au
%intr e o2ie"t e $i a"!iuni3 Si,t e#ul "a?ul ui e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a #ar"a 0un"!iile
,int a"ti"e ale ,u2,t ant i /el or3
A,t0el> @n li#2a engl e?> "a $i @n li#2a ro#Bn> ra&ort uril e ,t a2ilit e @ntre o2ie"t e $i
@ntre o2ie"t e $i a"!iuni ,e &ot re%a &rin "in"i "a?uri> 0ie"ar e %intre ele 0iin% 0olo,it
#ai ale, &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a unui anu#i t ra&ort 3
No#inati/ul e,t e #ai ale, "a?ul ,u2i e"t ul ui> a"u?ati/ul> "a?ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui
%ire"t > %ati/ul> "a?ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui in%ire"t > geniti/ul> "a?ul atri2ut ul ui> iar
/o"ati/ul e,t e @n a0ara 0un"!iile ,int a"ti"e3
En li#2a ro#Bn> "at egori a gra#at i "al a "a?ului e,t e #ar"at %e o2i"ei &rin
%e,inen! e C"r!ile "o&iilorD> $i &re&o?i!ii C&e #a, D3
pag: 0'.
En li#2a engl e?> "at egori a gra#at i "al a "a?ului e,t e #ar"at &rin:
%e,i nen! : t-e "-il%Q, 2oo=
to&i": T-e #an CND o&ene% t-e Vin%oV CA"D3
&re&o?i!ii: I 2oug-t it 0or MarH3
.' 9' .' Cazul nomi nat i 3 #T$e Nomi nat i 3e Ca, e& ' Ca?ul no#i nat i / e,t e "a?ul
,u2,t ant i /el or "are @n%e&line," 0un"!i a %e ,u2i e"t > nu#e &re%i"ati / $i a&o?i!i e3
Un ,u2,t ant i / @n "a?ul no#i nati / @n li#2a engl e? ,e &oat e i%enti0i"a "u aAut orul
to&i"ii3
42,er/a! i e1e#&l el e:
T-e au%i en"e li=e% t-e &laH3
T-e,e Vo#en are nur,e,3
MH neig-2our> a /erH e1&eri en"e% engineer > -el&e% #e to #en% t-e "ar3
Sun"!iile ,int a"ti "e ale "a?ului no#i nat i / ,unt:
aD ,u2i e"t al &ro&o?i!i ei: T-e 2oH i, Vaiting 0or -i, 0rien%3
2D nu#e &re%i"ati /: <e i, a tea"-er3
"D a&o?i!i e> ,au &art e a unei &ro&o?i!ii: C-arl e,> a 0rien% o0 #ine> Vill -el& Hou to
%o it3
.' 9' 4' Cazul acuzat i 3 #T$e Acu, at i 3e Ca, e& ' Ca?ul a"u?ati / e,t e "a?ul
"o#&l e#e nt ul ui %ire"t: I at e an i"e"rea # an -our ago3
Ca?ul a"u?ati/ nu e,t e #ar"at &rin %e,inen! e @n engl e?a #o%er n3 Ie a"eea el
e,t e i%enti0i"at "u aAut orul to&i"ii:
aD Ia" e1i,t nu#ai un "o#&l e#e nt @n &ro&o?i!i e> a"e,t a e,t e> @n #aA orit at e a
"a?urilor> un "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t @n "a?ul a"u?ati / $i e,t e a$e?at i#e%i at %u&
/er2ul tran?iti/: S-ut t-e Vin%oV> &lea, e3
2D Ia" @n &ro&o?i!i e e1i,t %ou "o#&l e#e nt e> unul e,t e @n "a?ul a"u?ati /> iar
"ell alt e,t e tot @n "a?ul a"u?ati /> ,au @n "a?ul %ati/> @n 0un"!i e %e /er2el e %u&
"are ur#ea?: I a,=e% -i# CA"D a [ue,ti on CA"D3 I lent -er CID #H u#2r ell a CA"D3
Ur#t oar el e /er2e ,unt ur#at e %e %ou a"u?ati/e: a,=> en/H> e1"u, e> 0orgi/e>
,a/e> ,tri=e:
T-e tea"-er a,=e% t-e &u&il, ,e/er al [ue,ti on,3 I en/H Hou Hour gar%en3 T-at
,a/e% u, a lot o0 trou2l e3
@n ti#& "e /er2e "a: %enH> gi/e> -an%> len%> &aH> rea% ,unt ur#at e %e un
"o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t @n "a?ul %ati/ $i un "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t @n "a?ul a"u?ati/: Can
Hou len% #e t-i, 2oo= \ S-e tol% t-e "-il%ren an inter e, ti ng ,torH3 I Vi,- Hou a
goo% AourneH3
Ca?ul a"u?ati/ e,t e 0olo,it %u&:
aD /er2e tran?iti/e> &ent r u a %enu#i o2ie"t ul "are ,u0er a"!iunea /er2ul ui: %rin=>
eat > #eet 3
2D %u& unel e /er2e intran?iti/e> tran0or #B n%u. le @n /er2e tran?iti/e: Vee&>
tear,> loo= "o#&a, ,i on3
"D %u& unel e /er2e intran?iti/e "are au a"eea$i r%"i n "a $i ,u2,t ant i /ul @n
a"u?ati /> 0or#Bn% a$a. nu#i t ul a"u?ati / int ern: 0ig-t terri2l e 0ig-t> ,ing a ,ong3
%D %u& &re&o?i!ii3 MaAorit at ea &re&o?i!iilor @n li#2a engl e? ,unt ur#at e %e
,u2,t ant i /e / &ronu#e @n "a?ul a"u?ati /: IQ# loo=ing at Jo-n3 IQ# loo=ing at -i#3
pag: 0.0
Sun"!iile @n &ro&o?i!i e ale unui ,u2,t ant i / @n "a?ul a"u?ati/ ,unt :
aD "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t: S-e #et #H 2rot -er in t-e ,treet 3
2D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt &re&o?i!ional: T-e 2oH, Vere tal=ing a2out t-e
#at "-3
"D &art e %intr. un atri2ut : I =noV -i# to 2e a #an o0 -onour3
%D &art e %intr. un "o#&l e#e nt "ir"u#, t an! i al: T-eH arri/e% in t-e e/eni ng3
.' 9' 8' Cazul /ati 3 #T$e /ati 3e Ca, e& ' Un ,u2,t ant i / @n "a?ul %ati/ @n%e&line$ t e
0un"!i a %e "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t $i arat "tr e "ine ,au "tr e "e e,t e @n%re&t at
a"!iunea e1&ri #at %e /er23
En li#2a engl e?> "a?ul %ati/ e,t e #ar"at %e &re&o?i !i a to ,au 0or ,au &rin to&i":
S-e ga/e ,o#e ,Veet , to t-e "-il%ren3 I 2oug-t a &re, ent 0or #H #ot -er 3 I lent
-er CID a 2oo= CA"D3
Ca?ul %ati/ e,t e 0olo,it:
aD %u& unel e /er2e intran?i ti/e> ur#at e %e un "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t al &er,oanei :
"o#e> -a&&en> o""ur> &ro&o, e:
<e "a#e to #e3 It -a&&ene % to #H #ot -er3 <e &ro&o, e% to -er3
2D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e ur#at e %e "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t $i "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t
&re"e%at %e &re:&o?i !i a to: %enH> gi/e> -an%> o00er> rea%> tell:
I &ai% t-e #oneH to t-e "a,-i er3 IQ# Viriting a &o,t "ar % to #H 0rien%,3
E1i,t @n, un nu#r %e /er2e ur#at e @n #o% o2ligat ori u %e "a?ul %ati/ _
&re&o?i !i a to: a%%r e, ,> announ"e> "o##uni "at e:
I intro%u"e% -i# to #H 0rien%,3
"D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e ur#at e %e "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t $i "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t
&re"e%at %e &re&o?i !i a 0or: 2uH> "-oo, e> %o> lea/e> #a=e> or%er> ,a/e:
S-e #a%e a neV %re,, 0or -er %aug-t er 3
%D %u& unel e ,u2,t ant i /e:
<er attit u%e to ani #al , ,ur&ri,e% u,3
<er "ruelt H to ani #al , ,ur&ri,e% u,3
<er =in%e, , to ani #al , ,ur&ri,e% u,3
eD %u& unel e a%A e"ti/e: IinQt 2e "ruel to ani #al ,3 S-e a%/i,e% #e to 2e =in% to
t-e little 2oH3
0D %u& a%A e"ti/e %e "o#&ar a! i e "a: a%e[uat e> "orre,&on%i ng> e[ual> e[ui/al ent >
,i#ilar> in0erior:
T-e re,ult Va, not e[ual to -i, e00ort3 Man i, ,u&eri or to ani #al ,3
.' 9' 9' Cazul geni t i 3 #T$e Geni ti 3e Ca, e& ' Su2,t ant i /ul @n "a?ul geniti/
e1&ri # @n &rin"i&al i%eea %e &o,e,i une $i @n%e&line$t e 0un"!i a %e atri2ut @n
&ro&o?i!i e: AnnQ, 2ag i, neV3
En li#2a engl e?> "a?ul geniti/ e,t e #ar"at %e regul %e %e,inen! a .,> &re"e%at
%e un a&o,t r o03 Ie a"eea geniti/ul "u Z, ,e #ai nu#e$ t e geniti/ul @n Z, ,au
geniti/ul ,int eti"3
pag: 0./
4rtogra0ia %e,inen!ei geniti/ului
aD Ie,inen! a ., &re"e%at %e un a&o,t ro0 ,e a%aug:
la 0or#a %e ,ingul ar a ,u2,t ant i /ul ui: t-e girlQ, %re,,5 t-e &u&ilQ, [ue,ti on
la "Bt e/a ,u2,t ant i /e "u 0or# neregul at %e &lural: MenQ, "lot-e, are #or e
e1&en,i /e t-an Vo#enQ,3 Ue =ee& t-e "-il%renQ, toH, -er e3
la "Bt e/a ,u2,t ant i /e "o#une ter #i nat e @n ,unet ul ., $i ur#at e %e "u/Bnt ul
,a=e : 0or goo%ne, ,Q ,a=e5 0or "on/eni en"eQ ,a=e3
Not: A&o,tro0ul nu e,t e o2ligat ori u @n a"e,t "a?> "on,t r u"!iile %e #ai ,u,
@ntre2ui n! Bn%u. ,e $i ,u2 0or#a: 0or goo%ne, , ,a=e5 0or "on/eni en"e ,a=e3
2D A&o,tro0ul ,ingur> 0r %e,inen! a ., ,e a%aug:
. la 0or#a %e &lural a ,u2,t ant i /el or regul at e: t-e 2oH,Q 2i"H"le,5 t-e %ri/er,Q
at t ent i on3
. la ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e &er,oane ter #i nat e @n .,: Ii"=en,Q li0e5 C-arle,Q 2oo=,3
Not: (3 La nu#el e &ro&rii ter #i nat e @n ., ,e &oat e @nt Blni $i geniti/ul "u Z,:
Ii"=en,Q, no/el,3
Ten%in! a @n li#2a engl e? "ont e #&or an 0a/ori?ea? @n, ,"rier ea 0r ., %ar
&ronun! ar e a "u Wi?X> "a $i @n "a?ul ,"rierii "u Z,: Burn,Q WZ2Y Y:n?i?X &oe#,3
+3 La unel e nu#e &ro&rii "are nu ,e ter #i n @n ., ,e o2,er/ ten%i n! a %e
%i,&ari !i e a a&o,t ro0ul ui $i uneori $i a ,u2,t ant i /ul ui %et er #i nat : Earl, Court5
<arro%,5 St3 Ia/i%,5 St3 Al2an, 3 CEarlQ, Court5 St3 Ia/i%Q, et"D3
Ca?uri ,&e"iale
aD Gru&urile %e "u/int e $i titul at urile "o#&u, e au #ar"a geniti/ul ui a%ugat la
ulti#ul "u/Bnt : a Hear an% a -al0Q, %el aH5 #H ,i,t er. in. laVQ, Ao23
2D %oud ,u2,t ant i /e legat e &rin an% "are re&r e?i nt d &o,e, orii a"el ui aWi o2ie"t
a%augd #ar"a geniti/ului la ulti #ul "u/ent : To# an% MarHQ, &arent , CTo# $i
MarH ,unt 0ra!iD3 Uit- Mr an% Mr, BroVnQ, "o#&li #ent ,3
"D Ia" o2ie"t ul nu a&ar!i ne a#Bn%or ur a> #ar"a geniti/ului o &ri #e$ t e 0ie"ar e
,u2,t ant i / @n &art e: To#Q, an% #arHQ, 0rien%,3
%D A&o?i!ia &ri #e$ t e %e o2i"ei ,e#nul geniti/ul ui la ulti#ul "u/Bnt 5
<a/e Hou #et #H 2rot -er Ji##HQ, ,on \
Fronun! ar e a %e,i nen! ei geniti/ul ui ,int eti " ,e reali?ea? %u& regulile %e
&ronun! ar e a %e,i nen! ei %e &lural a ,u2,t ant i /el or:
W,X W?X Wi?X
S&otQ, t-e 2oHQ, t-e Au%geQ,
t-e ar"-it e"tQ, t-e tea"-erQ, Bru"eQ,
Ii"=Q, <enrHQ, Ali"eQ,
"ocul ,ub, t ant i 3ul ui 0n cazul geni t i 3F
aD Su2,t ant i /ul @n "a?ul geniti/> %et er #i nant ul > &re"e%e ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat
"Bn% e,t e 0olo,it atri2uti/: T-i, i, #H ,i,t erQ, ,"-ool2ag3
2D Su2,t ant i /ul @n geniti/ &oat e a&r ea ,ingur> ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat 0iin% o#i,3
A,e#ene a ,itua!ii a&ar:
"Bn% ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat a 0o,t #en!i onat ant eri or: T-i, i, To#Q, 2oo=3
MarHQ, i, in -er 2ag3
"Bn% ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat e,t e "u/Bnt ul ,-o&> -ou, e> &la"e> #u, eu#: I
2oug-t t-e, e at t-e gro"erQ, C,-o&D3 I Va, at t-e BroVn,Q C-ou, eD He,t er %aH3
pag: 0.0
%D Su2,t ant i /ul @n "a?ul geniti/ &oat e ur#a ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat "Bn% e,t e
%e,&r ! i t %e a"e,t a &rin &re&o?i !i a o0 Cgeniti/ %u2luD: a 2oo= o0 t-e tea"-erQ,5
t-o,e ,=at e, o0 Fet erQ,3
Solo,irea geniti/ului ,inteti"
Geniti/ul ,int eti" e,t e 0olo,it "u:
aD nu#e &ro&rii: To#Q, "ar
2D ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane: t-e 2oHQ, neV ,-irt
"D ,u2,t ant i /e "ole"ti/e: t-e nationQ, ,e"urit H
%D ,u2,t ant i /e "are %enu#e , " ani #al e #ari: t-e lionQ, #ane
eD %enu#i ri geogr a0i"e $i ale unor in,tit u!ii: Euro&eQ, 0utur e5 Ro#ani aQ, 0oreign
&oli"H5 t-e ,"-oolQ, &rogr a ##e
0D ,u2,t ant i /e "are %enu#e , " unit !i %e ti#&> ,&a!i u> #, ur : to%aHQ, Vor=5 a
#o#ent Q, tal=5 a %aHQ, AourneH
gD "Bt e/a ,u2,t ant i /e "o#une ur#at e %e "u/Bnt ul ,a=e: 0or &itHQ, ,a=e5 0or
#er"HQ, ,a=e5
-D ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e o2ie"t e "are &ot %e/eni #a,"uline ,au 0e#i nine &rin
&er,oni0i"ar e> @n literat ur : trut -Q, /i"torH> Lo/eQ, La2ourQ, Lo,t5 t-e o"eanQ, roar5
iD unel e &ronu#e ne-ot r Bt e "a: anot -er > eit-er> neit -er> one $i "o#&u$ii lui
,o#e> anH> no> e/erH &re"u# $i a%/er 2ul el,e5 ,o#e2o%HQ, a%/i"e5 no2o%HQ,
0ault5
AD @n unel e e1&r e,ii: a nee%l eQ, eHe5 -er -eartQ, %e,ire5 to a -airQ, 2rea%t -5
=D "Bn% ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat e,t e o#i,: St FaulQ, CCat -e%r al D i, one o0
Tu,,au%Q, C#u, eu#D 3
Con,tr u"!i a "u 4S CT-e 4S Con,tr u"ti onD
Con,tr u"!i a "u &re&o?i !i a o0 e,t e uneori 0olo,it "a un e"-i/al ent al geniti/ul ui
,int eti": S-a=e, &e ar eQ , &laH, . t-e &laH, o0 S-a=e, &e ar e3
Lo"ul "on,t r u"!i ei "u o0 e,t e %u& ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat : t-e li0e o0 t-e great
Vriter5 t-e roo0 o0 t-e -ou,e3
Solo,irea "on,tru"!iei "u o0
Con,tr u"!i a "u o0 ,e 0olo,e$t e:
aD "u ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e o2ie"t e: t-e title o0 t-e 2oo=5
2D "u %enu#i ri geogr a0i"e ur#at e %e un nu#e &ro&ri u: t-e CitH o0 Lon%on t-e
Gul0 o0 Me1i"o3
"D "u nu#e &ro&rii> @n lo"ul geniti/ului ,int eti":
"Bn% nu#el e &ro&rii ,unt e1&ri #at e &rin ,u2,t ant i /e "oor%onat e: t-e tea"-er
o0 Fet er an% MarH
"Bn% nu#el e &ro&ri u "on,t %intr. un ,u2,t ant i / "u a&o?i!i e: t-e reign o0 cueen
Eli,a2et -
"Bn% %ori # , ,u2linie# nu#el e &ro&ri u: t-e ,onnet , o0 Uillia# S-a=e, &e ar e
pag: 0.3
%D "u ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#e %e &er,oan:
"Bn% ,u2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat e,t e &re"e%at %e arti"olul ne-ot r Bt ,au %e un
%e#on, t r at i /: I a# a great a%#i r er o0 t-i, Vriter3
eD &ent r u @ntrire: T-e arri/al o0 -i, gran%0 at -er ,ur&ri,e% -i#3
0D "u nu#e %e ani #al e #i"i: t-e tail o0 t-e #ou, e5 t-e Ving, o0 a 2ut t er0lH3
Geni ti 3ul impli ci t #T$e Impli ci t Geni ti 3e&
Geniti/ul i#&li"it e,t e o "ont ru"!i e geniti/al @n "are ,u2,t ant i /ul ui %et er #i nat @i
li&,e$t e %e,i nen! a %e geniti/: au%i en"e &arti"i&ati on> ,tu%ent -o,t el> a0t ernoon
tea3
Geni ti 3ul /ubl u #T$e 5oubl e Geni ti 3e&
Geniti/ul %u2lu "on,t %in geniti/ul ,int eti" _ "on,t r u"!i a "u o03 A"ea,t
"on,t r u"!i e e,t e 0olo,it "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oane: T-i, Ao=e o0 Fet erQ, A
t-reat o0 our tea"-erQ,3
Geniti/ul %u2lu %i0er "a ,en, %e "on,t r"u!i a "u o0 0olo,it ,ingur 3 a %e,"ri&tion
o0 Gal,Vort -HQ, O o %e,"ri er e 0"ut %e Gal,Vort -H5 a %e,"ri &tion o0 Gal,Vort -H
O o %e,"ri er e a lui Gal,Vort -H C0"ut %e alt"ine/aD
.' 9' ;' Cazul Vocati 3 #T$e Vocati 3e Ca, e& : #3ezi J .*' 8&
EaERCI`II
I3 Tra%u"e! i ur#t oar el e &ro&o?i!ii @n li#2a engl e?> 0olo,in% ,u2,t nat i /e &ro&rii $i
a2r e/i eri:
(3 G"oal a @n"e&e @n ,e&t e #2ri e3 +3 Noi #erge # la @not %u#i ni"a3 63 Il3 BroVn e,t e
#e#2r u al &arl a#ent ul ui3 :3 En 0ie"ar e an la %at a %e : iulie> a#eri "anii
,r2t or e, " Ziua In%e&en%e n! ei 3 ;3 Iunr ea ,e /ar, @n Marea Neagr 3 73
Io"torul Ione,"u "on,ult ele/ii @n 0ie"ar e luni3 83 S&ani a ,e @n/e"inea? "u
Sran! a3 *3 C-ine?ii> /iet na #e?ii $i Aa&one?ii tri e," @n A,ia3 )3 <ot elul
Inter"onti nent al %in Bu"ur e$t i ,e a0l> lBng Teatr ul Na!ional3 (93 Stu%i e#
engl e?a $i ru,a la $"oal 3 ((3 En ()87 a a/ut lo" la <el,in=i "on0erin! a &ent r u &a"e
$i ,e"uri t at e @n Euro&a3
II3 Tre"e!i ur#t oar el e ,u2,t nat i /e "o#&u, e la nu#r ul &lural: ,"-ool2oH5
#a,t er &i e"e5 2rot -er. in.laV5 0at -er. in.laV5 -ea%#a , t er 5 #il=#an5 Vo#an %enti ,t 5
&o,t #a n5 2la"=2oar %5 ,on. in.laV5 &a,, er. 2H5 2e%roo#5 "ar ra"e5 loo=er. on5 #an
,inger5 #errH. go. roun%5 -or,e. ra"e5 0orget. #e. nor5 0oot,&et 5 0ire#an3
III3 Fune!i ,u2,t ant i /el e %in &arant e?e la nu#r ul &lural:
(3 T-ere are -un%r e%, o0 C2oo=D on t-e C,-el0D3 +3 All -i, CtoHD are in -i, roo#3 63
T-o,e C#anD are Ctouri,t ,D3 :3 CC-il%D li=e C,torHD3 ;3 T-eH le0t t-eir CVat"-D on t-e
ta2l e3
pag: 0.1
IV3 Alege!i 0or#a &otri/it a ,u2,t ant i /el or &ent r u a "o#&l et a &ro&o?i!iile %e #ai
Ao,:
-un%r e%/ -un%r e%,
(33333 o0 &u&il, at t en% t-i, ,"-ool3 +3 Si1 33333 &u&il, at t en% t-e ,"-ool roun% t-e
"orner3
#illion/ #illion,
63 Ro#ani a -a, a &o&ul ati on a tVent H. tVo333 &eo&l e3 :3 TVo333 &eo&l e li/e in
Bu"-ar e, t 3
V3 Tre"e!i la &lural ur#t oar el e ,u2,t ant i /e %e origine ,tri n:
aD ,ti #ul u,5 &-eno#e non5 %e,i%er at u#5 a%%en%u#5
2D "a#&u,5 /iru,5 en"H"lo&e%i a5 /illa5
"D ,Hlla2u,5 geniu,5 0or#ul a5 "urri"ulu#5
VI3 Co#&l et a! i &ro&o?i!iile ur#t oar e "u "uanti0i"at ori &otri/i!i "a ,en,: &ie"e> 2it>
ite#> &air> -ea% et"3
(3 I nee% a V-it e3 3 3 o0 &a&er3 +3 S-e 2oug-t tVo333 o0 "-o"ol at e He,t er %aH3 63 I
Vant a 3333 o0 V-it e 2rea% an% tVo333 o0 2roVn 2rea%3 :3 Gi/e #e a 3333 o0 "-al=> Vill
Hou\ ;3 U-at a 3333 o0 Vor= i, #an!
VII3 Tra%u"e! i ur#t oar el e &ro&o?i!ii @n li#2a engl e?:
(3 Gtirile &e "are le. a# &ri#it ,unt int er e, ant e3 +3 Mi.a# 0"ut 2agaA el e a,ear 3 63
Vo# &u2li"a toat e in0or#a! iile "are ,unt ne"e, ar e "an%i %a! ilor3 :3 Cuno$ti n! el e lui
%e i,tori e ,unt re#ar "a2il e3 ;3 A# "u#&r at 0ru"t e $i "Bt e/a &rAituri3 73 `i.ai
0"ut te#el e\
VIII3 Citi!i ur#t oar el e &ro&o?i!ii "on!inBn% &lurali a tant u# @n ., $i tra%u"e! i. le @n
li#2a ro#Bn:
(3 T-e ,t an%ar % o0 li/ing in t-e Mi%%le Age, Va, /erH loV3 +3 S-e trie% to #a=e
a#en%, 0or -er 0or#er 2e-a/i our3 63 All Ia"ian, ro,e in ar #, V-en t-e Ro#an,
in/a%e% Ia"ia3 :3 T-e lett er 2urnt to a,-e,3 ;3 <eM , got goo% 2rain,> -eM ll
#anage3 73 Clot-e, %o not #a=e t-e #an3 83 <a/e a loo= at t-e ta2l e "ont ent ,3 *3
T-eH "oul%n! t 0ini,- t-e &roA e"t 0or la"= o0 0un%,3 )3 Goo%, are u,uallH tran, &or t e%
in goo%, train,3 (93 U-ere are Hou going to ,&en% Hour -oli%aH,\ ((3 <e -a,
goo% loo=,3 (+3 Tou are 0orget ti ng Hour #anner ,> Houng #an!
pag: 0.5
Ia3 Tra%u"e! i @n li#2a engl e?:
(3 Un%e e,t e "le$t el e\ +3 Multe #ul! u#i ri3 63 S.au @n"er"at toat e #iAloa"el e3 :3
Cartierul gener al al ar#at ei era lBng Lon%ra3 ;3 Si?i"a e,t e o2ie"t ul lui &re0er at 3
73 A# &rin, trei &,t r /i #ari3 83 To"#ai ,. a &u2li"at o "art e %e,&r e &e$tii %e a&
%ul"e %in Ro#Bni a3 *3 Are &r $at en3 )3 Ea are "Bt e/a 0ire %e &r al23 (93 I. #i
%ou &Bini> te rog3 ((3 A 0"ut &rogr e, e #ari @n @n/! ar e a li#2ii engl e?e3 (+3
A"e,t a e,t e &ro"e, ul /er2al al $e%in! ei3
a3 Tra%u"e! i ur#t oar el e &ro&o?i!ii @n li#2a ro#Bn:
(3 T-ere i, a gla,, o0 #il= on t-e ta2l e3 +3 Ioe, -e Vear gla,, e,\ 63 Tou -a/e to
%e"l ar e e/erHt -i ng at t-e "u,t o#, 3 :3 T-eH Vant to get a"[uai nt e% Vit- t-i,
Ro#ani an "u,t o#3 ;3 Are Hou Vriting a lett er\ 73 <e i, a great #an o0 lett er ,3 83 I
%onM t li=e -er air,3 *3 T-ere i, ,o#et -i ng in t-e air3
aI3 Tra%u"e! i @n li#2a engl e?:
Iragul #eu Mo$ G-i!>
Mii %e #ul! u#i ri &ent r u &riet enoa, a ta 0eli"itar e3 Ie @n%at "e /oi &ri#i
e1e#&l ar el e %e aut or %e la A"a%e#i e> @!i /oi tri#it e un /olu# %in lu"rar ea #ea
%e,&r e Marea Neagr 3
Noi a/e# o iarn ne&l "ut $i eu $i ,o!i a# 0iin% 2olna/i3
Iragul no,t r u To!u e,t e @n, /oini" $i.#i 0a"e o #ar e &l"er e , au% gla,ul ,u la
tel e0on3
Gr3 Anti&a
aII3 Care ,unt "ore,&on%e nt el e 0e#i nine ale ur#t oar el or ,u2,t ant i /e #a,"uline:
(3 ,on5 +3 lor5 63 ne&-eV5 :3 un"l e5 ;3 0at-er5 73 2rot -er3 83 "o"=5 *3 ,t ag5 )3 2oH5
(93 -u,2an%5 ((3 #an5 (+3 =ing3
aIII3 Care ,unt 0or#el e %e #a,"ulin $i 0e#inin ale ur#t oar el or ,u2,t ant i /e:
(3 0rien%5 +3 goat 5 63 ,tun%ent 5 :3 "at5 ;3 a,,5 73 0rog3
aIV3 Sor#ul a!i &ro&o?i!ii "u ,u2,t nat i /e la geniti/> "on0or # #o%el ul ui: Jo-n -a,
got a 2oo=3 T-i, i, Jo-nQ, 2oo=3
(3 MH neig-2our -a, got a "ar3 +3 LilH -a, got a %oll3 63 Ii"= -a, got a neV
2i"H"le3 :3 MH "ou,i n -a, got a neV ,t a#&. 2oo=3 ;3 Mr U-ite -a, got an u#2r ell a3
73 LaVren"e an% Faul -a/e got an ele"t ri" train3 83 Fet er -a, got a 2i"H"l e an%
MarH -a, got a 2i"H"le too3
pag: 0.6
aV3 Tra%u"e! i @n li#2a ro#Bn:
at a #ileQ, %i,t an"e5 He,t er %aHQ, neV,&a&er 5 in tVo Hear ,Q ti#e5 a &oun%Q,
Veig-t 5 at a ,toneM , t-roV5 to #H -ear t M , "ont ent 5 art 0or artM , ,a=e3
aVI3 Tre"e!i ur#t oar el e ,u2,t ant i /e @n "a?ul geniti/ la nu#r ul &lural3
(3 MH "ou,inM , -ou, e i, large3
+3 T-e girlM , roo# i, /erH &ret t H
63 T-e &u&ilM , uni0or# i, 2lue
:3 T-e Vo#anM , Vor= i, /erH #u"- a&&r e"i at e%3
;3 T-e Vor=erM , li0e i, #u"- 2et t er to%aH3
73 T-e tea"-er &rao, e% t-e ,tu%ent M , Vor=
83 U-er e are t-e "-il% "lot -e,\
*3 T-e 2a2HM , 0oo% i, in t-e 0ri%ge3
aVII3 Fune!i ,u2,tanti/ele %in &arante?e la geniti/ul ,inteti" ,au analiti"3
(3 MarH i, CIa/i%D ,i,ter
+3 T-e C2oo=D &age, -a/e nu#2er,3
63 U-at i, Hour C2rot-erD -o22H\
:3 T-i, i, a CVo#anD -at3
;3 U-atM, C t-i, 2oHD 0a/ourite ,&ort\
73 T-e C,-e%D roo0 Va, 2loVn o00 2H t-e Vin%3
83 T-at i, CAli"eD &en"il.2o13
*3 CLa%ie,D -at, are /erH &rettH t-i, Hear3
)3 T-i, i, C#H2rot-er an% ,i,terD roo#3
(93 U-ere are t-e Cgirl,D 2lou,e,\
((3 CIi"=en,D no/el, are /erH intere,ting3
(+3 T-e -ou,e i, at a C#ileD %i,tan"e3
(63 <a/e Hou rea% CHe,ter%aHD &a&er3
aVIII3 Con,trui!i &ro&o?i!ii "on0or# #o%elulului:
,-oV.Mi=e.t-e 2uil%ing
I ,-oVe% Mie t-e 2uil%ing3
I ,-oVe% t-e 2uil%ing to Mi=e3
(3 gi/e. #oneH . -er ,on3
+3 tell . ,e"ret. MarH3
63 -an%.&a&er.t-e tea"-er3
:3 len%. u#2rella.#H 0rien%
;3 t-roV.2all.-i, 0rien%3
73 Vrite.letter.gran%#a
83 o00er.0loVer,.tea"-err
aIa3 Re0or#ula!i ur#toarele &ro&o?i!ii> 0olo,in% &re&o?i!ia to ,au 0or %u& "a?3
(3 I 2oug-t Mi=e a %og3
+3 <e ga/e To# ,o#e &re,ent,3
63 I "-o,e #H ,i,ter a ni"e &re,ent3
:3 MarH ,-oVe% t-e tea"-er -er "o#&o?ition3
;3 T-eH ,ent t-eir &arent, a &ar"el3
73 Ii% Hou #a=e <elen t-i, neV "ar%igan\
83 Ii% -e gi/e -i, #ot-er a 2un"- o0 0loVer,\
*3 I or%ere% #H ,i,ter a le#ona%e3
aa3 Tra%u"e!i @n li#2a engle?:
aD
(3 Congre,ul al aII.lea al &arti%ului a luat -otrBri %e #are @n,e#ntate &entru &o&orul no,tru $i &entru
&rogre,ul &atriei3
+3 Ai "itit ?iarul %e ieri\
63 Iu& un #o#ent %e gBn%ire> ele/ul a r,&un, &er0e"t la toate @ntre2rile #ele3
:3 Juriul a @n#Bnat &re#ii "B$tigtorilor @ntre"erii3
;3 Ne.a# %i,trat 0oarte 2ine la &etre"erea ,uroriii &rietenului #eu3
73 Cre% " a# luat &lria alt"ui/a3
83 Stiloul e,te al lui Bo3
*3 Ce $tii %e,&re "li#a a"e,tei !ri\
)3 Fro0e,orul a /or2it #ai 2ine %e o or %e,&re &rogre,ul $tiin!ei3
(93 Ele/ii i.au o0erit @n/!toarei lor un 2u"-et %e 0lori3
((3 Ar 0i 2ine , ne @ntBlni# a"a, la Maria3
(+3 Fu2li"area a"e,tei "r!i a @n,e#nat un ,u""e, %eo,e2it3
2D
(3 Cea #ai #o%ern &oet a noa,tr a /or2it %e,&re ulti#ul ei /olu# %e &oe?ii3
+3 Ve!i 0i @n,o!i!i %e 0iul $i 0ii"a #ea3
63 Nu $tiu "ine Aoa" rolul &rin!e,ei3
:3 Nu ia# /?ut &e un"-iul $i #tu$a #ea %e "Bte/a luni3
;3 Ne&oata ei "ea #ai #i" e,te #o$tenitoarea "a,ei3
73 Ve"inul #eu a l,at u$a %e,"-i, $i a uitat %e ea3

pag: 0.7
4' Articol ul i al2i /et er mi nan2 i #T$e Articl e an/ ot $er
5et er mi ner , &
4' *' Cat e gori a /et ermi n1ri i
63(3 (3 Cat egori a %et er #i nrii a a&r ut @n li#2a engl e?> "a $i @n li#2a ro#Bn>
%in ne"e,i t at e a %e a in%i"a un ele#ent uni" Ct-e Ianu2eD ,au ,&e"i0i" Ct-i, #anD
%intr. o "at egori e> ,au %e a %enu#i o @ntreag "at egori e %e ele#ent e %e a"el a$i
0el CT-e lion i, a ,trong ani #alD3
En li#2a engl e? e1i,t #ai #ult e &r!i %e /or2ire "are &ot %et er #i na un
,u2,t ant i /: t-e 0ir,t tVo ,tu%ent ,3 Ele 0or#ea? @n gra#at i "a ,tru"t ur ali,t "la,a
%et er #i nan! il or> "are e,t e ,u2%i/i?at @n &re%et er #i nan! i > %et er #i nan! i &ro&ri u.
?i$i $i &o,t %et er #i nan! i 3
A"ea,t ter #i nologi e a 0o,t ,t a2ilit &e 2a?a "at egori ei gra#at i "al e &e "are o
re&r e?i nt a"e,t e "u/int e &e lBng ,u2,t ant i / C%et er #i nar e aD $i &e 2a?a &o?i!iei
&e "are o o"u& unul 0a! %e altul: <al0 C&re%et er #i nant D t-e C%et er #i nant
&ro&ri u. ?i,D ,e"on% C&o,t %et er #i nant D "-a&t er 3
4' *' .' 5et ermi nan2 i i propri u: zi i ' En "ala, a %et er #i nan! ilor &ro&riu. ?i$i intr
arti"olul $i alt e &r!i %e /or2ire "are &ot @nlo"ui arti"olul @naint ea unui ,u2,t ant i /:
a%A e"ti/ul %e#on, t r at i / Ct-i,> t-at > t-e, e> t-o,eD> a%A e"ti/ul &o,e,i / C#H> Hour> -i,
et"3D> a%A e"ti/ul ne-ot r Bt Cea"-> e/erH> eit-er et"3D $i unel e a%A e"ti/e
int erogat i /e CV-at > V-i"-D $i negat i /e Cno> neit -erD:
a 2oo=
t-e 2oo=
no 2oo=
ea"- 2oo=
e/erH 2oo=
eit-er 2oo=
t-i, 2oo=
#H 2oo=
V-at 2oo=
Ieter#inan!ii &ro&riu.?i$i ai ,u2,tanti/ului
Iet er #i nant ul E1e#&l e
Arti"olul -ot r Bt
Arti"olul ne-ot r Bt
Arti"olul ?ero
t-e #an
a tree5 an a&&l e
#en5 tree,> a&&l e,
A%Ae"ti/ul %e#on, t r at i / t-i, neV,&a&er > t-at #aga?i ne
t-e, e arti"le,> t-o,e &a&er ,
A%Ae"ti/ul &o,e,i / #H -ou, e5 Hour "ar5 -i, Vat"-5
-er %re,,5
it, tail5 our ,"-ool5 t-eir
"la,,roo#3
A%Ae"ti/ul int erogat i / U-at 2oo= %o Hou Vant \
U-i"- 2oo=, %o Hou Vant \
U-o,e 2oo= %o Hou Vant \
A%Ae"ti/ul ne-ot r Bt Ea"- &u&il> e/erH %aH> eit-er
,i%e5
,o#e 2oo=,5 anH ,tu%ent ,5
no "-il%ren5 neit -er ,tu%ent 3
pag: 0.'
Arti"olul o"u& un lo" "ent r al @n "a%rul %et er #i nan! il or> nea/Bn% alt 0un"!i e
%e"Bt "ea %e %et er #i nar e a ,u2,t ant i /ul ui3 Al!i %et er #i nan! i &ot 0un"!iona
in%e&en%e nt %e ,u2,t ant i /el e &e "are le &re"e%> "a &ronu#e:
I Vant t-i,/,o#e3 U-at i, t-i, \
Fe lBng %et er #i nan! ii &ro&ri u. ?i$i> ,u2,t ant i /el e #ai &ot 0i &re"e%at e $i %e alt e
"la,e %e "u/int e: &re%et er #i nan! i > nu#er al e "ar%inal e $i or%inal e / "uanti0i"at ori
C&o,t %et er #i nan! i D3
A"e,t e %ou "la,e au 0o,t ,t a2ilit e &e 2a?a &o?i!iei lor 0a! %e %et er #i nan! i @n
rela!i e unul "u altul3
4' *' 4' Pre/e t e r mi nan2 i i ' Fre%et er #i nan! ii ,e nu#e, " a,t0el %eaor e"e ei a&ar
@naint ea %et er #i nan! il or:
aD all t-e 2oo=,
2ot - #H 2oo=,
-al0 t-e, e 2oo=,
2D %ou2l e t-e / t-e, e a#ount
tVi"e t-e / t-e, e a#ount
t-ree ti#e, t-e / t-e, e a#ount
"D ine. t-ir% t-e ti#e
t-ree [uart er , t-e / t-e, e a#ount
CBn% ,unt ur#a! i %e ,u2,t ant i /e> &re%et er #i nan! ii &ot a&r ea @n trei "on,t r u"!ii:
all o0 t-e "-il%ren
all t-e "-il%ren
all "-il%ren
2ot - o0 t-e tea"-er ,
2ot - t-e tea"-er ,
2ot - tea"-er ,
CBn% %et er #i nan! ii ,unt ur#a! i %e &ronu#e> "on,t ru"!i a "u o0 e,t e o2igat ori e: all
o0 t-e#> 2ot - o0 t-e#> -al0 o0 it3
Fre%et er #i nan! ii all> 2ot - $i -al0 &ot 0i 0olo,i!i $i "a &ronu#e:
All un%er ,t oo% t-e tea"-erQ, e1&l anat i on3
Bot- un%er ,t oo% t-e tea"-erQ, e1&l anat i on3
<al0 un%er , t oo% t-e tea"-erQ, e1&l anat i on3
En "a?ul lui all> ,e 0olo,e$t e %et er #i nant ul ?ero @n "a?ul ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#r a2il e
la &lural 0olo,it e generi ": All t-e &u&il, Vent into t-e "la,,roo#3 Iar: All ,ol%ier,
#u,t Vear uni0or#, Cgeneri"D3
pag: 0..
All &oat e 0i %e a,e#e ne a 0olo,it "u arti"olul ?ero @n e1&r e,ii "a: all Ct-eD %aH /
#orni ng / nig-t > @n ,&e"i al @ntr. un "ont e1t negat i /: I -a/enQt ,een -er all %aH:
Ca %et er #i nant > all &re"e%e:
aD ,u2,t ant i /e CneDnu#r a 2il e "on"r et e CrarD ,au a2,t r a"t e la ,ingul ar> a/Bn%
,en, ul %e @ntreg> tot:
S-e interru&t e% -i# all t-e ti#e3 El @ntreru&e a tot ti#&ul3
<e %i%nQt ,&en% all -i, #oneH3 Nu $i.a "-elt uit to!i 2anii3
<e -a,nQt rea% all t-e ,torH3
<e -a,nQt rea% t-e V-ole ,torH3
2D ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e la &lural> a/Bn% ,en, ul %e to!i> toat e:
U-er e are all Hour 2oo=, \ Un%e ,unt toat e "r!ile tale \
All &oat e 0i 0olo,it at Bt "a &re%et er #i nant "Bt $i "a &ronu#e ne-ot r Bt : <a/e Hou
%run= all t-e #il= \ Ai 2ut tot la&t el e \ <a/e Hou ,een all \ Ai /?ut tot \ All Ct-eD
&eo&l e "a#e in ti#e3 All Co0 t-e#D Vere &un"t ual 3
Bot-3 Bot- @n,ea #n a#Bn%oi > a#Bn%ou> 0iin% 0olo,it &ent r u re0erirea la %ou
&er,oane Ca""ent uat D : Bot- "-il%ren are /erH [uit3 A#Bn%oi "o&iii ,unt 0oart e
t"u!i3
Bot- &oat e 0i 0olo,it at Bt "a &re%et er #i nant : Bot- Co0D t-e, e 0eat ur e, are /erH
i#&ort ant 3
"Bt $i "a &ronu#e: Bot- are i#&ort ant 3
<al03 <al0 CAu#t at eD e,t e 0olo,it at Bt "u ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e: <e %i%nQt ,aH
a Vor% -al0 t-e ti#e -e ,t aHe% t-er e3
"Bt $i "a ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e: <al0 t-e ,tu%ent , in t-e ,tu%ent -o,t el Vere
a,l ee&3 <al0 e,t e 0olo,it "a:
. &re%et er #i nant : -al0 t-e 2oo=
. ,u2,t ant i /: Tour -al0 i, 2igger t-an #ine3
. &ronu#e ne-ot r Bt : -al0 Co0 t-e#D le0t3
Nu#er al el e #ulti&li"ati/e C/e?i R :383D ,unt in"lu,e @n "la,a &re%et er #i nan! ilor>
%eoar e"e ele &ot 0i a$e?at e @naint ea %et er #i nan! il or: tVi"e t-e a#ount > %ou2l e
t-at &ri"e3
La 0el $i nu#er al el e 0ra"!ionar e C/e?i R:3;3D> "are &ot a/ea $i "on,t ru"!ii "u o0> @n
#o% ,i#ilar "u all> 2ot - $i -al0:
T-e /eget a2l e, 2oile% in one t-ir% Co0D t-e ti#e t-e #eat %i%3
4' *' 8' Po, t /e t e r mi na n2 i i ' 4r%inal el e ,unt &o,t %et er #i nan! i 3 Ele ur#ea?
%et er #i nan! ii @n gru&ul no#i nal> %ar &re"e% "uanti0i"at orii $i a%A e"ti/el e: T-e 0ir,t
t-ree i#&ort ant e/ent ,3
En "la,a or%inal elor intr:
aD nu#er al el e or%inal e: 0ir,t> ,e"on%> t-ir%> 0ourt - et"3
2D CanDot -er > ne1t > la,t3
Cuanti0i"at orii ur#ea? %et er #i nan! ii $i or%inal el e $i &re"e% a%A e"ti/el e: T-e 0ir,t
t-ree i#&ort ant e/ent ,3
Iin "la,a "uanti0i"at orilor 0a" &art e:
aD nu#er al el e "ar%inal e: one> tVo> t-ree> 0our> 0i/e> et"3
pag: /00
2D "uanti0i"at orii> "u/int el e "are e1&ri # nu#r ul C#anH> 0eV> ,e/er al D ,au
"antit at e a C#u"-> littleD @n #o% ne%e0init3
Cuati0i"at orii ,unt 0olo,i!i:
aD nu#ai "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e:
#anH "-il%ren a great nu#2er o0 "-il%ren
0eV "-il%ren a large nu#2er o0 "-il%ren
,e/er al "-il%ren a goo% nu#2er o0 "-il%ren
2D nu#ai "u ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e:
#u"- ti#e a great / goo% %eal o0 #oneH
little ti#e a great / goo% %eal o0 #oneH
a little ti#e great / goo% %eal o0 #oneH
#u"- ti#e a large/ , #all [uanti t H/ a #ount o0 #oneH
little ti#e a large/ , #all [uanti t H/ a#ount o0 #oneH
a little ti#e a large/ , #all [uanti t H/ a #ount o0 #oneH
"D "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e ,au nenu#r a 2il e C@n e1&ri #ar e a 0a#iliarD:
a lot o0 "-il%ren/ #oneH
lot, o0 "-il%ren/ #one H
&lent H o0 "-il%ren/ #one H
Muc$ O mul t, mult 2 ,e 0olo,e$t e #ai ale, @n &ro&o?i!ii int erogat i /e $i negat i /e:
There isn3t muc$ sugar left 3 Nu a r#a, #ult ?a-r3
En &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati /e ,e 0olo,e$t e: !ery much, a lot of, a great #eal of, a large
4small$ amount of, plent y of :
There is a lot o+ sugar in the sugar basin 3 E,t e C0oart eD #ult ?a-r @n ?a-ar ni ! 3
There is 3er% muc$ sugar in the sugar basin 3 E,t e C0oart eD #ult ?a-r @n
?a-ar ni ! 3
T-ere i, &let H o0 ,ugar in t-e ,ugar 2a,i n3 E,t e 0oart e #ult ?a-r @n ?a-ar ni ! 3
"ittl e @n,ea #n pu5in, pu5in2 > in%i" o "antit at e in,u0i"ient > i#&li" o a&re"i er e
negati /: 6he eat s littl e brea# 3 Ea #nBn" &u!in &Bine Ca&roa&e %elo"D3
7 little in%i" o "anti t at e #i"> %ar ,u0i"ient $i i#&li" o a&r e"i er e &o?iti/: % eat
a littl e brea# 3 MnBn" "e/a &Bine3
Man% O mul 5i, mul t e ,e 0olo,e$t e #ai ale, @n &ro&o?i!ii int erogat i /e $i negat i /e:
8i# he rea# man% 9nglish books \ A "itit #ult e "r!i engl e?e$ t i3 % ha!e not in!it e#
man% peopl e to my birth#ay part y 3 N.a# in/it at #ult lu#e la ?iua #ea %e
na$t er e3
En &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati /e ,e 0olo,e$t e !ery many, a lot of, a great " large number,
lots of :
e3s rea# a lot o+ 9nglish books 3
e3s rea# 3er% man% 9nglish books 3
e3s rea# a great number o+ 9nglish books 3
e3s rea# lot , o+ 9nglish books 3
!e7 O pu5ini, pu5ine in%i" un nu#r in,u0i"ient $i i#&li" o a&re"i er e negat i /:
!e7 peopl e li!e to be a hun#re# 3 Fu!ini oa#eni tri e," (99 %e ani3
A +e7 O c:5i!a, c:t e!a in%i" un nu#r #i"> %ar ,u0i"ient $i i#&li" o a&r e"i er e
&o?iti/: There are +e7 flowers in the !ase 3 Sunt "Bt e/a 0lori @n /a?3
6e3er al e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u #ai #ult %e %ou &er,oane:
e rea# ,e3er al books on 8acia 3 El a "itit #ai #ult e "r!i %e,&r e Ia"ia3
e rea# ,e3er al books on 8acia 3 El a "itit "Bt e/a "r!i %e,&r e Ia"ia3
pag: /0/
4' .' Articol ul #T$e Articl e&
4' .' *' 5e+i ni 2i e' Arti"olul e,t e &art ea %e /or2ire "are:
aD "on,tit ui e un #iAloa" %e in%i/i%uali?a a o2ie"t el or $i 0eno#enel or @ntr. un
"ont e1t ling/i,ti" ,au ,itua!i onal 5
2D nu are 0or#e 0le1ionar e> 0iin% ne0le1i2il %in &un"t %e /e%er e #or0ologi"5
"D @n%e&line$ t e 0un"!i a %e %et er #i nant 3
Arti"olul o"u& un lo" "ent r al @n "a%rul %et er #i nan! ilor> 0iin% "on,i %er at
#et er mi nant ul propriu+ -is 3 A"ea,t a ,e %at or ea? 0a&t ul ui " arti"olul nu &oat e 0i o
&art e %e /or2ire in%e&en%e nt > el "ontri2ui n% %oar la %et er #i nar e a uni" ,au
in%i/i%ual a ,u2,t ant i /ul ui &e "are @l @n,o! e$ t e3
Arti"olul e,t e re%at &rin arti"olul -ot r Bt the > arti"olul ne-ot r Bt a ,au an ,au &rin
articolul -ero 3 A"e,t e arti"ol e ,e 0olo,e," &ent r u a reali?a: (D re0erin! a uni"
Cuni;ue reference D $i +D re0erin! a in%i/i%ual Cin#i!i#ual reference D3
4' .' .' (D Arti"olul ,e 0olo,e$ t e &ent r u re+ eri n2 1 uni c1 at un"i "Bn% ,e i%enti0i"
"u un #e#2r u anu#e al unei "la,e: T$e boy was running !ery fast 3 Biat ul
alerga 0oart e re&e%e3
4' .' 4' +D Arti"olul ,e 0olo,e$ t e &ent r u re+ eri n2 1 in/i 3i /ual 1 "Bn% re0erirea ,e
0a"e la ori"e #e#2r u al unei "la,e> 0r "a a"e,t a , 0ie i%enti0i"at @n #o% uni"3
Fent ru referin5 a unic2 > ,e 0olo,e$t e arti"olul -ot r Bt &ent r u ,u2,t ant i /e
nu#r a2il e $i nenu#r a 2il e:
<here is t$e book % ga!e you \
<here are t$e books % ga!e you \
<here is t$e chalk % ga!e you \
Fent ru ref erin5 2 in#i!i#ual2 > ,e 0olo,e,":
. arti"olul ne-ot r Bt a4n$ > "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e la ,ingul ar:
There is a book on the tabl e 3
There is an orange on the tabl e 3
. arti"olul ?ero ,au some /any > "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e la &lural $i ,u2,t ant i /e
nenu#r a 2il e:
There are C,ome D books on the tabl e 3
There is C,ome D salt on the tabl e 3
Aten2 i e ! Arti"olul ,e 0olo,e$t e generi c "Bn% unei "la,e %e ele#ent e i ,e atri2ui e
o &ro&ri et at e5 0olo,irea generi " are @n /e%er e "la,a $i nu anu#i !i #e#2ri ai
"la,ei: Co%, like to play foot ball 3 Bie!ilor le &la"e , Aoa"e 0ot2al3 A boy runs
fast er than a girl 3 Un 2iat alear g #ai re&e%e %e"Bt o 0at 3 T$e ti ger li!es in
the =ungl e 3 Tigrul tri e$t e @n Aungl 3
Su2,t ant i /el e 0olo,it e generi " nu au %i,tin"!i a %e nu#r %eoar e"e ele %enu#e , "
"eea "e e,t e ti&i"> gener al &ent r u #e#2rii unei "la,e3 Ie a"eea> 0olo,irea
generi" a&ar e "u "ele trei arti"ol e:
pag: /00
aD arti"olul -ot r Bt the > arti"olul ne-ot r Bt a4n$ ,au arti"olul ?ero &ent r u
,u2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e:
T$e co7 gi!es us milk 3
A co7 gi!es us milk.
Co7, gi!e us milk 3
2D arti"olul ?ero &ent r u ,u2,t ant i /el e nenu#r a 2il e: MilK i, goo% 0or our -ealt -3
4' .' 8' Numel e proprii i re+ eri n2 a uni c1' Nu#el e &ro&rii ,unt ,u2,t ant i /el e "u
re0erin! uni" &rin e1"el en! > %eoar e"e ele ,unt "on,i%er at e #e#2ri uni"i ai
"la,ei %in "are 0a" &art e: elen, >ount 9!erest , the 8anube, (rance, >on#ay.
Frin a"ea, t a> nu#el e &ro&rii ,e %eo, e2e, " %e ,u2,t ant i /el e "o#une:
aD ,e ,"riu "u liter #ar e: Mr3 T-o#,on> t-e Engli,- C-annel> t-e <a[ue3
2D nu au "ont r a, t ul arti"ul at. near ti"ul at : unel e nu#e &ro&rii ,unt 0olo,it e "u
arti"olul ?ero> alt el e ,unt 0olo,it e "u arti"olul t-e> 0r , e1i,t e o o&o?i!ie @ntre
ele: Au,trali a> ItalH> Bu"-ar e, t > Uin%,or Ca,tl e3
"D nu#el e &ro&rii nearti"ul at e &ri #e," arti"ol "Bn% ,e int en!i one a? re,t r Bnger e a
re0erin! ei la un anu#i t ti#& ,au lo" "are i%enti0i"> nu#el e &rintr. o &ro&o?i!i e
relati/ re,t ri"ti/> o "on,t r u"!i e &re&o?i !ional "u o0 ,au una &ro/eni t %intr. o
&ro&o?i!i e relati/ re,t ri"ti/:
in Ro#ani a
in t-e Ro#ani a o0 to%aH
Bu"-ar e, t
t-e Bu"-ar e, t I li=e
E#ine,"u
t-e Houng E#ine,"u
in Vi"torian Englan%
in t-e Englan% o0 cueen Vi"toria
4' 4' Articol ul $ot 1rEt #T$e 5e+i ni t e Articl e&
6363 (3 Sor#a arti"olului -ot r Bt 3 Arti"olul -ot r Bt are 0or#a uni" t-e3
T-e ,e &ronun! WYt?YYX
aD inaint ea ,unet el or "on,onant i "e: t-e &u&il5 t-e -ou, e5
2D @naint ea ,unet el or ,e#i"on, ona nt i "e> re&r e?ent at e %e o2i"ei &rin literel e u> H>
V: t-e uni/er,it H> t-e Vin%oV> t-e Hear> t-e one3
T-e ,e &ronun! WYt?YiC:DX
aD @naint ea ,unet el or /o"ali"e: t-e arti,t ,5
2D @naint ea lui - #ut : t-e -our5 t-e -one, t #an5
t-e -onour5 t-e -eir5
"D &ronun! ar e a WYt?Yi:X e,t e %e a,e#e ne a 0olo,it &ent r u ,u2linier e: T-e,e are t-e
0a"t ,3
4' 4' .' !unc2i il e arti col ul ui $ot 1rEt ' Arti"olul -ot r Bt e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a
e1&ri #a re0erin! a uni"3 El @n%e&line$t e #ai #ult e 0un"!ii3 A"e,t ea ,unt :
(D 0un"!i a %ei"ti"> "u ,u2,t ant i /e a "ror re0erin! e,t e i#e%i at @n!el ea, %e
/or2itorii li#2ii> ea 0iin% ,&e"i0i" @n "ont e1t ul ,itua!i onal al "o#uni "rii3
Anu#it e ,u2,t ant i /e au %et er #i nar e %ei"ti" @n "ont e1t e ,itua!i onal e3
Ie e1e#&l u:
aD @ntr. o @n"&er e: t-e %oor> t-e Vin%oV> t-e ta2l e> t-e ra%i at or3
Clo,e t-e Vin%oV> Vill Hou \ En"-i%e 0erea, t r a> te rog3
2D @ntr. o &%ur e: t-e Vin%> t-e ,=H> t-e groun% et"3
T-e groun% i, "o/er e% Vit- %rH lea/e,3 F#Bnt ul e,t e a"o&eri t "u 0run?e u,"at e3
pag: /03
"D @ntr. un ora$: t-e toVn-all> t-e &oli"e ,t ati on> t-e railVaH ,t ation> t-e -o,&i t al:
Can Hou tell #e -oV to get to t-e toVn-all \ Fut e!i ,. #i ,&une! i "u# , aAung la
&ri#ri e \
%D @ntr. o !ar: t-e ra%io> t-e &re,,> t-e tel e&-one: U-atQ, on t-e ra%io at eig-t
oQ"lo"= \ Ce &rogr a # e,t e la ra%io la ora * \
eD @n uni/er,: t-e ,un> t-e #oon> t-e eart -:
T-e eart - #o/e, roun% t-e ,un3 F#Bnt ul ,e @n/Brt e$ t e @n Aurul ,oar el ui3
+D 0un"!i a ana0ori"> "u ,u2,t ant i /e %et er #i nat e %e0initi/ &rin #en!i onar e a
ant eri oar : I 2oug-t a 2oo= He,t er %aH3 T-e 2oo= i, inter,ti ng3 A# "u#&r at o
"art e ieri3 Cart ea e,t e int er e, ant 3
6D 0un"!i a "at a0ori"> "Bn% %et er #i nar e a %e0init a&ar e %u& ,u2,t ant i /> 0iin%
e1&ri #at &rintr. o &ro&o?i!i e relati/ re,t ri"ti/ ,au &rintr. o "on,t r u"!i e
&re&o?i !ional &ro/eni t %intr. o &ro&o?i!i e relati/ re,t ri"ti/: T-e #an V-o i,
%ri/ing t-e re% "ar i, our Engli,- tea"-er3 4#ul "are "on%u"e #a$i na ro$ie e,t e
&ro0e,or ul no,t r u %e engl e?3 T-e #an CV-o i,D in t-e re% "ar i, our Engli,-
tea"-er3 4#ul %in #a$i na ro$ie e,t e &ro0e,or ul no,t ru %e engl e?3
:D 0un"!i a generi"> "Bn% ,u2,t ant i /ul e,t e 0olo,it @n ,en, ul ,u "el #ai gener al >
"a re&r e?ent a nt al unei "la,e3 En a"ea, t 0un"!i e t-e @n,o! e$ t e ,u2,t ant i /e
nu#r a2il e la nu#r ul ,ingul ar: T-e -or,e i, a u,e0ul ani #al3 Calul e,t e un
ani #al 0olo,itor3 T-e Vil% ele&-ant "an 2e 0oun% in ,o#e &art , o0 A0ri"a3 Ele0ant ul
,l2ati " &oat e 0i g,it @n unel e ?one %in A0ri"a3
;D "u nu#e &ro&rii:
Nu#el e &ro&rii ,unt &re"e%at e %e o2i"ei %e arti"olul -ot r Bt "Bn% ,tru"t ur a lor
intr $i un a%A e"ti/ ,au ,u2,t ant i / 0olo,it a%A e"ti/al: T-e Unite% bing%o#> t-e
Unite% Stat e,> t-e Art GallerH5
,au o "on,t r u"!i e &re&o?i!ional &o,t &u, C"u o0D: T-e Uni/er,it H o0 Bu"-ar e, t >
t-e <ou,e, o0 Farlia#ent 5
En a"e,t e "a?uri> arti"olul t-e e,t e 0olo,it "-iar %a" unul %intr e "ele %ou
ele#ent e e,t e o#i,: t-e Cri/erD T-a#e,> t-e Tat e CGallerHD> t-e Fa"i0i" C4"eanD>
t-e Me%it err ane a n CSeaD> t-e Inter"onti nent al C<ot elD3
Arti"olul -ot r Bt ,e 0olo,e$t e "u ur#t oar el e "la,e %e nu#e &ro&rii:
aD ,u2,t ant i /e la &lural: t-e BroVn, . 0a#ilia BroVn5 t-e Nert-erl an%, . 4lan%a
t-e Al&, . Al&ii3
2D %enu#i ri geogr a0i"e:
. nu#e %e rBuri: T-e Ianu2e> t-e 4lt5
. nu#e %e #ri $i o"eane: t-e Bla"= Sea> t-e Atlanti" 4"ean5
. nu#e %e "anal uri: t-e Sue? Canal> t-e Fana#a Canal5
. nu#e %e %e$er t uri> gol0uri> "a&uri: T-e Sa-ar a> T-e &er,i an Gul0> t-e Ca&e o0
Goo% <o&e3
"D nu#e %e in,tit u!ii:
. -ot el uri $i re,t aur ant e: t-e Li%o> t-e Berlin Re,t aur ant 5
. teat r e> "ine#at ogr a0 e> "lu2uri: T-e National T-eat r e> t-e Ca&itol Cine#a5
. #u?ee> 2li2liot e"i:T-e Briti,- Mu,eu#> t-e National <i,torH Mu,eu#5
%D nu#e %e ?iare: T-e Ti#e,> T-e IailH Telegr a&-> T-e Guar%i an3 Nu#el e %e
re/i,t e au %e o2i"ei arti"olul ?ero: Li0e> Engli,- Language Tea"-i ng Journal3
eD nu#e %e /a,e: T-e Tran,Hl/ani a3
pag: /01
`ara ,au A%Ae"ti/ Su2,t ant i /
"ontinent ul
Solo,ire in%i/i%ual Solo,ire
generi"
Singul ar Flural Flural
C-ina C-ine, e a C-ine, e C-ine, e t-e C-ine, e
Ja&an Ja&ana, e a Ja&ane, e Ja&ane, e t-e
Ja&ane, e
Fort ugal Fortugue, e a
Fort ugue, e
Fortugue, e t-e
Fort ugue, e
SVit?erl an% SVi,, a SVi,, SVi,, t-e SVi,,
Vietna# Vietna#e , e a
Vietna#e, e
Vietna#e , e t-e
Vietna#e, e
I,rael I,raeli an I,raeli I,raeli, t-e I,raeli,
Fa=i,t an Fa=i,t ani a Fa=i,t ani Fa=i,t ani , t-e
Fa=i,t ani ,
A0ri"a A0ri"an an A0ri"an A0ri"an, t-e A0ri"an,
A#eri"a A#eri"an an
A#eri"an
A#eri"an, t-e
A#eri"an,
A,ia A,ian an A,ian A,ian, t-e A,ian,
Au,trali a Au,tralian an
Au,trali an
Au,tralian, t-e
Au,trali an,
ItalH Italian an Italian Italian, t-e Italian,
Belgiu# Belgian a Belgian Belgian, t-e Belgian,
Bra?il Bra?ilian a Bra?ilian Bra?ilian, t-e
Bra?ilian,
Euro&e Euro&ean a Euro&ean Euro&ean, t-e
Euro&ean,
Ger#anH Ger#an a Ger#an Ger#an, t-e
Ger#an,
Gree"e Gree= a Gree= Gree=, t-e Gree=,
<ungar H <ungari an a <ungari an <ungari an, t-e
<ungari an,
NorVaH NorVegi an a
NorVegi an
NorVegi an, t-e
NorVegi an,
Ien#ar = Iani,- a Iane Iane, t-e Iane,
CIani,-D
Sinlan% Sini,- a Sinn Sinn, t-e Sinn,
CSini,-D
Folan% Foli,- a Fole Fole, t-e Fole,
CFoli,-D
S&ain S&ani ,- a S&ani ar % S&ani ar %, t-e
S&ani ar %,
CS&ani ,-D
SVe%en SVe%i ,- a SVe%e SVe%e, t-e SVe%e,
CSVe%i ,-D
Ara2i a Ara2i" an Ara2 Ara2, t-e Ara2,
Englan% Engli,- an Engli,-#en t-e Engli,-
Engli,-#an Engli,-#en
Sran"e Sren"- a
Sren"-#a n
Sren"-#e n t-e Sren"-
Sren"-#e n
<ollan% Iut"- a Iut"-#an Iut"-#e n t-e Iut"-
t-e
Net-erl an%,
Iut"- a Iut"-#an Iut"-#e n t-e Iut"-
Iut"-#en
Irelan% Iri,- an Iri,-#an Iri,-#en t-e Iri,-
Iri,-#en
Uale, Uel,- a
Uel,-#an
Uel,-#en t-e Uel,-
Uel,-#en
Britain Briti,- a Briton Briton, t-e Briti,-
Briton,
S"otl an% S"ot , a S"ot , #an S"ot , #en S"ot , #e n
S"otl an% S"ot ti,- a S"ot S"ot , t-e S"ot ,
S"otl an% S"ot"- a
S"ot"-#a n
S"ot"-#e n t-e S"ot"-
pag: /05
4' 8' Articol ul ne$ot 1r Et #T$e In/e+ i ni t e Articl e&
4' 8' *' !orma arti col ul ui ne$ot 1r Et
Arti"olul ne-ot r Bt are %ou 0or#e: a $i an3
A ,e &ronun! WYYX C0or#a ,la2> "Bn% e,t e nea""ent uat D > ,au WeiX C0or#a tar e
"Bn% e,t e a""ent uat D $i ,e 0olo,e$t e @naint ea "u/int el or "are @n"e& "u un ,unet
"on,onant i " ,au ,e#i"on, ona nt i ": a 2ui%er> a #aga?i ne5 a Vat er. #elon> a Hear3
An ,e &ronun! WYYnX C0or#a ,la2D ,au WYaeYnX C0or#a tar eD $i ,e 0olo,e$t e
@naint ea "u/int el or "are @n"e& "u un ,unet /o"ali" ,au - #ut : an ar"-it e"t > an
egg> an orange> an -our> an -eir> an -one,t #an3
4' 8' .' !unc2i i l e arti col ul ui ne$ot 1rEt ' Arti"olul ne-ot r Bt are #ai #ult e /alori3
A"e,t ea ,unt :
(D 0un"!i a e&i0ori"> ,&e"i0i" arti"olului ne-ot r Bt > 0olo,it &ent r u intro%u"er e a @n
"o#uni "ar e a unei no!iuni "are nu a 0o,t #en!i onat ant eri or: T-ere i, a Houng
2oH Vaiting 0or Hou3 Te a$t ea&t un 2i at 3 I rea% an int er e, t i ng no/el la,t #ont -3
A# "itit un ro#an int er e, ant luna tre"ut 3
Sun"!i a e&i0ori" a arti"olului ne-ot r Bt e,t e 0olo,it @n ,itua!iile @n "are o2ie"t ul
,au &er,oana #en!i onat @n "o#uni "ar e e,t e ne"uno,"ut a,"ult t or ul ui: A #an
"a#e an% =no"=e% at our %oor3 A /enit un o# $i a 2t ut la u$5 ,au @n ,itua!iile @n
"are /or2it orul nu %ore$t e , %et er #i ne %e0init o2ie"t ul ,au &er,oana re,&e"ti /
"i ,e re0er %oar la un #e#2r u al unei "la,e: I ,aV a "at on t-e ,t air,3 A# /?ut o
&i,i" &e ,"ar 3
+D 0un"!i a nu#eri "> @n ,itua!iile @n "are 0or#a aCnD are /aloar ea nu#er al ul ui one3
Fent ru a re%a a"ea, t i%ee %e nu#r gra#at i "al C,ingul ar ulD> arti"olul ne-ot r Bt
,e 0olo,e$t e:
. "u ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e la ,ingul ar> %e o2i"ei @n ,erii nu#eri "e:
S-e 2oug-t a %re,,> tVo 2lou,e, an% an u#2r ell a3
A "u#&r at o ro"-i e> %ou 2lu?e $i o u#2r el 3
. "u nu#er al el e C@n lo"ul lui oneD: a/one -un%r e%5 a/one t-ou, an%3
pag: /06
6D 0un"!i a generi"
Arti"olul ne-ot r Bt &oat e 0i 0olo,it $i "u /aloar e generi"> "u ,u2,t ant i /e
nu#r a2il e la ,ingul ar> &ent r u a re&r e?ent a o @ntreag "la,:
A "oV gi/e, u, #il=3 Va"a ne % la&t e3
:D arti"olul ne-ot r Bt e,t e 0olo,it $i @naint ea nu#el ui &re%i"ati/ e1&ri #at &rintr.
un ,u2,t ant i /:
<e i, a tea"-er3 <e Va, a -ea%#a , t er 3
<e i, a tea"-er3 <e 2e"a#e a -ea%#a , t er 3
<e i, a tea"-er3 <e re#ai ne% a -ea%#a , t er 3
Aten2 i e ! Arti"olul ne-ot r Bt nu ,e 0olo,e$t e:
(D "u ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e
Co#&ar a! i :
aD ,u2,t ant i / nu#r a2il3 I 2oug-t an iron He,t er %aH3 A# "u#&r at un 0ier %e
"l"at ieri3
. ,u2,t ant i / nenu#r a 2il3 T-i, 0en"e i, #a%e o0 iron3 A"e,t gar% e,t e %in 0ier3
+D "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e la &lural
Co#&ar a! i :
. ,u2,t ant i / nu#r a2il la ,ingul ar: I Vat"-e% an inter e, ti ng 0il# on TV la,t nig-t 3
A# /?ut un 0il# int er e, ant la tel e/i?or a,ear 3
. ,u2,t ant i / nu#r a2il la &lural: Tou "an Vat"- C,o#eD int er e, t i ng 0il#, on TV3
Fo!i , /e?i Cni$t eD 0il#e int er e, ant e la tel e/i?or3
En "a?ul ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#r a2il e la &lural> %et er #i nar e a ne%e0i nit ,e
reali?ea?:
aD "u arti"olul ?ero: T-ere are 0il#, on TV3 Sunt 0il#e la tel e/i?or3
2D "u aAut orul lui ,o#e ,au anH: T-ere are ,o#e int er e, t i ng 0il#, on TV3 Sunt
unel e/ ni $t e 0il#e int er e, ant e la tele/i?or3
4' 9' Articol ul zero #T$e Lero Articl e&
63;3 (3 En unel e "a?uri> ,u2,t ant i /el e nenu#r a 2il e> ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e la
&lural $i nu#el e &ro&rii &ar ne@n,o!i t e %e arti"ol: S-e %rin=, tea e/erH %aH3
Clot-e, %o not #a=e t-e #an3 Bo22H C-arlton Va, a goo% 0oot 2all &laHer3
En a,t0el %e "a?uri> a2, en! a arti"olului e"-i/al ea? "a 0un"!i a "u &re?en! a unui
arti"ol3 A"e,t a e,t e %e o2i"ei nu#i t arti"olul ?ero3
pag: /07
E,t e ne"e, ar , %i,tinge# @ntre e1i,t en! a unui arti"ol ?ero $i o#i,iunea arti"olului
-ot r Bt ,au ne-ot r Bt > &ent r u " arti"olul ?ero a&ar e @n ,itua!ii o&u, e "elor @n
"are ,e 0olo,e," "elel alt e arti"ol e: I li=e "-o"ol at e3 CArti"olul ?ero &ent r u 0olo,irea
generi"D3 E#i &la"e "io"olat a3 T-e "-o"ol at e Hou 2oug-t i, ni"e3 Cio"olat a &e
"are ai "u#&r at . o e,t e gu,t oa, 3
4' 9' .' !unc2i i l e arti col ul ui zero
(D arti"olul ?ero @n%e&line$ t e 0un"!i a generi" "u:
aD ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e
2D ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e la &lural
I li=e #il= / "o00ee3
I li=e #u,i" / literat ur e/ geogr a&-H / tra/eling
I li=e long Val=, / goo% 0rien%, / ga#e, 3
aD arti"olul ?ero "u ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e in%i" o "anti t at e ne%e0i nit >
"antit at e a @n gener al : Tou "an 2H ,ugar> 0loVer> ri"e an% oil at t-e gro"erQ,3 Fo!i
, "u#&eri ?a-r> ore? $i ulei la 2"ni e3
A"ea,t @ntre2ui n! ar e a arti"olului ?ero e,t e %e, @ntBlnit @n &ro/er 2e $i @n
li#2aA ul $tiin!i0i": <a,t e #a=e, Va,t e3 Gra2a ,tri" trea2a3 Lig-t tra/el , 0a,t er
t-an ,oun%3 Lu#ina ,e %e&l a, e a? #ai re&e%e %e"Bt ,unet ul3
2D "u ,u2,t ant i /el e nu#r a2il e la &lural arti"olul ?ero ,e re0er la to!i #e#2ri
unei "la,e: C-il%ren li=e to &laH3 Co&iilor le &la"e , ,e Aoa"e3
+D Arti"olul ?ero e,t e @ntre2ui n! at %e regul &ent r u re0erin! a uni" a nu#el or
&ro&rii $i a unor ,u2,t ant i /e "o#une @n anu#i t e "ont e1t e: Fet er an% MarH Vill go
to ,"-ool in aut u#n3 La toa#n Fetre $i Maria /or #er ge la $"oal 3
A3 Ur#t oar el e "la,e %e nu#e &ro&rii ,e 0olo,e," "u arti"olul ?ero:
aD Nu#el e %e &er,oane> @n,o!it e ,au nu %e a&o?i!i e: Fet er> Jo-n BroVn> Ir S#it-3
pag: /0'
2D %i/i?iuni %e ti#&:
. ?ilele ,&t #B ni i: Mon%aH> Sri%aH3
. lunile anul ui: a&ril> #aH> Aune3
. ,r2t oril e: Li2erati on IaH3
"D %enu#i ri geogr a0i"e:
. "ontinent e: Euro&e> A,ia3
. !ri: Ro#ani a> Bulgari a> Sran"i a3
. ora$ e: Bu"-ar e, t > E%in2ur g-3
. la"uri: La=e 4nt ario> Lo"- Lo#on%3
. #un!i: Ben Ne/i,> Mount E/ere, t 3
%D nu#el e &ro&rii ur#at e %e ,u2,t ant i /e "o#une> %enu#i n% "l%iri> ,tr?i>
&o%uri> et"3: Bran Ca,tl e> Ue,t #i n,t er A22eH> 410or% Street 3
B3 Unel e ,u2,t ant i /e "o#une ,e 0olo,e," "u arti"olul ?ero> a/Bn% re0erin! uni"
@n anu#i t e "ont e1t e ,itua!i onal e> @ntr. un #o% ,i#ilar "u nu#el e &ro&rii3
MaAorit at e a a"e,t or "u/int e intr @n "o#&onen! a unor e1&r e,ii i%io#at i "e> @n "are
,unt 0olo,it e "u arti"olul ?ero3 Unele %intre ele @n, &ot 0i 0olo,it e $i "u arti"olul
-ot r Bt @n alt e "ont e1t e:
pag: /0.
S4L4SIREA UN4R SUBSTANTIVE C4MUNE CU ARTIC4LUL ZER4
Ce %enu#e , "
,u2,t ant i /el e
Arti"olul ?ero Arti"olul -ot r Bt
Anoti #&uri Cin %uringD in %uring
.,&ring/ ,u##e r /
aut u#n/ Vi nt er
in t-e ,&ring/ ,u##e r /
aut u#n/ , u##e r
Anu#it e in,tit u!ii Cat> in>
to> et"3D
2e in/go to. 2e%/ -o, &i t al
C#ai ale, engl e?a
2rit ani "D5
. "la,, C#ai ale, engl e?a
a#eri "anD/ &ri ,on5
2e at/ go to .
,"-ool/"oll ege/ uni /er ,i t H5
2e at/ go -o#e
2e in/lea/e toVn
lie %oVn on t-e 2e%
#o%er ni?e t-e -o,&i t al
Val= roun% t-e &ri,on
Val= &a,t t-e ,"-ool
2e at/ go to/,t u%H at t-e
uni/er ,it H C#ai ale,
engl e?a a#eri "anD
a&&roa"- t-e toVn5
MiAloa"e %e tran,&or t C2HD tra/el/l ea/e/ "o#e . 2H .
2i"H"l e/ 2oat / 2u,/ "ar/ t r ai n
/&lane
,it o#n t-e 2i"H"l e
2e on t-e 2u,
,lee& in t-e "ar
ta=e t-e/ a train
2e on t-e &lane
,it in t-e 2oat
Mo#ent e ale ?ilei $i
no&!ii Cat> 2H> a0t er> 2e0 or eD
at/ 2e0or e .
%aVn/ %aH2r e a=/ , unri , e/ ,
un,et / %u,=/ t Vilig-t
at/ aroun%/ 2e0 or e .
noon/ #i %ni g-t
at/ 2H . nig-t
C2HD %aH an% nig-t
%uring t-e %aH
a%#ir e t-e ,unri,e/ , un, et
,ee not -i ng in t-e %u,=
in t-e a0t ernoon
Va=e u& in t-e nig-t
in t-e %aHti #e
Me,el e ?ilei -a/e/ 2e0 or e/ at / a0t er .
2rea=0 a, t /l un"-/ %i nner/ , u
&&er
Iinner Vill 2e ,er/e% at
83993
T-e 2rea=0 a,t Va, goo%3
S-e "oo=e% t-e %inner3
T-e %inner t-eH o00ere%
u, Va, /erH goo%3
Nu#e %e 2oli a&&en%i "iti,
anae #i a
%ia2et e,
in0luen?a
t-e &lague
Ct-eD 0lu
Ct-eD #ea,l e,
Ct-eD #u#&,
Stru"t uri &ar al el e ar# in ar#
-an% in -an%
%aH 2H %aH
0a"e to 0a"e
0ro# %aVn to %u,=
0ro# #orni ng till nig-t
0ro# 2egi nni ng to en%
0ro# rig-t to le0t
0ro# ea,t to Ve,t
<e too= -er 2H t-e ar#3
<e -a, a 2oo= in -i,
-an%3
Sro# t-e 2egi nni ng o0 t-e
2oo= to t-e en% o0 it3
bee& to t-e rig-t3
<e li/e, in t-e Ve,t3
pag: //0
63 Cu ele#ent ul &re%i"ati/ ,u&li #ent ar ,e 0olo,e$t e arti"olul ?ero> &ent r u
re0erin! uni":
T-eH a&&oi nt e% -i# "-air #an3 L.a nu#i t &re$ e%i nt e
,au arti"olul -ot r Bt &ent r u re0erin! uni": T-eH a&&oi nt e% -i# t-e "-air #an o0
t-e ,t an%i ng "o##i ,,i on3
Sun"!iile arti"olului
Arti"olul Sun"!i a E1e#&l e
Arti"olul
-ot r Bt
(3 %ei"ti" Turn on t-e ra%io> &lea, e3
Ual= &a,t t-e -o,&i t al an%
HouQll get to t-e railVaH
,t ation3
+3 ana0ori" I ,aV a &laH la,t nig-t3 T-e
&laH Va, /erH int er e, t i ng3
63 "at a0ori" I -a/e #anage % to 0in% t-e
2oo= on Ro#anti "i, #3
:3 generi " T-e 0a#ilH &laH, an i#&ort ant
e%u"at i onal role3
;3 "u unel e nu#e
&ro&rii
T-e Unite% Nation,> t-e
Far=er,> t-e Ro"=H
Mount ai n,> T-e Mi,,i,i&&i> t-e
Nort- Sea> t-e Engli,-
C-annel> t-e Inter"onti nent al
<otel> t-e A"a%e#H Li2rarH
Arti"olul
ne-ot r Bt
(3 e&i0ori" I ,aV a "-i#neH ,Vee& on t-e
VaH to ,"-ool3
+3 nu#eri " Gi/e #e a &en"il> a not e2oo=
an% a ru22er> &lea, e3
63 generi " A -or,e i, a u,e0ul ani #al3
:3 @naint ea unui
nu#e &re%i"ati/
<e i, a %o"t or3
Arti"olul ?ero aD "u ,u2,t ant i /e
nenu#r a 2il e
Cgeneri"D
<e li=e, #il=/,=iing3
2D "u ,u2,t ant i /e
nu#r a2il e la
&lural Cgeneri"D
Ue go on long Val=, in t-e
e/eni ng3
"D "u nu#e &ro&rii MarH BroVn> Fre,i%ent
benne%H> Ia%%H5
on Mon%aH> in Sran"e> 410or%
Street
%D @n e1&r e,ii
i%io#at i "e
It o0ten ,noV, in Vint er3
Go to 2e%! I go to ,"-ool 2H
2u,3
See Hou at noon
eD "u ele#e #nt ul
&re%i"ati/
,u&li #ent ar
T-eH ele"t e% -i# Fre,i%ent 3
pag: ///
4' ;' Omi ,i une a arti col ul ui #T$e El%p,i , o+ t$e Articl e&
E1i,t unel e ,itua!ii @n "are arti"olul -ot r Bt ,au ne-ot r Bt e,t e o#i,3 A"e,t e
"a?uri ,e %eo, e2e, " %e "ele @n "are ,e 0olo,e$t e arti"olul ?ero> %eoar e"e o#it er ea
arti"olului nu &ro%u"e #o%i0i"ri %e ,en, "i are %oar o /aloar e ,tili,ti"3
Co#&ar a! i :
aD I li=e -oneH3 E#i &la"e #ier ea3 Carti"olul ?ero O 0un"!i a generi "D
I li=e t-e -oneH t-eH ,ell -ere3 E#i &la"e #ier ea "are ,e /in%e ai"i3 Carti"olul
-ot r Bt t-e O re0erin! %e0init D3
2D Ta=e t-e -oneH to t-e "-il%ren at t-e "orner ta2l e ! Iu #ier ea "o&iilor %e la
#a, a %in "ol! !
Ta=e, -oneH to "-il%ren at "orner ta2l e3 Iu"e #ier ea "o&iilor %e la #a, a %in "ol!3
Cin%i"a!ii ,"eni"eD3
Arti"olul ,e o#it e @n ur#t oar el e ,itua!ii:
aD @n /or2irea 0a#iliar : CItQ, a D FitH t-eH VonQt 2e t-er e3 F"at " nu /or 0i $i ei
a"olo3 CI, t-eD Car ,till not Vor=ing\ Tot nu #er ge #a$i na \ CAD Srien% o0 #ine
tol% #e a2out it3 Un &riet en %e. al #eu #i. a ,&u, %e,&r e a,t a3
2D @n li#2aA ul Aurnali,ti"e: E#&loHee, -a/e to o2eH ,a0et H regul ati on,3 AngaA a!ii
tre2ui e , re,&e"t e regulile %e &rot e"!i e a #un"ii3
"D @n in%i"a!ii ,"eni"e: CT-eD 4l% Vo#an goe, to Ct-eD ,et t ee Con t-eD rig-t3
BtrBna ,e @n%rea&t ,&re "ana&e a ua %in %rea&t a C,"enei D3
pag: //0
Al2i /et er mi nan2 i #Ot$er 5et ermi ner , &
4' =' A/@ecti 3ul /emon, t r at i 3 #T$e 5emon, t r at i 3 e A/@ect i 3e &
En a0ar %e arti"ol> #ai &ot 0un"!iona "a %et er #i nan! i ai ,u2,t ant i /ul ui: a%A e"ti/ul
%e#on, t r at i /> &o,e,i/> interogat i / $i ne-ot r Bt 3
Ie#on, t r at i /ul t-i,/t -at > t-e, e/ t -o, e e,t e 0olo,it "a %et er #i nant "Bn% @n,o! e$ t e
un ,u2,t ant i /: T-i, 2oo= i, #or e int er e, t i ng t-an t-at one3
El &oat e 0i @n, 0olo,it $i "a &ronu#e: U-atQ, t-i, \ T-o,e are 2et t er t-an t-e, e3
4' =' *' 5e+i ni 2i e' Iet er #i nant ul %e#on, t r at i /> @n ter #i nol ogi e tra%i!ional
a%A e"ti/ul %e#on, t r at i /> %et er #i n un ,u2,t ant i /> in%i"Bn% @n &rin"i&al
a&ro&i er ea ,au %e&r t ar e a %e /or2itor3
A%Ae"ti/ul %e#on, t r at i / @n li#2a engl e? are "at egori a gra#at i "al %e nu#r $i
@n%e&line$t e 0un"!i a ,int a"ti" %e atri2ut 3
4' =' .' !orm1' En li#2a engl e?> a%A e"ti/ul %e#on, t r at i / are 0or#e %eo, e2i t e
%u& nu#r > %ar nu %u& gen> "a @n li#2a ro#Bn: t-i, girl . t-e, e girl,5 a"ea, t
0at . a"e,t e 0et e3
4' =' 4' ntrebui n2 ar e ' Sun"!iile %e#on, t r at i /ul ui t-i,/t -at > t-e, e/ t -o, e ,unt:
aD 0un"!i a %ei"ti"> %e a in%i"a orient ar e a @n ,&a!i u ,au @n ti#& @ntr. un "ont e1t
,itua!i onal: T-e,e "-il%ren> rig-t -er e> are [uiet er t-an t-o, e3
T-i,/t -e, e ,unt 0olo,it e &ent r u a art a " o2ie"t el e ,e g, e," @n a&ro&i er ea
/or2itorul ui: T-i, i, #H %e,=3 T-e,e 2oH, are #H 2rot -er ,3
T-at3T-o, e ,unt @ntre2ui n! at e &ent r u a in%i"a o2ie"t e a0lat e la o #ai #ar e
%e&r t ar e %e /or2itor: MH 0at -erQ, &i"t ur e i, on t-at Vall3 U-at are t-o, e "-il%ren
%oing \
T-at e,t e utili?at &ent r u un o2ie"t a0lat la %e&r t ar e %e /or2itor> #ai ale, "Bn%
a"e,t a e,t e @n "ont r a, t "u alt o2ie"t > a&ro&i at /or2it orul ui> "are e,t e i%enti0i"at
&rin t-i,: T-i, i, #H ,eat ant t-at i, Hour,3 I li=e t-e, e &i"tur e, #u"- 2et t er t-an
t-o,e3
CBn% ,e re0er la ti#&> %e#on, t r at i /el e t-i,> t-e, e ,unt "orel at e "u &re?ent ul > iar
t-at > t-o,e "u tre"ut ul ,au /iitorul: S-e -a, 2een /erH 2u,H t-e, e %aH,3 T-at
,tor # %e,t roHe% e/erHt -i ng la,t Hear3
2D 0un"!i a ana0ori"> %e re0erire la un o2ie"t #en!i onat ant eri or: I ,aV our Engli,-
tea"-er in -i, neV "ar3 T-i, "ar i, reallH ,o#et -i ng3
2D 0un"!i a "at a0ori"> %e re0erire la un o2ie"t a,u&r a "rui a ,e 0a" &re"i?ri
ult erioar e: T-e,e little "-il%ren are /erH &ret t H3
pag: //3
%D 0un"!i a e#o!i onal > %e ,"oat er e @n e/i%en! a ,u2,t ant i /ul ui %et er #i nat : T-i,
To# Broo= i, alVaH, &laHing t-e &iano at nig-t 3 Lo"=e% t-at %oor \
!unc2i il e /emon, t r at i 3ul ui F
Sun"!i a Nu#r
Singul ar Flural
(3 Iei"ti" C"ont e1t
,itua!i onalD
aD a&ro&i er e5
2D %e&r t ar e5
T-i, 2oo= o/er -ere3
T-at 2oo= o/er
t-er e3
T-e,e 2oo=, o/er
-er e3
T-o,e 2oo=, o/er
t-er e3
+3 Ana0ori" C"ont e1t
ling/i,ti"D
Loo= at MarHQ, %re,,!
T-i, %re,, i, reallH ,o#et -i ng3
63 Cat a0ori" T-o,e ol% Vo#en are are alVaH, go,,i &ing3
:3 E#o!ional T-i, neig-2our o0 #ine i, alVaH, loo,ing -i,
=eH3
Seen t-at 0il#\
4' >' A/@ecti 3ul po, e , i 3 #T$e Po, e , i 3 e A/@ect i 3e &
4' >' *' 5e+i ni 2i e' Iet er #i nant ul &o,e,i /> @n ter #i nologi e tra%i!ional a%A e"ti/ul
&o,e,i /> @nlo"ui e$t e &o,e, or ul $i %et er #i n nu#el e o2ie"t ul ui &o,e%at :
Fet erQ, ,t a#& "olle"tion i, /erH /alua2l e3
<i, ,t a#& "olle"tion i, /erH /alua2l e3
A%Ae"ti/ul &o,e,i/ ,e a"or% @n gen $i nu#r "u nu#el e o2ie"t ul ui &o,e%at :
<er 2oo= . "art ea ei5
<i, 2i=e . 2i"i"let a lui5
T-eir toH, . Au"riile lor3
En &ro&o?i!i e> a%A e"ti/ul &o,e,i / @n%e&line$t e 0un"!i a %e atri2ut : MH 2oo=, are
-er e on t-e ta2l e3
4' >' .' !orm1' A%Ae"ti/ul &o,e,i / @n li#2a engl e? are 0or#e %i0eren!i at e %u&
&er,oan> nu#r $i gen:
Fer,oan Nu#r Gen
Singul ar Flural
I #H our
II Hour Hour
III -i,
-er
it,
t-eir #a,"ulin
0e#inin
neut r u
La &er,oana a II.a ,ingul ar $i &lural> a%A e"ti/ul &o,e,i/ are a"eea$i 0or#: Loo=>
t-er e i, a 0lH in Hour ,ou&3 Fri/e$t e> e o #u," @n ,u&a ta3
pag: //1
Genul e,t e #ar"at %oar la &er,oana a III.a ,ingul ar: . -i, ,e re0er la ,u2,t ant i /e
nu#e %e &er,oan %e ,e1 2r2t e, ":
Jo-nQ, "ar i, neV3
T-e #anQ, "ar i, neV3
<i, "ar i, neV3
iar -er ,e re0er la ,u2,t ant i /e nu#e %e &er,oan %e ,e1 0e#i nin:
MarHQ, u#2r ell a i, ol%3
T-e Vo#anQ, u#2r ell a i, ol%3
<er u#2r ell a i, ol%3
It, ,e re0er la ,u2,t ant i /e ani #at e Cnu#e %e ani #al eD $i inani #at e Cnu#e %e
o2ie"t eD:
T-e "atQ, tail i, long3
It, tail i, long3
T-e %oor o0 t-e roo# i, o&en3
It, %oor i, o&en3
4' >' 4' ntrebui n2 ar e ' A%Ae"ti/ul &o,e,i/ e,t e 0olo,it "a %et er #i nant al
,u2,t ant i /ul ui> @nlo"uin% nu#el e &o,e, or ul ui $i %et er #i nBn% nu#el e o2ie"t ul ui
&o,e%at :
Jo-nQ, eHe, are 2lue3
<i, eHe, are 2lue3
S&re %eo, e2i r e %e %e#on, t r at i /el e t-i,/t -at > t-e, e/ t -o, e> "are &ot 0i 0olo,it e at Bt
"a %et er #i nan! i Ct-i, 2oo=D "Bt $i "a &ronu#e CI Vant t-i,D 0or#el e #H> Hour> -i,>
-er> it,> our> Hour> t-eir nu &ot 0i 0olo,it e %e"Bt "a %et er #i nan! i : i, t-i, Hour
2rot -er \
Sor#el e &o,e,i/e &rono#i nal e @n li#2a engl e? ,unt %i0erit e %e "ele a%A e"ti/al e:
Co#&ar a! i :
A%Ae"ti/ &o,e,i / Fronu#e &o,e,i/
T-i, i, #H 2oo=3
T-at i, Hour 2oo=3
T-at i, -er/ -i,/it , 0oo%3
T-i, i, our "la,,roo#3
T-at i, t-eir "la,,roo#3
T-i, 2oo= i, #ine3
T-at 2oo= i, Hour,3
T-at 0oo% i, -er,/ -i ,3
T-i, "la,,roo# i, our,3
T-at "la,,roo# i, t-eir,3
pag: //5
Aten2 i e ! 4 ,itua!i e &arti"ul ar @n li#2a engl e?> o &re?int ,u2,t ant i /el e
%enu#i n% &r!i ale "or&ul ui C han#, hea#, bo#-, leg D $i arti"ol el e %e @#2ra"a #i nt e
Ccoat, umbr ella, hat, shoes$ "are ,unt @ntot %eauna &re"e%at e %e a%A e"ti/ul
&o,e,i / @n li#2a engl e?> ,&re %eo, e2i r e %e li#2a ro#Bn> un%e el e,t e %e o2i"ei
o#i,3 e has a hat on $i , hea#. Are o &l ri e &e "a&3 ?en# me %our umbralla,
will you@ E#&ru#ut.#i te rog u#2rela CtaD3
4' ?' A/@ecti 3ul int eroga t i 3 #T$e Int errogat i 3 e A/@ect i 3e &
4' ?' l ' 5e+i ni 2i e' Iet er #i nant ul interogat i /> @n ter #i nologi a tra%i !ional
a%A e"ti/ul interogat i /> %et er #i n nu#el e o2ie"t ul ui a,u&r a "rui a ,e "er
in0or#a! ii: B$at 9nglish books ha!e you rea# latel y \
A%Ae"ti/ul int erogat i / are "at egori a gra#at i "al %e "a?: CG: whos e D $i &oat e
@n%e&lini 0un"!i a ,int a"ti " %e atri2ut : B$at =oke #i# he tell you \
,au %e #ar"> intro%u"Bn% &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onat e:
% aske# hi m 7$at 9nglish books he ha# rea# latel y.
4' ?' .' !orm1' Iin &un"t %e /e%er e al 0le1iunii> V-o are 0or#e 0le1ionar e &ent r u
"a?> iar which $i what ,unt in/ari a2il e3
Ca? Fronu#e
V-o V-at V-i"-
No#inat
i/
V-o V-at V-i"-
Geniti/ V-o,e V-at V-i"-
Iati/ to V-o# C0or#
literar D
V-o 333 to C/or2ire
"urent D
V-at V-i"-
A"u?ati/ V-o# C0or# literar D
V-o C/or2ire "urent D
V-at V-i"-
4' ?' 4' ntrebui n2 ar e ' A%Ae"ti/ul int erogat i / e,t e 0olo,it "a %et er #i nant &e lBng
nu#el e o2ie"t ul ui a,u&r a "rui a ,e "er in0or#a! ii: B$at film #i# you see last
night @
<hat &ri/e$t e o2ie"t ul re,&e"t i / 0r re0erire la alt e o2ie"t e: B$at #ay is to#ay @
<hich e,t e ,ele"ti/: B$i c$ #ress #oes she want @
<hos e ,e 0olo,e$ t e at Bt "u nu#e %e &er,oane "Bt $i "u nu#e %e ani #al e $i
o2ie"t e: B$o, e pen #i# you borrow \ B$o, e walls #i# they paint \
ow much ,e re0er a la "antitate ,i ,e 0olo,e, t e "u ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#ar a 2il e
"on"r et e: Ho7 muc$ money #i# you spen# \ Ho7 muc$ rice #i# you buy \
pag: //6
ow many ,e 0olo,e$t e "u ,u2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e: % #on3t know how many
eAercises he wrot e.
Unele interogat i /e ,e 0olo,e," $i "a a%A e"ti/e $i "a &ronu#e:
B$i c$ book is more import ant @
B$i c$ of thes e is more import ant @
B$at C=oke D #i# he tell you \ B$o, e Cbook D is this \
Alte interogat i /e ,e 0olo,e," nu#ai "a &ronu#e: B$o came first \ To 7$om #i#
you writ e the lett er@
4' *(' A/@ecti 3ul ne$ot 1rEt #T$e In/e+i ni t e A/@ect i 3e &
4' *(' *' 5e+i ni 2i e' Iet er #i nant ul ne-ot r Bt > @n ter #i nol ogi e tra%i !ional
a%A e"ti/ul ne-ot r Bt > %et er #i n ,u2,t ant i /ul @ntr. un #o% glo2al C all the books >
e3er% pupil D ,au &ar!i al Ceac$ pupil > ei t $er si#e D3
4' *(' .' !orm1' A%Ae"ti/ul ne-ot r Bt e,t e in/ari a2il "a 0or# $i @n%e&line$t e
0un"!i a ,int a"ti" %e atri2ut : Eac$ pupil mus t #o his homework.
4' *(' 4' ntrebui n2 ar e ' 6ome ' A%Ae"ti/ul ne-ot r Bt some O "e/a> ni$t e> &u!in>
unii> unel e> "B!i/a> "Bt e/a> /reun> /reo> ,e @ntre2ui n! ea? @n &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#at i /e
$i in%i" e1i,t en! a unui nu#r re,t r Bn, %e lu"ruri> 0iin! e> a unei "antit !i
re,t r Bn, e3 E,t e 0olo,it "u ,u2,t ant i /e nu#r a2il e la &lural $i "u ,u2,t ant i /e
nenu#r a 2il e la ,ingul ar: There are ,ome books on his #esk. 6he bought ,ome
chees e.
6ome &oat e 0i 0olo,it @n &ro&ro?i!ii interogat i /e @n ur#t oar el e "a?uri:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii @n "are ,e o0er un lu"ru: <ill you ha!e ,ome cake \
2D "Bn% @ntre2ar e a nu ,e re0er la some : 8i# she ask father to gi!e me ,ome
money \
An% 3 7ny O /reun> /reo> ni"i unCulD> ni"i o> ni"i una> ,e @nt e2ui n! e a? :
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati /e "u ,en,ul: ori"ar e> ori"e: An% pupil in your form coul#
in the ;uesti on.
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii int erogat i /e $i negat i /e: 8i# you meet an% \ There isn3t any
byt t er in the fri#ge.
A%Ae"ti/el e ne-ot r Bt e each, e!ery, either &re?int %eo, e2i ri %e ,en,:
E3er%' 9!ery ,e re0er la #e#2rii unui gru& 0r a. i in%i/i%uali?a: E3er% wor# of
it is true. Sie"ar e "u/Bnt e,t e a%e/r at 3 The chil#ren engage# his e3er% thought 3
Toat e gBn%uril e lui erau la "o&il3
9!ery e,t e 0olo,it $i "u ,u2,t ant i /e %enu#i n% unit !i %e ti#& ,au %i,t an! &ent r u
a in%i"a "ara"t er ul re&et at :
e!ery other #ay . %in %ou @n %ou ?ile
e!ery three #ays . %in trei @n trei ?ile
pag: //7
e!ery now an# then . %in "Bn% @n "Bn%
e!ery other mile . %in %ou @n %ou #ile
9!ery e,t e 0olo,it %oar "a %et er #i nant 3 E#&reun "u +bo#y, +one, +thing, +where
0or#ea? &ronu#e $i a%/er 2e ne-ot r Bt e: e!erybo#y, e!eryone, e!eryt hi ng Bi
e!erywher e.
Eac$ 3 9ach ,e re0er la #e#2rii unui gru& lua!i in%i/i%ual: Eac$ pupil must bring
some scrap iron to school 3 Sie"ar e "o&il C@n &art eD tre2ui e , a%u" 0ier /e"-i la
$"oal 3
9ach &oat e 0i 0olo,it $i "a &ronu#e: e talke# with eac$ of us 3 ow much are
thes e peaches @ (i!e pens eac$ 3
$i "u re0erire la %ou &er,oane: Eac$ o+ thes e Ctwo D chil#ren is right.
Eit$er 3 9ither O 0ie"ar e C%in %oiD: There is no light at ei t $er en# of the street 3 Nu
e,t e lu#in la ni"i unul %in "a&et el e ,tr?ii3
9ither &oat e 0i 0olo,it at Bt "a %et er #i nant > "Bt $i "a &ronu#e ne-ot r t 3
9ither e,t e 0olo,it "urent "u ,u2,t ant i /ul si#e : There are trees on ei t $er si#e of
the roa# 3 Sunt "o&a"i &e a#2el e &r!i ale %ru#ul ui3
En a"e,t "ont e1t > either e,t e a&ro&i at "a ,en, %e bot h > %i0eren! a 0iin% ur#t oar e a:
bot h O a#Bn%oi C@#&r eunD5 either O 0ie"ar e %in %oi C,e&ar at D3
<hat e! er was ri#iculous in ei t $er charact er increas e# the a!ersion the rea#er
ha# for bot $ 3 Tot "eea "e era ri%i"ol @n 0ie"ar e %intre "ele %ou &er,onaA e #r ea
a/er,i une a "ititorului &ent r u a#Bn%ou3
4' *(' 8' A/@ect i 3ul negat i 3 # The *egati !e 7#=ecti !e &' A%Ae"ti/el e negat i /e ,unt
a%A e"ti/e ne-ot r Bt e 0olo,it e @n &ro&o?i!ii "u ,en, negat i / $i /er2ul la 0or#a
a0ir#at i /3 Ele ,unt o ,u2%i/i?iune a a%A e"ti/el or ne-ot r Bt e> "are in%i" a2, en! a
o2ie"t el or ,au a "alit !ilor a"e,t or a:
No O ni"i unCulD> ni"i una C%in #ai #ult eD3 *o lett er O ni"i o ,"ri,oar e3 e has
ma#e no mist akes 3 Nu a 0"ut ni"i o gre$ eal 3
*either O ni"i unul %in> ni"i un C%in %oiD: % aske# hi m two ;uesti ons but he
answer e# nei t $er o+ them 3
*either &oat e 0i 0olo,it "a %et er #i nant ,au "a &ronu#e:
Nei t $er solution is accept abl e 3
Nei t $er Cof thes e solutions D is accept abl e 3
*o e,t e 0olo,it nu#ai "a %et er #i nant > "u ,en, ul %e not any ,au not a:
There are no lett ers to#ay 3
There arenM t an% lett ers to#ay 3
e was no fool 3
e was not a fool 3
Sor#a no e,t e &re0er at lui not any" not a @n /or2irea "urent 3
pag: //'
Gru&ul no#inal
Fre%et r e #i na
n!i
Iet er #i nan
!i
C&ro&ri u.
?i$iD
Fo,t %et er #i nan! i A%Ae"ti/ Su2,t ant i /
4r%inal
e
Cuanti0i"at ori
2ot - #H "-il%ren
all t-e neV &u&il,
t-e 0ir,t t-ree &age,
%ou2l e t-e a#ount
a lot o0 Ro#ani an ,tu%ent ,
one t-ir% t-e ti#e
t-e ne1t 0our "-a&t er ,
EaERCI`II
I' Sor#ul a!i &ro&o?i!ii "u "u/int el e %in &ar ant e?e &ent r u a e1er, a 0un"!i a
ana0ori" a arti"olului -ot r Bt 3
9Aempl u :
aD I -a/e a lett er an% a &o,t "ar %3 Cfrom my family D3
The lett er is from my family 3
2D S-e -a, ,o#e not e2oo=, an% te1t 2oo=3 4on the tabl e$.
The not ebooks are on the tabl e 3
*' <e -a, a #ot or 2i=e an% a 2i"H"l e3 C in the car+ park D3 +3 S-e -a, a tent an% a
,lee&i ng 2ag3 Cin the car D3 63 I -a/e a "a#er a an% ,o#e 0il#,3 C in my bag D3 :3
Auntie -a, ,o#e 2ag, an% ,o#e &ar"el ,3 C at the station D3
II' (ormula5i propo-i 5ii cu cu!int el e #in parant e- e pentru a eAersa func5ia
cataf oric2 a articolului hot 2r:t cu subst anti !e nenum2rabil e Bi subst ant i !e
num2rabil e la plural:
9Aempl u :
aD <i,torH "an 2e int er e, t i ng Cof Comani a D3
The hist ory of Comani a is int eres ti ng.
2D So#e "oin, are /alua2l e3 Che has D
The coins he has are !aluabl e.
(3 Mu,i" #aH 2e 2eaut i0ul3 C compos e# by ,eorge 9nescu D3 +3 So#e roa%, are
%anger ou,3 Cin the mount ai ns D3 63 Sta#&, #aH 2e /alua2l e3 Cin my collection D3 :3
So#e 0il#, are int er e, t i ng3 C about ani mal s D3 ;3 Foe#, "an 2e 2eaut i0ul C he has
writt en D3 73 So#e "-il%ren are intelligent C % know D3 83 <oneH i, %eli"io, C % bought
yest er#ay D *3 Uine "an 2e /reH goo% C ma#e in Comani a D3 )3 Veget a2l e are
u,uallH 0re,- 4they sell here D3 (93 Ar"-it e"ur e #aH 2e i#&r e,i/e Cof Dran Eastle D3
III' Trece5i urm2t oar el e propo-i5ii la plural, pentru a eAersa func5ia generic2 a
articolului -ero.
9Aempl u :
T-e -or,e i, a u,e0ul ani #al3
orses are usef ul ani mal s 3
(3 T-e tiger i, a Vil% ani #al3 +3 T-e 0lH i, an in,e"t 3 63 A "-air i, a &ie"e o0
0urnit ur e3 :3 A "-il% li=e, ,Veet ,3 ;3 T-e ele&-ant i, a ,trong ani #al3 73 A 0i,- "an
,Vi#3 83 A "itH i, a 2ig toVn3 *3 A tuli& i, a 2eaut i0ul 0loVer3
IV' Eompl et a5i spa5iile libere cu articole, acolo un#e est e ca-ul:
(3 Fet er <ill> V-o i,33333 Fro0e,,or o0 <i,torH at33333 Uni/er,it H o0 C-i"ago> ,igne%3 3 3 33 3
arti"le3 +3 T-eH gener allH -a/e3 3 3 333 2rea=0 a, t at * oQ"lo"=3 63 It i, not /i,i2le
at 33333333 nig-t3 :3 333333 2eaut H i, ,=in %ee&3 ;3 333 #il= ,-e 2oug-t Va, ,our3 73 333
Ro#ani a lie, in333 ea,t o0 333 Euro&e3 83 <e tran,l at e% t-e 2oo= 0ro# 333 Engli,- into
333 Ro#ani an3 *3 I, 333 Ger#an language %i00i"ult to learn\ )3 3333Ua,-ington IC i, 333
"a&ital o0 333 Unite% State, o0 A#eri"a3 (93 4&en 333 2oo= at 333 &age ten an% rea% 333 [ue,tion3((3 333 0o1e,
are not 333 %o#e,ti" ani#al,3 (+3 S-e goe, to ,"-ool in333 #orning3 (63 I, Hour 0at-er 333 Vor=erY (:3 333
%og i, 333 %o#e,ti" ani#al3 (;3 3333 Mi,,i,,i&&i i, 333large,t ri/er in 333 Nort- A#eri"a3 (73 Io Hou =noV
V-ere333 Li%o -otel i,\ (83 It ta=e, #e 333 -our to get to Floie$ti3 (*3 <oV #anH ti#e, 333 Vee= %o Hou
-a/e F-H,i",\ ()3 Io Hou li=e 333 #u,i"\ +93 Te, an% I "an &laH 2ot- 333 &iano an% 333 /iolin3 +(3 BHron 333
Engli,- &oet> Va, 333 i#&ortant re&re,entati/e o0 333 Ro##anti"i,#3
V3 C2spun#e5 i la urm2t oarel e Fntreb2ri folos#i n# articolul hot 2r:t, nehot 2r:t sau
-ero #up2 cum est e ca-ul:
(3 U-at =in% o0 ,t at e i, Ro#ani a\ +3 U-er e %oe, Ro#ani a lie\ 63 U-at ,t at e,
%oe, Ro#ani a 2or%er on\ :3 U-at ,t at e, %oe, R4#ani a 2or%er on\ ;3 U-at i,
Bu"-ar e, t \ 73 U-at i, Ro#ani aM , &o&ul ati on\ 83 <oV #anH &eo&l e li/e in
Bu"-ar e, t \ *3 <oV #anH "ounti e, i, Ro#ani a %i/i%e% into\ )3 U-i"- i, t-e
longe,t ri/er in Ro#ani a\ (93 U-i"- i, t-e -ig-e, t #ount ai n in Ro#ani a\ ((3
U-at ,ea i, R4#ani a 2or%er e% 2H to t-e ,out -. ea,t \ (+3 U-at la=e or ri/er i,
near Hour toVn/ /illage\ (63 U-at i, t-e na#e o0 t-e #o,t i#&ort ant #ount ai n
range in Ro#ani a\ (:3 U-at are t-e Car&ati an, %i/i%e% into\ (;3 U-er e %oe,
t-e Tran,il/ani an Ta2lel an% lie\ (73 U-er e i, t-e Ianu2e Flain\ (83 U-at
toVn//illage%o Hou li/e in\ (*3 U-at ,treet %o Hou li/e in\ ()3 U-at i#&ort ant
2uil%ing, are t-er e in Hour toVn/ /illage\
VI3 R,&un%e! i la ur#t oar el e @ntre2ri %e,&r e i,tori a Ro#Bni ei> 0olo,in% arti"olul
-ot r Bt > ne-ot r Bt ,au Hero> %u& "u# e,t e ne"e, ar :
(3 U-o are t-e an"e, t or , o0 t-e Ro#ani an, \ +3 U-o Va, t-e #o,t i#&ort ant
Ia"ian =ing\ 63 U-en %i% Ia"ia 2e"o#e a Ro#an &ro/in"e\ :3 U-i"- Vere t-e
#o,t i#&ort ant &rin"e, in #e%i e/al Ro#ani a\ ;3 U-at %o Ve "ele2r at e on
JanuarH +:t -\ 73 U-en %i% Ro#ani a Vin it, in%e&en%e n" e 0ro# t-e Tur=,\
83U-en %i% "a&it ali, # 2egin to %e/el o& in Ro#ani a\ *3 U-en %i% Ro#ani a ent er
t-e Sir,t Uorl% Uar\ )3 U-en Va, t-e Ro#ani an Co##uni ,t Fart H ,et u&\ (93
U-at "an Hou ,aH a2out Ro#ani ad , &arti"i&ation in t-e Se"on% Uorl% Uar\
VII3 Tra%u"e!i @n li#2a engle?:
A3 (3 Ce ?i 0ru#oa,! +3 4 %u?in %e a"e "o,t un &ennH3 63 Tre2uie , /or2e$ti "u /o"e #ai tare3 :3 Ai
/enit "u auto2u?ul\ ;3 Ie "Bte ori &e ,&t#Bn ai 0i?i"a \ 73 Iunrea tra/er,ea? #ai #ulte !ri
euro&ene3 83 Co&iilor le &la" 0oarte #ult Ao"urile3
B3 (3 La &a&etrie ,e /Bn% ,tilouri> "reioane> gu#e> &a,te %e li&it $i "erneal3 +3 Un%e e,te ,tiloul &e "are
l.a# "u#&rat ieri\ 63 E#i &la"e #u?i"a ,i#0oni"3 :3 E#i &la"e #u?i"a "o#&u, &entru &ian3 ;3 La
$"oal ,tu%ie# i,toria &o&orului ro#Bn3 73 Stu%ie# %e a,e#enea i,toria uni/er,al3 83 En Cana%a ,unt
%ou li#2i o0i"iale: engle?a $i 0ran"e?a3
C3 (3 Un%e ,unt ai ti\ Buni"ul e @n &at> 2uni"a e @n 2u"trie> #a#a e la $"oal $i tata e la ,er/i"iu3 +3 Ie
o2i"ei #erg a"a, "u auto2u?ul> %ar uneori #erg "u tra#/aiul3 63 Ni"io%at nu &ot , %or# @n #a$in
,au @n tren3 :3 Ma#a ,e tre?e$te %e,eori noa&tea ,.i %ea %e #Bn"are "o&ilului3
VIII3 Enlo"ui!i ,u2,tanti/ele la geniti/ "u a%Ae"ti/ele &o,e,i/e "ore,&un?toare:
E1e#&lu:
T-e #and, -air i, V-ite3
<i, -air i, V-ite3
(3 T-e 2oHd, ,-oe, are %irtH3 +3 T-e Vo#end, -at i, &rettH3 63 T-e Vo#end, -at, are &rettH3 :3 U-ere i,
t-e 2ir%d, ne,t \ ;3 T-e girld, %re,, i, neV3 73 T-e #and, eHe, are 2lue3 83 T-e &u&il,d 2oo=, are on t-e
%e,=,3
Ia3 R,&un%e!i la @ntre2ri "on0or# #o%elului:
(3 A: U-i"- an,Ver i, rig-t CVrongD\
B: T-i, one i,3 T-at oned, Vrong3
+3 A: U-i"- le,,on, are ea,H C%i00i"ultD\
B: T-e,e are3 T-o,e are %i00i"ult3
(3 U-i"- ,"-ool2ag i, -ea/H\ Clig-tD +3 U-i"- &a&er, are i#&ortant\ Cuni#&ortantD 63 U-i"- egg, are
0re,-\ C2a%D :3 U-i"- gla,, i, "lean\ C%irtHD ;3 U-i"- ,torH i, intere,ting\ C2oringD 73 U-i"- %re,, i,
neV\ Col%D 83 U-i"- a&&le, are goo%\ C2a%D
a3 Co#&leta!i ,&a!iile li2ere "u e/erH> ea"- ,au eit-er:
(3 33333 o0 t-e t-ree le"ture, -a, a %e0inite ,u2Ae"t3 +3 It i, i#&o,,i2le to &re%i"t t-e i,,ue Vit- t-e,e tVo
"an%i%ate,: 333 "an%i%ate #aH Vin3 63 333 0eV Vee=, ,-e ,aV ,o#et-ing neV to 2uH3 :3 Idll 2e 2a"= in a
#inute> #H %ear aunt an% un"le5 -e ,ai% no%%e% "oollH to 333 3 ;3 T-eH Vere all #en o0 a2ilitH> 333 in -i,
oVn VaH3 73 333 [ue,t -a% a ,e&arate roo#3 83 4 go to Vor= 333 %aH3 *3 T-i, #u,t 2e %e"i%e% 2H t-e
in%i/i%ual Au%ge#ent o0 333 rea%er3
aI3 Tra%u"e!i @n li#2a engle?:
. Ie "e %or# oa#enii noa&tea\
. Iar tu "Bn% %or#i Iarie\
. Tot noa&tea3 En,> /ara #ai ale,> n.a$ %or#i %elo"3
. Iar "e.ai 0a"e\
. M.a$ "ul"a &e iar23 En, "u 0a!a @n ,u, #.a$ "ul"a3 A$ !ine o"-ii %e,"-i$i3 Ia" ,.ar &utea , nu "li&e,">
n.a$ "li&i3 A$ &ri/i ,telele3 Gi &ri/in%u.le> #i.a$ @n"-i&ui " ,unt li2er3
pag: /0/
8' Numeral ul #T$e Numeral &
8' *' 5e+i ni 2i e
Nu#er al ul e,t e &art ea %e /or2ire "are:
aD e1&ri # un nu#r> %et er #i nar e a nu#eri " a o2ie"t el or Cnu#er al ul "ar%inalD
,au or%inea o2ie"t el or &rin nu#r ar e Cnu#er al ul or%inalD5
2D @n%e&line$ t e #ai #ult e 0un"!ii ,int a"ti"e> @n 0un"!i e %e 0olo,irea lui
,u2,t ant i /al > a%A e"ti/al ,au a%/er 2i al 5
"D nu are "at egorii gra#at i "al e %e"Bt @n 0olo,irea ,u2,t ant i /al C milion + millions D3
pag: /00
8' .' Cla,i +i car e
8' .' *' Con0or # gra#at i "ii ,tru"t ur ali ,t e> nu#er al ul @ntr @n "la,a %et er #i nan! il or3
8oubl e, twice, three times et"3 la 0el "a $i 0ra"!iile one thir#, two fifths et"3 ,unt
"on,i %er at e &re%et er #i nan! i > 0iin% a$e?at e @naint ea %et er #i nan! il or t-e/ t -i ,/ #H @n
"a%rul gru&ul ui no#i nal: /oubl e the amount > one t$ir/ Co+ D the ti me 3
Nu#er al ul "ar%inal: one, two, three et"3 $i nu#er al ul or%inal: the first, the secon#
et"3 ,unt "on,i%er at e &o,t %et er #i nan! i > ele ur#Bn% %et er #i nan! ii the" t hi s" my @n
"a%rul gru&ul ui no#i nal @n or%inea nu#er al or%inal . nu#er al "ar%inal: t$e +ir,t
t$re e "-il%ren> t$e la,t t7o &er,on,3
8' .' .' En "a%rul gra#at i "ii tra%i !ional e> e1i,t "ont ro/er , e "u &ri/ire la nu#er al >
nu#er al ul ne0iin% o &art e %e /or2ire o#ogen3 MaAorit at e a gra#at i "ilor
tra%i!ional e %i,ting ur#t oar el e "at egorii %e nu#er al e: nu#er al ul "ar%i nal>
nu#er al ul or%inal> nu#er al ul 0ra"!ionar> nu#er al ul "ole"ti/> nu#er al ul
#ulti&li"ati/> nu#er al ul %i,tri2uti/ $i nu#er al ul a%/er 2i al3
8' 4' Numeral ul car/i nal #T$e Car/i nal Numeral &
Nu#er al ul "ar%i nal e1&ri # nu#r ul C one, two, three D ,au %et er #i nar e a
nu#eri " a o2ie"t el or Cfour books, one hun#re# years D3
8' 4' *' !orma numeral ul ui car/i nal ' Nu#er al el e "ar%i nal e %e la ( la (+ @n
li#2a engl e? ,unt ur#t oar el e:
( one
+ two
6 three
: four
; fi!e
7 siA
8 se!en
* eight
) nine
(9 ten
(( ele!en
(+ twel !e
Ci0ra 0 C-ero D o"u& un lo" ,&e"i al @n "a%rul nu#er al el or "ar%i nal e3
Ea ,e &oat e "iti ?ero WZ?iYYr YuX> oh WYYuX> nil > nithing ,au lo!e 3
Gero e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u 9 @n #at e #a t i " $i &ent r u in%i"ar ea te#e&r at urii: % is tem
#egrees below zero 3
La nu#er el e %e tel e0on> 9 ,e &ronun! WYYuX: 8ial 6070 WZ,i=, ZYYu Z,e/n ZYYuX
an# ask for eAt ensi on .0 WZnain ZYYuX3
*il WnilX ,au not hi ng ,unt 0olo,it e @n e1&ri #ar e a ,"orului la 0oot2al: ?ee#s Hnite#
won 1.0. 4four nil " for to not hi ng D3
?o!e WlYaY/X e,t e 0olo,it @n teni,: *2st as e lea#s 30. 0 CThirty . lo3e D3
Nu#er al el e "ar%inal e @ntre (6 $i () ,e 0or#ea? "u aAut orul ,u0i1ului . teen
a%ugat la nu#et el e 6 . ):
(6 thirt een
(: fourt een
(; fift een
(7 siAt een et"3
Nu#er al el e (6 $i (; &re?int %eo, e2i ri ortogr a0i"e $i %e &ronun! i e 0a! %e
nu#er al el e 6 $i ; %e la "are ,. au 0or#at :
(6 thirt een WZYt,Y Y:Qti:nX
(; fift een WZ0i0Qti:nX
pag: /03
Toat e nu#er al el e @n .teen au %ou a""ent e: eight een WZeiQti:nX> %ar "Bn% ,unt
0olo,it e "a a%A e"ti/e &,t r ea? nu#ai &ri #ul a""ent : se!ent e e n years WZ,e/nti: n A
YY:?X3
Nu#el e ?e"ilor ,e 0or#ea? %e la unit !il e + . )> la "are ,e a%aug ,u0i1ul .ty :
+9 twent y
69 thirt y
:9 fort y
;9 fifty et"3
Nu#er al el e +9> 69> :9 $i ;9 &re?int &arti"ul ari t ! i ortogr a0i"e $i %e &ronun! ar e
0a! %e nu#el e unit !ilor %e la "are ,. au 0or#at :
+ two . +9 twent y
6 three . 69 thirt y
: four . :9 fort y
; fi!e . ;9 fifty
Not1: Nu#ele ?e"ilor la &lural: tVentie,> t-irtie,> 0ortie,> 0i0tie, et"3> &re"e%ate %e arti"olul t-e ,au alt
%eter#inant> ,unt 0olo,ite &entru a e1&ri#a o &erioa% ,au /Br,t:
T-e literature o0 t-e t-irtie,3 Literatura anilor d693 S-e Va, a goo%.loo=ing Vo#an in -er 0ortie,3 Era o
0e#eie 0ru#oa, @ntre :9 $i ;9 %e ani3
En li#2a engle?> nu#ele ?e"ilor ,e leag %e unit!i %ire"t> "u aAutorul unei liniu!e %e unire:
7* ,i1tH.eig-t
8) ,e/entH.nine
Not1: En li#2a engle? ,"ri,> nu#eralele ,"urte ,e re%au %e o2i"ei "u litere> iar "ele #ai lungi "u "i0re: I
-a/e ten lei in #H &o"=et3 T-ere are +;9 &eo&le in t-e "on0eren"e -all3 Bu"-are,t -a, a &o&ulation o0
tVo #illion in-a2itant,3 Ro#ania -a, a &o&ulation o0 a2out ++>999>999 &eo&le3
Nu#er al el e "are %enu#e , " ,ut e> #ii ,au #ilioane ,unt legat e &rin an% %e "ele
"are %enu#e , " ?e"i $i unit !i: ((; O a/one -un%r e% an% 0i0teen5 6>99; O t-ree
t-ou, an% an% 0i/e3
Entre "la,el e unui nu#r @ntreg ,e &une /irgul "a @n li#2a engl e? $i nu &un"t "a
@n li#2a ro#Bn: :>9995 6>(:93 CFun"t ul in%i" ?e"i #al e: 639;D3
Not : En e1&ri#area "urent> #iile ,e tran,0or# @n ,ute: <oV #u"- #oneH -a/e Hou got\ Si1teen
-un%ret lei CO(>799D
CBn% ,unt 0olo,it e la ,ingul ar> nu#er al el e -un%r e%> t-ou, an% $i #illion ,unt
@ntot %eauna &re"e%at e %e arti"olul ne-ot r Bt ,au %e un nu#er al : (99 one/ a
-un%r e% 2oo=,> (:( a -un%r e% an 0ortH. one5 (>+99 a t-ou, an% an% tVo -un%r e%3
CBn% ,unt &re"e%at e %e nu#r ul unit !ilor $i a"e,t a e,t e #ai #ar e %e"Bt (>
nu#er al el e -un%r e% $i t-ou, an% nu &ri#e," , la &lural: 699 t-ree -un%r e%5 ;>999
0i/e t-ou, an%3
Aten2 i e G A"e,t e nu#er al e &ri#e, " ter #i na! i a , "Bn% ,unt 0olo,it e:
aD "a ,u2,t ant i /e: T-ou, an%, -a/e rea% t-i, 2oo=
2D "Bn% ,unt ur#at e %e &re&o?i!i a o0: T-e nu#2er o0 Houng &eo&l e ,tu%Hi ng in
our ,"-ool a#ount , to -un%r e% o0 t-oun, an%,
pag : /01
8' 4' .' Entre2ui n! ar e a nu#er al ul ui "ar%inal3 En li#2a engl e?> nu#er al ul "ar%inal
e,t e 0olo,it:
aD &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a nu#el or nu#er el or a2,t r a"t e: one> tVo> t-ree> 0our et"3 ,au
a %et er #i nrii nu#eri "e a o2ie"t el or: t-re a&&l e,> one -un%r e% &u&il,3
2D &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a %at ei CanilorD3 Anii ,e "ite,": ()*9 . one t-ou, an% nine
-un%r e% an% eig-t ,au ninet ee n -un%r e% an% eig-t H . @n ,tilul o0i"ial5 ()*9 .
ninet een eig-t H . @n engl e?a /or2it 3
"D &ent r u in%i"ar ea nu#r ul ui unui anu#i t o2ie"t C&agi n> le"!i e> "a&it ol> "a,>
aut o2u?D: Le,,on (9> C-a&t er 6> Slat ((> 2u, no3 6( et"3
%D @n e1&ri #ar e a ti#&ul ui "ronologi"3 En a"e,t "a?> &ro&o?i!i a @n"e&e %e o2i"ei "u
&ronu#el e it: It i, tVo oQ"lo"=3 It i, 0i/e oQ"lo"= ,-ar &3 E,t e ora "in"i 0i13 4Q"lo"= ,e
0olo,e$ t e nu#ai "u ora 0i1 $i ,e &oat e o#it e: U-atQ, t-e ti#e \ Si/e3
Fent ru a in%i"a 0ra"!iunil e %e ore &Bn la ]$i Au#t at e^ ,e #en!i one a? nu#r ul
#inut el or ur#at %e &re&o?i!i a &a,t $i %e ora re,&e"t i /: It i, ten C#inut e,D &a,t
nine3 E,t e CoraD ) $i (9 C#inut eD3
Sra"!iunile @ntre Au#t at e $i ora ur#t oar e ,e re%au @n li#2a engl e? ,&unBnB n%
nu#r ul #inut el or> &re&o?i!i a to $i a&oi ora: It i, tVent H C#inut e,D to ,i13 E,t e
$a,e 0r +9 C%e #inut eD3 It i, a [uart er to eig-t3 E,t e o&t 0r un ,0ert3 It i, 0i/e
to ele/en3 E,t e (( 0r "in"i3
pag: /05
63 En engl e?a a#eri "an ,e 0olo,e," $i &re&o?i!iile a0t er $i 2e0or e @n lo" %e &a,t $i
to: *: (9 It i, ten C#inut e,D a0t er *3*::9 It i, tVent H C#inut e,D 2e0ore )3 iar &ent r u
]$i Au#t at e^ ,e #en!i one a? ora $i t-irtH: *:69 ItQ, eig-t t-irt H3
eD &ent r u a in%i"a un nu#r %e tele0on
Nu#er el e %e tele0on ,e "ite," "i0r "u "i0r: ;)8+(7 O 0i/e nine ,e/en tVo one
,i15
Ia" &ri#el e ,au ulti #el e %ou "i0re ,unt la 0el> ,e 0olo,e$t e "u/Bnt ul %ou2l e:
++6* . %ou2l e tVo t-ree eig-t5
Nu ,e 0olo,e$t e "u/Bnt ul %ou2l e %a" "i0rele %in #iAlo" ,unt a"el ea$i : 699+ . t-ree
o- o- one3
0D @n e1&ri #ar e a o&er a! iilor arti #et i "e
En a"e,t "a? /er2ul &oat e 0i 0olo,it la ,ingul ar ,au &lural:
+ _ ; O 8 TVo &lu, 0i/e i,/are ,e/en3
8 . 6 O : Se/en #inu, t-ree #a=e,/ #a=e 0our3
gD &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a /Br,t ei: <oV ol% are Hou \ CB!i ani ai \ I a# ten Hear, ol%3
A# ?e"e ani3
8' 8' Numeral ul or/i nal #T$e Or/i nal Numeral &
Nu#er al or%inal in%i" or%inea @n ti#& ,au @n ,&a!i u a o2ie"t el or ,au a a"!iunilor:
<e Va, t-e 0ir,t to "o#e3 T-e ,e"on% -ou, e rou% t-e "orner i, #ine3
8' 8' *' !orma numeral ul ui or/i nal ' Nu#er al el e or%inal e ,unt al"t ui t e %in
ur#t oar el e ele#ent e: nu#er al ul "ar%inal> "are &oat e 0i "on,i%er at ra%i"al ul>
arti"olul -ot r Bt t-e> "are &re"e%e ra%i"al ul> $i ,u0i1ul .t-> "are ,e a%aug la
ra%i"al: : . 0our . t-e 0out -5 8 . ,e/en . t-e ,e/ent -3
Nu#er al el e or%inal e %e la ( la 6 au 0or#e "are ,e a2at &ar!i al %e la a"ea, t
regul 5 t-e 0ir,t> t-e ,e"on%> t-e t-ir%3
CBt e/a nu#er al e or%inal e &re?int %i0i"ult !i ortogr a0i"e3
; . t-e 0i0t-
* . t-e eig-t -
) . t-e nint - et"3
La nu#er al el e "o#&u, e> nu#ai ulti #ul nu#r &ri#e$ t e .t-: +8 . t-e tVent H.
,e/ent -5 +67 . t-e tVo -un%r e% an% t-irtH. ,i1t-3
Nu#er al el e or%inal e "u&rin?Bn% "u/int el e -un%r e%> t-ou, an%> #illion &ot 0i
&re"e%at e nu#ai %e one> nu $i %e a> iar arti"olul -ot r Bt &oat e 0i o#i,: t-e one
-un%r e% an% t-irtH. ,e"on%3
A2re/i er ea nu#er al el or or%inal e ,e 0a"e &rin a%ugar e a ulti#el or %ou litere la
"i0r: (,t5 +n%5 6r%5 :t-5 +(,t et"3
pag: /06
( t-e 0ir,t t-e (,t (; t-e 0i0teent - t-e (;t -
+ t-e ,e"on% t-e +n% (7 t-e
,i1t eent -
t-e (7t -
6 t-e t-ir% t-e 6r% (8 t-e
,e/ent e e nt -
t-e (8t -
: t-e 0ourt - t-e :t- (* t-e
eig-t eent -
t-e (*t -
; t-e 0i0t- t-e ;t- () t-e
ninet eent -
t-e ()t -
7 t-e ,i1t- t-e 7t- +9 t-e
tVenti et -
t-e +9t -
8 t-e ,e/ent - t-e 8t- +( t-e tVent H.
0ir,t
t-e +(,t
* t-e eig-t - t-e *t- 69 t-e t-irtiet - t-e 69t -
) t-e nint - t-e )t- 6( t-e t-irtH.
0ir,t
t-e 6(,t
(9 t-e tent - t-e (9t - 6+ t-e t-irtH.
,e"on%
t-e 6+n%
(( t-e
ele/ent -
t-e ((t - :9 t-e 0ortiet - t-e :9t -
(+ t-e tVel0t - t-e (+t - (99 t-e
-un%r et -
t-e (99t -
(6 t-e
t-irt eent -
t-e (6t - (9( t-e
-un%r e% an%
0ir,t
t-e (9(,t
(: t-e
0ourt eent -
t-e (:t - (999 t-e one
t-ou, an%t -
t-e (999t -
8' 8' .' ntrebui n2 ar e a numeral ul ui or/i nal ' En li#2a engl e?> nu#er al ul
or%inal e,t e 0olo,it:
aD la e1&ri #ar e a %at ei: A&ril +;t -> t-e +;t - o0 A&ril3
En e1&ri #ar e a %at ei> nu#er al ul or%inal &oat e 0i a$e?at @naint e ,au %u& nu#el e
lunii3
Ia" nu#er al ul or%inal &re"e%e %enu#i r ea lunii> a"e,t a e,t e ur#at %e o0: I Va,
2orn on t-e +*t - o0 A&ril ()7;3
Ia" nu#er al ul or%inal e,t e a$e?at %u& %enu#i r ea lunii> o0 e,t e o#i,: Ann Va,
2orn on A&ril Ct-eD +*t -3
En engl e?a a#eri "an or%inea e,t e luna . %at a . anul3: 9;3 9+3 ()*( . MaH t-e
+n%()*(3
2D &ent r u a in%i"a or%inea @ntr. o ,erie:
t-e Se"on% Uorl% Ua,
t-e t-ir% a"t
t-e tent - 0loor
"D &ent r u a e1&ri #a re&et ar e a la inter/al e regul at e: e/erH ,e"on% %aH O %on
%ou @n %ou ?ile/la 0ie"ar e %ou ?ile5 e/erH t-ir% #ont - O %in 6 @n 6 luni> o %at
la 6 luni3
En a"e,t e e1&r e,ii arti"olul t-e e,t e o#i,3
8' 9' Numeral ul +rac2i onar #T$e !racti onal Numeral &
Nu#er al ul 0ra"!ionar arat una ,au #ai #ult e &r!i ale @ntregul ui: one> t-ir%>
t-ree tent -,3
8' 9' *' !orma numeral ul ui +rac2i onar' Nu#er al el e 0ra"!ionar e ,unt re%at e ,u2
0or#a unor 0ra"!ii3
Nu#r ul 0ra"!i ei e,t e e1&ri #at &rintr. un nu#er al "ar%i nal> iar nu#i t orul &rintr. un
nu#er al or%inal: (/+ O a/one -al0 O o Au#t at e> o %oi #e5 (/6/ O a/one t-ir% O o
trei #e3
pag: /07
Nu#it orul ,e "ite$t e la &lural "Bn% nu#r t or ul e1&ri # o unit at e #ai #ar e %e (:
+/6 tVo. t-ir%,5 6/: t-ree [uart er ,/ t -r e e. 0ourt ,3
Su2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat %e o 0ra"!i e or%inar e,t e la ,ingul ar:
(/+ -our O -al0 an -our5 6/: ton O t-ree [uart er , ton3
Su2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat %e nu#er al ul ( ConeD @#&reun "u o 0ra"!i e or%inar e,t e
0olo,it la &lural @n ,"ri,> %ar ,e "ite$t e la ,ingul ar %u& @ntreg $i la &lural %u&
0ra"!i e: ( 6/: #ile, . one #ile an% t-ree [uart er , ,au one an% t-ree [uart er
#ile,3
Su2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat %e un nu#er al #ai #ar e %e"Bt (> @#&r eun "u o 0ra"!i e
or%inar > ,e a0l @ntot %ea una la &lural: : (/+ ton, O 0our an% one -al0 ton, ,au
0our an% a -al0 ton,3
En "a?ul 0ra"!iilor ?e"i #al e> @ntregul ,e %e,&ar t e %e ?e"i #al e &rintr. un &un"t : 63+;
O t-ree &oint tVo 0i/e3
Nu#er al el e @naint e %e &un"t ,e "ite," "a un ,ingur nu#r > iar "ele "are ur#ea?
&un"t ul ui> "i0r "u "i0r: (*3 8; O eig-t een &oint ,e/en 0i/e3
En "a?ul 0ra"!iilor ?e"i #al e> ?ero ,e "ite$t e noug-t @n Anglia $i ?ero @n SUA : (39; O
one &oint noug-t 0i/e C@n &ronun! ar e a 2rit ani"D5 (39; O one &oint ?ero 0i/e C@n
&ronun! ar e a a#eri"anD 3
Su2,t ant i /ul %et er #i nat %e o 0ra"!i e ?e"i #al ,e a0l la ,ingul ar "Bn% &art ea
@ntreag e,t e ?ero $i la &lural @n toat e "elel alt e "a?uri: 938; #et r e O noug-t &oint
,e/en 0i/e o0 a #et r e5 :3+; #et r e, O 0our &oint tVo 0i/e #et r e,3
8' ;' Numeral ul col ect i 3 #T$e Coll ect i 3e Numeral &
Nu#er al ul "ole"ti/ arat " o2ie"t el e ,unt "on,i%er at e @n gru& $i nu i?olat3
8' ;' *' !orma numeral ul ui col ect i 3' Nu#er al el e "ole"ti/e ,unt: "ou&l e> &air>
tea#> %o?en> ,"ore> Ho=e3
Nu#er al el e "ou&l e> &air> tea#> Ho=e nu#e, " gru&e %e %oi: a "ou&l e o0 ,e"on%, O
%ou ,e"un%e5 a &air o0 ,-oe, O o &ere"-e %e &ant o0i5 tVo tea# o0 "at tl e O %ou
&er e"-i %e /ite5 0our Ho=e o0 o1en O &at ru &er e"-i %e 2oi5 tVo &airC,D o0 -or,e, O
%ou &er e"-i %e "ai3
Nu#er al el e %o?en> ,"ore nu#e, " gru&e #ai #ari %e %oi: %o?en O %u?in tVo
%o?en egg,5 ,"ore O +95 -al0 a ,"ore O (95 a ,"ore o0 &eo&l e O %ou?e"i %e
oa#eni 3
8' ;' .' ntrebui n2 ar e a numeral ul ui col ect i 3' MaAorit at e a nu#er al el or "ole"ti/e
,unt 0olo,it e "a ,u2,t ant i /e: I 2oug-t a neV &air o0 ,-oe, He,t er %aH3
Nu#er al el "ole"ti/e ,e 0olo,e," la ,ingul ar "Bn% ,unt &re"e%at e %e un nu#er al
"ar%inal ,au ne-ot r Bt : tVo %o?en o0 egg,> ,e/er al &airC,D o0 ,-oe,3
pag: /0'
CBn% nu#er al el e "ole"ti/e nu ,unt &re"e%at e %e un nu#er al > in%i0er ent %a" ,t au
,ingur e ,au ,unt ur#at e %e &re&o?i !i a o0> ele ,e 0olo,e," la &lural: T-e &u&il,
ent er e% t-e "la,,roo# in "ou&l e,3 I -a/e a,=e% -i# a2out it %o?en, o0 ti#e,3
8' =' Numeral ul mul ti pl i cat i 3 #T$e Multi pli cat i 3e Numeral &
Nu#er al ul #ulti&li"ati/ arat #, ur a @n "are "re$t e o "antit at e C%ou2l e t-e
a#ount D ,au o a"!iune CAgri"ult ur al out &ut -a, in"rea, e% 0i/e ti#e,D3
8' =' * !orma numeral ul ui mul ti pl i cat i 3' Nu#er al ul #ulti&li"ati/ are 0or#e
%i0erit e> @n 0un"!i e %e ,tilul 0a#iliar> te-ni"> o0i"ial et"3 @n "are el e,t e 0olo,it3
En /or2irea "urent > nu#er al el e #ulti&li"ati/e %e la ( la 6 au ur#t oar el e 0or#e:
on"e . o%at 5 tVi"e . %e %ou ori5 t-ri"e . %e trei ori3 CSor#a t-ri"e e,t e @n/e"-it D3
Ie la nu#r ul : @n "ontinuar e> nu#er al el e #ulti&li"ati/e "on!in @n ,tru"t ur a lor un
nu#er al "ar%inal ur#at %e ,u2,t ant i /ul ti#e, Cori> %!iD: 0our ti#e,> 0i/e ti#e,>
,i1 ti#e, et"3
Sor#a "u ti#e, e,t e 0olo,it $i @n lo"ul lui t-ri"e: t-ree ti#e,3
En ,tilul literar> te-ni" ,au o0i"ial> ,e 0olo,e$t e nu#er al ul #ulti&li"ati/ 0or#at %in
nu#er al ul "ar%inal $i ,u0i1ul .0ol%: tVo0ol%> t-ree0ol %> a -un%r e%0ol %: a t-ree0ol %
[uanti t H O o "antit at e tri&l3
Fent ru unit at ea (> 0or#a nu#er al ul ui #ulti&li"ati/ e,t e ,ingl e> iar &ent r u + ,e
0olo,e$ t e le lBng tVo0ol% $i 0or#a %ou2l e3
8' =' .' ntrebui n2 ar e a numeral ul ui mul ti pl i cat i 3' Nu#er al ul #ulti&li"ati/ ,e
0olo,e$ t e "a &re%et er #i nant : %ou2l e t-e a#ount 3
,au "a a%/er 2: T-e rat e o0 in%u,t ri al %e/el o&#e nt -a, ri,en t-ree ti#e,3 Rit#ul
%e?/olt rii in%u,t ri al e a "re,"ut %e trei ori3
8' >' Numeral ul /i ,tri but i 3 #T$e 5i,tri but i 3e Numeral &
Nu#er al ul %i,tri2uti/ e1&ri # gru&ar e a nu#eri " a o2ie"t el or3 42,er/a! i "Bt e/a
#o%alit !i %e a e1&ri #a a"eea$i i%ee: tVo at a ti#e5 tVo 2H tVo5 2H tVo,5 tVo
an% tVo5 in toV, Cin &air,D:
T-e &u&il, le0t t-e "la,,roo# tVo 2H tVo/in tVo,3 Ele/ii au &r ,i t "la,a "Bt e %oi3
<e ran %oVn t-ree ,t e&, at ti#e3 A "o2or Bt ,"rile "Bt e trei o%at 3
8' ?' Numeral ul a/3erbi al #T$e A/3erbi al Numeral &
Nu#er al ul a%/er 2i al arat :
aD %e "Bt e ori are lo" o a"!iune: on"e> tVi"e> t-ree ti#e, Ct-ri"eD5 ten ti#e,> a
-un%r e% ti#e,5 2i,5 on"e #or e5 on"e agai n5 tVi"e a, 0a,t et"3
T-eH -a/e Engli,- tVi"e a Vee=3 Au engl e?a %e %ou ori &e ,&t #B n3 I tol% Hou
a -un%r e% ti#e, not to lie to #e3 `i.a# ,&u, %e o ,ut %e ori , nu # #in!i3
EaERCI`II
I3 Citi!i @n li#2a engl e? ur#t oar el e:
aD "i0re: ();5 +:*5 6;+5 +)6:5 7*;;3
2D ani: (*+(5 (*:*5 (:;65 (9775 ()(*
"D ore: ((3 ;5 (+3 (95 (3695 +3:;5 63+;3
%D nu#er e %e tele0on: )(3 );3 7(5 :83 (*3 965 773 (73 ::5 6)3 **3 ;(3
eD nu#er al e or%inal e $i 0ra"!ionar e: 6 r%5 *t-5 +9t -5 68t -5 :9t -5 ;)t -5
II3 S"rie!i ur#t oar el e %at e:
+93a3():)5 (93II3();*5 (3V3();65 +63VIII3()::
III3 Tra%u"e! i @n li#2a engl e?:
(3 +: Ianuari e $i ( Ie"e#2ri e ,unt ,r2t ori na!ional e ale &o&or ul ui no,t ru3
+3 Ie,"-i %e! i "art ea la &agi na :* $i "iti!i "a&it olul (; @n" o %at 3
63 Lo"uie," &e ,tra%a S&iru <aret nr3 :93
:3 CB!i ani ai\ A# (+ ani3
;3 La ora %ou $i Au#tate iau auto2u?ul 66( $i # %u" , /i?ite? e1&o?i!ia3
73 CBt "o,t o &ere"-e %e &anto0i\
83 A# "u#&rat unt> o %u?in %e ou $i ( =g3 %e 0in3
*3 Entre ?e"e 0r ?e"e $i ?e"e $i ?e"e a/e# &au?a #are3
)3 Te a$te&t %e #ai #ult %e o Au#tate %e or3
(93 A# 0or#at ;;38)38)3+; $i a&oi a# a$te&tat3
((3 Cre% " a &le"at "u trenul %e 7369
&ag: (+)
9' Pronumele #T$e Pronoun&
9'*' 5e+ini2ie
Fronu#ele:
aD re&re?int o "la, eterogen> unele &ronu#e &ot @nlo"ui ,u2,tanti/e @n "o#uni"are T-e #an i, -ere5
<e i, -ere5 alte &ronu#e %e,e#nea? %ire"t /or2itorul $i a,"ulttorul CI> HouD ,au %e,e#nea? glo2al ,au
&ar!ial o2ie"te ,au 0eno#ene Call> ea"-D5
2D are "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a?5
"D @n%e&line$te 0un"!iile ,inta"ti"e %e ,u2ie"t> nu#e &re%i"ati/> atri2ut a&o?i!ie> "o#&le#ent3
&ag: (69
9'.'olul /e ,ub,titut al pronumelui
En gra#ati"a tra%i!ional> &ronu#ele e,te &artea %e /or2ire "are !ine lo"ul unui ,u2,tanti/ ,au gru&
no#inal:
No$n is a stu#ent3
He is a stu#ent.
Peter an/ Mar% are stu#ents3
T$o,e %oung people are stu#ents.
T$e% are stu#ents.
Fronu#ele re&re?int @n, o "la, eterogen3 Unele &ronu#e "on,tituie un ,u,titut al ,u2,tanti/ului Che,
she, it, theyD> altele %e,e#nea? %ire"t /or2itorul $i interlo"utorul C%, youD5 iar &ronu#e "a all, e!ery,
each %e,e#nea? glo2al ,au &ar!ial o2ie"te $i 0eno#ene3
En gra#ati"a ,tru"turali,t> ,e 0olo,e$te ter#enul %e substitut &entru "u/intele "are &ot a&rea @n lo"ul @n
"are a&ar ,u2,tanti/ele ,au ter#enul %e pro:+orm &entru toate a"ele "u/inte "are @nlo"uie," alte &r!i %e
/or2ire3
9'4' Categoriile gramaticale ale pronumelui
Unele &ronu#e au "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a?3
Categoria %e &er,oan e,te ,&e"i0i" &ronu#elui $i /er2ului: &er,oana I> a II.a> aIII.a: % am " &ou are "
e is3
Categoriile %e gen> nu#r $i "a? ,e @ntBlne," $i la ,u2,tanti/> %ar la &ronu#e ele &re?int anu#ite
&arti"ularit!i3
S&re %eo,e2ire %e ,u2,tanti/> &ronu#ele are:
aD genul #ar"at %oar la &er,oana a III.a ,ingular: #a,"ulin/0e#inin/neutru: he"she"it.
2D nu#rul #ar"at &rin ,u&leti/i,# C"u/inte %i0eriteD: %"we, he"they.
"D "ontra,tul @ntre "a?ul no#inati/ $i a"u?ati//%ati/: %"me, he"him, who"whom.
Per,oana i num1rul3 Fronu#ele &er,onale> re0le1i/e $i &o,e,i/e au 0or#e %i,tin"te &entru &er,oan $i
nu#r:
Fer,oana I ,ingular: % myself mine
&lural: we oursel!es ours
Fer,oana a II.a ,ingular: you yourself yours
&lural: you yoursel!es yours
Fer,oana a III.a ,ingular: he himself his
she herself hers
it itself +
&lural they themself theirs
Genul3 Fronu#ele &er,onale> re0le1i/e $i &o,e,i/e ,unt #ar"ate 0or#al &entru gen la &er,oana a III.a
,ingular:
Ma,"ulin: e"him himself his
Se#inin: she"her herself hers
Neutru: it itself .
pag: /3/
La &ronu#ele relati/e e1i,t o %i,tin"!ie @ntre &ronu#ele &entru nu#e %e &er,oana Cwho> whomD $i
&entru nu#e %e o2ie"te ,au ani#ale CwhichD3
Cazul3 Su2,tanti/ele $i #aAoritatea &ronu#elor @n li#2a engle? au %ou "a?uri #ar"ate 0or#al: "a?ul
"o#un Cno#inati/> a"u?ati//%ati/D $i "a?ul geniti/:
Ea-ul comun: T$e po,tman is at the #oor3
6omebo/% is at the #oor3
% can see t$e po,tman at the #oor3
% can see ,omebo/% at the #oor3
Ea-ul geniti!: T$e po,tmanM, bag
6omebo/%M, bag
Fronu#ele &er,onal $i &ronu#ele V-o au trei "a?uri #ar"ate 0or#al:
no#inati/ul> %ati//a"u?ati/ $i geniti/ul:
No#inati/: % we he she they who
Iati//a"u?ati/: me us him her them who4m$
Geniti/: my our his her their whose
Con0or# tra%i!iei gra#ati"ale> &ronu#ele &er,onal la "a?ul geniti/ e,te "uno,"ut ,u2 nu#ele %e a%Ae"ti/
&o,e,i/3
9'8' Cla,i+icarea pronumelui
Fronu#ele 0or#ea? o "la, eterogen> %eoare"e nu toate &ronu#ele au 0or#e 0le1ionare &entru a"elea$i
"ategorii gra#ati"ale3
Fronu#ele &er,onale> re0le1i/e $i &o,e,i/e ,unt "on,i%erate "entrale "la,ei %e &ronu#e> ele a/Bn% 0or#e
%i,tin"te &entru &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a?3
Cla,i+icarea pronumelor<&
Fronu#ele "entrale .&er,onal
.re0le1i/
.&o,e,i/
Fronu#ele relati/
Fronu#ele interogati/
Fronu#ele %e#on,trati/
Fronu#ele ne-otrBt &o?iti/ uni/er,al +each
+all
.,eria e!ery
a0ir#ati/ +many, much
.few, little
.se!eral, enough
.one
.,eria some
nea0ir#ati/ .,eria any
.either
negati/ .,eria no
.neither
pag: /30
9'9' !unc2iile ,intactice ale pronumelor
Ie regul &ronu#ele @nlo"uie," ,u2,tanti/ele3 Uneori ele @n, %eter#in ,u2,tanti/ele3
CBn% &ronu#ele @nlo"uie$te un ,u2,tanti/> ,e /or2e$te %e /aloarea ,u2,tanti/al C,au &rono#inalD a
&ronu#elui> iar "Bn% a"e,ta %eter#in un ,u2,tanti/> ,e /or2e$te %e,&re /aloarea %eter#inant C,au
a%Ae"ti/alD a &ronu#elui3
Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al /alorii ,u2,tanti/ale ,au %e %eter#inant> &ronu#ele @n li#2a engle? &ot a/ea:
aD nu#ai /aloare ,u2,tanti/al: %, you, heI mine, yoursI somebo#y, something et"3
2D nu#ai /aloare %e %eter#inant: e!ery, my, no, et"3
"D /aloare ,u2,tanti/al $i %e %eter#inant: this"that, these"those, some"any et"3
Valoarea ,u2,tanti/al $i "ea %eter#inati/ "on,i!ionea? 0un"!iile ,inta"ti"e ale &ronu#elui3 &ronu#ele
0olo,ite "a %eter#inan!i nu &ot @n%e&lini %e"Bt 0un"!ia ,inta"ti" %e atri2ut:
M% book is new3
T$i, book is new3
E3er% book is new3
&e "Bn% &ronu#ele 0olo,ite "u /aloare ,u2,tanti/al C&ronu#ele &ro&riu.?i,eD &ot @n%e&lini %i/er,e
0un"!ii ,inta"ti"e:
,u2ie"t: I am a member of the committee3
nu#e &re%i"ati/: e is always $im,el+3
"o#&le#ent in%ire"t: 6how me your stamp collection, please3
"o#&le#ent %ire"t: he taught u, a lesson3
"o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional: e will talk about $im,el+3
et"3
Fronu#ele relati/e $i interogati/e @n%e&line," $i 0un"!ia %e #ar" a unor ra&orturi ,inta"ti"e> intro%u"Bn%
&ro&o?i!ii ,e"un%are @n 0ra?: The man 7$o is speaking is our teacher. % won#ere# 7$at he meant3
9';' Pronumele per,onal #T$e Per,onal Pronoun&
Fronu#ele &er,onal %e,e#nea? &er,oanele "e &ot a&rea @ntr.un %ialog C/or2itorul> interlo"utorulD ,au
@nlo"uie$te o2ie"tul %e,&re "are ,e /or2e$te> are "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a? $i
&oate @n%e&lini 0un"!iile ,inta"ti"e %e ,u2ie"t> nu#e &re%i"ati/> atri2ut> a&o?i!ie $i "o#&le#ent3
Fronu#ele &er,onal are 0or#e ,u&leti/e &entru "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a?3
A"e,te "ategorii gra#ati"ale nu a&ar @n, la toate 0or#ele &ronu#elui &er,onal3
9';'*' Categoria per,oanei la pronumele per,onal' En li#2a engle? &ronu#ele $i /er2ul ,unt
,ingurele &r!i %e /or2ire "are au "ategoria gra#ati"al a &er,oanei: I am a teacher3 Eu ,unt &ro0e,or3
He i, a chemist3 El e,te "-i#i,t3
Ieoare"e /er2ul e,te #ar"at %e regul &entru &er,oan nu#ai la &er,oana a III.a ,ingular> &ronu#ele
r#Bne ,ingurul in%i"ator al "elorlalte &er,oane3
pag: /33
Ie a"eea &ronu#ele &er,onal e,te %e o2i"ei #en!ionat la "o#uni"are @n li#2a engle?> ,&re %eo,e2ire %e
li#2a ro#Bn: I speak 9nglish3 CEuD /or2e," engle?e$te3
Not1: En li#2a engle?> &ronu#ele I ,e ,"rie @ntot%eauna "u liter #are: <e ,&ea=, Engli,- 2etter t-an I
%o3
Con0or# %e0ini!iei tra%i!ionale> &er,oana I %e,e#nea? &er,oana "are /or2e$te> &er,oana a II.a >
&er,oana "u "are ,e /or2e$te> iar &er,ona a III.a in%i" &e "el %e,&re "are ,e /or2e$te3
Not1: A"ea,t %e0ini!ie e,te in"o#&let3 Fronu#ele I %e,e#nea? &e "el "are /or2e$te $i "are 0a"e a"tul
%e /or2ire &o,i2il3
Fronu#ele %e &er,oana a II.a you e,te &er,oana "are re"e&tea? %i,"ur,ul3
Fronu#ele %e &er,oana a III.a he"they re&re?int #e#2rul ne#ar"at al "orela!iei3 A"e,t &ronu#e nu 0a"e
&o,i2il @n"e&erea a"tului %e /or2ire> "i %e,0$urarea lui logi"3 e"they @n%e&line$te o 0un"!ie ana0ori"
@n %i,"ur,> "ea %e re0erire la ele#ente %eAa intro%u,e @n %i,"ur,: Peter was !ery tire# as $e ha# worke#
har# all #ay3
En a"e,t 0el> &ronu#ele he"they nu ,e re0er la o &er,oan @n a"ela$i #o% "a $i &ronu#ele % $i you3
Fronu#ele &er,onale @n li#2a engle? ,unt 0olo,ite $i "u /aloare generi" Cgeneric personD 3
Fronu#ele he"she e,te 0olo,it "u /aloare generi" @n &ro&o?i!ii "are e1&ri# un a%e/r uni/er,al: He
who laughs last laughs best3 Cine rB%e la ur# rB%e #ai 2ine3
En a,e#enea "onte1te> /aloarea lui -e e,te "ea a unui %eter#inant %e#on,trati/: T$at one who333
Fronu#ele Hou e,te 0olo,it $i "u ,en,ul ne%e0init %e one: Iou can ne!er tell3 Nu ,e $tie ni"io%at3
iar they> "u ,en,ul %e ]oa#eni @n general^: T$e% make bicycles in this factory3
9';'.' Categoria genului la pronumele per,onale' Fronu#ele &er,onal are "ategoria gra#ati"al a
genului nu#ai la &er,oana a III.a ,ingular:
e e,te 0olo,it &entru a @nlo"ui nu#e %e &er,oane %e ,e1 2r2te,":
Tom Cro7n A He is the centre forwar#.
6$e e,te @ntre2uin!at &entru nu#e %e &er,oane %e ,e1 0e#eie,": Carbara A 6$e is my sister3
%t @nlo"uie$te nu#e %e o2ie"te ,au %e ani#ale: T$e /og A It barke# when the ;uests came3
Not:
e"she ,unt 0olo,ite &entru a @nlo"ui $i unele ,u2,tanti/e ani#ate ,au inani#ate> "are ,unt %e o2i"ei
neutre: T$e ,$ip/6$e -a, alrea%H arri/e%3
En li#2a engle?> &ronu#ele &entru &er,oana a III.a &lural they nu are 0or#e %i,tin"te &entru gen> "a @n
li#2a ro#Bn:
T$e girl, are here3
Setele ,unt ai"i3
T$e% are here3
Ele ,unt ai"i3
T$e bo%, ha!en3t come yet3
Bie!ii nu au /enit @n"3
T$e% ha!en3t come yet3
Ei nu au /enit @n"3
T$e,e bir#s are !ery pretty3
A"e,te &,ri ,unt 0oarte 0ru#oa,e3
T$e% are !ery pretty.
Ele ,unt 0oarte 0ru#oa,e3
pag: /31
9';'4' Categoria num1rului la pronumele per,onal Fronu#ele &entru &er,oana I &lural we nu
re&re?int #ai #ul!i %e % "i % J he:
Ean 7e come at eight \
Ean $e an/ I come at eight \
A"ea,t @ntre2uin!are a lui we e,te "uno,"ut ,u2 %enu#irea %e eAclusi!e ]Ve^3
4 alt 0un"!ie a &ronu#elui we e,te %e a in"lu%e $i &e a,"ulttor Cinclusi!e ]Ve^ O % J youD:
<ell, how are 7e feeling to#ay \
Ei> "u# ne #ai ,i#!i# a,t?i \
Not1: <e &oate 0i 0olo,it a,t0el %e "tre un %o"tor> o &ro0e,oar ,au o ,or #e%i"al "are ,e a%re,ea?
unui "o&il> &entru a "rea un ,enti#ent %e ,oli%aritate @ntre /or2itor $i a,"ulttor3
Sor#a you e,te 0olo,it atBt &entru &er,oana a II.a ,ingular> "Bt $i &entru &er,oana a II.a &lural: % tol#
%ou to sit #own3 V.a# / !i.a# ,&u, , ,tai Ao,3
Fluralul &er,oanei a II.a e,te %e a,e#enea un &lural in"lu,i/ "a $i la &er,oana I: /or2itorul re&re?entat
&rin % ,au interlo"utorul> re&re?entat &rin you @$i a,o"ia? "elelalte &er,oane ale %ialogului: we K % J he
4J you$ you K you J 4J you$.
Ioar &luralul &er,oanei a III.a re&re?int un &lural &ro&riu.?i,: they K he J he J he.
Not1: En li#2a engle? nu e1i,t &ronu#e %e &olite!e "a @n li#2a ro#Bn3 &ou &oate @n,e#na atBt tu, !oi
"Bt $i #umneata, #umnea!oastr2> @n 0un"!ie %e "onte1t3 La 0el he, she &ot @n,e#na el, ea ,au #umnealui,
#umneaei3
9';'8' Categoria cazului la pronumele per,onal' Fronu#ele &er,onal are 0or#e &entru "a?ul
no#inati/ $i &entru %ati//a"u?ati/ C"u e1"e&!ia lui you $i itD:
No#inati/: Iati//A"u?ati/
Fer,oana I ,ingular: % me
Fer,oana I &lural: we us
Fer,oana a II.a ,ingular/&lural: you you
Fer,oana a III.a ,ingular: he him
she her
it it
Fer,oana a III.a &lural: they them
;373;3 Sun"!iile ,inta"ti"e ale &ronu#elui &er,onal3 Fronu#ele &er,onal e,te 0olo,it @ntot%eauna "u
/aloare ,u2,tanti/al3 &ronu#ele &er,onal @n%e&line$te #ai #ulte 0un"!ii ,inta"ti"e> %u& "a?ul @n "are ,e
a0l:
aD no#inati/: . ,u2ie"t . <e is a stu#ent.
. nu#e &re%i"ati/ . %t is $e who #i# it.
2D %ati/: "o#&le#ent in%ire"t . Ean you tell me a story @
"D a"u?ati/: . "o#&le#ent %ire"t . % like $er'
. "o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional . ?ook at t$em G
pag: /35
9'=' Pronume re+le-i3 #T$e e+le-i3e Pronoun&
Fronu#ele re0le1i/ @nlo"uie$te o2ie"tul a,u&ra "ruia ,e e1e"it a"!iunea /er2ului $i "are e,te i%enti" "u
,u2ie"tul /er2ului5 are "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a? $i @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia %e
"o#&le#ent> nu#e &re%i"ati/ ,au a&o?i!ie3
;383(3 Categoriile gra#ati"ale ale &ronu#elui re0le1i/3 Fronu#ele re0le1i/ &re?int ur#toarele
&arti"ularit!i @n "eea "e &ri/e$te "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a?:
aD are &er,oana I> a II.a> aIII.a> "a $i &ronu#ele &er,onal $i "el &o,e,i/5
2D are 0or#e %i,tin"te %e gen nu#ai la &er,oana a III.a ,ingular:
#a,"ulin: -i#,el0
0e#inin: -er,el0
neutru: it,el0
"D are ter#ina!ia .,el0 la ,ingular $i .,el/e, la &lural3
Fer,oana Singular Flural
Fer,oana I myself ourself
Fer,oana a II.a yourself yourself
Fer,oana aIII.a:
#a,"ulin himself
0e#inin herself themsel!es
neutru itself
9'='.' ntrebuin2area pronumelui re+le-i3' Fronu#ele re0le1i/ e,te 0olo,it #ai ale, @n &ro&o?i!ii @n "are
"o#&le#entul %ire"t ,au &re&o?i!ional e,te i%enti" "u ,u2ie"tul3
AD A,t0el> &ronu#ele re0le1i/ @n%e&line$te @n &rin"i&al 0un"!ia %e "o#&le#ent %ire"t al unor /er2e
tran?iti/e3 Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al re0le1i/it!ii> /er2ele @n li#2a engle? ,e @#&art @n:
aD /er2e ur#ate @n #o% o2ligatoriu %e &ronu#e re0le1i/e "a: absent oneself 4from$, a!ail oneself 4of$,
beha!e oneself, busy oneself 4with$, pri#e oneself 4on$:
<e 2u,ie% -i#,el0 Vit- -i, &a&er,3 I &ri%e #H,el0 on #H "oo=ing3 Be-a/e Hour,el0 !
2D /er2e "are &ot 0i ur#ate ,au nu %e un &ronu#e re0le1i/> @ntre "ele %ou @ntre2uin!ri e1i,tBn% %i0eren!e
%e ,en,: apply 4oneself$, a!ail 4oneself$ con#uct 4oneself$, #epart 4oneself$:
<e a&&lie% -i#,el0 to t-e ta,=3 A %e&u, toate e0orturile &entru @n%e&linirea ,ar"inii3 <e a&&lie% 0or a Ao23
A 0"ut o "erere %e ,er/i"iu3
"D /er2e %u& "are &ronu#ele re0le1i/ ,e &oate o#ute 0r a &ro%u"e #o%i0i"ri 0r ,en,: a#=ust, comb,
#ress, ;ualify, sha!e, wash:
S-e Vent into t-e 2at-roo# an% Va,-e% -er,el03
S-e Vent into t-e 2at-roo# an% Va,-e%3
pag: /36
BD Fronu#ele re0le1i/ e,te 0olo,it "a &arte a unui "o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional> "Bn% "o#&le#entul
&re&o?i!inal e,te a"eea$i &er,oan "u ,u2,tnati/ul: Loo= a0ter Hour,el0> Vill Hou3 Ta=e "are o0 Hour,el03
S-e loo=e% at -er,el0 in t-e #irror3 I %onQt =noV V-at to %o Vit- #H,el03
Aten2ieG (3 En "on,tru"!iile &re&o?i!ionale "are e1&ri# rela!ii ,&a!iale @ntre ele#nte "on"rete> ,e
0olo,e$te &ronu#ele &er,onal @n "a?ul a"u?ati/> "-iar %a" "o#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional e,te a"eea$i
&er,oan "u ,u2ie"tul: I -a/e no 2oo=, on #e3 Ue -a/e t-e V-ole Vee= 2e0ore u,3 S-e loo=e% a2out
-er3
+3 Fronu#ele re0le1i/ e,te 0olo,it @n a,e#enea "a?uri %oar "u /aloare e#o!ional: S-e Va, 2e,i%e -er,el0
Vit- rage3
63 E1i,t $i ,itua!ii @n "are u?aAul o,"ilea? @ntre &ronu#ele re0le1i/ $i "el &er,onal: <e "lo,e% t-e %oor
2e-in% -i#C,el0D3 S-e gat-ere% t-e "-il%ren aroun% -erC,el0D3
Fronu#ele re0le1i/ are nu#ai /aloare ,u2,tanti/al3 El &oate @n%e&lini ur#toarele 0un"!ii ,inta"ti"e:
. "o#&le#ent %ire"t: S-e -el&e% $er,el+ to anot-er &ie"e, o0 "a=e3
. "o#&le#ent in%ire"t: <e alloVe% $im,el+ a 2rea=3
. "o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional: I loo=e% at m%,el+ in t-e #irror3
. nu#e &re%i"ati/: S-e i, alVaH, $er,el+'
9'='4' Pronumele /e 0nt1rire #T$e Emp$atic Pronoun&' Fronu#ele re0le1i/e ,e 0olo,e,":
aD "a &ronu#e re0le1i/e Cnon.e#&-ati" u,eD: <el& Hour,el0 ! Ser/e$te.te3
2D "a &ronu#e %e @ntrire Ce#&-ati" u,eD: <el& -er Hour,el03 AAut.o tu @n,u!i3
Fronu#ele %e @ntrire ,u2linia? &arti"i&area la a"!iune a /or2itorului> a interlo"utorului ,au a o2ie"tului
%e,&re "are ,e /or2e$te> are "ategoriile gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a? $i @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia
,inta"ti" %e a&o?i!ie3
Fronu#ele %e @ntrire ,e ,u2or%onea? %ire"t unui &ronu#e &er,onal ,au unui ,u2,tanti/:
<e -i#,el0 an,Vere% t-e &u&il,Q [ue,tion,3
T-e ,"ienti,t -i#,el0 an,Vere% t-e &u&il,Q [ue,tion,3
Fo?i!ia ne#ar"at a &ronu#elor %e @ntrire e,te i#e%iat %u& &roCnu#eleD &e "are.l ,u2linia?: T-e
&u&il, t-e#,el/e, Vor=e% in t-e ,"-ool gar%en3
CBn% C&roDnu#ele @n,o!it %e &ronu#e %e @ntrire e,te ,u2ie"tul &re&o?i!iei> &ronu#ele %e @ntrire ,e
&oate a$e?a:
. la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei: T-e 2oH -i#,el0 %reV t-e #a&3
. la ,0Br$itul &ro&o?i!iei: T-e 2oH %reV t-e #a& -i#,el03
Fronu#ele %e @ntrire e,te a""entuat @n /or2ire3
Sa&tul " &ronu#ele %e @ntrire %e&in%e @ntot%eauna %e un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e @i "on0er a"e,tuia
/aloare a%Ae"ti/al3
Fronu#ele %e @ntrire @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia ,inta"ti" %e a&o?i!ie: T-e -ea%#a,ter -i#,el0 -el&e% t-e
&u&il,3
CBn% e,te &re"e%at %e &re&o?i!ia 2H> o0 ,au 0or> &ronu#ele %e @ntrire are ,en,ul %e ,ingur> ,ingur>
,inguri> ,ingure:
I #a%e t-e %re,, 2H #H,el03 T-e gla,, "ra"=e% o0 it,el03 I Vant to ,ee 0or #H,el03
pag: /37
9'>' Pronumele po,e,i3 #T$e Po,,e,,i3e Pronoun&
Fronu#ele &o,e,i/ @nlo"uie$te atBt nu#ele o2ie"tului &o,e%at "Bt $i al &o,e,orului> are "ategoriile
gra#ati"ale %e &er,oan> gen> nu#r $i "a? $i &oate @n%e&lini 0un"!iile ,inta"ti"e %e ,u2ie"t> nu#e
&re%i"ati/> atri2ut> a&o?i!ie> "o#&le#ent3
Sor#ele &ronu#elui &o,e,i/ ,unt:
Fer,oana I ,ingular #ine
&lural our,
Fer,oana aII.a ,ingular/&lural Hour,
Fer,oana aIII.a #a,"ulin ,ingular -i, &lural t-eir,
0e#inin,ingular -er, &lural t-eir,
I, t-i, Hour &en"il \ No> itQ, no #ine3 A,= MarH i0 i, -er,3 I, it Hour,> MarH \
Aten!ie! Fronu#ele &o,e,i/e C/e?i e1e#&lele %e #ai ,u,D nu %eter#in ,u2,tanti/e "a a%Ae"ti/ele
&o,e,i/e> "i le @nlo"uie,"3 42,er/a!i #ai Ao, %i0eren!a %intre a%Ae"ti/ul $i &ronu#ele &o,e,i/ $i &ronu#ele
&er,onal @n "a?ul %ati//a"u?ati/
A%Ae"ti/e &o,e,i/e Fronu#e &o,e,i/e Fronu#e &er,onal
ItM, #H "ar ItM, #ine It 2elong, to #e
ItM, Hour "ar ItM, Hour, It 2elong, to Hou
ItM, -i, "ar ItM, -i, It 2elong, to -i#
ItM, -er "ar ItM, -er, It 2elong, to -er
ItM, it, "ar .. It 2elong, to it
ItM, our "ar ItM, our, It 2elong, to u,
ItM, Hour "ar ItM, Hour, It 2elong, to Hou
ItM, t-eir "ar ItM, t-eir, It 2elong, to t-e#
9'?' Pronumele interogati3 #T$e Interrogati3e Pronoun&
Fronu#ele interogati/ !ine lo"ul> @n &ro&o?i!ii interogati/e> "u/intelor a$te&tate "a r,&un, la @ntre2are>
&oate a/ea "ategoria gra#ati"al %e "a? $i @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia ,inta"ti" %e ,u2ie"t> "o#&le#ent ,au
0un"!ia %e #ar"> intro%u"Bn% &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate @n 0ra?3 Fronu#ele interogati/e &ot 0i 0olo,ite:
aD nu#ai "a &ronu#e: U-o i, -e \
2D nu#ai "a %eter#inan!i: U-at =in% o0 #an i, -e \
"D "a &ronu#e ,au "a %eter#inan!i: U-at %o Hou Vant \ U-at 2oo=, %o Hou Vant \
Fronu#ele interogati/e ,unt ,&e"iali?ate:
V-o e,te 0olo,it &entru 0iin!e>
V-at &entru lu"ruri
V-i"- &entru 0iin!e $i lu"ruri>
-oV #u"- &entru "antit!i>
-oV #anH &entru nu#r>
V-at =in% o0 &entru "alit!i et"3
pag: /3'
Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al 0le1iunii> V-o are 0or#e %eo,e2ite &entru 0ie"are "a?3 Celelalte &ronu#e
interogati/e ,unt in/aria2ile3
U<4 are ur#toarele 0or#e: N3: <ho @ "ine5 I: 4to$ whom O "ui \
U-o ,e re0er nu#ai la &er,oan: U-o %i% Hou #eet \
Sor#a V-o,e ,e &oate re0eri $i la lu"ruri $i ani#ale:
A: U-o,e 0oo% i, t-i, \
B: ItQ, t-e %ogQ, 0oo%3
U-o# e,te 0olo,it #ai ale, %u& &re&o?i!ii: BH V-o# Va, t-e &oe# Vritten \ En /or2irea "urent> V-o
e,te 0olo,it @n lo"ul lui V-o#> iar &re&o?i!ia ,e a$? la ,0Br$itul &ro&o?i!iei:
U-o Va, t-e &oe# Vritten 2H \
Not1: Atun"i "Bn% V-o @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia %e ,u2ie"t> el e,te ur#at %e un /er2 la ,ingular: B$o is
speaking\ %ar atun"i "Bn% @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia %e "o#&le#ent a"or%ul "u /er2ul ,e 0a"e @n nu#r: B$o
is waiting +or\ B$o are they waiting +or\
<7T "a &ronu#e interogati/ ,e re0er la ,u2,tanti/e ,au @nlo"uitori ai a"e,tora %e ori"e gen> &re"u# $i
la &ro&o?i!ii @ntregi:
B$at is she \ B$at is the meaning of this wor# \
B$at #i# he tell you \
Not: Atun"i "Bn% V-at @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia ,inta"ti" %e ,u2ie"t> /er2ul e,te la ,ingular: B$at is
happening here\ CCe ,e @ntB#&l ai"i\D %ar "Bn% @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia %e "o#&le#ent> a"or%ul "u /er2ul
,e 0a"e @n nu#r: B$at are they #oing\ CCe 0a"e ei\D
<hat ,e tra%u"e @n li#2a ro#Bn &rin:
aD CE> atun"i "Bn% ,e &re,u&une un r,&un, &rin "are ,e arat &ro0e,iunea ,au 0un"!ia: B$at is your
father \ B$at are you \
2D CARE: B$at are the #ays of the week \ B$at is your fa!ourite game \
"D CfT: B$at time is it \
<hat i#&li" o ,ele"!ie %intr.un nu#r ne%e0init %e o2ie"te: B$at books #o you like best\
U<IC< "a &ronu#e interogati/ e,te un no#inati/: B$ic$ is shorter, Detty or Lane \ ,au un a"u?ati/:
B$ic$ of these books #o you prefer \
<hich i#&li" ,ele"!ia %intr.un nu#r li#itat %e o2ie"te: B$ic$ of the two #resses will you take \
B$ic$ of the girls #o you like \
CBn% &ronu#ele ,au a%Ae"ti/ul interogati/ e,te @n,o!it %e o &re&o?i!ie a"ea,ta @l &re"e%e @n li#2a ,"ri,:
!rom 7$at country #oes she come \
En /or2irea "urent> &re&o?i!ia ,e a$ea? la ,0Br$itul &ro&o?i!iei:
B$at country #oes she come +rom \
9'*(' Pronumele relati3 #T$e elati3e Pronoun&
;3(93(3 Fronu#ele relati/ ,e re0er la un ,u2,tanti/ ,au @nlo"uitor al a"e,tuia "are a 0o,t %eAa #en!ionat $i
el 0a"e legtura @ntre &ro&o?i!ia @n "are ,e a0l $i "ea &e "are o @n,o!ea$te: % know people 7$o #on3t like
this writer3
% know people t$at #on3t like this writer3
pag: /3.
Fronu#ele relati/e ,unt: who, which Bi that3
<ho> I/A"3 who4m$, G3 whose ,e re0er la un ,u2,tanti/ ,au @nlo"uitor %e gen #a,"ulin ,au 0e#inin:
The girl 7$o sang is my cousin3 7 carpenter is a man 7$o makes chairs an# tables3 e is a writer
7$o,e works are !ery well+known3
<hich> whose ,e re0er la ,u2,tanti/e %e genul neutru: Tom is wearing a coat 7$ic$ is too large for
him3
The trees> 7$o,e lea!es are yellow an# re#333 Co&a"ii> ale "ror 0run?e ,unt gal2ene $i ro!ii333
That ,e re0er la ,u2,tanti/e> in%i0erent %e gen $i "a?:
The #og t$at ran across the street is mine3
The #og 7$ic$ ran across the street is mine3
The man t$at showe# you the way is !ery ol#3
The man 7$o showe# you the way is !ery ol#3
Not1: Fronu#ele relati/e $i &ronu#ele interogati/e V-o> V-i"- $i V-at ,e &ot a,o"ia "u a%/er2ele e/er
$i ,oe/er &entru a 0or#a &ronu#e relati/e> re,&e"ti/ &ronu#e interogati/e "o#&u,e:
whoe!er ' &e ori"ine3 B$oe3er comes must wait here3 4ri"ine /ine tre2uie , a$te&te ai"i3
whiche!er. &e ori"are3 e will take 7$ic$e3er is his3 4/El /a lua &e ori"are e,te a/al lui3
9'*('.' ntrebuin2area pronumelui relati3' <ho, whom, whose intro%u" @n%eo,e2i &ro&o?i!ii relati/e
%e,"ri&ti/e C&ro&o?i!ii "are a%u" in0or#a!ii ,u&li#entare> nee,en!iale> %e,&re ante"e%entD: >y wife> to
7$om you were speaking =ust now, wants you to come to #inner3 So!ia #ea> "reia @i /or2eai a"u#>
%ore$te , /ii la noi la #a,3
A"e,te &ronu#e relati/e &ot intro%u"e $i &ro&o?i!ii relati/e re,tri"ti/e C&ro&o?i!ii "are a%u" in0or#a!ii
a2,olut ne"e,are &entru "lari0i"area ,en,uluiD: The boy 7$o threw the stone will be punishe#3
<hich intro%u"e atBt &ro&o?i!ii relati/e %e,"ri&ti/e CaD "Bt $i re,tri"ti/e C2D:
aD 6wimming> 7$ic$ is an en=oyable sport, makes people strong an# healthy3
2D The glass 7$ic$ you are #rinking out of has =ust been washe#3
That ,e 0olo,e$te nu#ai @n &ro&o?i!ii re,tri"ti/e: The chair t$at was broken yester#ay has been men#e#.
Fronu#ele relati/e who, which, th ,e o#it @n &ro&o?i!iile re,tri"ti/e "Bn% ,e g,e," @n "a?ul a"u?ati/:
The girl C7$o#m&& you ha!e =ust met is my niece. The maga-ine Ct$atD you lent me is !ery interesting.
9'*('4' "ocul pronumelui relati33 Fronu#ele relati/ tre2uie a$e?at> &e "Bt &o,i2il> lBng ante"e%entul
,u3 Nere,&e"tarea a"e,tei reguli &oate %a na$tere la "on0u?ii: e met the girl in the street t$at you
know3 A @ntBlnit 0ata &e ,tra%a &e "are o "uno$ti3 %n the street, he met the girl t$at you know3 A @ntBlnit
0ata &e "are o "uno$ti &e ,tra%3
CBn% &ronu#ele relati/ @n a"u?ati/ e,te @n,o!it %e o &re&o?i!ie> a"ea,ta e,te a$e?at @naintea &ronu#elui
relati/ @n li#2a ,"ri,3 En e1&ri#area 0a#iliar> &ronu#ele relati/ ,e o#ite %e o2ie"ei> iar &re&o?i!ia ,e
a$ea? %u& /er2 ,au "o#&le#entul %ire"t: This is the man to 7$om % ga!e the parcel C,"ri,D3 This is
the man C7$omD % ga!e the parcel to C0a#iliarD3
pag: /10
9'**' Pronumele ne$ot1rEt #T$e In/e+inite Pronoun&
9'**'*' Fronu#ele ne-otrBt %e,e#nea? glo2al CallD ,au &ar!ial Ceach, eitherD o2ie"te ,au 0eno#ene3
Fronu#ele ne-otrBte ,unt 0olo,ite:
aD nu#ai "a &ronu#e:
There is ,omebo/% here.
There is ,omet$ing here3
None of them was in time3
2D "a %eter#inan!i ,au &ronu#e:
%3!e got ,ome3
%3!e got ,ome 9nglish books3
The teacher talke# with eac$ parent3
The teacher talke# with eac$ of them.
#N&eit$er boy can #o it3
#N&eit$er of you can #o it3
All chil#ren are here3
All of them are here3
9'**'.' ntrebuin2area pronumelor ne$ot1rEte' 6ome O "e/a> ni$te> &u!in> &u!in> unii> unele> "B!i/a>
"Bte/a> /reun> /reo> ,e @ntre2uin!ea? @n &ro&o?i!ii a0or#ati/e $i in%i" e1i,ten!a unui nu#r re,trB, %e
lu"ruri> 0iin!e> a unei "antit!i re,trBn,e3 E,te 0olo,it "u ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile la &lural $i "u ,u2,tanti/e
nenu#ra2ile la ,ingular: There are ,ome on his #esk. 6he bought ,ome3
6ome &oate 0i 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!ii interogati/e:
aD "Bn% ,Ve &une a""entul &e o &arte %in o2ie"tul ,au o2ie"tele #en!ionate: 8i# you rea# ,ome of the
books the teacher recommen#e# \
2D @n &ro&&o?i!iile @n "are ,e o0er "e/a: <ill you ha!e ,ome \
"D "Bn% @ntre2area nu ,e re0er la ,o#e: 8i# you ask father to gi!e me ,ome \
An% O /reun> /reo> ni"i unCulD> ni"i o> ni"i una ,e @ntre2uin!ea?:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e "u ,en,ul: ori"are> ori"e: An% of you coul# answer this ;uestion.
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii interogati/e $i negati/e: a!e you got an% \ % ha!en3t got an%3 Co#&u$ii lui some, any
Bi no Cno e,te 0olo,it %oar "a %eter#inant ,unt &ronu#e ne-otrBte:
somebo#y"someone + anybo#y"anyone + nobo#y"no one none
something + anything + nothing
A"e,tea ,unt 0olo,ite nu#ai "a &ronu#e3 Nu &ot 0i 0olo,ite $i "a %eter#inan!i:
% saw ,omebo/% in your room3
% saw ,omet$ing in your room3
% saw nobo/% in your room3
% saw not$ing in your room.
Fentru @ntre2uin!area "o#&u$ilor lui some, any, no> @n &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e> interogati/e $i negati/e3
Eac$ ,e re0er la #e#2rii unui gru& lua!i in%i/i%ual: Eac$ of them wante# to try3 Sie"are C%intre eiD
%orea , @n"er"e3
pag: /1/
Eit$er C0or#a negati/ neit$erD O 0ie"are Cni"i unulD %in %oi e,te 0olo,it #ai ale @n &ro&o?i!ii
interogati/e $i negati/e: a!e you seen eit$er of them \ L.ai /?ut &e /reunul %intre ei C%oiD \
En &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e> eit-er are ,en,ul %e ori"ine> ori"are: Eit$er of you can #o it3 4ri"are %intre /oi
C%oiD &oate 0a"e a"e,t lu"ru3
E3er% e,te 0olo,it %oar "a %eter#inant: E3er% pupil must #o his homework3 Co#&u$ii lui e/erH @n, ,unt
0olo,i!i %oar "a &ronu#e ne-otrBte: E3er%bo/% is present3 To!i ,unt &re?en!i3 % ha!e e3er%t$ing %
nee#3 A# tot "e.#i tre2uie3
All O tot> toat> to!i> toate> e1&ri# totalitatea lu"rurilor ,au 0iin!elor $i @nlo"uie$te ,u2,tanti/ele
nu#ra2ile la &lural: %3!e rea# them all3 Le.a# "itit &e toate3
,au ,u2,tanti/e nenu#ra2ile la ,ingular: %3!e rea# all about this sub=ect3 A# "itit tot @n2 legtur "u
a"e,t ,u2ie"t3
All &oate 0i 0olo,it $i "a &re%eter#inant: ,i!e me all the books % nee#3
En /or2irea "urent> all e,te @nlo"uit %e o2i"ei %e e!erybo#y ,au e!erything> @n 0un"!ie %e ,en,: All are
here O E3er%bo/% is here3 Tell me all about it O Tell me e3er%t$ing about it.
One O un> unul> una "ine/a> are o ,ingur 0or#> in%i0erent %e gen> nu#r $i "a?: There were two women
in the room: one was young an# one was ol#3
Mne "u /aloare i#&er,onal ,e @ntre2uin!ea? @n ,en, 0oarte general: One shoul# always perform his
#uty3 Tre2uie @ntot%eauna ,.!i 0a"i %atoria3
Mne ,e a"or% "u he, she, it $i "u 0or#ele "ore,&un?toare: his, him, her et"3: One of the boys sai# $e
woul# stay at home3
9'*.' Pronumele negati3 #Negati3e Pronoun,&
Fronu#ele ne-otrBte "u ,en, negati/ ,unt "on,i%erate %e unii autori o "la, a&arte %e &ronu#e .
&ronu#ele negati/e3
Fronu#ele negati/e %e,e#nea? li&,a o2ie"telor ,au a 0eno#enelor3 Solo,irea lor e1"lu%e e1i,ten!a altor
nega!ii @n &ro&o?i!ie3 Fronu#ele negati/e ,unt: nobo#y, no one Cni#eniD> none Cni"i unulD> neither Cni"i
unul %in %oiD> nothing Cni#i"D: Neit$er of the is right3 Ni"i unul %intre ei C%oiD nu are %re&tate3 <hat
ha!e you bought \ Not$ing3 Ce.ai "u#&rat \ Ni#i"3
EaERCISES
I3 Eompleta5i punctele cu a#=ecti!ul sau pronumele posesi! necesar:
(3 BettH "anQt eat333332irt-%aH "a=e alone3 +3 T-i, i, not #H 2oo=5 itQ,3333363 Feter>33333roo# i, on t-e
le0t>333333 i, on t-e rig-t3 :3 Jane> Hou #u,t go an% Va,-3330a"e3 ;3 g "la,,roo# i, ,unnH5 Ve li=e it3 73
Ja"= i, /erH 2rig-t 0or g age3 83 <e #aH ta=e t-e 2all> itQ, g *3 T-e,e re"or%, 2elong to t-e#3 T-eH
areg )3 T-at i, #H 2oo=> 2ut t-i, i, notg (93 I nee%e% an u#2rella an% I a,=e% Ali"e i0 I "oul%
2orroVg
pag: /10
II3 C2spun#e5i la urm2toarele Fntreb2ri. (olosi5i pronumele % ca subiect, Fnlocui5i substnati!ele cu
pronumele:
>o#el: U-o lent t-e 2oo= to t-at ,tu%ent \ % lent it to him3
(3 U-o tol% t-e ,torH to t-e "-il%ren\ +3 U-o Vrote t-e letter to Mr, U-ite\ 63 U-o ,ent t-e &re,ent to
Bo2\ :3 U-o 2oug-t t-e 2oo=, 0or Jane \ ;3 U-o ga/e t-e a&&le, to t-e 2oH\ 73 U-o e1&laine% t-e
le,,on to t-e neV ,tu%ent\ 83 U-o ,-oVe% t-e toVn to t-e touri,te,\
%%%. (olosi5i forma corect2 a pronumelui:
(3 Loo=> t-ereQ, george3 U-o in/ite%33333\
+3 T-e Uil,on, an% I %e"i%e% to a,= -i#33333t-oug-t -e Voul% enAoH it3
63 IQ# loo=ing 0or #H trou,er,3 <a/e Hou ,een3333\
:3 Ioe, Hour 2oH 0rien% ,&ea= Engli,-\33333,-oul% ,tu%H it i0 -e %oe,nQt3
;3 T-e Veat-er i, getting "ol%er3 g VonQt i#&ro/e 0or t-e ne1t tVo or t-ree %aH,
73 <a/e Hou rea% t-i, 2oo=\ g i, /erH intere,ting3
83 S-e i, a ni"e girl3 Io Hou =noV g\
*3 Ue o00ere% Ann ,o#e 0loVer,3
)3 S-e in/ite% g to -er 2irt-%aH &artH3
IV3 Eompleta5i spa5iile punctate cu pronume relati!e acolo un#e este ca-ul:
(3 T-e girl3333 i, ,itting at t-e %e,= i, our tH&i,t3
+3 T-e 2oo=33333 ,-e i, rea%ing -a, 2een &u2li,-e% re"entlH3
63 T-at i, t-e #an333333 -el&e% t-e "-il% "ro,, t-e ,treet3
:3 I, t-i, t-e Vo#an3333 ,ol% Hou t-e Engli,- %i"tionarH\
;3 I %onQt re#e#2er t-e Ao=eg -e tol% u,3
73 T-at i, a ,tu%entgalVaH, get, e1"ellent #ar=,3
83 <e i, t-e 0oot2all &laHerg,"ore% t-ree goal,3
*3 I, t-i, t-e -ou,eg Va, 2uilt 2H Hour 2rot-er\
V3 Tra#uce5i Fn limba engle-2:
Biri" $i Folina r#a,er3 E$i luar ,e"erile &e u#r $i &ornir a#Bn%oi ,&re lo"urile lui Tu%or Blo,u3 Fe
%ru#> Folina @i ,&u,e %in nou " nu ,e &oate aAunge la o @n!elegere "u tatl ei %a" au , ,tea $i ,.l
a$te&te &e el , ,e @#&a"e3 Ea @l "unoa$te #ai 2ine3 F#Bntul tre2uie luat "u 0or!a3 Biri" @i r,&un,e "
ori"e lu"ru ,e &oate lua "u 0or!a "u# ar 0i , ?i"e# un "al> o "ru!> o /it5 @l iai "u 0or!a $i @l %u"i "u tine3
Iar &#Bntul n.ai "u# ,.l iai3 Fentru &#Bnt tre2uie 0or#e la notariat $i nu#ai atun"i &o!i , ?i"i " e
al tu3 S&unBn%u.I a"e,t lu"ru> Biri" @ii atra,e luarea a#inte "Bt e ea %e &roa,t "Bn% @$i @n"-i&uie " nu
,.a gBn%it la toate 0elurile la ,itua!ia lor3 Folina r,&un,e " $tie ea %e 0or#e> "-iar #ai #ult %e"Bt "re%e
el3 Gi anu#e " %a" te 0olo,e$ti %e un lu"ru #ai #ul!i ani $i a%u"i #artori " atB!ia ani lu"rul a"ela a 0o,t
al tu> &o!i ,.I 0a"i 0or#e " e al tu> "-iar %a" la nu /rea3 Biri" @$i %e,"re!i 0runtea $i ,&u,e "u #ult
#irare $i a%#ira!ie " ?u> a %ra"ului na!ie %e #uiere #ai e,te ea3 Folina ,e 0"u ro$ie au?in%u.l "u# o
lau% $i @i r,&un,e " "u al%e tat.,u ea $i.a luat gBn%ul %e la o#enie3 Nu tre2uie , #ai ,tri"e o#enia
&e ei3 CBt a 0o,t 0at #are nu i.a "u#&rat ni"i o a!> ni"i un &eti"> a u#2lat %e,"ul! la -or5 el> Biri">
"unoa$te $i el 2ine &o/e,tea a,ta33 Ar tre2ui , @n!eleag " alt"e/a nu #ai e %e 0"u3 Mer,er #ult @n
t"ere $i el nu.i r,&un,e %e"Bt tBr?iu3 Ei atra,e luarea a#inte " tatl ei @l &oate %a @n Au%e"at3 El % @n
Au%e"at $i ie,e ru3 Folina @l @ntreru&,e ,&unBn% " a,ta n.are , @n%r?nea," el ,.o 0a"3 Ea ,.a #ritat
$i are %re&tul la &#Bntul &e "are l.a #un"it3 Gi %a" tatl ei are , 0a" &ro"e, are , ai2 ea griA ,.i
,"oat &ro"e,ul &e na,3
C>arin Pre#a + >orome5iiD
pag: /13
;' A/@ecti3ul #T$e A/@ecti3e&
;'*' 5e+ini2ie
A%Ae"ti/ul e,te &artea %e /or2ire "are:
aD e1&ri# o "alitate a unui o2ie"t Can intere,ting lecture, on ol/ manD5
2D are "ategoria gra#ati"al a "o#&ara!iei: e is taller than his brother3
"D @n%e&line$te 0un"!iile ,inta"ti"e %e atri2ut> a&o?i!ie> nu#e &re%i"ati/> ele#ent &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entar3
;'.' Compara2ia a/@ecti3elor #T$e Comrari,on o+ A/@ecti3e,&
S&re %eo,e2ire %e li#2a ro#Bn> un%e a%Ae"ti/ul are 0le1iune %e gen> nu#r $i "a? $i "o#&ara!ie>
a%Ae"ti/ul %in li#2a engle? nu ,e ,"-i#2 %u& gen> nu#r $i "a?3 Singurul #o% %e #ar"are 0or#al
e,te "o#&ara!ia:
un ele/ inteligent.a cle3er schoolboy
o ele/ inteligent . a cle3er schoolgirl
ele/i inteligen!i . cle3er schoolchil#ren
Le"!ia a %oua e,te #ai grea %e"Bt &ri#a le"!ie3 . ?esson 0 is more /i++icult than ?esson /.
Con!inul "ategoriei gra#ati"ale a "o#&ara!iei "on,t @n 0a&tul " la o2ie"tele %in lu#ea @n"onAurtoare
"alit!ile &ot a&rea @n #,ur egal: The >aths teacher is a, ol/ a, the Psysics teacher3
,au @n #,ur inegal: The maths teacher is ol/er t$an the Pasysics teacher3
Categoria gra#ati"al a "o#&ara!iei e,te "on"reti?a[t @n li#2a engle? "a $i @n li#2a ro#Bn> @n trei
gra%e %e "o#&ara!ie:
Gra%ul &o?iti/ ne#ar"at arat &re?en!a nor#al a unei "alit!i a o2ie"telor> 0r a ,e 0a"e /reo
"o#&ara!ie:
e is tall3 6he is beauti+ul3
Gra%ul "o#&arati/ "o#&ar %ou o2ie"te> in%i"Bn% &re?en!a "alit!ii la o2ie"tele "o#&arate @n #,ur
egal C"o#&arati/ul %e egalitate: e is a, tall a, his sisterD ,au @n #,ur inegal C% am %ounger t$an
$erD ,au %e in0erioritate: This lesson is le,, intere,ting than the pre!ious oneD3
La gra%ul "o#&arati/> ter#enul "o#&ara!iei &oate 0i e1&ri#at: e is more punctual than the others3
,au nee1&ri#at: e is more punctual3
Gra%ul ,u&erlati/ arat " un #e#2ru al unui gru& &o,e% "alitatea "o#&arat @n "el #ai @nalt gra%> &rin
inter#e%iul unei "o#&ara!ii %ire"te C"o#&arati/ul relati/: 6he is t$e cle3ere,t of allD ,au 0r "o#&ara!ie
%ire"t C,u&erlati/ul a2,olut : 6he is 3er% cle3erD3
Aten2ie! Atun"i "Bn% ,e "o#&ar nu#ai %ou no!iuni ,e 0olo,e$te gra%ul "o#&arati/ &re"e%at %e
arti"olul t-e @n lo"ul ,u&erlati/ului: 6he is t$e %ounger an# t$e more beauti+ul of the two sisters.
pag: /11
;'4' !ormarea comparati3ului i a ,uperlati3ului
;'4'*' Compara2ia ,intetic1' AD A%Ae"ti/ele #ono,ila2i"e 0or#ea? "o#&arati/ul $i ,u&erlati/ul @n #o%
,inteti"3 Ele &ri#e," .4e$r la "o#&arati/ $i the +4e$,t la ,u&erlati/:
small + smaller + the smallest
short + shorter + the shortest
Ortogra+ieF
(D A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @ntr.o "on,oan &re"e%at %e o /o"al ,"urt %u2lea? "on,oan:
big + bigger + the biggest hot + hotter + the hottest
fat + fatter + the fattest thin + thinner + the thinnest
+D A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n +y &re"e%at %e o "on,oan tran,0or# &e % @n i: #ry + #rier + the #riest
6D A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n +e ,au +ee> &ier% &e +e 0inal @naintea lui +er ,au +est: nice + nicer + the nicestI
free + freer + the freestI
BD En #o% ,inteti" ,e "o#&ar $i a%Ae"ti/ele 2i,ila2i"e ter#inate @n +y, +le, +er, +ow $i .some:
happy + happier + the happiestI
cle!er + cle!erer + the cle!erest
narrow + narrower + the narrowest
E-cep2ii: eager, proper, fertile, hostile, fragile ,e "o#&ar nu#ai "u more $i the most3
Unele a%Ae"ti/e &ot a/ea #a2ele 0or#e %e "o#&arati/ $i ,u&erlati/:
. "u &re0erin! &entru 0or#e ,inteti"e:
aD a%Ae"ti/e #ono,ila2i"e: calm, fot, huge, =ust, keen
calm + calmer + the calmest
2D a%Ae"ti/e 2i,ila2i"e ter#inate @n +y ,au +ly: angry, clumsy, sleepy, mustyI
angry + angrier + the angriest
. "u &re0erin! &entru 0or#ele analiti"e:
aD a%Ae"ti/e 2i,ila2i"e "u a""entul &e &ri#a ,ila2: acti!e, ci!il, common, fertile, hostile, constant,
pru#ent, pleasant, stupi#, su##enI acti!e + more acti!e + the most acti!eI
2D a%Ae"ti/e 2i,ila2i"e "u a""entul &e ulti#a ,ila2: concise, remote, precise, se!ere, profoun#, polite.
E-cep2ie: a%Ae"ti/e 2i,ila2i"e ter#inate @n %ou "on,oane: correct, #istinct, eAact, intact et"3 0or#ea?
"o#&arati/ul $i ,u&erlati/ul nu#ai "u more $i the most: a more #istinct pronunciation O o &ronun!ie #ai
"lar5
"D a%Ae"ti/ele 0or#ate %in trei ,ila2e "u un &re0i1 negati/: unhappy, unlucky, unpleasant, insecureI
unpleasant + more unpleasant + the most unpleasant3
Solo,irea 0or#ei ,inta"ti"e ,au analiti"e ,au toate a"e,te a%Ae"ti/e %e&in%e %e,eori %e rit#ul &ro&o?i!iei>
%e ne/oia %e e1&re,i/itate3
En li#2a /or2it ,unt &re0erate 0or#ele ,inteti"e> @n ti#& "e @n ,"ri, ,e 0olo,e," #ai ale, 0or#ele analiti"e3
pag: /15
;'4'.' Compara2ia analitic1' AD A%Ae"ti/ele 0or#ate %in %ou ,au #ai #ulte ,ila2e 0or#ea?
"o#&arati/ul $i ,u&erlati/ul analiti" "u aAutorul lui more $i the most:
careful + more careful + the most careful
#ifficul + more #ifficult + the most #ifficult
BD A%Ae"t/ele "o#&u,e 0or#ea? gra%ele %e "o#&ara!ie @n 0elul ur#tor:
aD "Bn% &ri#ul ele#ent e,te un a%Ae"ti/ "are @$i &,trea? ,en,ul> a"e,ta ,e ,"-i#2 la "o#&arati/ $i
,u&erlati/:
well+known + betterKknown + the best+known
ill+pai# + worse+pai# + tyhe worst+pai#
intelligent+looking, + more intelligent+looking + the most intelligent+looking
2D "Bn% "ele %ou ele#ente 0or#ea? un tot %in &un"t %e /e%ere al ,en,ului "o#&ara!ia ,e reali?ea? "u
aAutorul lui more $i t-e most:
heart+broken + more heart+broken + the heart+broken
far+fetche# + more far+fetche# + the most far+fetche#
;'4'4' !ormarea comparati3ului /e egalitate i in+erioaritate' Co#&arati/ul %e egalitate ,e e1&ri#
&rin a%Ae"ti/ul la gra%ul &o?iti/ &re"e%at $i ur#at %e "onAun"!ia a,: >y room is a, large as hers3 Ca#era
#ea e,te la 0el %e #are "a a ei3
Co#&arati/ul %e in0erioritate ,e e1&ri# &rin a%Ae"ti/ul la gra%ul &o?iti/ &re"e%at %e not so"as $i ur#at
%e as ,au &rin less333than: >y homework is not a, ea,% a, yours3 Te#a #ea nu e la 0el %e u$oar "a a ta3
This lecture is le,, intere,ting than the pre!ious one3 A"e,t "ur, e #ai &u!in intere,ant %e"Bt "ur,ul
anterior3
;'4'8' !ormarea ,uperlati3ului ab,olut' Su&erlati/ul a2,olut ,e "on,truie$te "u aAutorul a%/er2elor
!ery, too, highly, eAtremely, utterly:
The story he tol# us was 3er% amu,ing3 %t is e-tremell% /i++icult to reach the top3
;'8' Compara2ia neregulat1 a a/@ecti3elor
Unele a%Ae"ti/e 0or#ea? "o#&arati/ul $i ,u&erlati/ul @n #o% neregulat:
goo# K bun + better + the best
9ight is a goo/ mark3
*ine is better than eight3 Ten is t$e be,t mark3
ba# O ru worse . the worst
ill O 2olna/ worse . the worst
They are both ba/ bo%,> but Peter is 7or,e than Tom. Mf all the ba# boys % know Peter is t$e 7or,t3
much O #ult more . the most
many O #ul!i more . the most
pag: /16
<e ha!en3t muc$ butter left3 % nee# more help3 This plate has t$e mo,t
meat on it late O tBr?iu . later O #ai tBr?iu O the lastest O "el #ai tBr?iu
re"ent #ai re"ent "el #ai re"ent
+ the latter O "el %e.al %oilea
C%intre %ou ele#enteD a"e,ta %in ur#
Co&u, lui the formerD
. the last O ulti#ul C%intre #ai #ulte ele#enteD
Co&u, lui the firstD
The late e#ition of this paper appears at 3 p.m. There is a later one at 5 p.m. Lohn an# Tom are tall
boys: t$e +ormer is the catain of the basketball team an# t$e later is a goo# footballer3 <hat3s t$e
la,te,t news \ Care ,unt ulti#ile $tiri \ is la,t no!el is still unpublishe#3 Ulti#ul ,u ro#an e,te @n"
ne&u2li"at3 Cnu a #ai ,"ri, alte ro#aneD3
ol# O 2trBn 1
/e"-i
. ol#er O #ai 2trBn
#ai /e"-i
. el#er O #ai @n /Br,t C%e,&re #e#2rii a"elea$i 0a#ilii 0olo,it atri2uti/D Co&u, lui youngerD
. the ol#est O "el #ai 2trBn5 "el #ai /e"-i
. the el#est O "el #ai @n /Br,t C%e,&re #e#2rii a"elela$i 0a#ilii> 0olo,it atri2uti/D
>y brother is ol/er than me. Sratele #eu e,te #ai #are %e"Bt #ine3 >y elder brother is a #octor.
Sratele #eu #ai #are e,te %o"tor3 6he is my eldest sister3 Ea e,te ,ora #ea "ea #ai #are3
Not: (3 Sor#ele el%er $i t-e el%e,t ,e 0olo,e," uneori $i &entru &er,oane %in a0ara 0a#iliei: The elder
girls in our school sing in the chorus. An elder officer
+3 El%er &oate 0i 0olo,it $i "a ,u2,tanti/ nenu#ra2il la &lural: 6he followe# the a#!ice of her elders.
near O a&roa&e
. nearer O #ai a&ro&iat C@n ,&a!iu> ru%enieD
. t-e neare,t O "el #ai a&ro&iat C@n ,&a!iu> ru%enieD
. t-e ne1t O ur#torul C@n ti#&> or%ineD
Peter is a near relation of mine. Feter e,te o ru% a&ro&iat %e.a #ea3
Ean you show me the nearest tabacoconist3s @ E#i &ute!i arta tutungeria "ea #ai a&ro&iat \
>rs ,reen was the next person to arri!e. Ioa#na Green a 0o,t ur#toarea &er,oan "are a ,o,it3
little O &u!in
le,, . t-e lea,t
% ha!e little time. >y frien# has less time than % ha!e. Tom has the least of all.
0ar O %e&rtat
0art-er O #ai %e&rtat C%i,tan!D . t-e 0art-e,t
0urt-er O #ai %e&rtat C%i,tan!D ,u&li#entar> a%i!ional> @n &lu, . t-e 0urt-e,t
;'9' nt1rirea compara2iei a/@ecti3elor
A%/er2ele #u"- $i 0ar a$e?ate @naintea "o#&arati/ului $i 2H 0ar a$e?at %u& "o#&arati/ @ntre," i%eea
e1&ri#at %e a%Ae"ti/ul re,&e"ti/: T-i, 2oo= i, #u"- #ore intere,ting/0ar #ore intere,ting 2H 0ar t-an
t-e ot-er 2oo=, -e -a, Veritten3 Cartea a"ea,ta e,te #ult #ai intere,ant %e"Bt "elelalte "r!i &e "are le.a
,"ri,3
pag: /17
Con,tru"!ia "u c:t ... _ "o#&arati/ 333 cu at:t... _ "o#&arati/ ,e re% &rin %ou "o#&arati/e &re"e%ate
%e the:
The longer the #ays, the shorter the nights. Cu "Bt ,unt ?ilele #ai lungi "u atBt ,unt no&!ile #ai ,"urte3
Con,tru"!a #in ce Fn ce mai ... tot mai... ,e re% @n li#2a engle? /or2it &rin re&etarea "o#&arati/ului $i
inter"alarea "onAun"!iei an#: It i, "ol%er an% "ol%er3 E,te %in "e @n "e #ai 0rig> T-e ol% #an 0elt Vor,e
an% Vor,e3 BtrBnul ,e ,i#!ea %in "e @n "e #ai ru3
Ia" a%Ae"ti/ul e,te &luri,ila2i"> ,e re&et a%/er2ul more"less $i ,e inter"alea? "onAun"!ia an#:
<i, le"ture, are #ore an% #ore intere,ting3 Tour ,torie, are le,, an% le,, "re%i2le3
A"ela$i ,en, ,e re% @n ,tilul o0i"ial $i @n ,"ri, &rin 0olo,irea a%/er2ului e!er @n 0a!a "o#&arati/ului: T-e
&u2li,-e% in t-i, "ountrH are e/er #ore intere,ting3
;';' !unc2iile ,intactice ale a/@ecti3ului
Iin &un"t %e /e%ere ,inta"ti"> a%Ae"ti/ele &ot 0i:
aD atri2uti/e> @n%e&linin% 0un"!ia %e atri2ut ,au a&o?i!ie @n &ro&o?i!ie: To# -a, a neV 2i=e3
2D &re%i"ati/e> @n%e&linin% 0un"!ia %e nu#e &re%i"ati/ @n &ro&o?i!ie: To#Q, 2i=e i, neV3
Aten2ieG Ver2ele "o&ulati/e: be, stan#, seem, appear, look, become, grow, get, turn, keep, remain,
continue ,unt ur#ate %e a%Ae"ti/e C$i nu %e a%/er2eD "u /aloare %e nu#e &re%i"ati/e: <e i, "le/er3 S-e i,
getting ol%3 T-eH are =ee&ing ,ilent3
Ver2ele e1&ri#Bn% &er"e&!ia ,en?orial: look, smell, soun#, taste, feel ,unt %e a,e#enea ur#ate %e
a%Ae"ti/e: Tou loo= 2eauti0ul3 T-e ,ou& ta,te, goo%3
Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al 0olo,irii atri2uti/e ,au &re%i"ati/e> a%Ae"ti/ele @n li#2a engle? ,e @#&art @n trei
#ari gru&e:
aD a%Ae"ti/e "are &ot 0i @ntre2uin!ate atBt atri2uti/ "Bt $i &re%i"ati/: T-e ol% #an -a, "o#e again3 <e i,
/erH ol%3
2D a%Ae"ti/e "are nu &oit 0i 0olo,ite %e"Bt atri2uti/3 En a"ea,t gru& intr:
. a%Ae"ti/e ter#inate @n +en> &ro/enite %e la ,u2,tanti/e "on"rete:
S-e -a, a Voollen %re,,3
. a%Ae"ti/e in%i"Bn% &un"tele "ar%inale: Ro#ania lie, in Ea,tern Euro&e3
. a%Ae"ti/ele %eri/ate %in ,u2,tanti/e: a #e%i"al ,"-ool5 ato#i" energH5 a "ri#inal atta"=3
. unele a%Ae"ti/e %in "are &ot 0i %eri/ate a%/er2e: #H 0or#er 0rien%5 -er late -u,2an%5 un utter 0ool3
"D a%Ae"ti/e "are ,unt @ntre2uin!ate nu#ai &re%i"ati/:
. a%Ae"ti/ele: ill> Vell> %run=: <e i, ill3
. a%Ae"ti/ele %eri/ate "u &re0i1ul a.:
abla-e O a&rin,> @n 0l"ri
afrai# O ,&eriat
alone O ,ingur
ashame# O ru$inat
pag: /1'
aghast O @n0ri"o$at
alert O atent> /igilent
alike O la 0el> i%enti"
ali!e O /iu> @n /ia!
asleep O a%or#it
a!erse O &otri/ni"> o&u,
aVa=e O trea?
aware O "on$tient
T-e little 2oH Va, ,till un,lee&> 2ut -i, #ot-er i, aVa=e3
Not: (3 Unele %in a"e,te a%Ae"ti/e &ot 0i 0olo,ite atri2uti/ "Bn% ,unt &re"e%ate %e un a%/er2: a fully
awake person5 a very ashamed chil#5 the half asleep girl
+3 CBte/a a%Ae"ti/e &re%i"ati/e au un ,inoni# "u /aloare atri2uti/: afrai# + frightene#I alike + similarI
ali!e + li!ingI alone + lonely
T-e "-il% Va, a0rai% to a,= 0or -el&/ T-e 0rig-tene% "-il% %i%nMt a,= 0or -el&3 T-e,e tVo %re,,e, are /erH
#u"- ali=e/ T-e,e are ,i#ilar %re,,e,3
;'=' "ocul a/@ecti3elor 0n propozi2ie
a$ 7#=ecti!ul folosit atributi! &re"e% ,u2,tanti/ul &e "are @l %eter#in5 a high mountainI a difficult
problem.
2D @n "Bte/a "a?uri a%Ae"ti/ul> atri2uti/ e,te @n #o% o2ligatoriu a$e?at %u& ,u2,tanti/:
. @n gru&uri %e "u/inte: 7mbassa#or 9Atraor#inary, secretary general, postmaster general, attorney
general, court martial, heir apparent, knight errant, poet laureate, from time immemorialI
. &ronu#ele ne-otrBte "are ,e ter#in @n +bo#yI +oneI +thing ,unt %e o2i"ei ur#ate %e a%Ae"ti/e: S-e
2oug-t ,o#et-ing ni"e3 <e ,ai% not-ing intere,ting3
"D CBn% #ai #ulte a%Ae"ti/e %eter#in un ,u2,tnati/> a%Ae"ti/ul al "rui @n!ele, e,te "el #ai legat %e
,u2,tanti/ ,e a$ea? @n i#e%iata lui a&ro&iare> iar "elelalte @l &re"e% @n or%inea gra%ului %e a&ro&iere al
@n!ele,ului lor %e "el al ,u2,tanti/ului3 Nu e1i,t reguli ,tri"te &ri/in% or%inea a%Ae"ti/elor> ele ,e ,u""e%
@n or%inea ur#toare: @n,u$ire> %i#en,iune> 0or#> /Br,t "uloare> na!ionalitate> origine> a%Ae"ti/ /er2al:
S-e 2oug-t a 0eV large re% a&&le,3 I #et t-ree tall Houng Sren"- girl ,tun%ent,3 T-e ,#all roun% an"ient
C-ine,e 2o1 Va, in t-e ta2le3
%D CBn% un ,u2,tanti/ e,te %eter#inat %e %ou a%Ae"ti/e la "o#&arati/> unul #ai ,"urt $i "ellalt #ai
lung> "el ,"urt @l &re"e%e &e "el lung: S-e Va, taller an% #ore 2eauti0ul3
eD A%Ae"ti/ul "u %eter#inare ur#ea? ,u2,tanti/ul: It Va, a -ou,e uglH Vit- %e"aH3 Era o "a, urBt %in
"au?a %egra%rii3
0D A%Ae"ti/ul 0olo,it &re%i"ati/ ur#ea? /er2ul "o&ulati/: <e i, ill3 S-e ,ee#, tire%3 Tou loo= &ale3
EOECI6E6
I3 Fune!i a%Ae"ti/ele %in &arante? la 0or#a "ore"t:
(3 Su##er i, 4goo#$ ,ea,on o0 t-e Hear3 +3 In ,u##er t-e %aH, are 4long$ an% t-e nig-t, are 4short$ t-an
in ,&ring3 63 T-e ++n% o0 June i, 4long$ %aH o0 t-e Hear3 :3 In JulH t-e %aH, 2e"o#e 4warm$ an% 4warm$3
;3 4>any$ &eo&le &laH 0oot2all in ,u##er3 73 Soot2all i, 4popular$ ga#e in Ro#ania3 83 I t-in= autu#n
i, a, 4beautiful$ a, ,u##er3 *3 T-eV Veat-er i,nMt a, 4warm$ a, in ,u##er> 2ut t-e tree, are 4beautiful$
t-an in ,u##er3 )3 Uinter i, 4ba#$ ,ea,on o0 t-e Hear3 It i, "ol% an% Vet3 (93 So#e &eo&le t-in= it i,
4interesting$ ,ea,on o0 t-e Hear> 2e"au,e t-eH "an ,=H> ,=ate or &laH Vit- ,noV
II3 Alege!i 0or#a "ore"t a a%Ae"ti/elor %in &arante?:
(3 Sro# t-e,e tVo %re,,e, t-e "-ea&er i, 4the best, the better$3 +3 Sin"e ,-e -a, retire%> 4less an# less,
fewer an# fewer$ 0rien%, -a/e /i,ite% -er3 63 Mi=e an% Bo2 are ,tu%ent,3 T-e 0or#er ,tu%ie, #e%i"ine>
4the secon#, the latter$ ,tu%ie, ar"-ite"ture3 :3 <er 4ol#er, el#er$ ,i,ter %i% nt "o#e to t-e &artH3 ;3 T-e
%o"tor a,=e% 4the nearest, the neAt$ &er,on to "o#e in3
III3 Tra%u"e!i @n li#2a engle?:
(3 Ai "itit ulti#ul ro#an al lui Marin Fre%a\ +3 `i ,.a &rut #ai intere,ant %e"Bt "elelalte ro#ane ale lui\
63 A 0o,t &e %e&arte "ea #ai &l"ut /a"an! &e "are a# &etre"ut.o /reo%at &e #are3 :3 Ei ,tu%ia? %in
"e @n "e #ai #ult $i o2!in re?ultate %in "e @n "e #ai 2une3 ;3 Cu "Bt era #ai atent "u atBt #ai &u!ine
gre$eli 0"ea3 73 El "uno$ti &e 0ratele ei #ai #are\ 83 Ro"-ia ta e,te #ai #o%ern %e"Bt a #ea3 *3 Care
e,te &laneta "ea #ai @n%e&rtat\
=' A/3erbul #T$e A/3erb&
='*' 5e+ini2ie
A%/er2ul e,te &artea %e /or2ire "are:
aD arat o "ara"teri,ti" a unei a"!iuni> a unei ,tri ,au a unei "alit!i5
2D &oate a/ea "ategoria gra#ati"al a "o#&ara!iei5
"D @n%e&line$te 0un"!ia ,inta"ti" %e "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial3
Not: (3 A%/er2ul #ai &oate a&rea &e lBng un ,u2,tanti/ C%e o2i"ei &re"e%at %e arti"olul ne-otrBtD:
<e i, [uite a #an noV3 It Va, onlH a "at> ,au un &ronu#e: I, t-i, 2oo= reallH #ine\
+3 Unele a%/er2e &ot 0or#a ,ingure &ro&o?i!ii: Ceally@ 8ownN (asterN ,la#ly. 7lmost. &es. *o. >aybe.
*ow. *e!er.
='.' "ocu2iuni i con,truc2ii a/3erbiale
='.'*' "ocu2iunile #peri+razele& a/3erbiale ,unt e1&re,ii 0i1e "u /aloare %e a%/er2e: at present O @n
&re?ent5 as a rule O %e o2i"ei5 by the way O a&ro&o5 as a matter+of+fact O %e 0a&t5 at once O i#e%iat5
once in while, now an# then O %in "Bn% @n "Bn%5 to+an# fro O @n"oa"e $i @n"olo et"3
='.'.' Con,truc2iile a/3erbiale ,unt "on,tru"!ii &re&o?i!ionale "are &ot 0i 0olo,ite "a a%/er2e: <e
Vat"-e, TV in t-e e/ening3 S-e Vent out t-e roo#3
pag: /50
Unele "on,tru"!ii a%/er2iale ,e 0olo,e,":
aD "Bn% nu ,e &ot 0or#a a%/er2e %e la a%Ae"ti/: S-e ,&o=e Vit- %i00i"ultH3
2D "Bn% "on,tru"!ia a%/er2ial e,te #ai 0irea," %e"Bt a%/er2ul: S-e a%%re,,e% t-e %o"tor in a 2ro=en
/oi"e3
"D "Bn% a%ugarea ,u0i1ului.lH ar ,"-i#2a @n!ele,ul: S-e ,&o=e in a -ig- /oi"e3 CS-e ,&o=e -ig-lH o0 -i#3
='4' !orma a/3erbelor
CBn% #ai #ulte a%/er2e %e #o% ,e 0or#ea? &rin a%ugarea ,u0i1ului +ly la 0or#a a%Ae"ti/ului: <e i, a
,loV Val=er3 <e Val=, ,loVlH3
La 0el ,e 0or#ea? $i unele a%/er2e %e ti#&> ,u0i1ul +ly 0iin% a%ugat unui ,u2,tanti/: T-i, #aga?ine i,
&u2li,-e% e/erH Vee=3
T-i, #aga?ine i, &u2li,-e% Vee=lH3
Aten2ieG Nu toate "u/intele ter#inate @n .lH ,unt a%/er2e3 Unele ,unt nu#ai a%Ae"ti/e: 0rien%lH> lo/elH>
li=elH> ti#elH> $i ,unt 0olo,ite "a &r!i ale unor "on,tru"!ii a%/er2iale: <e "a#e at a ti#elH #o#ent3 S-e
,&o=e to u, in a 0rien%lH VaH3
A%/er2ele %e ti#& ter#inate @n lH &ot 0i 0olo,ite atBt "a a%Ae"ti/e> "Bt $i "a a%/er2e: T-i, i, a %ailH
&a&aer3 It "o#e, out %ailH3
Ortogra+ieF
En general> a%ugarea ,u0i1ului .lH nu #o%i0i" 0or#a ini!ial a "u/Bntului:
<e i, a carele,, %ri/er3 <e %ri/e, carele,,l%'
Ia" a%Ae"ti/ul ,e ter#in @n .e> a"e,ta ,e &,trea? @naintea ,u0i1ului .lH: entire + entirelyI eAtreme +
eAtremely.
E1"e&!ii: true - truly; due - duly; whole - wholly.
Ia" a%Ae"ti/ul ,e ter#in @n .l> a%/er2ul /a a/ea .ll> &rin a%ugarea ter#ina!iei .lH: 2eati0ul _ lH O
2eauti0ullH3
='8' Mo/i+ic1ri /e ortogra+ie
. A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n .H @l tran,0or# @n .i @naintea ,u0i1ului .lH -a&&H . -a&&ilH5 %aH . %ailH3
. A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n .ll &ier% un .l: 0ull . 0ullH5
. A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n .le ,ila2i" &ier% .e $i a%aug .H: ,i#&le . ,i#&lH5 &ro2a2le . &ro2a2lH5
. A%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n .i" a%aug un .allH &entru a %e/eni a%/er2e:
ent-u,ia,ti" . ent-u,ia,ti"allH5
Iar &u2li" . &u2li"lH5
. A%Ae"ti/ul goo% %e/ine a%/er2ul Vell: S-e i, a goo% &u&il3 S-e ,&ea=, Engli,- Vell3
. Unele a%/er2e au 0or#e ,&e"iale ConlH> o0ten> e/er et"3D> &e "Bn% altele ,unt o#oni#e "u alte &r!i %e
/or2ire> @n ,&e"ial "u a%Ae"ti/e: S-e arri/e% earlH/0a,t/late to%aH3
pag: /5/
En alte "a?uri a%/er2ele &ot a/ea %ou 0or#e "u %i0eren!ieri %e ,en,:
Sor# 0r .lH Sen, Sor# "u .lH Sen,
S-e "a#e "lo,e an%
loo=e% at #e3
a&roa&e I 0olloVe% t-e
in,tru"tion, "lo,elH3
@n%ea&roa&e
<e %ug %ee& in t-e
groun%3
a%Bn"> @n a%Bn"i#e <e Va, %ee&lH
"on"erne%3
0oarte tare> &ro0un%
T-eH Vent %ire"t
-o#e3
. %ire"t> %re&t> %e.a
%re&tul _ go> "o#e>
,en%
. 0r inter#e%iar
&er,onal
T-e "ar Va,
"o#ing %ire"tlH
toVar%, #e3
S-e Va, %ire"tlH
a00e"te%3
T-eH "a#e %ire"tlH
a0ter lun"-3
I got u& %ire"tlH t-e
2ell rang3
. %ire"t> %re&t
. @n #o% %ire"t
. @n%at Ci#e%iatD
. %e @n%at "e
Ta=e it ea,H!
Ju,t go ea,H!
Ea,H "o#e> ea,H
go!
e1&re,ii @n engle?a
/or2it: u$or> "al#>
@n"et5
I ,ol/e% t-e
&ro2le# ea,ilH3
"u u$urin!> u$or
&laH 0air
0ig-t 0air
@n anu#ite
"olo"a!ii: "ore"t>
"in,tit5
<e Va, treate%
0airlH3
<i, &a&er i, 0airlH
goo%3
. %re&t> "ore"t> "u#
,e "u/ine
. %e,tul %e
All #e#2er, are
a%#itte% 0ree3
gratuit T-eH "riti"i?e% -i#
0reelH3
li2er> ne"on,trBn,
Vor=/,tu%H/%rin=/
rain -ar%
0oarte #ult> %in
greu> tare
I "oul% -ar%lH
un%er,tan% -er3
<e re"o/ere%
-ar%lH V-at -e -a%
lo,t 2e0ore3
%e.a2ia> "u greu> "u
greutate> %in greu
T-He &lane 0leV
-ig- in t-e air3
,u, <e Va, -ig-lH
a&&re"iate%3
0oarte> e1tre# %e
S-e -a, Au,t
arri/e%3
to"#ai <e Va, Au,tlH
0orgi/en3
&e %re&t
S-e arri/e% late3 tBr?iu I -a/enQt ,een t-e#
latelH3
@n ulti#a /re#e
<e alVaH, tra/el,
lig-t3
0r 2agaAe <e treat,
e/erHt-ing lig-tlH3
,u&er0i"ial> "u
u$urin!
S-e Vor=, #o,t3 "el #ai #ult T-e /illage i,
#o,tlH o0 Voo%en
-ou,e,3
. @n "ea #ai #are
&arte5 @n general
T-eH li/e [uite
near3
a&roa&e> lBng <e Vor=e% nearlH
ten -our,3
T-eH Vere nearlH
-o#e3
a&roa&e C%eD
It i, &rettH late3 %e,tul %e S-e %re,,e,
&retttilH3
%rgu!
Co#e a, [ui"= a,
Hou "an3
@n engle?a 0a#iliar:
re&e%e
<e ,&o=e [ui"=lH
an% "on0i%entlH3
@n engle?a @ngriAit:
re&e%e
S-e i, -ere rig-t
noV3
"-iar <e Au%ge% rig-tlH3 2ine> "ore"t
Go rig-t to t-e en%
o0 t-e ,treet3
%re&t> %ire"t S-e i, rig-tlH
"on,i%ere% t-e
2rig-te,t &u&il in
t-e "la,,3
&e %re&t
<e gue,,e% t-e
an,Ver rig-t3
2ine> @nto"#ai <e rig-tlH gue,,e%
-er age3
2ine "ore"t
T-e %oor Va, Vi%e
o&en3
T-eH are Vi%e
aVa=e3
%e tot> @n @ntregi#e <e -a, tra/elle%
Vi%elH3
T-eH are Vi%elH
%i00erent3
. #ult> &e o
,u&ra0a! #are
. @ntr.o #are
#,ur> 0oarte
an,Ver/gue,,/Au%ge
/note Vrong3
go/treat Vrong3
gre$it> ru> &ro,t T-e Vor%, Vere
VronglH ,&elle%3 <e
Va, VronglH
in0or#e%3
@n #o% gre$it
pag: /50
La a"e,te a%/er2e> 0or#a @n +ly are %e o2i"ei un ,en, #ai a2,tra"t ,au 0igurat3 Alte a%/er2e "u %ou
0or#e ,unt: cheap + cheaplyI #ear + #early.
En alte "a?uri ,e &oate 0olo,i 0ie 0or#a a%Ae"ti/al> 0ie "ea a%/er2ial> 0r ni"i o ,"-i#2are %e ,en,: 6he
talke# loud an# clearloudly an# clearly.
Fentru o #ai #are 0luen! @n e1&ri#are> 0or#a a%/er2ial i%enti" "u "ea a a%Ae"ti/ului e,te a%e,ea
@ntre2uin!at @n "o#&ara!ia a%/er2elor> "-giar %a" la &o?iti/ a&are 0or#a @n .lH: <e run, [ui=er / ,loVer
t-an #e3 <e ,-oute% lou%e,t3
='9' Cla,i+icarea a/3erbelor
Iu& ,en,ul lor le1i"al> a%/er2ele ,e @#&art @n &atru #ari "ategorii: a%/er2e %e #o%> a%/er2e %e lo">
a%/er2e %e ti#& $i &arti"ule a%/er2iale3
='9'*' A/3erbele /e mo/ #A/3erb, o+ manner&' A%/er2ele %e #o% in%i" #o%alitatea &ro&riu.?i,:
well, ba#ly, ;uickly, slowly etc.
Ele #ai &ot 0i a%/er2e:
. %e @ntrire: acctually, certainly, ob!iously, reallyI
. %e a#&li0i"are: absolutely, completely, greatly, barely, har#lyI
. %e a0ir#a!ie ,au nega!ie: yes, no, of course, not at allI
. %e &ro2a2ilitate: maybe, perhaps, probally.
='9'.' A/3erbele /e loc #A/3erb, o+ Place&
Unele a%/er2e %e lo" in%i" lo"ul &ro&riu.?i,: here, there, somewhere.
Altele in%i" %ire"!ia: asi#e, fowar#4s$, backwar#4s$, righ, left.
MaAoritatea a%/er2elor %e lo" &ot 0i 0olo,ite &entru a e1&ri#a atBt lo"ul "Bt $i %ire"!ia:
Lo": e #oesn3t li!e far CNu lo"uie$te %e&arteD3
Iire"!ie: e #i#n3t go far CNu ,.a %u, %e&arteD3
='9'4' A/3erbele /e timp #A/3erb, o+ Time&' A%/er2ele %e ti#& in%i":
. #o#entul a"!iunii: now, nowa#ays, to#ay, thenI
. ,u""e,iunea @n ti#&: afterwar#s, before, e!entually, formerly, pre!iosly, soonI
. %urata: lately, recently, since, still, yetI
. 0re"/en!a: %e0init: weekly, three times a #ayI
ne%e0init: often, usually, sel#om, once in a while.
pag: /53
=';' Compara2ia a/3erbelor #Compari,on o+ A/3erb,&
Co#&ara!ia a%/er2elor a&are nu#ai la unele a%/er2e %e #o%> lo" $i ti#&3
Ea are a"elela$i "ara"teri,ti"i "a $i "o#&ara!ia a%Ae"ti/ului3
Co#&arati/ul e,te 0olo,it &entru "o#&ararea a %ou &er,oane ,au o2ie"te> iar ,u&erlati/ul &entru
"o#&ararea #ai #ultor &er,oane ,au o2ie"te3
=';'*' Gra/ul comparati3' Co#&arati/ul %e ,u&erioritate ,e 0or#ea? "u aAutorul ,u0i1ului .er @n "a?ul5
a%/er2elor #ono,ila2i"e $i a a%/er2ului earlH: fast + fasterI early + earlier $i "u aAutorul "u/Bntului #ore
@n "a?ul a%/er2elor 2i. $i &luri,ila2i"e: ;uickly + more ;uicklyI carefully + more carefully.
En engle?a 0a#iliar> 0or#a %e "o#&arati/ a a%Ae"ti/elor e,te uneori 0olo,it @n lo" %e "ea a a%/er2elor:
S-e laug-er% lou%er t-an anHone el,e3 Ea rB%ea #ai tare %e"Bt to!i "eilal!i3
Comparati3ul /e egalitate ,e 0or#ea? "u aAutorul lui a,333a,:
S-e ,&ea=, Engli,- a, 0luentlH a, -er 2rot-er>
iar comparati3ul /e in+erioritate, "u aAutorul lui not ,o / a,333a,:
6he #oesn3t learn as fast as her classmates,
,au less... than:
e #ri!es less carefully than his wife.
Co#&arati/ul a%/er2elor ,e reali?ea? @n %oi ter#eni> "a $i la a%Ae"ti/: Faul Vor=, a, ra&i%lH a, t-e
ot-er, C%oD3 40 t-e tVo 2oH,> Ian Vor=, t-e #ore t-oroug-lH3
=';'.' Gra/ul ,uperlati3' 6uperlati3ul ab,olut ,e 0or#ea? "u aAutorul unor a%/er2e "a /erH> [uite>
#o,t "are &re"e% a%/er2u=l re,&e"ti/:
S-e ,ing, /erH 2eauti0ullH3
S-e ,ing, #o,t 2eauti0ullH3
A-e ,ing, [uite 2eauti0ullH3
S&re %eo,e2ire %e gra%ul= "o#&arati/> ,u&erlati/ul a2,olut ,e reali?ea? @ntr.un ,ingur ter#en: 4ur
tea"-er e1&lain, t-ing, #o,t "learlH3
6uperlati3ul relati3 e,te %e %ou 0eluri:
a! "uperlativul relativ de superioritate# e1&ri#at &rin Ct-eD333.e,t @n "a?ul a%/er2elor #ono,ila2i"e $i a
a%/er2ului earlH:
<e run, Ct-eD 0a,te% Co0 allD3
$i &rin Ct-eD #o,t _ a%/er2 @n "a?ul a%/er2elor 2i. $i &luri,ila2i"e: <e an,Ver, Ct-eD #o,t intelligentlH Co0
allD3
$! "uperlativul relativ de inferioritate# e1&ri#at &rin Ct-eD lea,t _ a%/er2: S-e ,&ell, Vor%, Ct-eD lea,t
"orre"tlH Co0 allD3
Arti"olul t-e %in 0or#a ,u&erlati/ului &oate 0i o#i,> #ai ale, @n li#2a /or2it: <e run, 0a,te% o0 all3
pag: /51
En "a?ul ,u&erlati/ului relati/> al %oilea ter#en &oate 0i #en!ionat ,au o#i,: Co0 t-e t-ree "-il%ren> MarH
&laH, t-e &iano t-e 2e,t3
A%/er2ele "are au 0or#e i%enti"e "u a%Ae"ti/ele ,e ,u&un a"elora!i reguli 0oneti"e $i ortogra0i"e la
gra%ele %e "o#&ara!ie: early + earlier + earliestI late + later + latest.
=';'4' Compara2ia neregulat1 a a/3erbelor' Unele a%/er2e 0or#ea? gra%ele %e "o#&ara!ie @n #o%
neregulat:
Gra%ul &o?iti/ Gra%ul "o#&arati/ Gra%ul ,u&erlati/
well C2ineD better C#ai 2ineD 4the$ best C"el #ai 2ineD
ba#ly CruD worse C#ai ruD 4the$ worst C"el #ai ruD
much C#ultD more C#ai #ultD 4the$ most C"el #ai #ultD
='=' CEte3a a/3erbe ,peciale #6ome 6pecial A/3erb,&
Enoug- C%e,tul %eD ,e a$ea? %u& a%Ae"ti/e $i a%/er2e: T-e &u&il, %i%nQt Vor= <ARI enoug-3 <e i,
4LI enoug- to un%er,tan% t-i,3
Not: CBn% enoug- e,te 0olo,it a%Ae"ti/al> %eter#inBn% un ,u2,tanti/> el &oate 0i a$e?at @nainte ,au %u&
a"e,ta:
&ou ha!e enough time to write your composition.
&ou ha!e time enough to write your composition.
Ai %e,tul ti#& , ,"rii "o#&o?i!ia3
Ai ti#& %e,tul , ,"rii "o#&o?i!ia3
!ar C%e&arteD ,e 0olo,e$te %e o2i"ei @n &ro&o?i!ii negati/e ,au interogati/e3
En &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e> el e,te 0ie @n,o!it %e alte a%/er2e ,au &re&o?i!ii> 0ie @nlo"uit %e a333VaH: <e %i%nQt
go 0ar3 <e Vent onlH a ,-ort VaH3 <e li/e, 0ar aVaH / not 0ar 0ro# -ere3
!ir,t #0ntEi&F at +ir,t #la 0nceput&'
7t first e 0olo,it "u ,en,ul %e at t-e 2eginning / to 2egin Vit- $i e,te a%e,ea ur#at %e 2ut3 En alte ,itua!ii
,e 0olo,e$te first: %irst % went for a walk an# then % went to be#. At first % #i#n3t like the town, $ut then
% began to lo!e it.
Har/l%, barel%, ,carcel%
A"e,te trei a%/er2e au un ,en, a&roa&e negati/3
<ar%lH ,e 0olo,e$te %e o2i"ei @n&reun "u any, e!er ,au "u /er2ul can> "u ,en,ul:
. "u greu> %e.a2ia: <e "an -ar%lH ,&ea=3
,au:
. 0oarte rar> a&roa&e ni"io%at: <e -ar%lH e/er "o#e, to ,ee #e3
&arely @n,ea#n ] a2ia> %oar> nu#ai^ $i e,te %e, 0olo,it "u a%Ae"ti/e "a enoug- ,au ,u00i"ient: <e -a%
2arelH enoug- ti#e to "at"- t-e train3 <e i, 2arelH eig-teen3 Are nu#ai (* ani3
"carcely "o#2in ,en,urile lui -ar%lH $i 2arelH:
. "u greu> a2ia: I ,"ar"elH -ear% V-at -e ,ai%3
. a&roa&e %e lo": <e ,"ar"elH ate anHt-ing3
In $ere #aici&P out t$ere #acolo&'
pag: /55
A%/er2ele here Bi there a&ar a%e,ea @n,o!ite %e "u/inte "a:
in, out, up, #own, o!er:
ItQ, -ot in -ere3 IonQt ,taH %oVn t-ere3 ItQ, "ooler u& -ere3 Can Hou ,ee t-e "at running out t-ere \ T-e
tea"-er i, tan%ing o/er t-ere3
'ust now3 A%/er2ul Au,t noV are %ou ,en,uri:
. "-iar a"u#> to"#ai> @n a"e,t #o#ent: Fu&il, are going on -oli%aH Au,t noV3
. a%ineauri: <e "a#e in Au,t noe3
(ong. A%/er2ul long e,te @nlo"uit @n &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e %e a long ti#e: Ii% Hou ,taH t-ere long \ Te,3
I ,taHe% t-ere a long ti#e3 Ai ,tat #ult a"olo \ Ia> a# ,tat #ult Cti#&D a"olo3
)uch C#ultD> /erH #u"- C0oarte #ultD3
Mu"- a&are ,ingur @n &ro&o?i!ii negati/e $i interogati/e3
En &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e> el e,te &re"e%at %e /erH: Io Hou li=e ,Vi##ing #u"- \ Te,3 I li=e it /erH #u"-3
Mu"- &oate 0i 0olo,it $i @naintea "o#&arati/ului: It i, #u"- 2etter to "o#e in ti#e3 E,te #ult #ai 2ine ,
/ii la ti#&3
*nly Cnu#ai> %oarD ,e &oate a$e?a:
. @naintea "u/Bntului &e "are @l %eter#in: 4nlH <E "a#e to ,ee #e3 <e "a#e to ,ee #e onlH
TESTERIAT3
. @naintea /er2ului C@n li#2a /or2itD: <e onlH CAME to ,ee #e He,ter%aH3
En a"e,t "a? "u/Bntul la "are ,e re0er onlH /a 0i a""entuat: <e onlH "a#e to ,ee #e He,ter%aH3
+resently C@n &re?ent> @n "urBn%D3
Solo,it "a un /er2 la &re?ent> a%/er2ul &re,entlH e,te ,inoni# "u at &re,ent> #ai ale, @n engle?a
a#eri"an: S-e i, &re,entlH ,taHing Vit- u,3
Fre,entlH e,te ,inoni# "u ,oon "Bn% e,te 0olo,it "u un /er2 la /iitor: IQll &re,entlH 2e Vit- Hou:
"till# yet.
A%/er2ul ,till C@n"D e1&ri# %urata> "ontinuarea3
6till e,te 0olo,it @n &ro&or!ii a0ir#ati/e $i interogati/e: I, MarH ,till at t-e ,ea,i%e \ Te,> ,-e i, ,till t-ere3
Still &oate a&rea $i @n &ro&o?i!ii negati/e &entru a ,u2linia "ontinuarea unei a"!iuni negati/e: I ,till %onQt
un%er,tan% V-at t-i, i, a2out3 Tot / En" nu @n!eleg %e,&re "e e,te /or2a3
&et C@n"> &Bn a"u#> &Bn atun"iD ,e re0er la un #o#ent $i ,e @ntre2uin!ea? @n &ro&o?i!ii negati/e $i
interogati/e: <a, it ,to&&e% raining Het \ <e -a,nQt Het arri/e%3
CBn% a%/er2ul Het are ,en,ul ]%eAa^> el o"u& &o?i!ia 0inal: <a/e t-eH ,een t-at 0il# Het \ Au /?ut %eAa
0il#ul \
A$e?ate la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei> ori %u& "onAun"!iile 2ut> an%> a%/er2ele ,till $i Het ,unt ,inoni#e "u all
t-e ,a#e Ctotu$i> "u toate a"e,teaD $i au /aloare %e "onAu"!ii:
Still I %onQt un%er,tan% -i#3
Tet I %onQt un%er,tan% -i#3
All t-e ,a#e I %onQt un%er,tan% -i#3
pag: /56
Cu toate a"e,tea nu.l @n!eleg3
,ery C0oarteD &oate #o%i0i"a:
. a%Ae"ti/e: S-e i, /erH TALL3
. &arti"i&ii tre"ute @ntre2uin!ate atri2uti/: S-e -a% a /erH SURFRISEI loo=3
. a%/er2e: <e ,&o=e /erH L4UILT3
Ia" a%Ae"ti/ul e,te la gra%ul "o#&arati/> ,au %a" &arti"i&iul tre"ut e,te 0olo,it &re%i"ati/> /erH tre2uie
@n,o!it ,au @nlo"uit %e #u"- ,au %e alte a%/er2e %e a#&li0i"are: greatlH> -ig-lH> 2H 0ar et"3:
S-e Va, 2H 0ar / #u"- TALLER t-an -i#3 S-e Va, /erH #u"- SURFRISEI at -i, 2e-a/iour3
EOECI6E6
%. 9Aprima5i+!2 acor#ul cu afirma5iile #e mai =os, folosin# a#!erbe #e mo#.
E1e#&lu:
A3 MarH i, an e00i"ient Vor=er3
B3 Te,> ,-e Vor=, e00i"ientlH3
A3 Ali"e i, a goo% ,inger
B3 Te,> ,-e ,ing, Vell3

(3 Feter i, a ,loV Vor=er3 +3 Ann i, a goo% %an"er3 63 4ur tea"-er i, a 0luent Engli,- ,&ea=er3 :3 <e i, a
2a% a"tor3 ;3 Iori, i, a -ar% Vor=er3 73 Ni"= i, a 0a,t ,Vi##er3 83 Mot-er i, a "are0ul tH&i,t3 *3 Sat-er i,
a "arele,, %ri/er3 )3 <e i, an intelligent tea"-er3 (93 <e i, an o&ti#i,ti" ,&ea=er3 ((3 <e i, a noi,H eater3
(+3 Faul i, an attenti/e li,tener3 (63 <e i, a ,en,i2le ,&ea=er3 (:3 Iiana i, a [ui"= runner3
%%. Tra#uce5i Fn limba engle-2:
(3 Ea #un"e$te 0oarte #ult la $"oal3 +3 A ,&at a%Bn" @n &#Bnt3 63 Era &e %re&t "on,i%erat "el #ai 2un
ele/ %in "la,3 :3 Cu greu &ot ,.!i /% 0a!a @n @ntuneri"3 ;3 Trenul a ,o,it "u @ntBr?iere3 73 A 0o,t a%Bn"
#i$"at %e 2untatea ei3 83 A g,it r,&un,ul "ore"t3 *3 F,rile ?2oar la @nl!i#e3 )3 Nu l.a# /?ut @n
ulti#a /re#e3 (9 E,te 0oarte a&re"iat &entru #un"a ,a3 ((3 Se @nru%e$te %e a&roa&e "u #ine3 (+3 Ia.o
@n"eti$or! (63 En general ,unte# &le"a!i %u#ini"a3 (:3 E a&roa&e #ie?ul no&!ii3 (;3 Ce te %eranAea? "el
#ai tare\ (73 El e "-iar @n /Br03 (83 Ie,"-i%e #are gura3
>' Prepozi2ia #T$e Prepo,ition&
>'*' 5e+ini2ie'
Fre&o?i!ia e,te &artea %e /or2ire ne0le1i2il "are:
aD e1&ri# ra&orturi ,inta"ti"e %e %e&en%en! @ntre &r!ile unei &ro&o?i!ii3 Ea leag &r!i %e /or2ire
%i0erite: ,u2,tanti/e> a%Ae"ti/e> /er2e ,au a%/er2e %e ,u2,tanti/e ,au ,u2,titute ale a"e,tora: I Va,
&lea,e% at t-e t-oug-t o0 going Hto t-e t-eatre3 A# 0o,t @n"Bntat %e i%eea %e a #erge la teatru3
pag: /57
2D e,te ne0le1i2il %in &un"t %e /e%ere #or0ologi"5
"D &re&o?i!ia nu @n%e&line$te o 0un"!ie ,inta"ti" @n &ro&o?i!ie "i #ar"-ea? 0un"!ii ,inta"ti"e: I ga/e t-e
2oo= to MarH C"o#&le#ent in%ire"tD3 T-e roo0 o0 t-e -ou,e Catri2utD i, re%3
>'.' Caracteri,tici ale prepozi2iilor englezeti
>'.'*' Fre&o?i!iile engle?e$ti "er "a?ul a"u?ati/: Loo= AT -i#3 I a# BES4RE -er3
Fre&o?i!iile o0> to $i 0or &re?int o ,itua!ie ,&e"ial3 Con,tru"!ia "u &re&o?i!ia o0 e,te 0olo,it "a
e"-i/alent al unei "on,tru"!ii geniti/ale:
T-e 2oHQ, "oat i, neV3
T-e "oat o0 t-e 2oH i, neV3
iar &re&o?i!ia to $i 0or #ar"-ea? "a?ul %ati/: I ga/e it to -i#3 I 2oug-t it 0or -er3
>'.'.' MaAoritatea &re&o?i!iilor engle?e$ti ,unt ur#ate %e ,u2,tanti/e arti"ulate> ,&re %eo,e2ire %e li#2a
ro#Bn: T-e "-il%ren are &laHing IN t-e gar%en3 Co&iii ,e Aoa" EN gr%in3
>'.'4' CBte/a &re&o?i!ii a&ar @n "on,tru"!ii @n "are ,u2,tanti/ul nu e,te arti"ulat:
at homeI at breakfast"lunch"#innerI
at playI at warI at seaI
atinto school, college, church.
$y car, bus, train, plane, boatI
into be#, class, townI
Solo,irea arti"olului "u unul %intre a"e,te ,u2,tanti/e a%u"e ,"-i#2ri %e ,en,> %e e13: re0erirea la o
anu#it "a,> $"oal et"3: e is AT home3 CElD e,te a"a,3 She is AT the home of her firiends. CEaD
e,te @n "a,a &rietenilor ei3 ,au e is AT sea -on a ship!. CElD e,te &e #are C&e un /a&orD3
>'.'8' Ver2e &re"e%ate %e &re&o?i!ii iau 0or#a @n +ing 4,erun#$: I a# goo% AT re#e#2ering &eo&leQ,
na#e,3 E#i a#inte," "u u$urin! nu#ele oa#enilor3
E-cep2ii: Dut $i eAcept ,unt ur#ate %e in0initi/ul ,"urt: T-eH %i% not-ing BUT laug-3 N.au 0"ut ni#i"
Calt"e/aD %e"Bt , rB%3
>'.'9' Unele "u/inte ,unt ur#ate @n #o% o2ligatoriu %e anu#ite &re&o?i!ii:
aD Su2,tanti/e:
+ interest, progress, satisfaction J inI
+ cause, chance, opportunity J ofI
+ eAception, in!itation, kin#ness J toI
2D A%Ae"ti/e:
+ anAious, enthusiastic J a$out;
+ alarme#, ama-e#, astonishe#, cle!er, goo# J at;
+ boun#, eager, famous, fit, sorry J forI
+ #isappointe#, rich, successful J in;
+ afrai#, ashame#, aware, characteristic, fon#, full, =ealous, prou#, sure, tire#, typical, worthy J ofI
+ affectionate, appropiate, attenti!e, contrary, cruel, #eaf, in#ifferent, kin#, parallel, polite, ru#e,
thankful J toI
+ angry, busy, charme#, consistent, #elighte#, #i--y, faint, i#entical, pale, satisfie#, stiff, wet J with;
pag: /5'
"D Ver2e:
+ aim, arri!e, fire, ga-e, glance, look J atI
+ account, ask, blame, care, lea!e long J forI
+ conceal, #ie, #iffer, escape, hi#e, pre!ent, protect J from;
+ aboun#, belie!e, en#, fail, originate, succee# 4J+ing$, J in;
+ accuse, boast, cure, #epri!e, #ie, remin# take care J of;
+ agree, comment, concentrate, congratulate, me#iate J on;
+ a#apt, a#=ust, apply, attribute, belong, cling, conform, consent, link, listen, prefer, re#uce, refer,
report, sell, sail, subscribe, turn J to;
+ complete, flush, glow, shake, shi!er, si#e, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble J with.
Aten!ie !
agree with smb. on a thingI to a proposalI
complain to smb. a$out smthI complain of an illnessI
consist of K a consta #inI in K a consta FnI
lie to smb. a$out smth.I
part from smb.I with smth.
suffer for a causeI fromwith a #isease, in=uryI
think of smth.I a$out 4Kme#iate$I
translate from a language into another languageI
wait for smb"smth.I on smb 4ser!e$I
warn of 4the #anger$I against 4the enemy$I
bite, kick, point, throw J to 4scopul ac5iunii este atins$I
get on off a bus, boatI
get in-to! out of a car, plane.
Not: ,mbO,o#e2o%H5 ,mt$O,o#et-ing3
>'4' Pozi2ie
Fre&o?i!ia a&oare @n general @naintea "u/Bntului la "are ,e re0er: T-e &u&il, are IN t-e "la,,roo#3 Ele/ii
,unt @n "la,3
Ea e,te 0olo,it %u& a"e,ta:
aD @n @ntre2ri ,&e"iale CB$.[ue,tion,D: .hat is he writing A&*/T @ 47bout what is he writting @ O
0or#alD: Ie,&re "e ,"rie \
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii relati/e: The flat % li!e 01 is on the /0th floor 4The flat in which % li!e is on the /0th
floor O 0or#alD3 A&arta#entul @n "are lo"uie," e,te la etaAul (93
pag: /5.
"D @n e1"la#a!ii: <hat photos they are looking AT N 4At what photos they are looking N O 0or#alD La "e
0otogra0ii ,e uit !
%D @n "on,tru"!ii &a,i/e: The chil#ren were looke# A%T23 by their gran#morher. Buni"a a/ea griA %e
"o&ii3
eD @n "on,tru"!ii in0initi/ale: This is a goo# firm to work .0T4.
A"ea,ta e,te o 0ir# 2un "u "are , lu"re?i3
>'8' ela2ii e-primate /e prepozi2ii
En "o#2ina!ie "u alte &r!i %e /or2ire> &re&o?i!iile e1&ri# rela!ii /ariate:
L4C: at# in# within.
0n C@nD in%i" ,&a!iul @n general ,au @n interiorul "ruia are lo" a"!iunea: in a continent + country + town +
!illageI in a s;uare + street + roomI in a forest + woo# + fiel#I
At C@n laD in%i" un &un"t anu#it %in ,&a!iu ,au un lo" #ai #i": at a small !illage + a##ress + certain
pointI at homeI at workI at playI
.ithin C@n> @ntreD C0or#alD in%i" &o?i!ia @ntr.un ,&a!iu li#itat ,au %i,tan!a li#it Cla %i,tan! %e > @nD:
>any important #ocuments are kept within the walls of this museum. Multe %o"u#ente i#&ortante ,unt
&,trate @ntre &ere!ii a"e,tui #u?eu3 There is nobo#y within these four walls " within hearing " within a
mile.
Aten2ie G at a bui#ing 4Kinstitu5ia$I in a buil#ing 4cl2#irea$: e is at school. E ele/3 e is in school. E
@n $"oal3 e li!es in *ew &ork 4oraB mare$. They stoppe# at Drussels on their way to *ey &ork C&un"t
&e -art> tra,euD3
C%, be,i/e, ne-t to, near, clo,e to, again,t
&y ClBng> laD in%i" /e"intatea i#e%iat: >ary is stan#ing $y the win#ow.
&eside# next to ClBng> la> alturi/a&roa&e %eD in%i" a&ro&ierea i#e%iat: There is a night table $eside
my be#. The post office is $eside next to the hotel. *ear, close to ClBng> a&roa&e %eD in%i" a&ro&ierea
@n general: e li!es near close to his office.
Against Cli&it / re?e#at %eD e1&ri# i%eea %e "onta"t $i ,&riAin3 The bookcase is against the wall. Tom
leant against the bookcase.
O3er, abo3e, on, top o+P un/er, beneat$, belo7, un/erneat$
*ver C%ea,u&raD $i under C,u2> %e%e,u2&D in%i" o %ire"!ie /erti"al ,au a&ro&ierea: There3s a picture
over the fireplace. The #og is under the chair.
A$ove C%ea,u&raD $i $elow C,u2> %e%e,u2tD arat %oar " un o2ie"t ,e a0l #ai ,u, ,au #ai Ao, %e"Bt altul:
Their flat is a$ove ours. 6ome part of ollan# is $elow sea le!el.
*n top of C&eD $i underneath C,u2D arat " un o2ie"t @l atinge &e "ellalt: The T) serial is on top of the
house. The book you nee# is underneath those papers.
&eneath C,u2> &e ,u2D arat o %i,tan! #ai #i" %e"Bt 2eloV ,au e,te un e"-i/alent 0or#al al lui un%er:
The 8:mbo!i5a ri!er passes $eneath se!eral bri#ges.
In +ront o+, be+oreP be$in/, a+ter
0n front of C@n 0a!aD e,te 0olo,it @n engle?a /or2it> "u re0erire la o2ie"te: There is a tree in front of our
house. 48ar: They were outside the cinema$.
&efore C@n 0a!a> @nainteaD e1&ri# or%inea a$e?rii &er,oanelor> @n li#2a literar: e was $efore me.
pag: /60
&ehind C@n ,&atele> @na&oiaD in%i" &o?i!ia: The cat was $ehind the tree.
After C%u&> @n ,&ateleD in%i" or%inea> @n ,&a!iu ,au @n ti#&: e walke# #own the stairs after his wife.
Cet7een, amoung
&etween C@ntreD O un o2ie"t ,e a0l @ntre altele %ou ,au @ntre #ai #ulte %a" nu#rul a"e,tora e,te
%e0init: Mur school is $etween the hotel an# the hospital. (rance lies $etween the hotel an# the
hospital. (rance lies $etween Delgium, <est ,ermany, 6wit-erlan# an# 6pain.
Amoung C@ntre> &rintreD O un o2ie"t ,e a0l @ntre #ai #ulte o2ie"te: There3s a #ictionary amoung these
books.
IIREC`IE: to, into, onto, to7ar/,'
A"e,te &ro&o?i!ii ,unt 0olo,ite "u /er2e %e #i$"are> &entru a in%i"a %ire"!ia:
To ClaD . #i$"area &Bn la un &un"t: e came to school early.
0nto C@nD . &trun%erea: They went into the house.
*nto C&eD . #i$"area &e o ,u&ra0a!: The actor walke# onto the stage.
Towards C"tre> ,&reD . %ire"!ia "tree un &un"t> %ar nu $i atingerea %e,tina!iei C"a toD: They slowly
towards the ri!er.
Aten2ie G
aD En /or2ire in $i on ,unt a%e,ea 0olo,ite @n lo" %e into $i onto> %u& /er2e "a put, place, lay etc.: 6he
put her money in her bag"on the table.
2D Ver2ul arri!e e,te ur#at %e &re&o?i!ia at: They arri!e# at home early.
T$roug$, acro,,, o3er
Through C&rin in%i" tra/er,area $i &trun%erea: 8on3t walk through the park, walk aroun# it.
Acrossover C&e,teD in%i" nu#ai tra/er,area: The train went overacross the bri#ge. They saile# across
the ocean.
Up, /o7n, along
/p and down C@n ,u,ul $i @n Ao,ulD e1&ri# o #i$"are &e /erti"al: The chil#ren ran up and down the
stairs " hill.
,au &e ori?ontal C%e.a lungulD: They walke# up and down the street"platform. C,inoni# "u alongD
Pa,t, b%
+ast C&e lBngD in%i" #i$"area &e lBng $i %in"olo %e: <alk past the hitel, turn righ an# you3ll get to
thepost+office.
&y C&e lBngD in%i" o #i$"are 0r o&rire ,au "u o @ntreru&ere ,"urt: They #ro!e $y the lake without
stopping.
About, aroun/
Around C@n AurulD in%i" o &o?i!ie ,ai #i$"are "ir"ular: e has a muffler around his neck.
A$outaround3 C@n Aurul> @n &reaA#> &rinD in%i" o &o?i!ie/#i$"are ne%e0init: There aren3t many
cinemas a$outaround here. They walke# a$outaround town all #ay.
O++, out o+, +rom
*ff C%e &e> %e la> %inD e1&ri# ,e&ararea> %e,&rin%erea %e o ,u&ra0a!: The !ase fell off the table.
*ut of C%inD e1&ri# ie$irea> ,"oaterea %intr.un /olu#: 6he came out of the house.
%rom C%e> %e laD in%i" %e,&r!irea> %i,tan!a> lo"ul %e un%e a &ornit a"!iunea: 6he came straight home
from school.
TIMF: At, on, in
At a time: at the"that time, at ' o3clock, at noon, at night, at #inner 4time$, at the weeken#.
pag: /6/
*n a day: on 6un#ay, on >on#ay morning, on *ew &ear3s #ay, on the /st of >arch, on the following
#ay.
0n a period5 in the 4late$ afternoon, in Luly, in summer, /..0, in the following months, in the 00th
century.
C%, be+ore, a+ter
&y O nu #ai tBr?iu %e: &ou will ha!e my answer $y the en# of the week.
&efore O @nainte %e: % talke# to him $efore noon.
After O #ai tBr?iu %e> %u&: Cing me up after the meeting.
!rom''' to, tillAuntil
To &oate e1&ri#a rela!ii %e ti#& ,au %ire"!ie> tilluntil nu#ai %e ti#&3
%rom C%in> %e laD in%i" #o#entul @n"e&erii a"!iunii> totill C&Bn @n> &Bn laD ,0Br$itul ei: 6he staye# with
us from Lanuary totill 7pril last year.
Tilluntil C$i nu toD tre2uie 0olo,it %a" li&,e$te 0ro#: e waite# for you until . o3clock.
/ntil in%i" ,0Br$itul unei a"!iuni &o?iti/e ,au @n"e&utul unei a"!iuni negati/e: <e worke# until noon
4anmm# stoppe# then$. <e #i#n3t work until noon 4<e began then$.
IURATA: 5uring, +or, #all& t$roug$At$roug$out, o3er
6uring C@n ti#&ulD> e1&ri# &erioa% @n ti#&ul "reia a a/ut lo" o a"!iune C@n #o% inter#itentD: <e were
in Ducharest during summer. <e !isit the 7rt ,alleries during our stay in Ducharest.
%or C%e> ti#& %eD> in%i" %urata unei a"!iuni ne@ntreru&te: <e staye# in Ducharest for three weeks.
-All! throughthroughout Cto> tot ti#&ulD O %e la @n"e&ut &Bn la ,0Br$itul &erioa%ei: <e worke# har#
all through the year. %t raine# throughout the summer.
*ver C%e> laD . in%i" o &erioa% li#itat C,r2tori> /a"an!D : <e went to the mountains over the
weeken#.
Aten2ieG Fre&o?i!iile %e ti#&/%urat ,e o#it:
aD @n e1&re,ii "u la,t : ne-t, t$i, : t$at, ,ome :e3er%
% saw a film last night.Ca,earD e came this morningC@n a"ea,t %i#inea!D3 % go to school every day
C@n 0ie"are ?iD
2D @n e1&re,ii @n"e&Bn% "u all: e staye# there all #ay"week Cnu 0or all %aH/Vee=D
MO5, IN6TUMENT, CANTITATEF
.ith C"uD> without C0rD> in... mannerway C@n #o%ulD e1&ri# #o%ul @n "are are lo" a"!iunea: 6he
spoke with confi#ence " without hesitation " in the usual way.
(ike C"aD 0olo,it "a &re&o?i!ie e,te ur#at %e un ,u2,tanti/> &ronu#e ,au Gerun%3
(ike e1&ri# #o%ul: o a,e#nare / "o#&ara!ie @ntre %oi ter#eni: 6he walks like a #ancer. e is !ery
much like his mother.
&y C"u> &rin> %eD $i on C&e> laD in%i" #iAlo"ul "u "are e ,/Br$it a"!iunea:
6he entere# $y the back #oor. This #ress is ma#e $y han#. e goes to work $y bus " on foot. % listen to
the news on the ra#io. e watches the news on tele!ision.
.ith C"uD &re"e%e in,tru#entul: The little chil# has learne# to write with a pen. 6he opene# the #oor
with a key.
0n C"uD e1&ri# #o%ul ,au #aterialul 0olo,it: 6he wrote the letter in ink.
&y Cla> "uD e1&ri# "antitatea: Eloth is sol# $y the yar#. 9ggs are sol# $y the #o-en.
pag: /60
E!EIN)QF
As to# as for# regarding# in regard to# concerning C0or#alD O "u &ri/ire la> C"BtD %e,&re: As to our
gran#mother, e!erybo#y lo!es her. 6ome interesting #ocuments concerning our ancient history ha!e
=ust been foun#.
A$out# on C%e,&reD:
A2out e,te 0olo,it "u /er2e "a: chat, ;uarrel, talk:
They talke# a$out their school #ays.
Mn e,te 0olo,it &entru a"ti/it!i organi?ate> %u& /er2e "a lecture, write speak: e lecture# on 6cottish
literature3
E7HGO: Cecau,e o+, on account o+ C0or#alD> +rom, out o+, +or, t$roug$ C%in "au? %eD:
<e put off our trip becau,e o+ the weather3 6he was late on account o+ the hea!y trafffic. e coun#n3t
speak +or shame3 e #i# it +rom pity / out o+ curiosity3 6he lost her glo!es t$roug$ her carelessness3
6EMP: +or C&entruD % went to the chemist3s +or some aspirin3
6HC6O/MC%,%*9: +rom C%inD e comes +rom (rance3
7,9*T: b% C%e> %e "treD: 6he was eAamine# b% a specialist3
EM*E96%9: in ,pite, /e,pite C0or#alD> +or all, 7it$ all C0a#iliarD O @n "iu%a> "u toat / toate: They
en=oye# the trip> in ,pite of the ba# weather3 5e,pite her illIness, she still goes skiing. e was a goo#
man> +or all his #efects3
9Acep5ie: e-cept +or, but C"u e1"e&!iaD: 9!erybo#y left but the hea#master.
>'9' 5i+eren2a 0ntre propozi2ii 0n limba romEn1 i 0n limba englez1
Entre 0olo,irea &re&o?i!iilor @n li#2a engle? $i li#2a ro#Bn e1i,t nu#eroa,e %i0eren!e> "are &re?int
%i0i"ult!i &entru ele/ii ro#Bni3 Unele %intre a"e,tea ,unt:
in the street CEngl3 a#eri"3 . on the stretD . pe ,tra%
in the playgroun# . pe terenul %e ,&ort
in the sky . pe "er
in the sun . la ,oare
in the open air . la aer "urat
on the way to . Fn %ru# ,&re
on the /st floor . la etaAul (
roun/ the corner . #up2 "ol!
at present . 0n &re?ent
at the some time . 0n a"ela$i ti#&
at this moment . 0n a"e,t #o#ent
at last . 0n ,0Br$it
in a yearPs time . peste un an
in my opinion . #up2 &rerea #ea
be%on/ control . in#epen#ent %e /oin!a333
in all probability . #up2 toate &ro2a2ilit!ile
b% my watch . #up2 "ea,ul #eu
b% heart . pe %ina0ar
b% mistake . #in gre$eal
to go on a trip" on holi#ay . a #erge Fn "ltorie Fn /a"an!
to go CoutD +or a walk . a #erge la &li#are
lo look out o+ the win#ow . a &ri/i pe 0erea,tr
to get in t$roug$ the win#ow . a intra pe 0erea,tr
hePs the tallest in the class . e "el #ai @nalt #in "la,
out,i/e the cinema . Fn fa5a "ine#atogra0ului
pag: /63
>';' 5i+eren2e 0ntre prepozi2ii 0n limba engleza britanic1 i prepozi2ii 0n engleza american1
E1i,t unele %i0eren!e $i @n 0olo,irea &re&o?i!iilor @n /arianta 2ritani" $i a#eri"an a li#2ii engle?e:
Engle?a 2ritani" Engle?a a#eri"an
towar#s
in the street
at the back of...
at the weeken#
it3s ten minutes pa,t siA
it3s a ;urter to one
towar#
on the street
in back of...
on the weeken#
it3s ten minutes a+ter siA
it3s a ;uarter be+ore one
%3ll see you on 6un#ay %3ll see you 6un#ay
>'=' Particule a/3erbiale #A/3erbial Particle,&
Farti"ulele a%/er2iale ,unt a,e#ntoare "a 0or# "u unele &re&o?i!ii ,au a%/er2e3 Ele ,e %eo,e2e," @n,
%e a"e,tea &rin 0un"!ia lor3
Farti"ulele a%/er2iale #o%i0i" ,en,ul /er2elor &e "are le @n,o!e,"> tran,0or#Bn%u.le @n /er2e "u &arti"ule
a%/er2iale: They ha!e put o++ the meeting again K They ha!e po,tpone/ the meeting again3 Au a#Bnat
%in nou $e%in!a3
Farti"ulele a%/er2iale "el #ai 0re"/ent 0olo,ite ,unt: about, across, along, aroun#, away, back, by,
#own, in, of, on, out, o!er, past, rou#, through, up3
Not: Multe %intre a"e,te &arti"ule a%/er2iale &ot 0i 0olo,ite $i "a a%/er2e &ro&riu.?i,e: e is in3 E,te
@nuntru3 / E,te @n "a,3
,au "a &re&o?i!ii: e is in the kitchen3 E,te @n 2u"trie3
>'='*' ntrebuin2area particulelor a/3erbiale
aD @n #aAoritatea "a?urilor> &arti"ulele a%/er2iale #o%i0i" total ,en,ul /er2elor la "are ,unt ata$ate: e
came roun/ after the acci#ent3 Gi.a re"&tat "uno$tin!a / Gi.a re/enit %u& a""i%ent3
2D En alte "a?uri> ,en,ul /er2ului "u &arti"ul a%/er2ial &oate 0i %e%u, %in anali?a ele#entelor
"o#&onente: go in, come, bring back, take away3
"D Solo,irea unor &arti"ule a%/er2iale &e lBng anu#ite /er2e @ntre$te %oar i%eea e1&ri#at %e a"e,tea:
#rink up C2ea tot/&Bn la 0un%D> stan# up, lie #own3
>'='.' "ocul particulelor a/3erbiale 0n propozi2ie' Farti"ulele a%/er2iale ,e a$ea? i#e%iat %u& un
/er2 intran?iti/: e turne# roun/ an# looke# at me3 S.a @ntor, $i ,.a uitat la #ine3
Ia" /er2ul e,te tran?iti/ $i e,te ur#at %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e ,au alt
%eter#inant> &arti"ula a%/er2ial e,te a$e?at %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t: <e saw THEM o++ to the
station3 I.a# "on%u, la gar3 Pick THE6E up> please3 Ri%i" a,tea> te rog3
Not: Frin a"ea,t "ara"teri,ti"> /er2ele "u &arti"ole a%/er2iale ,e %eo,e2e," %e /er2ele ur#ate %e
&re&o?i!ii o2ligatorii> %eoare"e &re&o?i!iile nu &ot 0i ,e&arate %e /er23 Co#&ara!i: Please look ME up
when you come to Ducharest3 CupO&arti"ola a%/er2ialD
6he was looking at HIM Cat O &re&o?i!ieD
pag: /61
Ia" "o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/> &arti"ula a%/er2ial &oate 0i a$e?at @nainte
,au %u& a"e,ta C#ai ale, @n /or2irea 0a#iliarD: e ga!e bacK THE COOR3 e ga!e THE COOR
bacK3 A @na&oiat "artea3
Ia" "o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te lung> ,au e,te e1&ri#at &rinHtr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat> &arti"ula
a%/er2ial e,te a$e?at i#e%iat %u& /er2: e ga!e back t$e booK $e $a/ borro7e/3 A @na&oiat "artea
&e "are o @#&ru#uta,e3
EOECI6E6
I3 Co#&leta!i ,&a!iile li2ere "u &re&o?i!ii %e lo" ,au %ire"!ie:
(3 I li/e33333 ;6> Sran=lin ,treet3 MH 0lat i,3333 t-e (9t- 0loor3 +3 T-e talle,t 2uil%ing3333 t-e Vorl% i,3333 NeV
Tor=3 63 Sat-er %ro/e3333 t-e "orner ,loVlH> V-ile I Vent3333 t-e ,-o&3 :3 UeQll lea/e33333 Bra$o/
to#orroV3 ;3 T-eHMll ,to&333Fari,333t-eir VaH333Lon%on3 73 T-eH ran333 ,"-ool333t-e 2u, ,to&3 83 Ue
Vent3334ra%ea333 a 2u,ine,, tri& la,t Vee=3 *3 Feter i,nMt333-o#e3 <e #u,t 2e 333 ,"-ool3 )3 T-eH arri/e% 333
"ine#a earlH3 (93 MH un"le %ro/e 333 #e 333 -i, "ar> 2ut -e %i%nMt ,ee #e3 ((3 T-e "oin, 0ell333 -i, &o"=et3
(+3 S-e "arrie% t-e 2o1333t-e ,tair,333-er roo#3 (63 LetM, ,it333 t-e ,un3 (:3 <e leant333 t-e Vall3 (;3 IonMt
go 333 t-e ,treet on a re% lig-t3
II3 Co#&leta!i ,&a!iile li2ere "u &re&o?i!ii %e ti#& ,au %urat:
(3 IQll 2e in t-e "ountrH3333 JulH33333 Se&te#2er3 +3 T-eH tra/elle%3333333t-e %aH an% ,le&t333333nig-t3 63
E#ine,"u Va, 2orn33333333 JanuarH (;> (*;93 :3 <e "a#e3333(9 oQ"lo"=3333t-e ,a#e ti#e Vit- -i, 0rien%3 ;3
It i, /erH -ot -ere 333 ,u##er3 73 I &-one% all #H 0rien%,333 NeV TearM, IaH3 83 Ue go to ,"-ool 333 t-e
#orning3 *3 I -o&e IMll -a/e 0ini,-e% #H -o#eVor=333) oM"lo"=3 )3 Ue ,taHe% at -o#e333t-e Vee=en%,3 (93
IM/e 2een li/ing in Bu"-are,t333 ten Hear,3 ((3 T-eHMll 2e -ere333ten #inute,3 (+3 T-e #anager VonMt 2e
2a"=333later t-i, a0ternoon3 (63 S"-ool 2egin,333 Se&te#2er an% en%,333 JulH3 (:3 I %i%nMt un%er,tan%
-i#3330ir,t3
%%%. Tra#uce5i Fn limba engle-2:
(3 La "e te ui!i\ +3 El ,e uit &e 0erea,tr3 63 Fe "ine a$te&!i\ :3 CBt e ora %u& "ea,ul tu\ ;3 <ai ,
#erge# la &li#2are3 73 E @n ,&ital %e %ou ,&t#Bni3 83 Ie "e !i.e tea#\ El e @ntot%eauna a#a2il "u
&a"ien!ii3 *3 Ei ,unt re"uno,"tor &entru ,er/i"iul &e "are #il.a 0"ut3 )3 L.a# 0eli"itat &entru ,u""e,ul
,u3 (93 Tre#ura %e 0rig3 ((3 Nu # #in!i! (+3 Ii#inea!a ,.au &li#2at &rin ora$> %u&.a#ia?a au ,tat
a"a,3 (63 Cur,ul a %urat o lun @ntreag3 (:3 Au &ornit.o ,&re rBu3 (;3 Ge%in!a a @n"e&ut la ora ((
%i#inea!a $i a %urat &Bn la ora + %u&.a#ia?3 (73 A 0o,t &le"at @n ti#&ul /a"an!ei3 (83 Au "ltorit "a
%e o2i"ei3 (*3 `ine o "on0erin! %e,&re arta "onte#&oran3 ()3 Ta2loul a 0o,t &i"tat @n ulei> nu @n
a"uarel3 +93 E un &rogra# 2un la tele/i?or %i,ear3
pag: /65
?' Con@unc2ia #T$e Con@unction&
?'*' 5e+ini2ie
aD e1&ri# ra&orturi %e "oor%onare ,au %e ,u2or%onare @ntre %ou &ro&o?i!ii> ra&orturi %e "oor%onare
@ntre %ou &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie ,au @ntre o &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie $i o &ro&o?i!ie5
2D e,te ne0le1i2il %in &un"t %e /e%ere #or0ologi"5
"D nu @n%e&line$te ni"i o 0un"!ie ,inta"ti" @n &ro&o?i!ie %ar #ar"-ea? ra&orturile %e "oor%onare $i
,u2or%onare @n "a%rul &ro&o?i!iei $i al 0ra?ei3
?'.' Con@unc2iile coor/onatoare #Co:or/inating Con@unction,&
ConAun"!iile "oor%onatoare leag &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie "u a"eea$i 0un"!ie ,inta"!i" ,au &ro&o?i!ii %e
a"ela$i 0el: % !isite# the )illage >useum and the 7rt ,alleries yester#ay. %t starte# to rain $ut the game
continue#.
?'.'*' Cla,i+icare' Iu& rela!iile &e "are le ,ta2ile,"> "onAun"!iile "oor%onatoare &ot 0i:
aD "o&ulati/e: an# . $i5 as well as . &re"u#5 both... an# . atBt333 "Bt $i5 not only... but also . nu nu#ai333
%ar $i5
2D %i,Aun"ti/e: or . ,au5 ori5 either...or . ,au333 ,au5 neither...nor . ni"i333ni"i5
"D a%/er,ati/e: but . %ar> "i5
?'.'.' ntrebuin2area con@unc2iilor coor/onatoare' 9ither... or in%i" %ou alternati/e %in "are nu#ai
una e,te &o,i2il> @n &ro&o?i!ii &o?iti/e ,au interogati/e: <e can either ha!e a snack now, or we can
ha!e lunch at noon. Ean you #rink either milk or tea @
Fentru a e1&ri#a o nega!ie ,e 0olo,e$te either... or _ /er2 negati/ ,au neither...nor _ /er2 &o?iti/: %
can3t tra!el either by air or by sea. % can tra!el neither by air nor by sea.
?'.'4' Pozi2ie' ConAun"!iile "oor%onatoare ,e a$ea? @ntre unit!ile ,inta"ti"e &e "are le une,": e
opene# the #oor A" .2(( A" the win#ow.
ConAun"!iile "oor%onatoare nuA &ot 0i a$e?ate la @n"e&utul 0ra?ei: 8an finishe# his homework and went
out for a walk3 Ian $i.a ter#inat le"!iile $i a ie$it la &li#2are3
?'4' Con@unc2iile ,ubor/onatoare #6ubor/inating Con@unction,&
ConAun"!iile ,uor%onatoare leag &ro&o?i!iile ,e"un%are %in 0ra? %e ele#entele lor regente: % went to
the post office, .4232 0 bought a #o-en postcar#s3 M.a# %u, la &o$t> un%e a# "u#&rat
%ou,&re?e"e /e%eri3
pag: /66
?'4'*' Cla,i+icare' Iu& 0elul &ro&o?i!iilor &e "are le intro%u"> "onAun"!iile ,u2or%onatoare &ot 0i:
*& uni3er,aleF that . "5 if, whether . %a"5 "are &ot intro%u"e #ai #ulte 0eluri %e &ro&o?i!ii
%u2or%onate: .42T423 he will $e punctual remains to be seen. C&ro&o?i!ie ,u2ie"ti/D3 The best
way is 0% you go there yourself. C&ro&o?i!ie &re%i"ati/D Cemember T4AT we must get there in time.
C"o#&leti/ %ire"tD3
.& ,pecializateF
aD %e lo": where + un%eI where!er + oriun%eI
2D %e ti#&: when . "Bn%5 since . %e "Bn%5 till"until . &Bn "Bn%5 while"as . @n ti#& "e5 before . @nainte "a5
after . %u& "e5
"D %e #o%: 4eAactly$ asI 4=ust$ as . Ca$aD "u#5 4eAact$ "u#5
%D %e "au?: as, since, because . %eaore"e> 0iin%"5
eD %e ,"o&: so that, in or#er that"so 4that$ C#ai 0or#alD . C&entruD "a> "u ,"o&ul "a3
S"o&ul negati/ e,te e1&ri#at %e: for fear 4that$ . %e tea# ,5 in caseI lest C0or#alD . "a , nu5
0D "on%i!ionale: if . %a"5 pro!i#e# 4that$ " on con#ition 4that$ as long as"so longs as . "u "on%i!ia5
unless . a0ar %a"> nu#ai %a" nu5
gD "on,e"uti/e: so that . @n"Bt5 so C0a#iliarD . @n"Bt5 so"such... 4that$ . a$a/a,t0el333 @n"Bt5
-D "on"e,i/e: though, although C#ai 0or#alD> while, whereas C0or#alD> e!en if.though . %e$i> "u toate ">
"-iar %a"5
iD "o#&arati/e: as...as . #ai C#ultD333 %e"Bt5 as if"as though + "a $i "u#> %e &ar"3
?'4'.' ntrebuin2area con@unc2iilor ,ubor/onatoare' .hen# as Cte#&oraleD
.hen in%i" ,i#ultaneitatea a %ou a"!iuni: .hen % am tire# % go for a walk. CBn% ,unt o2o,it 0a" o
&li#2are3 Ca""entul e,te &e #o#entul a"!iuniiD ,au ,u""e,iunea lor i#e%iat @n ti#&: .hen she rang the
bell, he came to the #oor. CBn% ea a ,unat la ,onerie> el a /enit la u$3
As e,te 0olo,it &entru a"!iuni &aralele: 6he wept as she spoke. FlBngea @n ti#& "e /or2ea3 Ca""entul e,te
&e a"!iunea @n,$iD5
,au "a ,inoni# al lui V-ile: As % was crossing the street, % hear# somebo#y call my name. En ti#& "e / Fe
"Bn% tra/er,a# ,tra%a> a# au?it &e "ine/a ,trigBn%u.#i nu#ele3
As# since# $ecause C"au?aleD
As e1&ri# "au?a> #oti/ul &entru a"!iunea %in &ro&o?i!ia regent: As like# the #ress, she bought it.
Siin%" i.a &l"ut ro"-ia> a "u#&rat.o3
"ince &re,u&une un argu#ent a%#i, %e interlo"utor: "ince you nee# this book, %3ll get for you.
Ieoare"e ai ne/oie %e "arte> a# , !i.o iau3
0f not# unless C"on%i!ionaleD
0f not e,te o&u,ul lui if C%a" nuD: 0f you get sick, you3ll nee# a #octor. 0f you #on3t get sick, you won3t
nee# a #octor.
/nless e,te o&u,ul lui &ro/i%e% / &ro/i%ing t-at C%oar %a"> "u "on%i!ia "aD> iar "Bn% e,te 0olo,it unless
/er2ul %in &ro&o?i!ia "on%i!ional e,te la 0or#a &o?iti/: &ou may see the #octor provided you ha!e an
appointment. Fo!i , intri la %o"tor "u "on%i!ia , 0ii &rogra#at3 &ou can3t see the #octor unless you
ha!e an appointment. Nu &o!i , intri la %o"tor %e"Bt %a" e$ti &rogra#at3
pag: /67
/nless nu e,te 0olo,it &entru a intro%u"e &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale ireale: e coul#n3t ha!e seen the
#octor if he ha#n3t ha# an appointment. N.ar 0i &utut , intre la %o"tor %a" n.ar 0i 0o,t &rogra#at3
?'4'4' Pozi2ie' ConAun"!iile ,u2or%onatoare ,e a$ea? la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei ,e"un%are> "are &oate
&re"e%e ,au ur#a &ro&o?i!ia regent: A" the wether was ba#, we staye# home all #ay. A(T4*/74
she spoke !ery slowly, % coul#n3t un#erstan# her. % can3t help you with your homework &28A/"2 %3m
busy right now. ?y#ia like# the book "* much T4AT she rea# it three times.
S&re %eo,e2ire %e "onAun"!iile "oor%onatoare> "onAun"!iile ,u2or%onatoare &ot 0i &re"e%ate %e alte
"onAun"!ii: e left early because he wasn3t feeling !ery well A16 because the party was boring. A
&le"at %e/re#e &entru " nu ,e ,i#!ea 0oarte 2ine $i &entru " &etre"erea era &li"ti"oa,3
EOECI6E6
%. (orma5i fra-e #in propo-i5iile urm2toare cu a=utorul con=unc5iilor #in parante-e:
(3 Ali"e -a% too #u"- to eat3 Cat-H %i%nQt3 C2utD3 +3 I -a/enQt 0ini,-e% t-e 2oo=3 I "anQt return it to t-e
li2rarH Het3 C,oD 63 I ,-all 2uH t-at Vat"-3 It i, not e1&en,i/e3 Ci0D3
:3 Tou VonQt un%er,tan%3 Tou li,ten "are0ullH3 Cunle,,D3 ;3 MarH 2oug-t a neV %re,,3 S-e %i%nMt reallH
nee% one Calt-oug-D3 73 Feter got goo% #ar=, in -i, ter# &a&aer,3 <e Vor=e% /erH -ar%3 C2e"au,eD3 83
Sat-er -a, 2oug-t a /iolin3 Alan "an learn -oV to &laH C,o t-atD3 *3 Tou #u,t %o3 Tou are tol% Ce1a"tlH
a,D3 IM# ,tu%Hing3 I li=e to li,ten to ra%io3 CV-ileD3 (93 Bo2 i, -a/ing an e1a# to#orroV3 <e "anMt "o#e
to our &artH3 C,in"eD3 ((3 <e -a% ,tu%ie% Engli,- 0or ,e/en Hear,3 <e "oul%Mt ,&ea= i, 0luentlH3 Ce/en
t-oug-D3 (+3 Faul i, =eenon tenni,3 <e &laH, e/erH %aH C,o333t-atD3 (63 It Va, a /erH %i00i"ult e1er"i,e3
MarH "oul%nMt %o it3 C,u"-333t-atD
%%. Eompleta5i spa5iile libere cu con=unc5iile potri!ite ca sens #in parante-e:
(3 Faul Va, not333332rig-t3333-i, 2rot-er, Vere3 Calt-oug-> a,3333a,> &ro/i%e% t-atD3 +3 But -e -a% alVaH,
Vor=e% -ar%er33333 t-eH e/er -a%3 Ct-an> V-erea,> 2e0oreD 63 <e Voul% get a ,"-olar,-i&33333 -e &a,,e% t-e
e1a# to%aH C,o> &ro/i%e%> untilD3 :3 In a VaH -e %i% not reallH "are333 -e Von t-e ,"-olar,-i& or not
CV-et-er> i0> unle,,D3 ;3 But -e Vante% to %o -i, e1a# 333 -e Va,nMt 0eeling /erH Vell3 Cin "a,e> le,t>
t-oug-D3 83 <e li,tene% to t-e in/igilator "are0ullH333-e #ig-t 0ail to "at"- all t-e in,tru"tion,3 C,u&&o,ing>
0or 0ear> V-et-erD3 *3 T-e in/igilator &ronoun"e% all t-e na#e ,loVlH333 ea"- o0 t-e# #ig-t -ear -i, na#e
"learlH3 C,o t-at> ,u"-333t-at> &ro/i%e% t-atD
pag: /6'
%%%. Tra#uce5i Fn limba engle-2:
Au aAun, ,ara la -anul lui Io#nu Va,iliu3 Vitoria $tia " a"olo are , g,ea," "e/a3 Entr.a%e/r> a g,it3
En ,at la Su-a> ,e ,tBrni,e oare"are ?/oan3 S&uneau unii $i al!ii " ar 0i ne/oie , /ie /reun Au%e"tor %e
la tBrg> , "er"ete?e "u# a 0o,t "u /Bn?area oilor3 S /a% %a" ,e a0l -Brtia lor %e "u#&rtur %e la
Iorna> $i %a" go,&o%arii %in Su-a au "-itan! %e &aralele &e "are le.au %at lui Li&an3 Nu ,&une ni#enee
" a,e#enea go,&o%ari "u /a? ar 0i @n ,tare a ,/Br$i o 0a&t rea . %ar e 2ine ,.$i arate @n%re&trile3
A0ar %e a,ta a #ai ,&u, nu $tiu "ine " nu#ai %e"Bt "in,ti!ii go,&o%ari tre2uie , arate #artorul ori
artorii "are ,.au g,it 0a! la /Bn?are ,au la nu#rtoarea 2anilor3 E la @n!elegerea ori$i"ui " nu#ai
a,e#enea ,trin ,au ,trini> "are ,.au a0lat %e 0a!> au &utut , ur#rea," &e Li&an> $i ,.i r&ea," 2anii
oilor3 S.ar &utea "a a"e$ti #artori , 0ie "u totul ne"uno,"u!i3 Ni"i Cali,trat> ni"i Ilie Cu!ui nu i.au /?ut
&Bn atun"i> ni"i %e atun"i3 C-iar %a" ar 0i a$a> , arate "e @n0!i$are a/eau> "e "ai $i "e ,traie3 Iin &u!in>
,e &ot a0la #ulte $i 0&ta$ii ie, la i/eal3
CMi-ail Sa%o/eanu . BaltagulD
*(' Inter@ec2ia #T$e Inter@ection&
*('*' 5e+ini2ie
aD Frin interAe"!ie ,e e1teriori?ea? ,en?a!ii> ,enti#ente> #ani0e,tri %e /oin! ,au ,e re&ro%u" ,unete $i
?go#ote %in natur5
2D interAe"!ia e,te o &arte %e /or2ire ne0le1i2il> ne0iin% #ar"at %e "ategorii gra#ati"ale5
"D interAe"!ia &oate "on,titui 0ie un ele#ent %e @ntrire &e lBng o &ro&o?i!ie> 0ie o &ro&o?i!ie
in%e&en%ent ,au o &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie3
*('.' Cla,i+icare
Cu aAutorul interAe"!iilor ,e e1teriori?ea?:
*& ,enza2ii i ,entimenteF
aD 2u"urie: 7h N Moh N Lippee N urray N 4a, ah, uraN$.
2D ,ur&ri?: Mh N <ow N 4a, ah, ohN$. *h, what a nice #ress N
"D #irare: Mh, #ear N 8ear me N %n#ee# N C/ai %rag> /ai %e #ine> @ntr.a%e/rD *h# dear# %can3t fin# my
purse. 6ear me 9 <hat are you #oing o!er there @
%D a%#ira!ie: <hew NCa-> %oa#neD: .hew, how beautiful she is N
eD @n!elegere: 7ha N Ca> a-a!D: Aha, these glo!es are eAactly what % was looking for.
0D %i,&re!: (ie N Pshaw N <hat a shameN CFtiu> &a-> "e ru$ine!D: %ie upon you N &ou ought to be ashame#
at what you ha!e #one.
gD %e?gu,t: HghN 4FhN$: /gh# how #irty your han#s are N
-D a&ro2are: <ell #one N Eongratulations N CSoarte 2ine! Seli"itri!D Uell %one> Feter ! TouQ/e &a,,e%
all Hour e1a#, 2rilliantlH3
iD %e?a&ro2are: Non,en,e! U-at a nui,an"e! CFro,tii ! Ce &a"o,te!D: U-at a nui,an"e! NoV IQll -a/e to
%o it all o/er again!
AD regret: A-! 4-! U-at a &itH! Ca!> o-! "e &"at!D: U-at a &itH Hou "oul%nQt "o#e! It Va, a goo% &laH3
=D %urere: 4u"-! 4V! C/ai> a-> aoleu!D: ou"-> it -ur,t!
.& mani+e,t1ri /e 3oin21F
aD o rug#inte> un @n%e#n: MhN elpN Co-! AAutor!D5 6shN ushN 6ilanceN CS,t> lini$te!D: 4ush9 The
baby3s sleepingN
2D o @n"uraAare: Eheer upN Eome onN CCuraA! <ai%e!D: 8ome on# #on3t be afrai#N &ou3ll manage.
"D o a/erti?are: ?ook MutN (ireN CAten!ie! So"!D: %ire 9 The house is on fireN
6D ,e re&ro%u" ,unete $i ?go#ote %in #e%iul @n"onAurtor: Dow + wow N
>iaowN DaaN Du--N C<a# . -a# ! Miau! Be-! B??!D: DangN ElickN ErashN
*('4' ntrebuin2area inter@ec2iilor
Una $i a"eea$i interAe"!ie &oate a/ea ,e#ni0i"a!ii %i0erite> @n 0un"!ie %e "onte1t: Ah, here you are at last N
C2u"urieD> %ar $i: Ah, it3s painful N 4#urere$.
Unele interAe"!ii ,unt 0olo,ite "u &re"%ere %e 2r2a!i: *o fear N
,oo# lor# N Lolly goo# N
&e "Bn% altele ,unt ,&e"i0i"e li#2aAului 0e#inin: <owN Mh, #earN Mh, my N 8ear meN >y goo#nessN
EOECI6E6
%. Tra#uce5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii Fn limba rom:n2:
(3 4u"-> #H leg! +3 4o-> t-i, i"e"rea#Q, %eli"iou,! 63 Ji&&ee> VeQ/e Von t-e #at"-! :3 UoV> i,nQt ,-e
"le/er\ ;3 Uell %o#e> Feter3 73 S,-! Gran%#a i, ,lee&ing3 83 MH goo%ne,,! U-at %rea%0ul Veat-er! *3
Grr! I,n!t it "ol%! )3 Loo=out! A "ar i, "o#ing3 (93 M#! T-i, "rea# "a=eM, /erH goo%3 ((3 LUell> I #u,t
2e goingL3 L4-> I ,eeL3 (+3 LUell> goo% lu"=!L L4-> t-an= HouL3 (63 LA-> t-ere Hou are!L (:3 Iear #e!
Tou %o loo= ill!3 (;3 U-at a &itH Ve %i%nMt go on a &i"ni" He,ter%aH3 NoV itM, raining3 (73 Tut> tut! Tou
are naug-tH 2oH! (83 Uel"o#e -oe> #H %ear!
%%. Eompleta5i spa5iile libere cu inter=ec5ii potri!ite ca sens:
(3 333! UeQre -a/ing a -oli%aH to#orroV! UeQre going on a tri&! +3 33333 T-at Va, a Von%er0ul ,-oV! I
-a%nQt t-oug-t I Voul% enAoH it ,o #u"-! 63 3333 IQ/e ,&ilt #H tea! :3 33333 U-at a #e,,! ;3 333 itM, &aint0ul!
73 333 t-atM, e1a"tlH V-at I nee%e%3 83 333 -oV Von%er0ullH ,-e ,ing,! *3 333 Sat-er i, Vor=ing3 )3 333T-ereM,
a 2u, "o#ing! (93 333Hou %o loo= &ale! ((3 333 Feter -a, 2ro=en t-at Vin%oV again! (+3 333! Tou "an "o#e
Vit- u, e/en i0 Hou are tire%3 TouMll -a/e a goo% re,t t-ere3
pag: /70
Fartea a II.a
6INTAOA POPOLI2IEI
#T$e 6imple 6entence&
II'(' Generalit12i
II'('*' 5e+ini2ie
Fro&o?i!ia e,te unitatea %e 2a? a ,inta1ei3 Ea re&re?int "ea #ai #i" unitate a ,inta1ei "are &oate
a&rea %e ,ine ,tttoare $i "are "o#uni" o Au%e"at logi" ,au o i%ee "u "ara"ter a0e"ti/ ,au /oli!ional3
II'('.' Cla,i+icare
(D Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al ,"o&ului "o#uni"rii> &ro&o?i!iile ,e @#&art @n:
a& propozi2ii enun2iati3e, "are tran,#it o in0or#a!ie: Colu#2u, %i,"o/ere% A#eri"a in (:)+3 Colu#2 a
%e,"o&erit A#eri"a @n (:)+3 <e %i%nQt noti"e -er3 Nu a o2,er/at.o3
b& propozi2ii interogati3e, &rin "are ,e ,oli"it o in0or#a!ie: Uoul% Hou li=e to "o#e to our &artH \
Vrei , /ii la &etre"erea noa,tr \
c& propozi2ii imperati3e, "are e1&ri# o &orun"> o rug#inte> @n%e#n: 4&en t-e 2oo=! Ie,"-i%e
"artea3 SVit"- on t-e ra%io> &lea,e3 Ie,"-i%e ra%ioul> te rog3
/& propozi2ii e-clamati3e, "are e1&ri# o ,tare a0e"ti/ C,ur&rin%ere> ne#ul!u#ire> ,ati,0a"!ie et"3D: 4->
-oV attra"ti/e ,-e i, ! 4-> "e 0ru#oa, e,te!
+3 Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al ,tru"turii> &ro&o?i!iile ,e @#&art @n:
a& propozi2ii ,imple CUne1ten%e% Si#&le Senten"e,D> al"tuite nu#ai %in ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at: T-e
"-il%ren are ,lee&ing3 Co&ii %or#3 Iog, 2ar=3 CBinii latr3
b& propozi2ii /ez3oltate CE1ten%e% Si#&le Senten"e,D> "are "u&rin%> &e lBng ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at> $i alte
&r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie: Te,ter%aH -e Vent to ,"-ool 2H 2i"H"le3 Ieri ,.a %u, la $"oal "u 2i"i"leta3
c& propozi2ii eliptice CElli&ti"al Si#&le Senten"e,D> %in "are li&,e," anu#ite &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie> ele
&utBn% 0i "o#&letate "u u$urin!: CIQ/eD ne/er -ear% a2out -i#3 U-o i, #i,,ing \ Jo-n Ci, #i,,ingD3
pag: /7/
II'('4' Tipuri /e propozi2ii
Stru"tura &ro&o?i!iilor ,i#&le $i %e?/oltate &oate 0i %etaliat @n 0un"!ie %e &r!ile %e &ro&o?i!ie "are
ur#ea? @n #o% o2ligatoriu anu#ite /er2e3
Ver2ele ,e @#&art @n trei "la,e #ari: "o&ulati/e> intran?iti/e $i tran?iti/e> %in &un"t %e /e%ere al
"o#&linirii /er2ale> al &r!ilor %e &ro&o?i!ie "are &ot 0i 0olo,ite %u& ele3
a& Verbul copulati3 &rin e1"elen! e,te /er2ul 2e3 A"e,ta nu &oate 0i ur#at %e"Bt %e un nu#e &re%i"ati/
,au %e un "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo":
They are workers.
They are in the factory.
b& Verbele intranziti3e nu &ot 0i ur#ate %e "o#&le#ente %ire"te3
c& Verbele tranziti3e ,unt /er2ele ur#ate %e "o#&le#ente %ire"te3
II'('8' LuBn% @n "on,i%erare &o?i2ilit!ile %e "o#&linire /er2al> ,e o2!in ur#toarele ,u2ti&uri %e
&ro&o?i!ii:
Propozi2ia ,impl1F
aD ,u2ie"t _ /er2 intran?iti/: e swims. El @noat3
2D ,u2ie"t _ /er2 "o&ulati/ _ nu#e &re%i"ati/:
e is a treacher. El e,te &ro0e,or3
e is competent. El e,te "o#&etent3
Propozi2ia /ez3oltat1F
aD ,u2ie"t _ /er2 intran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial: e swims in the sea3 El @noat @n #are3
2D ,u2ie"t _ /er2 "o&ulati/ _ "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial: The teacher is here"in classroom. Fro0e,orul
e,te ai"i /@n "la,
"D ,u2ie"t _ /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t: 6he has foun# the book. CEaD a g,it "artea3
%D ,u2ie"t _ /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t:
The man aske# the boy se!eral ;uestions. 4#ul i.a &u, 2iatului #ai #ulte @ntre2ri3
eD ,u2ie"t _ /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t _ "o#&le#ent in%ire"t: (ather ga!e the toy to the little
boy. Tatl i.a %at Au"ria 2iatului3
0D ,u2ie"t _ /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t _ ele#ent &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entar: They appointe# him
chairman. L.au nu#it &re$e%inte3
gD ,u2ie"t _ /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t _ "o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional: % helpe# him with
homework. L.a# aAutat ,.$i 0a" te#ele3
II'('9' P1r2ile /e propozi2ie #T$e Part, o+ t$e 6entence&
Fr!ile %e &ro&o?i!ie ,e "la,i0i" @n:
*& p1r2i principale /e propozi2ieF ,u2ie"tul $i &re%i"atul5
.& p1r2i ,ecun/are /e propozi2ieP "o#&le#entul %ire"t> in%ire"t> &re&o?i!ional> ele#entul &re%i"ati/
,u&li#entar> "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale C%e ti#&> lo"> #o%> "au? et"3D $i atri2utul3
En li#2a engle?> a"e,te &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie &ot 0i i%enti0i"ate "u aAutorul ur#toarelor "ara"teri,ti"i:
aD &rin "e &r!i %e /or2ire ,unt e1&ri#ate5
pag: /70
2D lo"ul &e "are.l o"u& @n &ro&o?i!ie5
"D tr,turi ,&e"i0i"e: a"or%> tre"erea la %iate?a &a,i/ et"35
6ubiectul 4The 6ub=ect$:
aD e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un gru& no#inal C&rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au ,u2,titut al a"e,tuia> @n,o!it ,au nu %e
%eter#inan!iD ,au &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "u 0un"!ie %e ,u2ie"t5
2D ,e a$ea? @naintea &re%i"atului @n &ro&o?i!iile enun!iati/e $i %u& /er2ul au1iliar / #o%al @n &ro&o?i!iile
interogati/e5
"D ,e a"or% @n nu#r $i &er,oan "u &re%i"atul3
Pre/icatul 4The Pre#icate$:
aD e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/ ,au intran?iti/ la un #o% &er,onal ,au &rintr.un /er2 "o&ulati/
"u o "o#&linire no#inal5
2D ,e a$ea? %e regul %u& ,u2ie"t5
"D are a"or% %eter#inat %e ,u2ie"t3
Complementul /irect 4The 8irect Mb=ect$:
aD e,te e1&ri#at> "a $i ,u2ie"tul> &rintr.un gru& no#inal ,au &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "u 0un"!ie
no#inal5
2D ur#ea? %e regul gru&ul ,u2ie"t . &re%i"at5
"D %e/ine ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei @n tran,0or#area &a,i/3
Complementul in/irect 4The %n#irect Mb=ect$:
aD e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un gru& no#inal5
2D ur#ea? "o#&le#entul %ire"t $i are &re&o?i!ia e1&ri#at Cto ,au 0orD5
I ga/e t-e 2oo= to MarH3
"D nu &oate 0i 0olo,it 0r un "o#&le#ent %ire"t3
Numele pre/icati3 4The Pre#icati!e Part of a *ominal Pre#icate$.
aD e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un gru& no#inal> un a%Ae"ti/ ,au &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "u 0un"!ie
no#inal5
2D ur#ea? /er2ul "o&ulati/ 2e ,au alte "o&ulati/e: 2e"o#e> turn et"3:
"D nu %e/ine ,u2ie"t al &ro&o?i!iei @n tran,0or#area &a,i/3
Elementul pre/icati3 ,uplimentar 4The Pre#icati!e 7#=unct$:
aD e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un gru& no#inal> un a%Ae"ti/ ,au &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "u 0un"!ie
no#inal5
2D ur#ea? gru&ul ,u2ie"t . &re%i"at: T-e 2oat ,Ve&t "lo,e T-eH a&&inte% -i# "-air#an3 I le0t t-e
#eeting a little &ertur2e%3
"D nu %e/ine ,u2ie"t al &ro&o?i!iei @n tran,0or#area &a,i/: <e Va, a&&ointe% "-air#an3
Complementul circum,tan2ial 4The 7#!erbial$:
aD e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un a%/er2> "on,tru"!ie a%/er2ial ,au &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "ir"u#,tan!ial>
&rintr.un gru& no#inal ,au o "on,tru"!ie &re&o?i!ional5
2D e,te %e o2ie"ei #o2il> a%i" &oate o"u&a #ai #ulte lo"uri @n &ro&o?i!ie5
"D e,te %e o2i"ei o&!ional> a%i" &oate 0i a%ugat ,au eli#inat %intr.o &ro&o?i!ie 0r "a ea , %e/in
negra#ati"al3
pag: /73
**' 6ubiectul #T$e 6ub@ect&
**'*' 5e+ini2ie
Su2ie"tul e,te &artea &rin"i&al %e &ro&o?i!ie %e,&re "are ,e ,&une "e/a "u aAutorul &re%i"atului3
**'.' E-primarea ,ubiectului
En li#2a engle?> ,u2ie"tul e,te %e o2i"ei e1&ri#at> "-iar atun"i "Bn% e,te i#&er,onal ,au generi"> /er2ul
engle? a/Bn% &u!ine %e,inen!e "are , #ar"-e?e 0or#al &er,oana $i nu#rul C,&re %eo,e2ire %e li#2a
ro#BnD: I rea% t-e &a&er e/erH #orning3 Cite," ?iarul @n 0ie"are %i#inea!3 ItQ, raining3 Flou3 Tou #u,t
%o Hour %utH3 Tre2uie ,.!i 0a"i %atoria3
Su2ie"tul &oate 0i e1&ri#at:
aD &rintr.un gru& no#inal "on!inBn% un ,u2,tanti/> "u ,au 0r %eter#inant> ,au un ,u2,titut al a"e,tuia:
Sut%ent, Vor= -ar% to &a,, t-eir e1a#,3 Stu%en!ii ,e &regte," ,erio, "a , &ro#o/e?e e1a#enele3
E/erH2o%H Va, &re,ent3 To!i erau &re?en!i3 T-ree are #i,ing3 Trei li&,e,"3 T-e Voin%e% Vere ta=en to
-o&ital3 Rni!ii au 0o,t %u$i la ,&ital3
2D &rintr.o "on,tru"!ie "u in0initi/ul> &arti"u&iul C&re?ent ,au tre"utD ,au 0or#a Gerun%> "on,tru"!ie
0olo,it %e o2ie"ei &entru re%u"erea unei &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate ,u2ie"ti/e $i nu#it ,u2ie"t "o#&le1:
Ie e1e#&lu:
: nominati3ul cu in+initi3F S-e i, ,ai% to 2e a goo% %o"tor3 Se ,&une " ea e,te o %o"tori! 2un3
: in+initi3ul cu +or:toF It i, unu,ual 0or -er to 2e a [uiet3 E,te neo2i$nuit "a ea , 0ie atBt %e t"ut3
: o con,truc2ie gerun/ial1F Jo-nQ, / <i, "o#ing late Vorrie% u,3 EntBr?ierea lui Jo-n ne.a @ngriAorat3
"D &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat ,u2ie"ti/: T-at not-ing "a#e out o0 it irritate% -i#3 Sa&tul " nu a
ie$it ni#i" %in a,ta @l ener/a3
%D &rintr.un ele#ent "are nu are ,en, %e ,ine ,tttor . a$a nu#itul ,u2ie"t intro%u"ti/ ir ,au t-ere . "are
anti"i&ea? ,u2ie"0tul real> logi" al &ro&o?i!iei: It ia ea,H to %o t-i, e1er"i,e3 A"e,t e1er"i!iu e,te u$or %e
0"ut3 T-ere are t-ree &u&il, in t-e "la,,roo#3 Sunt trei ele/i @n "la,3
**'4' 6itua2ii ,peciale
((363( Su2ie"tul generi" &oate 0i e1&ri#at &rin &ronu#ele one, you, he, they, ,au &rin ,u2,tanti/ul
people.
Fronu#ele one, you, he, they $i ,u2,tanti/ul people ,e 0olo,e," "a ,u2ie"te &entru a %e,e#na o &er,oan
@n general ,au un gru& ne%e0init %e &er,oane:
&ou can3t #o two #ifferent things at a time. Nu ,e &ot 0a"e %ou lu"ruri %i0erite @n a"ela$i ti#&3 *ne can
fin# this phone number in the telephone #iectory. A"e,t nu#r %e tele0on ,e &oate g,i @n "artea %e
tele0on3 +eople #rink a lot of coffee in this country3 En !ara noa,tr ,e 2ea #ult "a0ea3
pag: /71
**'4'.' Pronumele it e,te ,ubiect imper,onalF
aD al /er2elor i#&er,onale: 0t often rains in autumn. Ie,eori &lou toa#na3 0t snows a lot in the
mountains. Ninge #ult la #unte3
2D al &ro&o?i!iilor &rin "are ,e e1&ri# ti#&ul> /re#ea> %i,tan!a: %t3s nearly siA o3clock. E,te a&roa&e ora
$a,e3 %t3s col#. E,te 0rig3 %t3s ;uite far from here. E,te %e,tul %e %e&arte %e ai"i3
**'4'4' 6ubiectul intro/ucti3
Unele &ro&o?i!ii "on!in un ,u2ie"t gra#ati"al C0or#alD $i unul logi" CrealD> a%e/ratul ,u2ie"t al
&ro&o?i!iei3
Ie o2ie"ei ,u2ie"tul real e,te anti"i&at &rin &ronu#ele it ,au ele#entul t-ere C"are nu e,te i%enti" "u
a%/er2ul t-ereD3
(D It intro%u"ti/ e,te 0olo,it "Bn% ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei e,te:
aD un in0initi/: 0t is necessary to start at once. E,te ne"e,ar , &orne$ti i#e%iat3 It ta=e, #e -al0 an -our
to get to #H o00i"e3 E#i tre2uie o Au#tate %e or , aAung la ,er/i"iu3
2D un gerun%: It Va, no u,e Hour "rHing3 Ai &lBn, %egea2a3
"D o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2ie"ti/: It i, ,trange t-at ,-e -a,nQt a""e&te% our in/itation3 E,te "iu%at " ea nu a
a""e&tat in/ita!ia noa,tr3 It ,ee#, -e i, rig-t3 Se &are " are %re&tate3
+D Su2ie"tul intro%u"ti/ t-ere e,te 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!iile @n "are ,u2ie"tul real nu e,te %e0init: T-ere are
,o#e 2oo=, on t-e ta2le3 Sunt "Bte/a "r!i &e #a,3
En ,tilul literar> there e,te ur#at $i %e alte /er2e> #ai ale, happen $i occur:
There happene# that an ol# man remembere# something about her. S.a @ntB#&lat "a un 2trBn ,.$i
a#intea," "e/a %e,&re ea3
4 &ro&o?i!ie intro%u, &rin there e,te ur#at %e o2i"ei %e alta &rin "are ,e 0a" &re"i?ri: There is a man
at the #oor. e wants to speak to you. E,te un o# la u$3 Vrea , /or2ea," "u tine3
**'8' "ocul ,ubiectului 0n propozi2ie
Su2ie"tul e,te a$e?at:
aD @naintea /er2ului @n &ro&o?i!iile enun!iati/e Ca0ir#ati/e $i negati/eD:
)ary is a goo# swimmer. "he #oesn3t swim e!ery #ay.
2D %u& /er2ul au1iliar ,au #o%al> @n &ro&o?i!iile integorati/e: Ean you swim @ 8oes she want to rea#
this book @
"D %u& /er2> "Bn% el e,te anti"i&at %e un it ,au t-ere intro%u"ti/: There is a teacher in the room. %t
seems she has left.
&ag: (8;
*.' Pre/icatul #T$e Pre/icate&
*.'*' 5e+ini2ie
Fre%i"atul e,te &artea &rin"i&al %e &ro&o?i!ie "are atri2uie ,u2ie"tului o a"!iune> o ,tare ,au o @n,u$ire3
*.'.' Cla,i+icare
Sun"!ia %e &re%i"at &oate 0i @n%e&linit %e /er2e tran?iti/e $i intran?iti/e la un #o% &er,onal> &re"u# $i
%e /er2e "o&ulati/e> atun"i "Bn% au "o#&liniri no#inale3
*.'.'*' Ver2ele tran?iti/e $i "ele intran?iti/e 0or#ea? &re%i"atul /er2al "la,i": Bir%, 0lH3 F,rile ?2oar3
<e Vrote an intere,ting e,,aH3 A ,"ri, o "o#&o?i!ie intere,ant3
*.'.'.' Pre/icatul nominal #t$e Nominal Pre/icate& e,te al"tuit %in:
AD un /er2 "o&ulati/ _
BD un nu#e &re%i"ati/3
A& Verbele copulati3e ,unt /er2e "are $i.au &ier%ut total ,au &ar!ial ,en,ul le1i"al $i @n%e&line," 0un"!ia
gra#ati"al %e #ar" a ra&ortului &re%i"ati/ %intre %ou nu#e> @n "a%rul &re%i"atului no#inal3
Gra#ati"a tra%i!ional %i,tinge #ai #ulte "la,e %e /er2e "o&ulati/e:
(D /er2ul be 4)erb of Deing$, total golit %e ,e,n lo1i"al: <e i, "le/er3 El e,te %e$te&t3
Not: CBn% /er2ul 2e e,te 0olo,it "u ,en,ul La e1i,ta> a ,e a0la> a ,e g,i> a a/ea lo"L> et"3 el 0or#ea?
,ingur &re%i"atul &ro&o?i!iei: <here is my pen@ The school festi!al is on 6atur#ay
+D Ver2e &ar!ial golite %e ,en, le1i"al:
a& 3erbe ale /e3eniriiF become, get, grow, turn: er hair has turned grey. A @n"run!it3 6he is getting
old. E#2trBne$te3
b& Verbe ale continu1rii 0n aceeai ,tare : continue, keep, remain, hol#, stay.
e kept silent. T"ea3
c& 3erbe ale aparen2eiF appear, look, seem: 6he seemed ill. Frea 2olna/> e looks pale. E,te &ali%3
Iintre /er2ele "o&ulati/e> /er2ul be &re?int "ele #ai #ulte &o?i2ilit!i "o#2inatorii C"u ori"are &arte %e
/or2ire "are &oate @n%e&lini o 0un"!ie no#inalD> %atorit golirii ,ale totale %e ,en, le1i"al:
e is a teacher.
e is !ery competent.
e is a#mire# by his frien#s.
&ag: (87
Celelalte /er2e "o&ulati/e ,e @#2in %oar "u "Bte/a &r!i %e /or2ire:
. toate "u a%Ae"ti/e:
The chil# fell ill.
The chil# felt ill.
The chil# got ill.
The chil# looked ill.
. unele $i "u &arti"i&ii tre"ute:
e seemed impressee#.
e appeared impresse#.
e looked impresse#.
. iar altele $i "u ,u2,tanti/e:
6he may turn an eAcellent teacher.
6he may $ecome an eAcellent teacher.
BD Nu#ele &re%i"ati/ 0or#ea? @#&reun "u /er2ul "o&ulati/ &re%i"atul &ro&o?i!iei3 Nu#ele &re%i"ati/
e,te e1&ri#at:
aD &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au e"-i/alent al a"e,tuia:
>y nephew has become a doctor.
2D &rintr.un a%Ae"ti/> ,ingur ,au "u o "o#&linire: 6he was happy. 6he was eager to come.
"D &rintr.un &arti"i&iu tre"ut: The !illage seeme# deserted.
Lo"ul nu#elui &re%i"ati/ @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te %u& /er2ul "o&ulati/: Those boys are students.
*.'4' "ocul pre/icatului 0n propozi2ie
Ie o2i"ei &re%i"atul e,te a$e?at %u& ,u2ie"t $i @naintea "o#&le#entului: The sun was shining brightly3
Soarele ,trlu"ea &uterni"3
En unele "a?uri a"ea,t or%ine e,te in/er,at:
aD @n &ro&o?i!iile interogati/e: 0s >ary in the library @
2D @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale @n "are "onAun"!ia i0 e,te o#i,> iar &re%i"atul "on!ine un /er2 au1iliar ,au
#o%al: 4ad % time, % shoul# take a walk. Ia" a$ a/ea ti#& #.a$ &li#2a3
"D &entru a a"""entua o anu#it &arte %in &ro&o?i!ie: 12,23 shall % forget what he #i# for me. N.a#
, uit ni"io%at "e a 0"ut &entru #ine3
*4' Acor/ul ,ubiectului cu pre/icatul #6ub@ect : Verb Concor/&
En li#2a engle?> "a $i @n li#2a ro#Bn> /er2ul &re%i"at ,e a"or% "u ,u2ie"tul @n &er,oan $i nu#r3
pag: /77
*4'*' Acor/ul 0n per,oan1
aD CBn% ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei e,te un &ronu#e &er,onal> /er2ul &re%i"at ,au /er2ul au1iliar ,e a"or% "u
&ronu#ele &er,onal la &er,oana re,&e"ti/:
0 A) Comanian. "he 0" my best frien#. 4e 6*2"1:T remember a wor#.
2D En &ro&o?i!iile relati/e> /er2ul ,e a"or% @n &er,oan "u ,u2,tanti/ul ,au "u &ronu#ele &er,onal la "are
,e 0a"e re0erirea: %t is he who 62"23,2" all the praise. 0 say it, who A) his sister.
"D Ia" @n, ,u2ie"tul e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un alt &ronu#e ,au &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/> /er2ul &re%i"ati/
e,te la &er,oana a III.a ,ingular $i &lural: <ho 0" that man @ These lessons A32 #ifficult.
%D CBn% ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e &er,onal> "oor%onat "u un
alt &ronu#e &er,onal &rin inter#e%iul "onAun"!iei an%> /er2ul ,e &une la &er,oana a III.a &lural "-iar
%a" ulti#ul &ronu#e> "on0or# regulilor %e &olite!e> e,te I:
;ou and 0 A32 going to the theatre tonight.
;ou and 0 A32 going to the theatre tonight.
;ou and 0 A32 going to the theatre tonight.
eD CBn% ,u2ie"tul "oor%onat &rin either + or re&re?int &er,oane %i0erite> /er2ul ,e a"or% "u &ronu#ele
&er,onal "el #ai a&ro&iat: 2ither my mother or 0 A) at home in the e!ening.
Not: En /or2irea "urent> "on,tru"!iile "a "ea %e ,u, ,unt e/itate> &rin 0olo,irea unui /er2 au1iliar ,au
#o%al "are e,te in/araia2il &entru &er,oan: Eit-er #H #ot-er or I UILL 2e at -o#e in t-e e/ening3
,au &rin 0olo,irea a %ou &re&o?i!ii "oor%onate: MH #ot-er IS at -o#e in t-e e/ening an% ,o a# I3
*4'.' Acor/ul 0n num1r
A"or%ul @n nu#r ,e 0a"e:
(D %u& 0or# Ca"or%ul gra#ati"alD5
+D %u& @n!ele,5
6D &rin atra"!ie5
*4'.'*' Acor/ul gramatical #Gramatical Concor/&
A' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor 3ariabile
Regula general a a"or%ului @n nu#r @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at @n li#2a engle? e,te ur#toarea: un
,ubiect la num1rul ,ingular ,e acor/1 cu un 3erb la num1rul ,ingular, iar un ,ubiect la num1rul
plural ,e acor/1 cu un 3erb la num1rul plural' A"e,ta e,te nu#it @n gra#ati" a"or%ul %u& 0or#
,au a"or%ul gra#ati"al $i ,e a&li" la ,u2,tanti/ele nu#ra2ile %in li#2a engle?> "are ,unt /aria2ile "a
0or#> a/Bn% atBt nu#rul ,ingular "Bt $i nu#rul &lural: T-e no/el IQ# rea%ing IS /erH intere,ting3
Ro#anul &e "are.l "ite," e,te 0oarte intere,ant3 T-e,e %i"tionarie, ARE /erH u,e0ul3 A"e,te %i"!ionare
,unt 0oarte 0olo,itoare3
&ag: (8*
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor in3ariabile la ,ingular
En "a?ul ,u2,tanti/elor in/aria2ile> &re%i"atul e,te 0ie nu#ai la ,ingular> %u& ,u2,tanti/e in/aria2ile la
,ingular> 0ie nu#ai la &lural> %u& ,u2,tanti/e in/aria2ile la &lural> "u "Bte/a ,itua!ii ,&e"iale @n a#2ele
"a?uri3
Su2,tanti/ele in/aria2ile la ,ingular ,e a"or% "u /er2ul &re%i"at la ,ingular3 Iin a"ea,t "la, %e
,u2,tanti/e 0a" &arte:
(D ,u2,tanti/e nenu#ra2ile "on"rete: &utter 8*1TA01" animal fat3 Untul "on!ine gr,i#e ani#al3
+D ,u2,tanti/e nenu#ra2ile a2,tra"te: is knowledge of 9nglish 0" goo#. Cuno$tin!ele lui %e engle?
,unt 2une3 >y homework for to#ay 0" #ifficult. Te#ele &entru a?i ,unt grele3
6D ,u2,tanti/ul neV,: The news 0" goo#. Ve$tile ,unt 2une3
:D nu#ele %e 2oli: )umps 0" infectious. 4reionul e,te o 2oal in0e"!ioa,3
;D nu#e %e $tiin!e $i o2ie"te %e ,tu%iu: )athematics 0" more #ifficult than ,eography3 Mate#ati"a e,te
#ai grea %e"Bt geogra0ia3
7D nu#e %e Ao"uri: &illiards 0" a game for a#ults. Biliar%ul e,te un Ao" &entru a%ul!i3
8D unele ,u2,tanti/e &ro&rii: Athens is the capital of ,reece. Atena e,te "a&itala Gre"iei3
*D a%Ae"ti/e $i &arti"i&ii a2,tra"te ,u2,tanti/i?ate: %n most fairy+stories the good %074T" against the
e!il. En #aAoritatea 2a,#elor> 2inele lu&t @#&otri/a rului3
E-cep2ii3 Unele %intre ,u2,tanti/ele in/aria2ile la ,ingular ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural @n anu#ite
,itua!ii:
(D ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile "on"rete ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural "Bn% %enu#e," /ariet!i: Comanian
wines A32 famous. Vinurile ro#Bne$ti ,unt /e,tite3
+D Unele nu#e %e 2oli "a #u#&, ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la ,ingular ,au la &lural> 0r %eo,e2ire %e ,en,:
)umps 0"A32 infectious.
6D Nu#ele %e $tiin!e ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural "Bn% ,e re0er la anu#ite &ro&riet!i ,au la o ,itua!ie
anu#e: The acoustics of the Palace all A32 !ery goo#. Calitatea a"u,ti" a / A"u,ti"a ,lii Falatului
e,te 0oarte 2un3
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor in3ariabile la plural
Su2,tanti/ele in/aria2ile la &lural ,e a"or% "u /er2ul &re%i"at la &lural3 Iin a"ea,t "la, %e ,u2,tanti/e
0a" &arte:
(D ,u2,tanti/e "are %enu#e," o2ie"te 0or#ate %in %ou &r!i egale . unelte ,au arti"ole %e @#2r"#inte
. Csummation pluralsD: <here A32 my glasses @ Un%e.#i ,unt o"-elarii \ These tights A32 too long.
A"e$ti "iora&i &antalon ,unt &rea lungi3
+D alte ,u2,tanti/e 0olo,ite nu#ai la &lural> ter#inate %e regul @n .,:Cpluralia tantumD 7ll the valua$les
4A,2 been locke# in the safe. Toate o2ie"tele %e /aloare au 0o,t @n"uiate @n ,ei03
&ag: (8)
6D ,u2,tanti/e ne#ar"ate la &lural: The cattle A32 gra-ing. Vitele &a,"3 +eople walk in this park on
6un#ays. Lu#ea ,e &li#2 @n a"e,t &ar" %u#ini"a3
:D a%Ae"ti/ele ,au &arti"i&iile &er,onale ,u2,tanti/i?ate: The handicapped ATT216 special schools.
<an%i"a&a!ii 0re"/entea? $"oli ,&e"iale3
;D unele ,u2,tanti/e &ro&rii: The Alps A32 the highest mountains in 9urope. Al&ii ,unt "ei #ai @nal!i
#un!i %in Euro&a3
E1"e&!ii3 Su2,tanti/ul &ro&riu the Hnite# 6tates ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la ,ingular "Bn% e,te &ri/it "a o
unitate: The /nited "tates lies in *orth 7merica.
5' Acor/ul ,ubiectelor prece/ate /e cuanti+icatori
Su2ie"tul e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ %eter#inat %e #anH a ,e a"or% "u /er2ul &re%i"at la ,ingular:
)any a young girl 632A)" to become a teacher.
Su2ie"tul e1&ri#at &rin ,u2,tanti/ %eter#inat %e a great 4a goo#$ #eal, ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la ,ingular>
%eoare"e @n,o!e$te un ,u2,tanti/ nenu#ra2il: 7 great 4a goo#$ #eal of the flour .A" of the best
;uality. 7 great 4goo#$ many ,e re0er la un ,u2,tanti/ nu#ra2il la &lural $i ,e a"or% "u &luralul: 7
great many of the stu#ents .232 present.
Su2,tanti/ele %eter#inate %e a lot, plenty ,e a"or% "u ,ingularul "Bn% ,unt ur#ate %e ,u2,tanti/e
nenu#ra2ile $i "u &luralul "Bn% ,unt ur#ate %e ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile: There 0" a lot of plenty of
$read on the table. There A32 a lot of plenty of children in the schoolyar#.
E' Alte ,itua2ii
All %eter#in a"or%ul la ,ingular "Bn% 0olo,e$te un ,u2,tanti/ nenu#ra2il: All the $utter 0" on the
table. $i a"or%ul la &lural "Bn% %eter#in un ,u2,tanti/ nu#ra2il: All the pupils 4A,2 left.
A"or%ul gra#ati"al ,e 0a"e "u &ronu#ele &er,onale $i %e#on,trati/e: 4e 0" !ery goo# at maths. They
A32 listening to the ra#io. These A32 his chil#ren.
Cu &ronu#ele ne-otrBt one> "o#&u$ii lui e!ery, some, any Bi no, each one, 4n$either, much Bi little,
a"or%ul ,e 0a"e la ,ingular: "ome$ody 4A" tol# me about his arri!al. (ittle 0" knoun about
6hakespeare3s life. 2very one 4A" his hobby. *ne 6*2"1:t like ha!e one3s wor# #oubte#. 1either
of them 0" right.
Not: (3 Fronu#ele none ,e &oate a"or%a $i "u un /er2 la &lural @n engle?a "onte#&orana "Bn% ,e re0era
la un ,u2,tanti/ "u ,en, %e &lural: 1one of the pupils 7)9 #one their homework for to#ay.
+3 Ie$i &ronu#ele ne-otrBte "on!inBn% bo#y ,au one ,unt ur#ate %e /er2e la ,ingular> &ronu#ele
&er,onale> re0le1i/e ,au &o,e,i/e "are ,e re0er la ele ,unt a%e,ea la nu#rul &lural: 2very$ody was
writing as fast as they coul#. 1o one ha# faile# in their #uty.
*4'.'.' Acor/ul /up1 0n2ele, #Notional concor/&
A"or%ul %u& @n!ele, e,te a"or%ul @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at @n "on0or#itate "u i%eea %e nu#r e1&ri#at
%e ,u2ie"t> "are uneori e,te %i0erit %e nu#rul #ar"at 0or#at: 7ll his family A32 at home.
CSu2,tanti/ul family are 0or# %e ,ingular @n a"ea,t &ro&o?i!ie> %ar ,en, %e &lural: To!i #e#2rii 0a#iliei
,unt a"a,D3
A"or%ul %u& @n!ele, are lo" la ur#toarele "la,e %e ,u2,tanti/e:
. ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile "are &ri#e," %e,inen!a ?ero la &lural: #eer, Ehinese, worksI
. ,u2,tanti/ele "ole"ti/e: au#ience, committee, crew, crow#, family etc.I
. ,u2,tanti/ele "are e1&ri# "antitatea ,au 0elul: !ariety, number, sort. kin#I
. ,u2ie"tele "o#&u,e5
. unele &ronu#e3
pag: /'0
A' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor num1rabile cu pluralul zero
Unele gra#ati"i "on,i%er " ,u2,tanti/ele nu#ra2ile "u %e,inen!a ?ero la &lural: sheep, Ehinese,
species et"3> ,e a"or% "u /er2ul &re%i"at %u& @n!ele, $i nu %u& 0or#> %eoare"e nu &ot 0i i%enti0i"ate
"a 0iin% la nu#rul ,ingular ,au &lural %e"Bt "u aAutorul "onte1tului: This sheep is !ery ol#3 4aia a"ea,ta
e 0oarte 2trBn3 These sheep give !ery goo# wool. A"e,te oi ,au lBn 0oarte 2un3
Not: Alte gra#ati"i #en!ionea? a"e,te ,u2,tanti/e @n "a%rul a"or%ului gra#ati"al> ele 0iin% ur#ate %e
/er2e la ,ingular ,au &lural la 0el "a $i "elelalte ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile:
There I6 a German in the managerQs office3
There I6 a Napane,e in the managerQs office.
There AE some German, in the managerQs office.
There AE some Napane,e in the managerQs office.
La ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile "are au 0or#a %e &lural i%enti" "u ,ingularul C&lural ?eroD: sheep, Lapanese,
species et"3> nu#rul ,u2,tanti/ului ,e re"unoa$te %u& 0or#a /er2ului &re%i"at3
A"e,ta e,te la ,ingular "Bn% ,u2,tanti/ul e,te 0olo,it "u ,en, %e ,ingular: There I6 a /eer at the -oo3 E
un "er2 la gr%ina ?oologi"3
$i la &lural "Bn% ,u2,tanti/ul e,te 0olo,it "u ,en, &lural: There AE some /eer at the -oo3 Sunt "B!i/a
"er2i la gr%ina ?oologi"3 CFentru ,u2,tanti/ele "are 0a" &arte %in a"ea,t "la,> /e?i: R+363+3D3
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor colecti3e
Su2,tanti/ele "ole"ti/e . "u 0or# %e ,ingular . ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural "Bn% re0erirea e,te la
#e#2rii "ole"ti/it!ii: 7ll the cre7 AE on #eck3 Tot e"-i&aAul e,te / To!i #e#2rii e"-i&aAului ,unt &e
&unte3 The committee HAVE finally agree# on the agen#a of the neAt meeting3 Me#2rii "o#itetului au
"?ut @n ,0Br$it %e a"or% a,u&ra or%inii %e ?i a ur#toarei $e%in!e3
Su2,tanti/ele "ole"ti/e iau @n, 0or# %e ,ingular ,au %e &lural $i ,e a"or% "u /er2ul &re%i"at la ,ingular
$i la &lural re,&e"ti/> "Bn% ,int 0olo,ite "a ,u2,tanti/e nu#ra2ile> %enu#in% "ole"ti/itatea "a un @ntreg:
The committee I6 ma#e up of twenty people3 Co#itetul e,te 0or#at %in %ou?e"i %e &er,oane3
C' Acor/ul ,ub,tanti3elor e-primEn/ cantitatea ,au 3arietatea
Su2,tanti/e "a: !ariety, number, kin#, sort ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la ,ingular ,au la &lural @n 0un"!ie %e
,en,: The number of foreign tourists !isiting Comania INCEA6E6 e!ery year3 7 great number of
foreign touristis HAVE !isite# this country this year3 The !ariety of goo#s in #isplay at the *ational
9Ahibition I6 impressi!e3 7 great !ariety of goo#s AE on sale at the 9Ahibition.
Not: Su2,tanti/ele =in% $i ,ort ,e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural @n engleHa 0a#iliar: These Kin/ of tools
AE !ery useful.
&ag: (*(
5' Acor/ul ,ubiectelor compu,e
Su2ie"tele al"tuite %in %ou ,au #ai #ulte ele#ente "are 0or#ea? o unitate ,e nu#e," %e o2i"ei
,u2ie"te "o#&u,e $i ,e a"or% "u /er2ul &re%i"at la nu#rul ,ingular3 Ele &ot 0i e1&ri#ate &rin:
(D %ou ,u2,tanti/e legate &rin an%: The poet an/ mu,ician BA6 in!ite# to talk about his work3 Foetul
#u?i"ian a 0o,t in/itat , /or2ea," %e,&re "rea!ia ,a3
+D un ,u2,tanti/ &re"e%at %e %ou a%Ae"ti/e "oo%onate: 7 blue an# white cloth BA6 for sale3 Vin%eau
un #aterial al2 "u al2a,tru3
6D %ou ,au #ai #ulte in0initi/e "oor%onate &rin an%: To take care of the chil#ren, to #o the shopping
an# cook the meals I6 !ery eAhausting3 S ai griA %e "o&ii> , 0a"i "u#&rturile $i , gte$ti #Bn"area
e,te 0oarte o2o,itor3
:D e1&re,ii nu#eri"e: T$ree an/ t$ree MARE6 siA3 T7o Kilo, o+ apple, I6 all % nee#3 !ort% pupil,
MEAN6 a lage class3 !i3e Kilometre, I6 a short #istance3
Not1: En unele "al"ule arit#eti"e ,e &oate 0olo,i $i &luralului:
T$eree an/ t$ree I6 siA3 !our time, +i3e MARE twenty.
T$eree an/ t$ree AE siA3 !our time, +i3e MARE6 twenty.
;D &ro&o?i!ii ,u2ie"ti/e: T$at t$e% are lea3ing ,o earl% ANNOI6 me3
E' Acor/ul pronumelor interogati3e
Fronu#ele which $i what ,unt ur#ate %e /er2ul &re%i"ati/ la ,ingular ,au &lural @n 0un"!ie %e nu#rul
,u2,tanti/ului &e "are @l @nlo"uie,": B$at MARE6 him beha!e like that \ Ce.l 0a"e , ,e "o#&orte
a,t0el \ B$ic$ AE yours \ Care ,unt ale tale \
Fronu#ele interogati/ who e,te "on,truit %e o2i"ei "u ,ingularul: B$o I6 coming to #inner \ Cine /ine
la "in \
En li#2a /or2it> ,e @ntBlne$te uneori $i un /er2 la &lural %u& who: B$o AE at the table \ Cine e,te la
#a, \
*4'.'4' Acor/ul prin atrac2ie #Concor/ b% Attraction&
Con0or# a"or%ului &rin atra"!ie> /er2ul &re%i"at ,e a"or% "u ,u2,tanti/ul ,au &ronu#ele "el #ai
a&ro&iat3 En li#2a engle? e1i,t #ai #ulte ,itua!ii %e a"or% &rin atra"!ie:
A' Acor/ul ,ubiectelor coor/onate
Con0or# regulii %e a"or% gra#ati"al> %ou ,au #ai #ulte ,u2ie"te @n ra&ort %e "oor%onare C,u2ie"t
"oo%onatD ,e a"or% "u un /er2 &re%i"at la &lural: !at$er an/ Mot$er AE going to the theatre
tonight3 omanian an/ Czec$ beer AE lighter than Dritish beer3 ea/ing an/ 7riting AE taught
in the first form3 Cot$ $er Kin/ne,, an/ $er competence HAVE been appreciate#3
La ,u2ie"tele "oor%onate &rin either . or, not only + but also> a"or%ul "u &re%i"atul ,e 0a"e @n, &rin
atra"!ie: Eit$er %our +rien/, or %our neig$bour I6 at the #oor3 Eit$er %our neg$bour or %our
+rien/, AE at the #oor3 Not onl% Paul but al,o $i, parent, AE sen#ing you their best regar#s3
La 0el ,e @ntB#&l "u ,u2ie"tele "oor%onate &rin neither + nor:
Neit$er $e nor $i, ,i,ter HA6 phone#3
%e$i @n /or2irea "urent e1i,t ten%in!a %e a"or% "u /er2ul la &lural> @n #o% ,i#ilar "u ,u2ie"tele
"oor%onate &rin both + an#:
Neit$er $e nor $i, ,i,ter HAVE phone#3
Aten2ie! CBn% ,u2ie"tele ,unt legate "u aAutorul unor "u/inte "a with, together with, as well as, no less
than, like, but, eAcept> a"or%ul ,e 0a"e "u &ri#ul ele#ent3
&ag: (*+
M% ,i,ter, a, 7ell a, m% brot$er, HA6 learne# to #ri!e3 M% +rien/,, togeter 7it$ t$eir teac$er,
AE going fishing3
C' Alte ,itua2ii
A"or%ul @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at ,e 0a"e &rin atra"!ie $i @n ur#toarele "a?uri:
(D @n &ro&o?i!iile "u ,u2ie"t intro%u"ti/ there: THEE I6 a pen, a rubler an/ ,ome pencil, in the
pencil+case3
+D @n &ro&o?i!ii intro%u,e %e here: HEE AE %our booK, an/ bag3
Not: CBn% ,u2,tanti/ele %in enu#era!ie 0or#ea? @n, un an,a#2lu> /er2ul e,te %e o2i"ei la &lural> "-iar
%a" &ri#ul ,u2,tanti/ e,te la ,ingular: ere AE %our coat an/ glo3e,3 There AE a table, +our
c$air, an/ a ,o+a in this room.
6D @n &ro&o?i!ii interogati/e: <here I6 m% coat an/ $at \
:D a"or%ul &rin atra"!ie are lo" $i %u&: more than one, one or two:
More t$an one pupil HA6 eApresse# his satisfaction with the new teacher3 One or t7o c$il/ren AE
still playing in the park3
EOECI6E6
I3 ,2si5i subiectele propo-i5iilor #e mai =os Bi spune5i prin ce sunt eAprimate:
(3 S-e ,tarte% loo=ing 0or -er gla,,e,3 +3 To#> <u"= an% Joe %e"i%e% to run aVaH at %aH2rea=3 63 T-e
2eginning o0 t-e ,torH i, not intere,ting3 :3 E/erH2o%H ,aH, -e i, inno"ent3 ;3 U-o a,=e% Hou t-at
[ue,tion\ 73 To lo,e all H&our 2oo=, loo=, li=e "arele,,ne,,3 83 T-e 0uture o0 A0ri"a i, in t-e -an%, o0 it,
oVn &eo&le,3 *3 T-ere are no ,an%Vi"-e, le0t3 )3 U-et-er ,-e =neV a2out it or not Va, V-at trou2le%
-i#3 (93 S-e i, =noVn to 2e a great o&era ,inger3 ((3 It i, e,,ential 0or u, to get 2etter re,ult, in our
Vor=3
II3 Tra#uce5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii. Cemarca5i mo#ul #e eAprimare al subiectului impersonal sau
generic:
(3 Se ,&une " /o# a/ea o toa#n lung3 +3 Tre2uie , 0ii 0oarte atent "Bn% "on%u"i &e o ,tra% a$a %e
aglo#erat3 63 En a"ea,t !ar ,e 2ea #ult 2ere3 :3 Nu ,e $tie ni"io%at3
;3 E,te #ai u$or , #ergi "u 2i"i"leta "Bn% /Bntul 2ate %in ,&ate3 73 Nu lua @n ,ea# "e ?i"e lu#ea3 83 Se
"re%e " re"olta %e anul a"e,ta /a 0i 0oarte 2una3
III3 7lege5i forma corect2 a !erbelor #in parante-2, 5in:n# seama #e acor#ul #intre subiect Bi pre#icat:
(3 T-e lo"al &oli"e C-a,/-a/eD -el&e% t-e 0ire#en to &ut out t-e 0ire3 +3 CUa,/UereD t-e neV, goo%\ 63
CI,/AreD #at-e#ati", Hour 0a/ourite ,u2Ae"t\ :3 SortunatelH all t-e "reV CVa,/VereD ,a/e%3 :3
SortunatelH all t-e "reV CVa,/VereD,a/e%3 ;3 I Vant to =noV i0 t-i, ,&e"ie,, C-a,/-a/eD ,ur/i/e%3 73 T-e
&oultrH Ci,/areD 0e% t-ree ti#e, a %aH3 83 Se/eral C-ine,e C-a/e/-a,D "ontri2ute% neV %ata to an
i#&ortant &ie"e o0 re,ear"-3 *3 T-e ro#anian ar#H C-a/e/-a,D alVaH, 0oug-t 0or t-e "ountrHM,
in%e&en%en"e3 )3 T-e #oneH Ci,/areD on t-e ta2le3 (93 A great nu#2er o0 &u&il, C-a/e/-a,D ,&ent t-eir
-oli%aH, in &ioneer,M "a#&3 ((3 T-e /arietH o0 0ruit on %i,&laH Cattra"t/attra"t,D t-e "u,to#er,3
&ag: (*6
IV3 Tra#uce5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii Fn limba engle-2. fiin# aten5i la acor#ul subiectelor eAprimate
prin substanti!e colecti!e sau substanti!e in!ariabile la singular sau plural:
(3 Sa#ilia #ea "on,t %in tata> #a#a> 0ratele #eu $i #ine3 +3 Ele/ii %in "la, au 0o,t ne%u#eri!i %e
@ntre2rile &ro0e,orului3 63 In0or#a!iile &ri#ite ,unt 0a/ora2ile3 :3 E"ono#iile ei au 0o,t &u,e la 2an"3 ;3
Frul ei e,te %e "uloare "a,tanie3 73 Statele Unite ,e @n/e"inea? "u Me1i" $i Cana%a3 83 4a#enii ,unt
@ntot%eauna "urio$i3 *3 Se % %e #Bn"are la &,ri a"u#3 )3 Sunt #ulte 0a#ilii tinere @n a"e,t 2lo"3 (93 S.
au "-eltuit o #ul!i#e %e 2ani &entru utilarea a"e,tui la2orator3 ((3 Gi#na,ti"a e,te @n%rgit @n Ro#Bnia3
(+3 4lan%a ,e a0l @n Euro&a %e Ve,t3
V3 Eompleta5i spa5iile libere cu forma potri!it2 a !erbului be:
(3 Latin gra##ar333/erH %i00i/ult3 +3 S-a=e,&eareM, &laH, 333&er0or#e% all o/er t-e Vorl%3 63 U-o333t-o,e
girl,\ :3 333e/erH2o%H&re,ent\ ;3 Neit-er o0 t-e#333eager to 2egin3 73 Eit-er Hou or I 333 Vrong3 83 T-ere333
a lot o0 0oo% ,till le0t3 *3 T-ere333 a lot o0 &eo&le on t-e &lat0or#3
VI3 Tra#uce5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii Fn limba engle-2, fiin# aten5i la acor#ul subiectelor eAprimate
prin pronume sau prece#ate #e all cu !erbul pre#icati! #in propo-i5ie:
(3 Cine/a #i.a luat u#2rela %in gre$eal3 +3 To!i ele/ii ,unt @n "la,3 63 Ni"i unul %intre "ei %oi nu #ai
e,te tBnr3 :3 Toat #Bn"area e,te @n 0rigi%er3 ;3 Toat lu#ea a ,o,it $i toat lu#ea ,e ,i#te 2ine3 73 Sau
ei ,au el a 0"ut a,ta3 83 Ni"i unul %in ei nu are %re&ate3 *3 Cine a 0"ut a"e,t lu"ru\ )3 Care "r!i ,unt ale
tale\ (93 El e,te %e /in> nu ea3
VII3 Eompleta5i spa5iile libere cu forma corect2 a !erbelor #in parante-e:
(3 T-e "at> toget-er Vit- =itten,> C2eD &laHing in t-e ,un3 +3 MH 0at-er> a, a Vell a, #H #ot-er> C2e9
eager to =noV Hou3 63 Jo-n> along Vit- -i, 0rien%> ne/er C #i,,D a 2a,=et2all #at"-3 :3 T-e &ri"i&le, on
V-i"- -e Vor=e%> a, Vell a, t-e VaH -e a"t,> C2e a&&re"iate%D 2H -i, 0elloV ,tu%ent,3 Eit-er #H &arent,
or #H el%er 2rot-er Ca""o#&anHD #H Hounger ,i,ter to ,"-ool3 73 Eit-er Jane or -er ,i,ter, CVa,-D t-e
%i,-e, a0ter lun"-3 83 Cri#e an% Funi,-#ent Cran=D a#ong t-e 2e,t no/el, o0 Vorl% literature3 *3 To treat
t-e# t-i, VaH C2eD un0air3 )3 U-ere C2eD t-e ,"i,,or,\3 (93 T-e,e ,ort o0 #u,-roo#, C2eD not goo, to
eat3
VIII3 Tra#uce5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii Fn limba engle-2, fiin# aten5i la acor#ul #intre subiect Bi
pre#icat:
(3 ;9 %e #inute e un ti#& ,"urt &entru o te?3 +3 MaAoritatea arti"olelor ,ale ,unt %e "riti" literar3 63
Nu#rul turi$tilor ro#Bni "are @$i &etre" "on"e%iul la #are "re$te @n 0ie"are an3 :3 Ie 2lBn%e!e $i
@n!elegere e,te ne/oie a"u#3 ;3 Cine e,te\ E tata $i #a#a3 73 Fo0ti# ,"ri,oarea $i o"-elarii> 2uni"ule3 83
Iu#ini"a> Il BroVn $i ,o!ia #erg %e o2i"ei la !ar3 *3 Il3 BroVn> @#&reun "u 0a#ilia @$i &etre" /a"an!a
la #are3 )3 En Su2"ar&a!i ,e a0l "r2une> 0ier $i &etrol3 (93 Ei ,unt "ei "are aranAea? totul3 ((3 Fatru ori
?e"e 0a" &atru?e"i3 (63 Vinul al2 $i "el ro$u %in Ro#Bnia e,te /e,tit3
&ag: (*:
*8' COMP"EMENTU" 5IECT #T$e 5irect Ob@ect&
*8'*' 5e+ini2ie
Co#&le#entul %ire"t e,te &artea ,e"un%ar %e &ro&o?i!ie "are %eter#in un /er2 tran?iti/ "u 0un"!ia %e
&re%i"at @n &ro&o?i!ie3
*8'.' In/icii +ormali ai complementului /irect
In%i"ii 0or#ali ai "o#&le#entului %ire"t ,unt:
aD "a?ul a"u?ati/ "Bn% "o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e &er,onal C"u e1"e&!ia lui itD
,au &rin &ronu#ele interogati/.relati/ who: % ha!en3t seen $im for a long time3 Nu l.a# /?ut %e #ult3
Tell me 7$om you met there3 S&une.#i &e "ine ai @ntBlnit a"olo3
2D lo"ul @n &ro&o?i!ie> %u& &re%i"atul e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/: % #rink milK e!ery #ay3 Beau
la&te @n 0ie"are ?i3
"D tran,0or#area la %iate?a &a,i/> @n "are "o#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"tul 0or#al al &ro&o?i!iei:
The ol# woman recogni-e# t$e /ri3er3 BtrBna l.a re"uno,"ut &e $o0er3 T$e /ri3er was recogni-e# by
the ol# woman3 Go0erul a 0o,t re"uno,"ut %e 2trBn3
*8'4' E-primarea complementului /irect
Co#&le#entul %ire"t &oate 0i e1&ri#at &rin:
aD un ,u2,tanti/ ,au un e"-i/alent al a"e,tuia: e is writing a letter3 El ,"rie o ,"ri,oare3 % saw t$em
yester#ay3 I.a# /?ut ieri3 Mf all the books they showe# us we bought t$ree3 Iintre toate "r!ile &e "are
ni le.a artat a# "u#&rat trei3
2D o "ontru"!ie "o#&le1 . a"u?ati/ul "u in0initi/ul ,au "u &arti"i&iul &re?ent> "are e,te %e o2i"ei utili?at
&entru re%u"erea unei &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate "o#&leti/e %ire"te: <e know $im to be our best tennis
player + <e know t$at $e i, our best tennis player3 Gti# " el e,te "el #ai 2un Au"tor %e teni, al no,tru3
% saw $im cro,,ing the street O % saw t$at $e 7a, cro,,ing the street3
L.a# /?ut tra/er,Bn% ,tra%a3
"D o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "o#&leti/ %ire"t: % suggest t$at %ou ,$oul/' p$one $im at once3 Eu ?i"
,.i tele0one?i i#e%iat3
*8'4'*' Complementul /irect e-primat prin pronume per,onal' E1&ri#area "o#&le#entului %ire"t
&rin &ronu#ele &er,onal it> &rin &ronu#ele re0le1i/ $i &rin &ronu#ele re"i&roi" &re?int unele
&arti"ularit!i3
CBn% e,te e1&ri#at &rin &ronu#ele &er,onal it> "o#&le#entul %ire"t &oate 0i: (D anti"i&ati/5 +D
ne,e#ni0i"ati/3
&ag: (*;
(D It e,te 0olo,it anti"i&ati/> &entru a intro%u"e o &ro&o?i!ie "o#&leti/ %ire"t> o "on,tru"!ie "u
in0initi/ul ,au 0or#a ,erun# %u& /er2e "a think, consi#er, fin#, belie!eI
% consi#er IT important t$at %ou ,$oul/ tell t$em t$e trut$3 Con,i%er i#&ortant "a tu , le ,&ui
a%e/rul3 % foun# IT #ifficult to breaK the news3 Mi.a 0o,t greu , le ,&un /e$tile3 % think IT most
#angerous %our climbing the mountain alone3 Cre% " e,te 0oarte &eri"ulo, , ur"i #untele ,ingur3
+D It ne,e#ni0i"ati/3 Anu#ite /er2e intran?iti/e au %e?/oltat un it> "are ,t &e lo"ul unui "o#&le#ent
%ire"t> 0iin% un "o#&le#ent %ire"t> 0iin% un "o#&le#ent %ire"t 0or#al: to lor# it O a o 0a"e &e ,t&Bnul5
to carry it O a @n/inge5 to catch it O a o &!i5 a o @n"a,a5 to fool it O a #erge &e Ao,5 to rough it O a 0a"e
0a!> a ,e %e,"ur"a3
The eAploresrs ha# to roug$ it when they got into the =ungle3 E1&loratorii au tre2uit , ,e %e,"ur"e "Bn%
au aAun, @n Aungl3
*8'4'.' Complementul /irect e-primat prin pronume re+le-i3' Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al 0elului @n "are
/er2ele tran?iti/e @n li#2a engle? &ot 0i ur#ate ,au nu %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t e1&ri#at &rin &ronu#e
re0le1i/> ele ,e @#&art @n:
aD /er2e ur#ate @n #o% o2ligatoriu %e &ronu#e re0le1i/e5 beha!e oneself, calm oneself, en=oy oneself,
eAcuse oneself, help oneself:
<e en@o%e/ our,el3e, at the cinema3 Ne.a# %i,trat la "ine#atogra03
Help %our,el+ ! Ser/e$te.te3
2D /er2e ur#ate %e &ronu#e re0le1i/e ,au &er,onale @n 0un"!ie %e &er,oana a,u&ra "reia ,e r,0rBnge
a"!iunea /er2ului: 6he washe# $er,el+3 CEaD ,.a ,&lat C&e ,ineD3 6he washe# $im3 CEaD l.a ,&lat C&e elD3
e hurt $er3 CElD a lo/it.o3 e hurt $im,el+3 CElD ,.a lo/it3
Alte /er2e %e a"ela$i 0el ,unt: #ress, comb, sha!e, hi#e3
Not: En li#2a /or2it ,e tin%e ,&re o#iterea &ronu#elui re0le1i/: 6he washe# an# #resse# in a hurry3
S.a ,&lat $i @#2r"at @n gra23
"D /er2e "are &ot 0i ur#ate ,au nu %e &ronu#e re0le1i/e> "u %i0eren!iere %e ,en,: e applie/ $im,el+ to
the task3 S.a a&u"at %e trea23 e applie/ for a =ob3 A 0"ut "erere %e ,er/i"iu3
*8'4'4' Complementul /irect e-primat prin pronume reciproce
Co#&le#entul %ire"t e,te e1&ri#at:
aD &rin &ronu#ele re"i&ro"e each other O unul &e altul / "ellalt> "Bn% e,te /or2a %e %ou &er,oane: The
two boys helpe# eac$ ot$er to #o the translation3 Cei %oi 2ie!i ,.au aAutat Cunul &e altulD , 0a"
tra%u"erea3
2D &rin: one another O unul &e altul / "ellalt> "Bn% e,te /or2a %e #ai #ulte &er,oane: The chil#ren
helpe# one anot$er in cleaning the classroom3 Co&ii ,.au aAutat unul &e altul , 0a" "ur!enie a"a,3
*8'8' ntrebuin2area complementelor /irecte
Co#&le#entele %ire"te ,unt @ntre2uin!ate %u& ur#toarele "la,e %e /er2e:
aD Ver2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t: seat, #rink, lo!e, meet, nee#, rea#, seek, write:
I nee/ your a#!ice3 A# ne/oie %e ,0atul tu3
&ag: (*7
2D Ver2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e %ou "o#&le#ente %ire"te: ask, en!y, sa!e, strike, teach:
e taug$ the chil#ren arithmetic3 Le.a &re%at "o&iilor arit#eti"a3 <e a,Ke/ him se!eral ;uestions3 I.
a# &u, #ai #ulte @ntre2ri3
"D Ver2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i un "o#&le#ent in%ire"t:
bring, gi!e, han#, len#, offer, rea# et"3:
e ga3e sweets to the chil#ren3 Le.a %at "o&iilor %ul"iuri3 e $an/e/ her the letter3 I.a @n#Bnat
,"ri,oarea3
%D Ver2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i un "o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional: accuse of,
compare with, congratulate on, pre!ent from:
<e congratulate/ him on his promotion3 L.a# 0eli"itat &entru &ro#o/are3
Complementul /irect intern CThe Eognate Mb=ectD
E1i,t $i unele /er2e intan?ii/e "are &ot a/ea un "o#&le#ent %ire"t3 A"e,ta e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un
,u2,tanti/ "are &ro/ine %in a"eea$i r%"in "u /er2ul %eter#inat ,au e,te @nru%it ,e#nati" "u el: smile a
smile, sing a song, laugh a laugh, fight a fight " a battle, #ance a #ance.
En a"e,t "a?> /er2ul ,e "o#&ort "a un /er2 tran?iti/: e li3e/ a long an# happy life3 A trit o /ia!
lung $i 0eri"it3 ?ast night I /reamt a strange /ream3 Noa&tea tre"ut a# /i,at un /i, "iu%at3
Not1: Con,tru"!iile "u "o#&le#ente interne ,unt "ara"teri,ti"e li#2ii literare $i %u& "u# ,e /e%e $i %in
e1e#&lele %e #ai ,u,> "o#&le#entele ,unt %e o2i"ei @n,o!ite %e atri2ute3
*8'9' Verbe tranziti3e cu un complement /irect
A"e,te /er2e re&re?int #aAoritatea /er2elor tran?iti/e %in li#2a engle?3 E1e#&lele ,unt nu#eroa,e:
#rink, eat, lo!e, meet, nee#R, rea# et"3
"ocul a"e,tor "o#&le#ente %ire"te @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te i#e%iat %u& /er2ul tran?iti/> @naintea
"o#&le#entelor "ir"u#,tan!iale: 6he speaks Engli,$ well3 Vor2e$te 2ine engle?e$te3 % nee# t$e booK
tomorrow3 A# ne/oie %e "arte #Bine3
Tran,+ormarea pa,i313 CBn% o &ro&o?i!ie "on!inBn% un &re%i"at e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/ $i un
"o#&le#ent %ire"t e,te tran,0or#at la %iate?a &a,i/> "o#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"tul %iate?ei
&a,i/e> iar ,u2ie"tul ,e tran,0or# @n "o#&le#entul %e agent: The pupils lo!e# t$eir teac$er' T$e
teac$er was lo!e# by his pupils3 Fro0e,orul era iu2it %e ele/ii lui3
*8';' Verbele tranziti3e cu /ou1 complemente /irecte
A"e,te /er2e ,unt &u!ine la nu#r: ask, en!y, sa!e, strike, teach:
8i# she a,K you any ;uestions \ !i.a &u, /reo @ntre2are \
Iintre "ele %ou "o#&le#ente %ire"te> &ri#ul %e,e#nea? o &er,oan iar al %oilea un o2ie"t: e taught
THE CHI"5EN a ne7 le,,on3 Le.a &re%at ele/ilor o nou le"!ie3 They en!ie# U6 our ,ucce,,3 Ne
in/i%iau &entru ,u""e,ul no,tru3
Not1: En li#2a ro#Bn> "o#&le#entul &er,oanei e,te %e regul in%ire"t3 CVe?i tra%u"erile e1e#&lelor %e
#ai ,u,D
&ag: (*8
Tran,+ormarea pa,i313 Con,tru"!iile "u %ou "o#&le#ente %ire"te au %ou tran,0or#ri &a,i/e:
e taught us a lesson.
%e/ine:
(D <e were talught a lesson3
,au:
+D 7 lesson was taught to us3
Varianta 0re"/ent e,te C(D "u "o#&le#entul &er,onal 0olo,it "a ,u2ie"t @n "on,tru"!ia &a,i/>
"o#&le#entul o2ie"tului 0iin% re!inut3
En /arianta C+D> "o#&le#entul o2ie"tului %e/ine ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei> iar "o#&le#entul &er,oanei e,te
intro%u, %e &re&o?i!ia to3
*8'=' Verbele tranziti3e cu un complement /irect i un complement in/irect
A"e,te /er2e ,unt ur#ate %e "ele %ou "o#&le#ente @n or%inea "o#&le#ent %ire"t . "o#&le#ent
in%ire"t: % bought the blouse for mother3 A# "u#&rat 2lu?a &entru #a#a3 % ga!e the notebook to
>ary3 I.a# %at "aietul %e noti!e Mariei3
Not: (3 4r%inea "o#&le#ent %ire"t . "o#&le#ent in%ire"t e,te 0olo,it %e,eori &entru a""entuare: &ou
must pay the money to $er #not to $im&3 Tre2uie ,.i &lte$ti ei 2anii Cnu luiD3
+3 En alte "a?uri a"ea,t or%ine e,te o2ligatorie:
aD "Bn% "o#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te ur#at %e o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat: e ga!e a book to his frien#
who is !isiting him. I.a %at o "arte &rietenului &e "are @l /i?ita3
2D "Bn% "ele %ou "o#&le#ente ,unt e1&ri#ate &rin &ronu#e &er,onale: % ga!e it to her3 I.a# %at.o ei3
"D %u& /er2ele "a: a##ress, announce, comunicate etc.: % communicate# the result of the eAperiment to
e!erybo#y concerne#. A# "o#uni"at re?ultatul e1&eri#entului tuturor "elor intere,a!i3
4r%inea "elor %ou "o#&le#ente &oate 0i $i: /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent in%ire"t_"o#&le#ent %ire"t3
En a"e,t "a?> &re&o?i!ia to ,au for e,te o#i,: % bought mother a blouse. % ga!e >ary the notebook.
Tran,+ormarea pa,i313 CBn% &ro&o?i!ia "u un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul in%ire"t e,te tran,0or#at la
%iate?a &a,i/> a#2ele "o#&le#ente &ot %e/eni ,u2ie"te:
A"ti/: They showe# u, t$e $ou,e'
aD Fa,i/: BE were shown t$e U63
Co#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"t> iar "el in%ire"t @$i &,trea? 0un"!ia> e,te "o#&le#entul in%ire"t
re!inut Cretaine% in%ire"t o2Ae"tD3
2D T$e $ou,e was shown to U63
Co#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"t> iar "el in%ire"t @$i &,trea? 0un"!ia> e,te "o#&le#ent in%ire"t
re!inut Cretaine# in#irect ob=ect$.
Iire"!ia %intre "ele %ou /ariante "on,t @n 0a&tul " &ri#a a""entuea? &er,oana iar "ea %e a %oua
o2ie"tul> #ai 0re"/ent @n /or2irea "urent 0iin% &ri#a3
&ag: (**
*8'>' Verbele tranziti3e urmate /e un complement /irect i unul prepozi2ional
Iin a"ea,t "la, 0a" &arte /er2e "a: blame smb. for smth3 O a %a /ina &e "ine/a &entru "e/a> charge
smb. with smth3O a a"u?a &e "ine/a %e "e/a5 cure smb. of smth. O a /in%e"a &e "ine/a %e "e/a> #epri!e
smb.of smth3O a li&,i %e "ine/a %e "e/a> help smb.with smth. O a aAuta &e "ine/a "u "e/a> et"3:
8i# the #octor manage to cure the chil# of the chil# that #isease \ A reu$it %o"torul , /in%e"e "o&ilul
%e 2oala a"eea \ They charge# him with an important mission3 I ,.a %at o #i,iune i#&ortant3
4r%inea a"e,tor "o#&le#ente @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te: /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t _ "o#&le#ent
&re&o?i!ional: % helpe# him with his homework3
CBn% "o#&le#entul %ire"t are o "o#&linire ,au e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat>
"o#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional e,te a$e?at i#e%iat %u& /er2: They accepte# with great pleasure the
in!itation sent by our foreign tra#e company3 Au a""e&tat "u #are &l"ere in/ita!ia tri#i, %e
@ntre&rin%erea noa,tr %e "o#er! e1terior3
En tran,+ormarea pa,i31 a unui /er2 tran?iti/ ur#at %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul &re&o?i!ional>
"o#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"tul 0or#al al &ro&o?i!iei> iar "el &re&o?i!ional e,te re!inut: <e
congratulate# him on his success. e was congratulate# on his success.
*9' COMP"EMENTU" IN5IECT #T$e In/irect Ob@ect&
*9'*' 5e+ini2ie
Co#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te &artea ,e"un%ar %e &ro&o?i!ie "are in%i" &er,oana Crareori lu"rulD a,u&ra
"reia ,e re,0rBnge @n #o% in%ire"t a"!iunea /er2ului3
*9'.' In/icii +ormali ai complementului in/irect
In%i"ii 0or#ali ai "o#&le#entului in%ire"t ,unt:
aD "a?ul %ati/> "Bn% "o#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e &er,onal C"u e1"e&!ia lui itD
,au &rin &ronu#ele interogati/.relati/ who> &re"e%at %e &re&o?i!ia to ,au for: Please, sen# a postcar# to
me3 Te rog tri#ite.#i o ilu,trat3 To 7$om #i# you len# the tape recor#er \ Cui i.ai @#&ru#utat
#agneto0onul \
2D lo"ul @n &ro&o?i!ie:
. %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t _ &re&o?i!ia to ,au for: e sol# his car to $i, neig$bour3 Gi.a /Bn%ut
#a$ina /e"inului3 6he bought a new shirt +or $er brot$er3 A "u#&rat o "#a$ nou &entru 0ratele ei3.
@naintea "o#&le#entului %ire"t> 0r &re&o?i!ie: Tom sol# u, his car3 6he bought $er brot$er a new
shirt3
&ag: (*)
"D tran,0or#area la %iate?a &a,i/> @n "are "o#&le#entul in%ire"t al &er,oanei:
. poate %e/eni ,u2ie"tul 0or#al al &ro&o?i!iei: Peter promise# the tickets to u,3 Be were promise# the
tickets C2H FeterD3
. &oate 0i "o#&le#ent in%ire"t re!inut: They showe# the town to u,3 The town was shown to u,3
*9'4' E-primarea complementului in/irect
Co#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te e1&ri#at %e regul &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au e"-i/alent al a"e,tuia> &re"e%at
%e &re&o?i!ia to ,au for:
<e offere# flowers to our teac$er3
<e offere# flowers to $er3
6he bought books +or $er c$il/ren3
6he bought books +or t$em3
Fre&o?i!ia to ,au for ,e o#ite:
aD "Bn% "o#&le#entul in%ire"t ,e a0l i#e%iat %u& /er2: >other ga!e t$e c$il/ren some san#wiches3
Ma#a le.a %at "o&iilor ni$te ,an%/i$uri3 <e sent $er a message. I.a# tri#i, un #e,aA3
2D %u& /er2e "a: affor#, allow, forgi!e, refuse, spare:
Ean you spare me a few minutes \ E#i &ute!i a"or%a "Bte/a #inute \ 7llow me to ask a ;uestion3
Fer#ite!i.#i , &un o @ntre2are3
*9'8' ntrebuin2area complementului in/irect
Co#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te @ntre2uin!at:
aD %u& /er2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul in%ire"t> a "ror or%ine &oate 0i
,"-i#2at> @#&reun "u o#iterea &re&o?i!iei for: buy, choose, #o, lea!e, make, or#er, reser!e, sa!e:
6he MC89C98 a new #ress +or $er,el+3 6he MC89C98 $er,el+ a new #ress3 Gi.a "o#an%at o ro"-ie
nou3
2D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul in%ire"t> a "ror or%ine &oate 0i
,"-i#2at> @#&reun "u o#iterea &re&o?i!iei to: bring, gi!e, han#, offer, owe, promise, re#, show et"3
e showe# the stamp book. to the !isitors3 e showe# t$e 3i,itor, t$e ,tamp booK3 Le.a artat
/i?itatorilor "la,orul3
"D %u& /er2e tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i %e un "o#&le#ent in%ire"t _ &re&o?i!ia to @n
a"ea,t or%ine: a##ress, announce, communicate, #escribe, eAplain, intro#uce, mention, relate, repeat,
say, translate> et"3:
The boy eAplaine# e3er%t$ing to $i, +at$er3 Biatul a e1&li"at totul tatlui ,u3
&ag: ()9
*9'9' "ocul complementului in/irect
Co#&le#entul in%ire"t @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te a$e?at %e regul:
aD %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t C_&re&o?i!ia to ,au forD: e sai# goo#bye to t$em3 Le.a ,&u, la re/e%ere3
6he ma#e coffee +or all o+ u,3 A 0"ut "a0ea &entru to!i3
2D @naintea "o#&le#entului %ire"t3 "Bn% "o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te #ai lung ,au ur#at %e o &ro&o?i!ie
,u2or%onat> &re&o?i!ia to ,au 0or 0iin% o#i,: % bought Hellen all the 9nglish books % saw in the
bookshop3 I.a# "u#&rat Elenei toate "r!ile engle?e$ti &e "are le.a# /?ut @n li2rrie3
Not: Co#&le#entele in%ire"te %u& /er2ele ur#ate o2ligatoriu %u& &re&o?i!ia to nu &ot 0i a$e?ate %e
regul @naintea "o#&le#entelor %ire"te> iar &re&o?i!ia to nu &oate 0i o#i,: 6he intro/uce/ her husban#
to the people present. Gi.a &re?entat ,o!ul "elor %e 0a!3
Iar $i: 6he eAplaine# to him the new regulations " how she ha# the information3 I.a e1&li"at noul
regula#ent / "u# a o2!inut in0or#a!ia3
"D la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei> &entru ,u2liniere: To her> % ga!e the #ictionary, not to him. Ei i.a# %at
%i"!ionarul $i nu lui3 !or $er chil#ren she #oes her best3 Fentru "o&iii ei ea 0a"e totul3
*9';' Tran,+ormarea pa,i31
Ver2ele tran?iti/e ur#ate %e "o#&le#ente %ire"te $i in%ire"te ,e @#&art @n %ou #ari gru&e> %u& 0elul @n
"are ,e tran,0or# la %iate?a &a,i/:
aD Unele /er2e au o ,ingur tran,0or#are> @n "are "o#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei
&a,i/e> iar "el in%ire"t e,te re!inut3 A,e#enea /er2e ,unt "ele %e la &un"tul C"D "a&3(;3:3 ur#ate
o2ligatoriu %e &re&o?i!ia to: e con!eye# the #e,,age to t$em3 T-e #e,,age was con!eye# to t$em3
$i %e la &un"tul aD ur#ate %e &re&o?i!ia for: a!e you left anH0oo% +or t$e ot$er,\ as anH0oo% been
left +or t$e ot$er,\
2D alte /er2e "a: gi!e, tell, show, promise au %ou tran,0or#ri &a,i/e3
Tran,0or#area #ai 0re"/ent e,te "ea @n "are "o#&le#entul in%ire"t al &er,oanei %e/ine ,u2ie"t> iar
"o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te re!inut:
A"ti/: The teacher ga!e the pri-e to Mar%3
Fa,i/: Mar% was gi!en the pri-e3
E,te &o,i2il $i tran,0or#area:
T-e &ri?e was gi!en to Mar%> @n "are "o#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"t> iar "o#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te
re!inut3 A"ea,t tran,0or#are e,te 0olo,it #ai rar3
*;' Complementul prepozi2ional #T$e Prepo,itional Ob@ect&
*;'*' 5e+ini2ie'
Co#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional e,te &artea ,e"un%ar %e &ro&o?i!ie "are %eter#in &re%i"atul &ro&o?i!iei
e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/ ,au intran?iti/3
&ag: ()(
*;'.' In/icii +ormali ai complementului prepozi2ional'
In%i"ii 0or#ali ai "o#&le#entului &re&o?i!ional ,unt:
aD "a?ul a"u?ati/> "Bn% "o#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional e,te e1&ri#at &rin &re&o?i!ie &lu, &ronu#e &er,onal
C"u e1"e&!ia lui itD> &ronu#e re0le1i/ ,au &ronu#e interogati/ relati/ who: 6he looke# at $im3 S.a uitat
la el3 6he looke# at $er,el+ in the mirror3 S.a &ri/it @n oglin%3
2D lo"ul @n &ro&o?i!ie:
. %u& &re%i"at "Bn% a"e,ta e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 intran?iti/: e was talking 7it$ $i, +rien/,3
Vor2ea "u &rietenii lui3
. %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t "Bn% &re%i"atul e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/: as anyone
compare# the translation 7it$ t$e original\ A "o#&arat "ine/a tra%u"erea "u originalul\
"D tran,0or#area la %iate? &a,i/ @n "are unele /er2e intran?iti/e "u &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie ,e "o#&ort "a
/er2e tran?iti/e> &re&o?i!ia r#BnBn% ata$at %e /er2> iar ele#entul no#inal %in "o#&le#entul
&re&o?i!ional %e/enin% ,u2ie"tul 0or#al al &ro&o?i!iei: ,ran#mother looke# A!TE t$e c$il/ren' T$e
c$il/ren were looke# A!TE by their gran#mother3
*;'4' E-primarea complementului prepozi2ional'
Co#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional e,te e1&ri#at &rin:
aD un ,u2,tanti/ ,au e"-i/alent al a"e,tuia &re"e%at %e o &re&o?i!ie: e is looking +or $i, tie3 E$i "aut
"ra/ata3 % ran a+ter t$em3 A# 0ugit %u& ei3
2D o "on%tru"!ie in0initi/al ,au gerun%ial> &re"e%at %e o &re&o?i!ie: <oul# they agree to ,tart at
once\ Ar 0i %e a"or% , @n"e&e# i#e%iat\ e boasts o+ being the best football player in the school3 Se
lau% " e,te "el #ai 2un Au"tor %e 0ot2al %in $"oal3
"D o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat: e boasts t$at $e i, t$e be,t +ootball pla%er in t$e ,c$ool'
*;'8' ntrebuin2area complementului prepozi2ional
Co#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional e,te @ntre2uin!at %u&:
aD /er2e intran?iti/e "u &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie: care for, complain of, #epen# on, hint at, insist on, long
for, look at, pass for, warn of, won#er at, worry about: The success of the picnic will 5EPEN5 on t$e
7eat$er3 Su""e,ul &i"ni"ului /a %e&in%e %e /re#e3 <oul# you CAE +or one o+ t$e,e painting, \ `i.
ar &la"e unul ,intre a"e,te ta2louri\ 6he COMP"AINE5 o+ t$e $eat3 Se &lBngea %e "l%ur3
2D /er2e intran?iti/e "u %ou &re&o?i!ii: agree with smb about smth, argue with smb about smth3
"D /er2e tran?iti/e "u &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie: ac;uaint smb with smth, a#!ise smb. about smth, assure
smb of smth, blame smb for smth, bother smb. with smth, con!ince smb, of smth, entrust smb with smth,
mistake smb. for smth, warn smb about smth:
&ag: ()+
% warne# him about t$e /anger3 L.a# a/erti?at %e &eri"ol3
%D a%Ae"ti/e ,au &arti"i&ii "are @n%e&line," 0un"!ia %e nu#e &re%i"ati" @ntr.un &re%i"at no#inal> ur#ate %e
o &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie:
about: e was EA6ONAC"E about $er /eci,ion3
at: 6he is GOO5 at c$emi,tr%3
in: e is INTEE6TE5 in a,tronom%'
of: Comania3s foreign tra#e is CA6E5 on co:operation an/ eSual rig$t,3
with: He i, ANGI 7it$ %our be$a3iour3
Alte a%Ae"ti/e $i &arti"i&ii ur#ate %e a"e,te &re&o?i!ii ,unt:
. angry, gla#, happy, ma#, annoye#, please# worrie# _ ACOUT5
. angry, ba#, cle!er, hopeless, terrible, alarme#, amuse#, annoye#, #elighte#, please# _ AT5
. efficient, fortunate, lucky, persistent, 4un$successful _ IN5
. afrai#, certain, conscious, fon#, gla#, con!ince#, scare# _ O!5
. #epen#ent, insistent, keen, lent, set _ ON5
. busy, 4un$comfortable, 4in$compatible, content, furious, 4un$happy, impatient, sick, uneasy, annoye#,
bore#, concerne#, #elighte#, #isaplointe#, eAcite#, eAhauste#, horrifie#, obsesse#, occupie#, o!ercome,
please#, satisfie#, upset _ BITH3
*;'9' "ocul complementului prepozi2ional 0n propozi2ie
Lo"ul "o#&le#entului &re&o?i!ional @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te %e o2ie"ei:
aD %u& nu#ele &re%i"ati/ e1&ri#at &rintr.un a%Ae"ti/ ,au &arti"i&iu: 6he was con!ince# o+ $i, lo%alt%3
Era "on/in, %e loialitatea lui3
2D %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t> @n "a?ul unui /er2 tran?iti/: *obo#y pre!ents your frien# +rom a,King
t$at Sue,tion3 Ni#eni nu.l @#&ie%i" &e &rietenul tu , &un a"ea,t @ntre2area3
*;';' Tran,+ormarea pa,i31
Unele /er2e intran?iti/e "u &re&o?i!ie o2ligatorie: agree about " on"to, aim, at, argue about, arrange
for, ask for, belie!e in, call for, call on, concei!e of, laugh at, look at, look for, look afeter, look into,
run o!er, sleep in, speek of " about, talk of, think of, write about et"3> ,e "o#&ort "a /er2e tran?iti/e @n
tran,0or#area &a,i/3
Ele#entul no#inal %in "o#&le#entul &re&o?i!ional %e/ine ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei &a,i/e> iar &re&o?i!ia
r#Bne %u& /er2: 7 bus ran OVE t$e neig$bourM, a /og' T%$e neig$bourM, /og was run OVE
by a bus3
En tran,0or#area &a,i/ a /er2elor tran?iti/e ur#ate %e un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i %e unul &re&o?i!ional>
"o#&le#entul %ire"t %e/ine ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei &a,i/e> iar "el &re&o?i!ional e,te re!inut: They bothere#
HIM 7it$ ,ill% Sue,tion,' HE was bethere# 7it$ ,ill% Sue,tion,3
&ag: ()6
*=' Elementul pre/icati3 ,uplimentar #T$e Pre/icati3e A/@unct&
*='*' 5e+ini2ie
Ele#entul &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entar e,te &artea ,e"un%ar %e &ro&o?i!ie "are %eter#in atBt &re%i"atul>
e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/> "Bt $i un ,u2,tanti/ ,au @nlo"uitor al a"e,tuia "are are 0un"!ia %e
"o#&le#ent %ire"t al &re%i"atului: 6he COI"E5 t-e egg har# O 6he COI"E5 t-e egg3 T-e egg was
$ar/3
*='.' E-primarea elementului pre/icati3 ,uplimentar
Ele#entul &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entar e,te e1&ri#at %e regul &rin:
aD ,u2,tanti/> %u& /er2e "a appoint, choose, elect, proclaim, call, name:
The elect >r Drown 4as$ c$airman3 L.au ale, &e %l3BroVn &re$e%inte3 They nominate# him Pre,i/ent 3
L.au %e,e#nat &re$e%inte3 They ha!e name# the baby5an3 L.au nu#it &e "o&il Ian3
2D un a%Ae"ti/ C"are e1&ri# ,tarea ,au "on%i!ia "a re?ultat al a"!iunii /er2uluiD> %u& /er2e "a: boil
C-ar%D> bake C-ar%D> open CVi%eD> #ri!e C"ra?H> #a%D> break Co&enD> wash C"leanD> push Co&en> ,-utD>
paint CV-ite> greenD> et"3:
Ean you push the gate open \ Fo!i , %e,"-i?i &oarta \ They3!e painte# the fence 7$ite3 Au /o&,it
gar%ul al23
*='4' "ocul elementului pre/icati3 ,uplimentar
Lo"ul ele#entului &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entar e,te %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/
,au &ronu#e @n a"u?ati/D "are ur#ea? &re%i"atul Ce1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 tran?iti/D: They electe# him
pre,i/ent3 Push the #oor open3
*>' Con,truc2iile comple-e #Comple- Con,truction,&
*>'*' 5e+ini2ie
Ter#enul %e "on,tru"!ii "o#&le1e ,e re0er la "on,tu"!iile in0initi/ale> &arti"i&iale $i gerun%iale> "are ,unt
0olo,ite %e o2i"ei &entru re%u"erea unor &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate la &r!i ,e"un%are %e &ro&o?i!ie3 A"e,te
"on,tru"!ii ,unt:
&ag: ():
A"u?ati/ "u . in0initi/
. &arti"i&iu &re?ent
. &arti"i&iu tre"ut
No#inati/ "u . in0initi/
. &arti"i&iu &re?ent
In0initi/ "u for . to
No#inati/ul a2,olut "u .in0initi
. &arti"i&iu &re?ent
. &arti"i&iu tre"ut
Con,tru"!iile gerun%iale
*>'.' Caracteri,ticile con,truc2iilor comple-e
*>'.'*' Con,tru"!iile "o#&le1e au caracter pre/icati3> %eoare"e @ntre "ei %oi #e#2ri ai "on,tru"!iei:
ele#entul no#inal Cre&re?entat %e regul &rintr.un a"u?ati/ ,au no#inati/D $i ele#entul /er2al
Cre&re?entat &rintr.un in0initi/> 0or# @n .ing ,au &arti"i&iu tre"utD> e1i,t un ra&ort &re%i"ati/ i#&li"it3
Sor#a ne&er,onal a /er2ului 0un"!ionea? "a &re%i"at al ele#entului no#inal> %ar a"ea,t 0un"!ie e,te
"on,i%erat i#&li"it $i nu e1&ri#at> %eoare"e 0or#ele ne&er,onale nu ,unt #ar"ate 0or#al &entru
re%area "ategoriei %e &er,oan3 Cara"terul &re%i"ati/ al ra&ortului %intre "ele %ou ele#ente reie,e %in
0un"!ia a"e,tor "on,tru"!ii> %e @nlo"uire ,au re%u"ere a unor &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate> %e"i a unor ele#ente
,inta"ti"e "on!inBn% &re%i"at: Ue =noV -er to 2e a gi0te% a"tre,, O <e know t$at ,$e is a gifte# actress3
Gti# " ea e,te o a"tri! 0oarte 2un3
(*3+3+3 En0initi/ul> &arti"i&iul &re?ent $i &arti"i&iul tre"ut 0or#ea? @#&reun "u ele#entul no#inal
"on,tru"!ii ,i#ilare:
Con,tru"!ii "o#&le1e
"u a"u?ati/ul "u no#inati/ul no#inati/ul a2,olut
A"u?ati/ "u in0initi/:
They warne# me not to be late'
No#inati/ "u in0initi/:
I was warne# not to be late3
No#inati/ a2,olut "u in0initi/:
e sent the books first> t$e
,tationer% to come later3
A"u?ati/ "u &arti"i&iu &re?ent:
6he coul# feel $er $eart
beating'
No#inati/ "u &arti"i&iu
&re?ent:
He was notice# ,tan/ing near
the #oor3
No#inati/ a2,olut "u &arti"i&iu
&re?ent:
T$e 3alue o+ T-U being Kno7n>
the !alue of SyT can be foun#.
A"u?ati/ "u &arti"i&iu tre"ut:
% want t$i, 7orK +ini,$e/
SuicKl%3
.
.
No#inati/ a2,olut "u &arti"i&iu
tre"ut:
Hi, ta,K per+orme/> he left the
office3
*>'.'4' Ieo,e2irile %intre "ele trei 0eluri %e "on,tru"!ii reie, %in #o%ul @n "are e,te &ri/it a"!iunea:
&ag: ();
aD En "on,tru"!iile in0initi/ale ne intere,ea? a"!iunea @n ,ine> 0a&tul &etre"ut> "are e,te /?ut "a @n"-eiat:
<e saw him come COthat he cameD3 A# /?ut ".a /enit3
2D @n "on,tru"!iile "u &arti"i&iul @n .ing> a"!iunea e,te /?ut @n %e,0$urare: <e saw him coming COthat
he was comingD3 L.a# /?ut /enin%3
"D @n "on,tru"!iile "u &arti"i&iul tre"ut> a"!iunea e,te &ri/it "a un re?ultat: <e foun# the log cabin
#eserte#3 A# g,it "a2ana &r,it3
(*3+3:3 Sun"!iile ,inta"ti"e ale a"e,tor "on,tru"!ii ,unt ur#toarele:
(D "o#&le#entul %ire"t "o#&le1 C"on,tru"!iile "u a"u?ati/ulD: % saw t$e ambulance coming3 A# /?ut
,o,in% #a$ina ,al/rii3 <e ha# our $ou,e repaire/ an/ painte/3 Ne.au re&arat $i /o&,it "a,a3
+D ,u2ie"t "o#&le1 C"on,tru"!iile "u no#inati/ulD: T$i, part o+ t$e lan/ is belie!e# to $a3e been un#er
the sea3 Se "re%e " a"e,t "ol! %e &#Bnt a 0o,t ,u2 a&3 He happene# to gi3e the best solution3 S.a
@ntB#&lat "a el , %ea "ea #ai 2un ,olu!ie3 He was seen pa,,ing the shop3 A 0o,t /?ut tre"Bn% &rin 0a!a
#aga?inului3
6D "o#&le#ent "ir"un,tan!ial Cno#inati/ul a2,olutD: E3er%bo/% being pre,ent> the lesson can begin3
Toat lu#ea 0iin% &re?ent> le"!ia &oate @n"e&e3 T$e ,$opping /one> they returne# home3 Iu& "e $i.au
0"ut "u#&rturile> ,.au @ntor, a"a,3
*>'4' Con,truc2iile cu acuzati3ul
Con,tru"!iile "u a"u?ati/ul ,unt 0or#ate %intr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e @n "a?ul a"u?ati/ $i un /er2 la
in0initi/ ,au &arti"i&iu: "are ,e a0l 0a! %e &ri#ul ele#ent @ntr.un ra&ort &re%i"ati/: % notice# t$em
,$aKe han#s3 A# o2,er/at " $i.au %at #Bna3
*>'4'*' Acuzati3ul cu in+initi3
Ver2ele trna?iti/e ur#ate %e o2i"ei %e un a"u?ati/ "u un in0initi/ ,unt "ele "are e1&ri#:
aD &er"e&!ia ,en?orial: see, hear, watch, feel, notice: 8i# anyone see Mar% lea3e the house \ A /?ut.o
"ine/a &e MarH &le"Bn% %e a"a, \
2D a"ti/it!i #intale: think, know, consi#er, eApect, suppose, belie!e, imagine:
They knew t$e man to $a3e been !ery ill3 Gtiau " o#ul a 0o,t 0oarte 2olna/3 7 lot of people suppose#
$er to be right3 Mult lu#e "re%ea " ea are %re&tate3
"D %orin!a ,au inten!ia: want, wish, #esire, mean:
6he wante# me to e-plain the rule. A /rut "a eu , e1&li" regula3 8i# she mean me to go there in her
place \ A inten!ionat "a eu , #erg @n lo"ul ei \
%D ,enti#ente: liKe, /i,liKe, lo3e, $ate, pre+er:
% shoul# like t$em to Keep their promise3 A$ /rea "a ei ,.$i re,&e"te &ro#i,iunea3 I -ate %ou to be
trouble/3 Nu.#i &la"e , 0ii %eranAat3
&ag: ()7
eD un or%in ,au o &er#i,iune: comman#, or#er, re;uest, allow:
Mur form teacher allo7e/ u, to go to the conference3 Iiriginta ne.a &er#i, , #erge# la "on0erin!3
The officer or#ere# $i, ,ol/ier, to a/3ance3 40i!erul le.a or%onat ,ol%a!ilor , @nainte?e3
0D /er2e "au?ati/e: cause, make, ha!e, get, in#uce, let:
<hat maKe, %ou t$inK so \ Ce te 0a"e , gBn%e$ti a,t0el \ ,et t$em come as early as possible3
Ieter#in.i , /ine "Bt #ai %e/re#e &o,i2il3
gD /er2e %e"larati/e: #eclare, pronounce, report> %e o2i"ei "Bn% ,u2ie"tul e,te ani#at: 9!eryone
reporte# $im to be goo# for this =ob3 To!i au ,&u, " el e,te 2un &entru a"ea,t trea23 They #eclare#
t$e c$ie+ engineer to be a member of their committee3 L.au %el"arat &e inginerul $e0 #e#2ru al
"o#itetului3
-D unele /er2e &re&o?i!ionale: count on, #epen# on, wait for, hape for et"3:
<e cannot wait +or t$e 7eat$er to c$ange3 Nu &ute# a$te&ta , ,e ,"-i#2e /re#ea3
Not1: (3 Ver2ele %e &er"e&!ie C"u e1"e&!ia lui percei!eD> /er2ele let $i make $i /er2ul "au?ati/ ha!e ,unt
ur#ate %e in0initi/ul 0r to: e ma#e me loug$3 M.a 0"ut , rB%3
+3 Ver2ul help e,te ur#at %e o2i"ei %e in0initi/ul "u to @n /arianta 2ritani"> $i %e in0initi/ul 0r to @n
/arianta a#eri"an a li#2ii engle?e: % helpe# $er #to& la% the table3 A# aAutat.o , &un #a,a3
63 Unele /er2e C"u e1"e&!ia lui want %e la &"t3 "D &ot 0i ur#ate $i %e &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate intro%u,e %e
that> @ntre 0olo,irea a"e,tora $i a "on,tru"!iei in0initi/ale e1i,tBn% anu#ite %eo,e2iri:
aD e re;ueste# u, to come in time Cu, . un ,u2,tanti/ ani#atD
e re;ueste# t$at t$e meeting ,$oul/ begin on time3 Cmeeting : ,u2,tanti/ inani#atD
2D I Vi,- Hou to 2e "are0ul C@n generalD
% wish %ou 7oul/ be careful C%ar nu "re% " ai , 0iiD
"D <e think $im to be !ery loyal C@n engle?a literarD
<e think t$at $e i, !ery loyal3 C@n /or2irea "urentD
%D % hear $im come Ca"u#D
% hear t$at t$e% are a7a%3 C%uratD
:3 A"u?ati/ul "u in0initi/ e,te 0olo,it %u& /er2ele "are e1&ri# o a"ti/itate #intal #ai ale, @n li#2a
literar> iar in0initi/ul e,te "el al /er2ului be3 % belie!e him to be honest3 Cre% " e,te "in,tit3 % suppose it
to $a3e been a mistake3 Fre,u&un " a 0o,t o gre$eal3
En /or2irea "urent> a"e,te /er2e ,unt %e o2i"ei ur#ate %e o &ro&o?i!ie "o#&leti/ %ire"t intro%u, %e
that: % belie!e Ct$atD $e i, $one,t3 % suppose Ct$at& it 7a, a mi,taKe3
*>'4'.' In+initi3ul cu T+or : toU #The %or - To 0nfinitive&
Con,tru"!ia A"u?ati/ul "u in0initi/ e,te 0olo,it %u& anu#ite "la,e %e /er2e3 Un a"u?ati/ "u in0init/
&oate a&rea $i %u& un a%Ae"ti/ ,au ,u2,tanti/> ,itua!ie @n "are el e,te &re"e%at %e &re&o?i!ia for: %t was
UNU6UA" +or $im to 7rite such a long letter3 Ie o2i"ei el nu ,"ria o ,"ri,oare a$a %e lung3 %t was
MA5NE66 +or t$em to lea3e in such weather3 Era o ne2unie "a ei , &le"e &e o a,e#enea /re#e3
Not1: E1i,t $i "Bte/a /er2e ur#ate %e &re&o?i!ia 0or> "are &ot 0i 0olo,ite "u in0initi/ul "u 0or . to3 Frintre
ele ,e nu#r: arrange, ask, hope, long, plan, pray, pro!i#e, ring, sen#, telephone, wait> et"3
They arrange# +or $er to come3
They planne# +or $er to come3
They sent +or $er to come3
&ag: ()8
In0initi/ul "u for . to 0or#at %in &re&o?i!ia 0or> ur#at %e un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e @n a"u?ati/ $i %e un
in0initi/ "u to> "are ,e a0l @ntr.un ra&ort &re%i"ati/ 0a! %e C&roDnu#e: %t was #ifficult +or $im to belie3e
such a thing3 Ei /enea greu , "rea% un a,e#enea lu"ru:
A"ea,t "on,tru"!ie e,te @ntBlnit:
aD %u& a%Ae"ti/e: Cit is"was$ necessary, a#!isable, imperati!e, impossible, easy, #ifficult et"3
2D %u& ,u2,tanti/e: problem, sub=ect, i#ea et"3
"D %u& unele /er2e intran?iti/e3
In0initi/ul "u for . to e,te utili?at &entru re%u"erea unor &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate la &r!i &rin"i&ale ,au
,e"un%are %e &ro&o?i!ie:
(D ,u2ie"t real intro%u, %e it anti"i&ati/: It is a#!isable +or $im to learn foreign languages3 E,te
re"o#an%a2il "a el , @n/e!e li#2i ,trine3 It is /i++icult +or t$em to come3 E,te %i0i"il "a ei , /in3
+D nu#e &re%i"ati/: The best thing is +or $im tio agree with me3 Cel #ai 2un lu"ru e,te "a el , 0ie %e
a"or% "u #ine3
6D "o#&le#ent %ire"t: <e Vi,-e% 0or t-e &ar"el to 2e ,ent at on"e3 A %orit "a &a"-etul , 0ie tri#i,
i#e%iat3
:D "o#&le#ent &re&o?i!ional: I Voul% 2e %elig-te% 0or Hou to #eet -er3 A$ 0i @n"Bntat , o "uno$ti3
;D "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ,"o&: IQ/e 2roug-t ,o#e #aga?ine, 0or Hou to rea% on t-e train3 A#
a%u, "Bte/a re/i,te , le "ite$ti @n tren3
7D "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial "on,e"uti/: T-i, 2oo= i, too %i00i"ult 0or #e to rea%3 A"ea,t "arte e,te
&rea grea "a ,.o "ite,"3
*>'4'4' Acuzati3ul cu participiul prezent #T$e Accu,ati3e 7it$ t$e Pre,ent Participle&
A"ea,ta e,te o "on,tru"!ie a,e#ntoare "u a"u?ati/ul "u in0initi/> %i0eren!a 0iin% %e a,&e"t al a"!iunii
/er2ale: 0olo,irea in0initi/ului re% a"!iunea "a @n"-eiat> ,au #en!ionea? %oar a"!iunea> &e "Bn%
&arti"i&iul &re?ent &re?int a"!iunea @n %e,0$urare: % hear# them come3 CO T-at #ean, t-eH -a/e
arri/e%D3 I.a# au?it /enin% CAu /enitD3 % hear# them coming. CO I -ear% t-e# #a=ing noi,e V-ile t-eH
Vere "o#ingD3 I.a# au?it /enin% C@n ti#& "e /eneauD3
A"u?ati/ul "u &arti"i&iul &re?ent ,e 0olo,e$te %u&:
aD /er2e "are e1&ri# &er"e&!ia ,en?orial: see, hear, feel, watch, notice.
% hear# the children talking about their holi#ays. I.a# au?it &e "o&ii /or2in% %e,&re !acan52. <e
watche# the sun rising from behin# the hills. A# &ri/it ,oarele r,rin% %e %u& %ealuri3
2D fin#, lea!e, set, catch, sen#:
% foun# him mending the ra#io. L.a# g,it re&arBn% ra%ioul3
*>'4'8' Acuzati3ul cu participiul trecut #T$e Acu,ati3e 7it$ t$e Pa,t Participle&
A"ea,t "on,tru"!ie e,te @ntre2uin!at %u&:
aD /er2e "are e1&ri# &er"e&!ia ,en?orial: e hear# his name mentioned. Gi.a au?it nu#ele #en!ionat3
2D /er2e "are e1&ri# un or%in: e or#ere# if finished. A or%onat , 0ie ter#inat3
"D /er2e "au?ati/e -a/e $i get: % must ha!e these shoes repaired. Tre2uie ,.#i %au &anto0ii la re&arat3
pag: /.'
*>'8' Con,truc2iile cu nominati3ul
Con,tru"!iile "u no#inati/ul ,unt al"tuite %intr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e @n "a?ul no#inati/ $i un /er2
la in0initi/ ,au &arti"i&iu &re?ent @ntre "are ,e a0l un /er2 la o 0or# &er,onal: 4e happene# to $e a
har#+working pupil. "he was seen crossing the street.
*>'8'*' Nominati3ul cu in+initi3 ,e +olo,ete /up1 urm1toarele 3erbeF
(D %u& /er2e intran?iti/e: seem, appear, happen, changeI pro!e, turn, out "are ,unt &ere"-i ,inoni#i"e:
4e appeare# to $e please# with the arrangement.
4e seeme# to $e please# with the arrangement.
El &rea , 0ie #ul!u#it %e aranAa#ent3 er brother chance# to $e there. er brother happene# to $e
there. S.a @ntB#&lat "a 0ratele ei , 0ie a"olo3
+D %u& /er2e %e"larati/e la %iate?a &a,i/: say, #eclare, report, annmounce: The old man was
reporte# to have disappeared. S.a anun!at " 2trBnul a %i,&rut3
6D %u& /er2ul "o&ulati/ 2e $i unul %intre a%Ae"ti/ele: likely, unlikely, sure, certain:
4e is sure to think of e!ery possible a#!antage. Cu ,iguran! " ,e /a gBn%i la toate a/antaAele &o,i2ile3
The train is likely to $e late. E,te &o,i2il "a trenul , @ntBr?ie3
Not1F (3 Frin tre"erea &re%i"atului %e la %iate?a a"ti/ la "ea &a,i/ C&a,i/i?are O &a,,i/i?ationD> unele
"on,tru"!ii "u a"u?ati/ul ,e tran,0or# @n "on,tru"!ii "u no#inati/ul3 A,t0el> no#inati/ul "u in0initi/
a&are %u& /er2e tran?iti/e "are &ot 0i ur#ate %e a"u?ati/ "u in0initi/ la %iate?a a"ti/ "u e1"e&!ia
/er2elor e1&ri#Bn% %orin!a ,au inten!ia $i "are e1&ri#:
aD &er"e&!ia ,en?orial: see, hear, feel etc. : "he was seen to leave the office. A 0o,t /?ut &le"Bn% %in
2irou3 CNo#inati/_in0initi/ lungD
2D a"ti/it!i #intale: think, know, consi#er, eApect, un#erstan#, belie!e, suppose etc.
"pace flights are consi#ere# to provide important scientific #ata. Se "on,i%er " ?2orurile "o,#i"e
a%u" i#&ortante %ate $tiin!i0i"e3
"D un or%in ,au o &er#i,iune: comman#, or#er, allow, let, etc.: The $oy was allowe# to go out.
Biatului i ,.a &er#i, , ia, a0ar3
%D %eter#inarea : cause, make, ha!e, force, compel, etc.: 4e was compelle# to start all o!er again. El a
0o,t o2ligat , ia totul %e la @n"e&ut3
+3 Con,tru"!ia *ominati!ul cu infiniti! %u& /er2e %e a"ti/itate #intal nu e,te li#itat la engle?a
literar C"u# e,te A"u?ati/ul "u in0initi/D> ea &utBn% 0i @ntBlnit @n /or2irea "urent C$i "u alte /er2e %e"Bt
2eD: 7re we suppose# to do this< Tre2uie , 0a"e# a,ta3
*>'8'.' Nominati3ul cu participiul prezent #T$e Nominati3e 7it$ t$e Pre,ent Participle&
A"ea,t "on,tru"!ie e,te ,i#ilar "u No#inati/ul "u in0initi/> "u a"eea$i %i0eren! %e a,&e"t C,u2linierea
i%eei %e %urat> %e %e,0$urare a a"!iuniiD5 The old man was seen leaving the house. BtrBnul a 0o,t
/?ut &le"Bn% %e a"a,3
A"ea,t "on,tru"!ie ,e 0olo,e$te %u& /er2ele ur#ate la %iate?a a"ti/ "u a"u?ati/ul "u &arti"i&iul
&re?ent 4see, hear, lea!e, catch, fin#$I
The $a$y was hear# crying. Co&ilul a 0o,t au?it &lBngBn%3
&ag: ())
*>'9' Nominati3ul ab,olut #T$e Ab,olute Nominati3e Con,truction&
No#inati/ul a2,olut e,te @ntre2uin!at "Bn% ,u2ie"tul "on,tru"!iei &re%i"ati/e "u in0initi/ ,au &arti"i&iu
C&re?ent ,au tre"utD e,te %i0erit %e "el al &ro&o?i!iei "are "on!ine un /er2 &re%i"ati/3
Con,tru"!ia "u no#inati/ul a2,olut "on!ine @n ,tru"tura ,a un ,u2,tanti/ la no#inati/ $i un in0initi/>
&arti"i&iu &re?ent ,au tre"ut "are ,e a0l @n ra&ort &re%i"ati/ 0a! %e ,u2,tanti/: They forwar#e# the
hea!y e;uipment by sea, the perisha$les to $e sent by air. Au e1&e%iat e"-i&a#entul greu "u /a&orul>
ur#Bn% "a #r0urile &eri,a2ile , 0ie tri#i,e "u a/ionul3 The original text $eing too #ifficult, he aske#
for a translation. Te1tul original 0iin% &rea greu> a "erut o tra%u"ere3 4is hopes attained# he was
perfectly happy. S&eran!ele lui 0iin% @#&linite> era 0oarte 0eri"it3
Not: Su2ie"tul "on,tru"!iei No#inati/ul a2,olut "u &arti"i&iul &re?ent&oate 0i anti"i&at %e it ,au t-ere:
There being nothing to say, they sat looking at each other. Nea/Bn% ni#i" %e ,&u,> ,tteau $i ,e uitau
unul la altul3
Con,tru"!iile "u no#inati/ul a2,olut ,unt 0olo,ite &e &lan ,inta"ti" &entru re%u"erea unor &ro&o?i!ii
,u2or%onate "ir"u#,tan!iale la "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale:
aD %e ti#&: 6inner $eing rea#y, the family sat #own roun# the big, o!al #inner table. 4K <hen #inner
was rea#y...$I
2D %e "au?: e felt eAhauste#, his self-control having $een straine# to breaking point. 4Kas his self+
control ha# been straine#...$I
"D %e "on%i!ie: .eather permitting# we shall go to the beach tomorrow. 4K %f the weather permits...$.
Not: Con,tru"!iile "u no#inati/ul a2,olut ,e @ntBlne," rar @n /or2irea "urent3 Ele ,unt "ara"teri,ti"e
engle?ei ,"ri,e> literare3
*>';' Alte contruc2ii comple-e
Con,truc2ii gerun/iale' CGerun% Con,tru"tion,D3 La 0el $i in0initi/ul $i &arti"i&iul> 0or#a Gerun% intr @n
"o#&eten!a unor "on,tru"!ii "o#&le1e @n "are Gerun%.ul ,e a0l @ntr.un ra&ort &re%i"ati/ 0a! %e
,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e: Iour re+u,ing to ,ee -i# ,ur&ri,e% e/erH2o%H3 Re0u?ul tu %e a.l /e%ea a
,ur&rin, &e toat lu#ea3
Su2,tanti/ul &oaate 0i:
aD la "a?ul geniti/ ,inteti" C"on,tru"!ia "u geniti/ e 0olo,it &entru ,u2,tnati/e nu#e %e &er,oaneD: e
seeme# surprise# at )ary:s expresing ni interest in the sub=ect. A &rut ,ur&rin, %e 0a&tul " MarH nu a
artat ni"i un intere, &entru a"ea,t &ro2le#3
2D la "a?ul a"u?ati/: 8i# you min# himTom 6peaking so lou# @ Te.a %eranAat 0a&tul " el / To#a a
/or2it a$a %e tare \
A"u?ati/ul e,te 0olo,it:
(D "Bn% ,u2,tanti/ul e,te ani#at ,au inani#at: % coil# sense the smell spreading. Si#!ea# "u# ,e
r,&Bn%ea #iro,ul3
+D "Bn% ,u2,tanti/ul e,te ur#at %e o "o#&linire atri2uti/: % remember a friend of mine going on such
a trip. E#i a#inte," %e un &rieten al #eu "are a #er, @ntr.o a,t0el %e e1"ur,ie3
6D @n /or2ire> &entru ,u2,tanti/e nu#e %e &er,oane> ,u2,tanti/e ani#ate ,au inani#ate3
Ia" &artea ani#at a "on,tru"!iei e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e a"e,ta &oate 0i un &ronu#e
&o,e,i/> ,au> @n /or2ire> un &ronu#e @n a"u?ati/:
% coul#n3t un#erstan# his acting like that.
% coul#n3t un#erstan# him acting like that.
Nu &utea# , @n!eleg %e "e &ro"e%a a$a3 % remember their them saying that. E#i a#inte," " au ,&u,
a,ta3
Con,tru"!ia gerun%ial e,te 0olo,it %u& a"elea$i "u/inte "a $i 0or#a Gerun% ,i#&l3
Con,tru"!ia gerun%ial are rolul %e a @nlo"ui:
aD &ro&o?i!i ,u2or%onate ,u2ie"ti/e: ;our trying to convince him was ;uite ob!ious K That you tried
to convince him was ;uite ob!ious.
2D "ir"u#,tan!iale: "he $eing a$sent, nothing coul# be #one O A, ,-e Va, a2,ent> not-ing "oul% 2e
%one3
pag: 000
*?' Complementele circum,tan2iale #A/3erbial,&
*?'*'5e+ini2ie
Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial e,te &artea %e &ro&o?i!ie "are %eter#in ,au #o%i0i" un /er2> un a%/er2>
un a%Ae"ti/ ,au o @ntreag &ro&o?i!ie3
Ca %eter#inant al /er2ului> "o#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial in%i" @#&reAurarea @n "are ,e &etre"e o a"!iune
Clo"ul> ti#&ul> ,"o&ul> "au?a et"3D: A ta1i a&&eare% at t-e "orner o0 t-e ,treet3 Clo"D T-eH arri/e% -al0 an
-our later3 Cti#&D
Atun"i "Bn% %eter#in un a%/er2> a%Ae"ti/ ,au e"-i/alen!i ai a"e,tora> "o#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial arat
"u# ,e &re?int o @n,u$ire: It Va, nearlH %ar=3 Era a&roa&e @ntuneri"3 T-eH are nearlH t-ere3 A&roa&e au
aAun,3
*?'.' Cla,i+icare
Co#&le#entele "ir"u#,tan!iale @n li#2a engle? ,e @#&art> "a @n li#2a ro#Bn @n: "o#&le#ente
"ir"u#,tan!iale %e lo"> %e ti#&> %e #o%> %e "au?> %e "on%i!ie> %e ,"o&> "on"e,i/e> "on,e"uti/e et"3
*?'4' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e loc #T$e A/3erbial o+ Place&
*?'4'*' 5e+ini2ie' Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo" in%i" lo"ul> &un"tul %e &le"are> %ire"!ia ,au li#ita
unei a"!iuni ,au ,tri3
Not1F Unele "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e lo" e1&ri#ate &rin a%/er2e %e lo"> in%i" lo"ul &ro&riu.?i,:
here, there, somewhere. Altele in%i" %ire"!ia: asi#e, forwar#, right, left. MaAoritatea a%/er2elor %e lo"
@n, &ot 0i 0olo,ite &entru a e1&ri#a atBt lo"ul> "Bt $i %ire"!ia:
"oc: <e %oe,nMt li/e 0ar3 Nu lo"uie$te %e&arte3
5irec2ie' <e %i%nMt go 0ar3 Nu ,.a %u, %e&arte3
pag: 00/
*?'4'.' Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo" e,te e1&ri#at &rin:
aD un a%/er2 ,au o &eri0ra? a%/e2ial %e lo": 6he is here. e was walking to and fro.
2D un ,u2,tanti/ "u ,au 0r &re&o?i!ie: elen is in town for the moment. T-eH Vent -o#e3
"D un ,u2,tanti/ @n "a?ul geniti/ &re"e%at %e o &re&o?i!ie: <e buy brea# at the $aker:s.
%D o &ro&o?i!ie "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo": <e #o our shopping where every$ody else does.
*?'4'4' "ocul Co#&le#entului "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo" e,te %e o2i"ei %u& &re%i"at C_ "o#&le#ent %ire"tD
C_"o#&l3 "ir"3 %e lo"D:
6he has been working 4hard! 01 T42 (0&3A3; all #ay.
6he was been rea#ing 4a $ook! 01 T42 (0&3A3; all #ay.
E-cep2iiF
Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo" &oate 0i a$e?at @ntre /er2 $i "o#&le#entul ,u %ire"t %a"
"o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te &rea lung ,au e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat: T-eH too= into
t-e rea%ing roo# all t-e %i"tionarie, t-eH nee%e%3
T-eH 0oun% in t-e rea%ing roo# all t-e %i"tionarie, t-eH nee%e%3
Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial in%i"Bn% lo"ul &ro&riu.?i, &oate a&rea $i la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei> #ai ale,
"Bn% e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.o "on,tru"!ie &re&o?i!ional: "omewhere near the river the chil#ren were
playing football.
Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial "are in%i" %ire"!ia ,e a$ea? uneori %ire"t %u& /er2 C@naintea a%/er2ului
%e #o%D> %a" /er2ul e1&ri# #i$"area ,&re un lo": e went to school by bus.
CBte/a "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale e1&ri#Bn% %ire"!ia &ot a&rea @n &o?i!ia ini!ial:
aD @n li#2aAul literar> &entru a %a 0or! %ra#ati" e1&ri#rii> "u /er2e la &re?ent ,au Fa,t Ten,e ,i#&lu:
%n they come N 7way they wentN
2D @n e1&ri#area 0a#iliar> "u /er2e "a go, come, get la &re?ent ,au i#&erati/ C_HouD: ere she comes.
There they go. %n 4be#$ you get.
Not1F ere Bi there a&ar @n "Bte/a e1&re,ii "u /er2ul 2e: ere"there you are. Fo0ti#333CA,ta.i &entru
tineD3 There she is. Uite.o! A aAun,3 ere we are. A# aAun, @n ,0Br$it Cun%e tre2uiaD3 There you are. Ve?i
" a# %re&tate CA,ta @ntre$te "e.a# ,&u,D3
Aten2ieG Ia" ,u2ie"tul @n a"e,te e1&re,ii e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ $i nu &rintr.un &ronu#e> are
lo" in/er,iune @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at3 There he isN There is your fatherN ere they areN ere are your
glassesN

*?'8' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e timp #T$e A/3erbial o+ Time&
*?'8'*' 5e+ini2ie' Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#& in%i":
aD #o#entul a"!iunii: now, nowa#ays, to#ay, thenI
2D ,u""e,iunea %e ti#&: afterwar#s, before, e!entually, formerly, pre!iously, soon.
pag: 000
"D %urata: lately, recently, since, still, yetI
%D 0re"/en!a:
. %e0init: weekly, three times a #ayI
. ne%e0init: often, usually, sel#om, once in a while.
*?'8'.' Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#& e,te e-primat &rin:
aD un a%/er2 %e ti#&: 6he arri!e# yesterday.
2D o &eri0ra? a%/er2ial %e ti#&: They !isit their gran#parents from time to time.
"D o "on,tru"!ie a%/er2ial C,u2,tanti//nu#eral "u &re&o?i!ie et"3D: Tom was born in =>6?.
+D o "ontru"!ie "o#&le1> utili?at &entru re%u"erea unei &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& la un
"o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#&5
aD no#inati/ul a2,olut "u &arti"i&iul tre"ut: 4is homework written the boy went out to play.
2D un &arti"i&iu &re?ent ,au tre"ut> &re"e%at %e o "onAun"!ie te#&oral:
e #oesn3t feel ;uite well when travelling $y plane.
"D un Gerun% &re"e%at %e o &re&o?i!ie: *n leaving the house, she aske# me to look after the chil#.
%D un ,u2,tanti/ "u ,au 0r &re&o?i!ie intro%u, @ntr.o "onAun"!ie te#&oral: .hile in Australia he
learne# 9nglish. % playe# this game when a $oy.
6D o &ro&o?i!ie "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#&: e is always air sick when he travels $y plane.
*?'8'4' "ocul Complementului circum,tan2ial /e timp 0n propozi2ie
AD MaAoritatea "o#&le#entelor "ir"u#,tan!iale in%i"Bn% #o#entul a"!iunii ,unt a$e?ate la ,0Br$itul
&ro&o?i!iei: e went to the cinema yesterday last night.
*owa#ays Bi presently o"u& %e o2i"ei &o?i!ia ini!ial: 1owadays all chil#ren of school+age atten#
school in Comania.
Ia" @ntr.o &ro&o?i!ie a&ar #ai #ulte "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale in%i"Bn% #o#entul a"!iunii> a"e,tea
,unt a$e?ate ,u""e,i/> %e la &erioa%a %e ti#& #ai ,"urt la "ea #ai lung: e was born on >on#ay, the
/.th of (ebruary /.70. %3ll see you at ten o3clock in 6un#ay.
,au: Mn 6un#ay %3ll see you at ten o3clock.
BD Co#&le#entele "ir"u#,tan!iale in%i"Bn% ,u""e,iunea a"!iunilor o"u& %e o2i"ei &o?i!ie ini!ial ,au
#e%ial @n &ro&o?i!ie: (irst he rang the bell. *eAt he knocke# on the #oor. e then rang again. 7n#
finnaly he starte# banging on the #oor.
CD Lo"ul "o#&le#entelor "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& e1&ri#ate &rin a%/er2e %e 0re"/en! C%e0init $i
ne%e0initD:
A%/er2e "are e1&ri# 0re"/en!a unei a"!iuni @n #o% %e0init: #aily C?ilni"D> once Co%atD> again C%in nouD>
twice C%e %ou oriD et"3> ,unt %e o2i"ei a$e?ate la ,0Br$itul &ro&o?i!iei: The school boar# meets
weekly"three times a week.
4r%inea #ai #ultor a%/er2e %e 0re"/en! %e0init e,te %e la unitatea #ai #i" la "ea #ai #are: 6he
phone# him hourly each #ay.
,au: 9ach #ay she phone# him hourly.
A%/er2ele %e 0re"/en! ne%e0init: ussualy C%e o2i"eiD always C@ntot%eaunaD> sometimes Cuneori>
"Bteo%atD> occasionally Cuneori> "Bteo%atD> often Ca%e,eaD> ne!er Cni"io%atD> sel#om CrarD> ,unt %e
o2i"ei a$e?ate @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at: % often go to the theatre.
pag: 003
Ia" &re%i"atul "on!ine un /er2 au1iliar ,au un /er% #o%al> a%/er2ul %e 0re"/en! e,te a$e?at %u&
a"e,ta: % ha!e ne!er seen her. &ou must always #o your #uty.
A%/er2ele %e 0re"/en! ne%e0init ,e a$ea? %u& /er2ul 2e> @naintea nu#eralului &re%i"ati/: e is often
late.
Ia" /er2ul e,te 0olo,it la %iate?a &a,i/> a%/er2ul %e 0re"/en! ne%e0init e,te a$e?at %u& &ri#ul
au1iliar: e has ne!er been seen like this.
Not1F 6ometimes &oate 0i a$e?at $i la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei: % sometimes go for a walk in the woo#s.
,au : 6ometimes % go for a walk in the woo#s.
Unele a%/er2e ne%e0inite %e 0re"/en! &ot a&rea la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei:
. %a" a"ea,ta e,te negati/: 7enerally 1ormally /sually he #oesn3t #rink coffee.
. &entru @ntrire: /sually % meet her at conferences, but yester#ay % ran into her in a #epartment store.
"ocul a/3erbelor /e +rec3en21 0n propozi2ie
Situa!ia Su2ie"t Ver2
au13/#o%al
A%/3%e
0re"/en!
Ver2 no!ional
,au nu#e
&re%i"ati/ C%u&
2eD
Alte &r!i %e
&ro&o?i!ie
Sor#a
/er2al
,i#&l
I ne/er/alV
aH,/u,uall
H/rarelH/,
el%o#/,o
#eti#e,
2elie/e t-e#3
<e i%e# "a
#ai ,u,
-a, ti#e enoug- 0or
-i, 0rien%,3
Ver2
au1iliar _
T-eH -a/e ne/er/alV
aH,/u,uall
,een -er3
/er2
no!ional
H/,o#eti
#e,/rarel
H/,el%o#
I Voul% i%e# "a
#ai ,u,
eat t-i,3
Ver2 #o%al
_ Ver2
no!ional
S-e "an i%e# "a
#ai ,u,
0orget ,u"- in"i%ent,3
Ver2ul 2e _
nu#e
&re%i"ati/
<e i, i%e# "a
#ai ,u,
ill3
S-e -a, i%e# "a
#ai ,u,
2een ill3
ID 4r%inea #ai #ultor "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te ur#toarea: %urat .
0re"/en! . #o#ent: % went to the country for a month e!ery year #uring my chil#hoo#.
ED 4r%inea #ai #ultor "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %i0erite @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te: M4I . lo" . ti#&3 They
playe# !ery well in the match yester#ay.
A"ea,t or%ine &oate 0i ,"-i#2at:
aD &entru a ,"oate @n e/i%en! un anu#e "ir"u#,tan!ial: 9ach #ay she phone# him hourly.
2D "on,tru"!iile a%/er2iale C#ai lungiD ,unt a$e?ate %e o2i"ei %u& a%/er2e C#ai ,"urteD: % was walking
earlier in the Dotanical ,ar#ens.
"D o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat "ir"u#,tan!ial ,e a$ea? %u& un "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial: <e walke#
for hours where the 9Ahibition ba# been.
pag: 001
*?'9' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ #T$e A/3erbial o+ Manner&
*?'9'*' 5e+ini2ie' Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% in%i" #o%ul @n "are ,e @n%e&line$te o a"!iune
,au a&are o @n,u$ire3
*?'9'.' Cla,i+icare' Co#&le#entele "ir"u#,tan!iale %e #o% ,e @#&art @n:
(D Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% &ro&riu.?i,5
+D Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% "o#&arati/3
*?'9'4' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ propriu:zi, in%i" 0elul> #o%alitatea @n "are %e"urge
a"!iunea ,au ,tarea: well, ba#ly, ;uikly, slowly.
Ele #ai &ot re%a $i alte ,en,uri:
. "antitatea: enough, much, a littleI
. @ntrire: actually, certainly, reallyI
. a#&li0i"are: absolutely, completely, greatly, highly, barely, scarcelyI
. %e a0ir#a!ie ,au nega!ie: yes, no, of course, not at allI
. &ro2a2ilitate: maybe, perhaps, possibly.
Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% &ro&riu.?i,e:
aD #o%i0i" o &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie5
2D !in lo"ul unei &ro&o?i!ii @ntregi3
aD Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% &ro&riu.?i,e #o%i0i":
. un /er2: e 8C%)96 carefully.
. un a%Ae"ti/: e is a little T%C983
. un a%/er2: &ou speak too (76T. % can3t follow you.
2D Cu/intele "are e1&ri# &ro2a2ilitatea> a0ir#a!ia ,au nega!ia !in %e o2i"ei lo"ul unei &ro&o?i!ii @ntregi:
7: Ean you ski @ D: &es, % can.
,au ,e re0er la o &ro&o?i!ie @ntreag: 6urely you aren3t ill. Sigur nu e$ti 2olna/3
Not1F Nea/Bn% o legtur ,trBn, "u o anu#it &arte %e &re&o?i!ie> unele gra#ati"i C&rintre "are $i "ea
%e 0a!D nu anali?ea? a"e,te "o#&le#ente @n "a%rul "a&itolului %e,&re "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale> "i
@n "el %e,&re Ele#ente in%e&en%ente @n &ro&o?i!ie3
*?'9'8' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ propriu:zi, &oate 0i e1&ri#at &rin:
aD un a%/er2 ,au &eri0ra? a%/er2ial %e #o%: e #ro!e slowly along the mannow roa#.
2D un ,u2,tanti/ ,au nu#eral @ntro%u, &rintro &ro&o?i!ie: e #i# this $y mistake. This problem can be
sol!e# in three ways.
"D o "on,tru"!ie gerun%ial intro%u, &rin &ro&o?i!iile 2H ,au Vit-out: e shoul# ha!e finishe# $y
thanking his parents for their help.
%D o &ro&o?i!ie "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o%: e #ro!e the car as they had toild him to.
*?'9'9' "ocul Complementului circum,tan2ial /e mo/ 0n propozi2ie
AD Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% &ro&riu.?i, ,e a$ea? %e o2i"ei %u& /er2: S-e %ro/e ,loVlH to
t-e ,tation He,ter%aH3
Ia" /er2ul e,te tran?iti/ $i ur#at %e "o#&le#entul ,u %ire"t> a%/er2ul %e #o% e,te a$e?at:
. %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t: 6he #ro!e her car slowly to the station sau:
. @naintea /er2ului CrarD: 6he slowly #ro!e car to the station.
pag: 005
Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% e,te a$e?at %u& /er2ul 2e "Bn% a"e,ta e,te 0olo,it la %iate?a
&a,i/: The car was slowly #ri!en into the garage.
BD Cir"u#,tan!ialele %e #o% intrin% i%eea e1&ri#at %e /er2 ,au %e alt &arte %e /or2ire Cacctually,
certainly, ob!iously, really, surely, honestly, simply, =ustD &re"e% %e regul &artea %e /or2ire la "are ,e
re0er:
% simply #on3t un#erstan# her beha!iour. &ou must belie!e me simply on my wor#. e speaks ;uite
rapi#ly. 6he is ;uite ill.
%n#ee# &oate a&rea $i @n &o?i!ie 0inal: Thank you !ery much in#ee#. %t was !ery kin# in#ee# of you to
come.
CD Cir"u#,tan!ialele %e #o% e1&ri#Bn% "antitatea> &re"e% ,au ur#ea? &r!ile %e /or2ire la "are ,e
re0er> @n 0elul ur#tor:
- -,ery! #u"- &re"e%e %e o2i"ei un &arti"i&iu 0olo,it &re%i"ati/: e was !ery much impresse#. Iar
ur#ea? un /er2 &rin"i&al C_"o#&le#entul lui %ire"tD: % like 9nglish !ery much.
- 2nough ,e a$ea? %u& un a%Ae"ti/ ,au /er2: This lesson is 976& enough.
Ia" @n, enough e,te 0olo,it "a atri2ut &e lBng un ,u2,tanti/> el a&are 0ie @nainte 0ie %u& a"e,ta: e
has T%>9 enough. e has enough T%>9.
ID Cir"u#,tan!ialele %e #o% "are a#&li0i" i%eea e1&ri#at %e /er2 Ccompletely, fully, ;uite, perfectly,
ba#lyD &ot a&rea @naintea /er2ului &rin"i&al ,au @n &o?i!ie 0inal: % ba#ly nee# your a#!ice. % can
perfectly un#erstan# her beha!iour. <e like her !ery much. 8o you agree with us enterely @
A%/er2ele 2arelH> little> ,"ar"elH> a&ar @naintea /er2ului> a nu#elui &re%i"ati/ ,au @ntre %ou au1iliare:
e barely 78 time to catch the bus. 6he is barely 9%,T99*. 6he EMH?8 har#ly D9 #escribe# as
beautiful.
*?'9';' Complementul circum,tan2ial /e mo/ comparati3 e,te e1&ri#at:
aD &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e &re"e%at %e &re&o?i!ia li=e: %f fits you like a glo!e.
2D &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ "u &re&o?i!ie> un a%Ae"ti/> un /er2 la in0initi/ ,au &arti"i&iu &re?ent/tre"ut
intro%u,e &rin as if, as though: 6he crie# as if in a terrible #anger. e beha!e# as if #epri!e# of all his
rights.
"D un ,u2,tanti/> un a%Ae"ti/> &ronu#e ,au nu#eral> o "on,tru"!ie in0initi/al ,au gerun%ial intro%u,e
&rin "onAun"!iile as, not so"as, than:
6he is as ol# as my sister. Lohn isn3t as goo# at maths as my ol#er brother. %t is warmer here than
#ownstairs.
%D o &ro&o?i!ie "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% "o#&arati/: 6he crie# as if she were in a terrible #anger. %t is
warmer here than it is #ownstairs.
*?'9'=' "oc' Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e #o% "o#&arati/ ,e a$ea? %e o2i"ei:
aD %u& /er2ul intran?iti/: e swims like a fish.
2D %u& "o#&le#entul %ire"t "are ur#ea? unui /er2 tran?iti/: e speaks 9nglish an 9nglishman.
pag: 006
*?';' Alte complemente circum,tan2iale
Selul "o#&le#entului "ir"u#,tan!ial E1e#&lu
. %e @#&reAurri @n,o!itoare e took farewell tired with waiting.
. %e "au? 6he was punishe# $ecause of you.
. %e ,"o& The man starte# crying for help.
e came here to talk to you.
. "on%i!ional % coul#n3t ha!e #one it without his
support.
. "on,e"uti/ 6he is too young to speak.
. "on"e,i/ Though not a mechanic# he can repair
all kin#s of things.
. %e e1"e&!ie They listene# to all the witnesses $ut one.
. %e rela!ie >y frien# has rea# e!erything a$out the
history of the *lympic games.
.(' Atributul #T$e Atribute&
.('*' 5e+ini2ie
Atri2utul #o%i0i" ,au %eter#in un ,u2,tnati/ ,au &ronu#e "are @n%e&line$te @n &ro&o?i!ie 0un"!ia %e:
(D ,u2ie"t: The tall boy is my brother.
+D o &arte ,e"un%ar %e &re&o?i!ie:
aD "o#&le#ent %ire"t ,au in%ire"t: They ma#e an astonishing #isco!ery.
2D "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial C%e lo"> ti#& et"3D: They often go out @uiet e!enings.
.('.' E-primarea atributului
Atri2utul &oate 0i e1&ri#at &rintr.un a%Ae"ti/ ,au &rintr.o alt &arte %e /or2ire 0olo,it "a a%Ae"ti/:
aD un a%Ae"ti/ &ro&riu.?i,: That3s an extraordinary solution. E,te o ,olu!ie e1traor%inar3
2D un ,u2,tanti/ "u /aloare a%Ae"ti/al: e atten#e# evening classes3 El 0re"/enta "ur,ul ,eral3
pag: 007
"D un ,u2,tanti/ @n "a?ul geniti/: &ou shoul# follow your friend:s a#!ice. Ar tre2ui , a,"ul!i ,0atul
&rietenului tu3
%D un nu#eral: Twenty persons were waiting for him3 El a$te&tau %ou?e"i %e &er,oane3
eD un in0initi/: There is only one thing to #o3 E,te un ,ingur lu"ru %e 0"ut3
0D un &arti"i&iu &re?ent ,au tre"ut: They watche# the rising ti#e3 Ur#reau "u# "re$te 0lu1ul3 They sell
fro-en foo#s here3 Ai"i ,e /Bn% ali#ente "ongelate3
gD un a%/er2: Dir#s are chirping in the trees outsi#e. F,rile "Bnt @n &o#ii %e 0ar3
-D o &eri0ra? &re&o?i!ional ,au a%/er2ial: The house on the right was built only a few years ago. Ca,a
%in %rea&ta a 0o,t "on,truit nu#ai "u "B!i/a ani @n ur#3
iD un gru& %e "u/inte: e was a small an# not+o!er+particulary+taken+care+of boy. Era un 2iat #i" $i
nu &rea @ngriAit3
AD o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat atri2uti/: The stu#ent who will guese the right answer will be rewar#e#.
Ele/ul "are /a g,i r,&un,ul "ore"t /a 0i e/i%en!iat3
.('4' "ocul atributului 0n propozi2ie
Atri2utul &re"e%e %e regul "u/Bntul &e "are @l @n,o!ea$te Catri2utul &re&u,D3 En unele "a?uri @n,>
atri2utul &oate a&rea %u& regentul lui Catri2utul &o,t&u,D3
.('4'*' Atributul prepu,' Atri2utul &re"e%e ,u2ie"tul atun"i "Bn% e,te e1&ri#at &rin &r!i %e /or2ire
0olo,ite a%Ae"ti/al:
aD un a%Ae"ti/ &ro&riu.?i,: >y youngest brother became a pioneer a week ago. Sratele #eu "el #ai #i" a
0o,t 0"ut &ioner ,&t#Bna tre"ut3
2D un %e#on,trati/: This eAercise is less #ifficult than the last one. E1er"i!iul a"e,ta e,te #ai &u!in %i0i"il
%e"Bt ulti#ul3
"D un ,u2,tanti/: The sil!er coins are kept here. Mone%ele %e argint ,unt &,trate ai"i3
%D un ,u2,tanti/ @n "a?ul geniti/: 7n elephant3s trunk is so strong it can hol# a log of woo#3 Tro#&a
unui ele0ant e,te a$a %e &uterni" @n"Bt &oate , ri%i"e o 2uturug3
eD un nu#eral: Two men spoke at the conference. Iou &er,oane au /or2it la "on0erin!3
CBn% ,u2ie"tul e,te &re"e%at %e %ou a%Ae"ti/e %e a"ela$i 0el> "el ,"urt e,te a$e?at @naintea "elui lung: a
long tiresome !oyage + o "ltorie lung> o2o,itoare5 the shortest an# most accurate answer . "el #ai
,"urt $i e1a"t r,&un,3
Atri2utele e1&ri#ate &rin &r!i %e /or2ire %i0erite ,e a$ea? @n or%inea:
&re%eter#inant: one, half, both _ %eter#inant: the, this, my _ &o,t%eter#inant: the first three _ a%Ae"ti/:
%3!e rea# all the three historical no!els he has publishe#. A# "itit toate "ele trei ro#ane i,tori"e &e "are
le.a &u2li"at3
.('4'.' Atributul po,tpu,' Atri2utul e,te a$e?at %u& ,u2ie"t ,au alt ele#ent no#inal %in &ro&o?i!ie>
"Bn% e,te e1&ri#at:
aD &rin a%Ae"ti/ele: present, proper, eAtant:
The story proper is much longer. Fo/e,tea &ro&riu.?i, e,te #ult #ai lung3
pag: 00'
2D &rin a%Ae"ti/e 0olo,ite &re%i"ati/: The firemen got into the house ablase. Fo#&ierii au &trun, @n "a,a
@n 0l"ri3
"D @n "on,tru"!ii 0i1e tra%i!ionale: sum total, time immemorial, ambassa#or eAtraor#inary.
%D %u& &ronu#e ne-otrBte ter#inate @n + bo#y, + one, +thing:
8i# you fin# anything new @ Ai g,it "e/a nou \
eD &rin "on,tru"!ii &re&o?i!ionale: % like this story about flying saucers3 E#i &la"e &o/e,tea a"ea,ta
%e,&re 0ar0uriile ?2urtoare3
0D &rin "on,tru"!ii in0initi/ale: e ha# the intention to help you. Inten!iona , te aAute3
.('4'4' Unele atri2ute ,e &ot a$e?a 0ie @naintea ,u2,tanti/elor> 0ie %u& ele:
aD a&o?i!ia %e?/oltat: ,. Ehaucer, the author of Eanterbury Tales, li!e# in the /1+th century. G3
C-au"er> autorul Fo/e,tirilor %in Canter2urH a trit @n ,e"olul aIV3
2D atri2utele e1&ri#ate &rin a%Ae"ti/e %eri/ate %in /er2e> a%Ae"ti/ele e1&ri#ate &rin &arti"i&ii tre"ute ,au
"ele ter#inate @n +able, +ible: !isible stars, stars !isible, na!igable ri!ers, ri!ers na!igable.
.('8' Apozi2ia #T$e Apo,ition&
.('8'*' 5e+ini2ie' A&o?i!ia e,te un atri2ut e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tnati/ "are e1&li" ,au %e0ine$te
,u2,tanti/ul %e lBng "are ,t3 Ea e,te %e %ou 0eluri: a&o?i!ia ,i#&l $i a&o?i!ia %e?/oltat3
.('8'.' Apozi2ia ,impl1 e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ "are ,&e"i0i" titluri> &ro0e,iuni> nu#iri
geogra0i"e> et"3: +rofessor 6mith, The 6traits of 6over.
Siin% @n ,trBn, legtur "u ,u2,tanti/ul &e lBng "are ,t> a&o?i!ia ,i#&l nu ,e %e,&arte &rin /irgul %e
a"e,ta: >ount 2verest.
.('8'4' "ocul apozi2iei ,imple' A&o?i!ia ,i#&l &oate , &re"ea% ,au , ur#e?e ,u2,tanti/ul: 6octor
Lo=nson, The 6anu$e 8elta, the town of 6u$lin, he ri!er Thames.
.('8'8' Apozi2ia /ez3oltat1 e,te #ai &u!in legat %e ,u2,tanti/ul la "are ,e re0er3 En e1&ri#area oral>
ea ,e "ite$te "u o intona!ie &ro&rie> iar @n li#2a ,"ri, ,e ,e&ar &rin /irgul %e ,u2,tanti/: >r. 6mith, a
friend of hers# !isite# us last week. Il3 S#it-> un &rieten %e al ei> ne.a /i?itat ,&t#Bna tre"ut3
A&o?i!ia %e?/oltat &oate 0i uneori @n,o!it %e un a%/er2 "are ,u2linia? rela!ia %intre a&o?i!ie $i
,u2,tanti/: 8an an# >ary en=oye# watching the animals at the -oo, particularly the monkeys. Lui Ian
$i Mariei le.a &l"ut , ,e uite la ani#alele %e la gr%ina ?oologi"> #ai ale, la #ai#u!e3
.('8'9' A&o?i!ia %e?/oltat e,te a$e?at %u& ,u2,tanti/ul ,au e"-i/alentul a"e,tuia &e lBng "are ,t:
There ha!e been great 9nglish writers, for example "hakespeare. Au e1i,tat #ari ,"riitori engle?i> %e
e1e#&lu S-a=e,&eare3
A&o?i!ia %e?/oltat &oate a&rea $i @naintea ,u2,tanti/ului: A man of fifty# >r. Drown was still !ery
energetic. Un o# %e "in"i?e"i %e ani> %l3 BroVn era totu$i 0oarte energi"3
pag: 00.
.*' Elementele in/epen/ente #In/epen/ent Element,&
.*'*' 5e+ini2ie
Ele#entele in%e&en%ente ,unt "u/inte> gru&uri %e "u/inte ,au &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onate "are nu au legtur
gra#ati"al "u "elelalte &r!i ale &ro&o?i!iei3
.*'.' Cla,i+icare
Ele#entele in%e&en%ente ,unt:
aD interAe"!iile5
2D ,u2,tanti/ele ,au &ronu#ele @n "a?ul /o"ati/> i%enti" "a 0or# "u no#inati/ul5
"D "u/intele $i lo"u!iunile &arenteti"e3
.*'4' Inter@ec2iile
InterAe"!iile nu au rela!ii gra#ati"ale "u "elelalte "u/inte %in &ro&o?i!ie> 0un"!ia lor 0iin% %e a %a o
anu#it "oloratur "o#uni"rii3 Ele &ot e1&ri#a:
aD ,ur&ri?a: MhN
2D ,ati,0a"!ia> re"unoa$terea: 7hN
"D ,ur&ri?a %eo,e2it: <owN
%D %urerea: MuchN MwN etc.
Mh, what a nice presentN 4-> "e "a%ou grgu!! 7h, that3s =ust what % was looking forN 4! e,te e1a"t "eea
"e "uta#3
.*'8' A/re,area /irect1 #Vocati3e&
Nu#ele unor &er,oane ,au titlurile> %enu#irile> &ro0e,iunile> et"3> ro,tite la @n"e&utul ,au ,0Br$itul
"o#uni"rii> 0r legtur gra#ati"al "u "elelalte "u/inte %in &ro&o?i!ie> au rolul %e a atrage aten!ia
&er,oanei re,&e"ti/e: Dob, hurry up N <e are late. Bo2> gr2e$te.te> a# @ntBr?iat ! a!e you got a
minute, >r. Drown @ E#i a"or%a!i un #o#ent> Il3 BroVn \
Not1: Vo"ati/ul &oate 0i 0olo,it $i &entru a e1&ri#a rela!ia %intre /or2itor $i a,"ulttor:
+ 6ir Bi >a#am %enot re,&e"tul 0a! %e &er,oana "reia i ,e 0a"e a%re,area3
Titluri $i nu#e %e &ro0e,iuni: >y ?or#, &our onour, &our 9Acellency> Fri#e Mini,ter> Io"tor ,unt
0olo,ite "a 0or#e %e a%re,are @n ,tilul o0i"ial3
. Iintre /o"ati/ele 0olo,ite @n /or2irea 0a#iliar #en!ion#: #a#4#y$, mum 4my$, my #ear, #arling.
pag: 0/0
.*'9' Cu3intele i locu2iunile parentetice
A"e,tea &ot 0i:
aD %e a0ir#a!ie ,au nega!ie: certainly, surely, really, to be sure, in#ee#, by no means: <e are !ery
happy in#ee#. They really ha!e en=oye# themsel!es. To be sure, we ha!e hear# such promises before.
2D &ro2a2ilitate: perhaps, maybe, as a matter+of+fact, in fact: Perhaps he has left the town.
"D %e legtur "u "o#uni"area anterioar: howe!er, more!er, therefore, ne!ertheless, to begin with, to
conclu#eI
%n the en#, howe!er, they came to an un#erstan#ing. FBn la ur# totu$i> au aAun, la o @n!elegere3
%D "u/inte ,au gru&uri %e "u/inte "u "ara"ter e1&li"ati/: in my opinion, personally, after all, to tell the
truth:
Personally, % #on3t belie!e that. Eu &er,onal> nu "re% a"ea,ta3 %n my opinion, you3!e ma#e a mistake.
Iu& &rerea #ea> ai gre$it3
.*';' "ocul elementelor in/epen/ente 0n propozi2ie
Ele#ente in%e&en%ente &ot o"u&a @n &ro&o?i!ie:
aD &o?i!ia ini!ial: 7s a matter of fact, % was happy % ha# met him. Ie 0a&t> a# 0o,t 0eri"it " l.a#
"uno,"ut3
2D &o?i!ia 0inal: Eome on, boysN C-aiC%eD 2ie!i!
"D &o?i!ia #e%ial: % really like# the show.
..' Or/inea cu3intelor 0n propozi2ie #Bor/ Or/er&
..'(' Generalit12i
4r%inea "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie a 0o,t tratat @n "a&itolele anterioare C"a& (( . +(D @n anali?a 0"ut la
0ie"are &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie3
En "a&itolul ur#tor ,e anali?ea? %in nou or%inea "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie> @n 0un"!ie %e ,"o&ul
"o#uni"rii: &ro&o?i!ii enun!iati/e> interogati/e> i#&erati/e $i e1"la#ati/e3
En "a&itolul %e 0a!> ne intere,ea? &rin"i&iile generale "are gu/ernea? a$e?area "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie
$i unele ,itua!ii ,&e"iale3
..'('*' Stu%ierea or%inii "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie @n li#2a engle? &re?int o i#&ortan! %eo,e2it3 Li#2a
engle? e,te o li#2 ,inteti"> a/Bn% 0oarte &u!ine 0or#e 0le1ionare3
Ie a"eea lo"ul &e "are.l o"u& "u/intele @n &ro&o?i!ie are un rol i#&ortant @n i%enti0i"area 0un"!iilor lor
,inta"ti"e3
pag: 0//
En &ro&o?i!iile ur#toare> %e e1e#&lu> ,u2,tanti/ul #an are a"eea$i ,tru"tur #or0ologi"> 0un"!ia ,a %e
,u2ie"t $i re,&e"ti/ %e "o#&le#ent %ire"t @n &ro&o?i!ie 0iin% i%enti0i"at %oar "u aAutorul &o?i!iei $i al
tran,0or#rii &o,i/e3
aD A"ti/: T9 >7* kille# the tiger.
Fa,i/: The tiger was kille# D& T9 >7*.
Su2,tanti/ul #an e,te ,u2ie"tul &ro&o?i!iei a"ti/e> @n "are o"u& &o?i!ie ini!ial> $i ,u2ie"tul logi" al
&ro&o?i!iei &a,i/e> @n "are are 0un"!ia 0or#al %e "o#&le#ent "ir"un,tan!ial %e agent3
2D A"ti/: T9 T%,9C kille# the man.
Fa,i/: The man was kille# D& T9 T%,C9C.
Su2,tanti/ul #an e,te "o#o&le#entul %ire"t al &ro&o?i!iei a"ti/e> 0iin% a$e?at i#e%iat %u& /er2ul
tran?iti/ $i %e/enin% ,u2ie"tul 0or#al al tran,0or#rii &a,i/e3
..'('.' Stu%ierea or%inii "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ia @n li#2a engle? e,te i#&ortant $i %atorit %i0eren!elor
%intre "ele %ou li#2i3 En li#2a ro#Bn &o?i!ia &r!ilor %e &ro&o?i!ie %i0er %e "ea a "u/intelor engle?e$ti
@n %ou &ri/in!e:
aD li#2a ro#Bn are #ai #ulte 0or#e 0le1ionare %e"Bt li#2a engle? $i %e"i lo"ul "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie
nu e,te atBt %e i#&ortant> iar ,u2ie"tul nu e,te %e o2i"ei e1&ri#at> /er2ul ro#Bne," 0iin% #ar"at 0or#al
&enru &er,oan $i nu#r:
% *9)9C see him there.
Ni"io%at nu.l /% a"olo3
CEuD nu.l /% ni"io%at a"olo3
CEuD Nu.l /% a"olo ni"io%at3
2D unele &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie @n li#2a ro#Bn o"u& %e o2i"ei alte lo"uri %e"Bt &r!ile %e &ro&o?i!ie
"ore,&un?toare %in li#2a engle?:
9)9C&DM8& went to see the film.
C,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at _ "o#&le#enteD
Au #er, to!i , /a% 0il#ul3
C&re%i"at _ ,u2ie"t _ "o#&le#enteD
e speaks 9*,?%6 well.
C,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at _ "o#&l3%ire"t _ "ir"3 %e ti#&D
El /or2e$te 2ine ENGLEZEGTE3
C,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at _ "ir"3%e #o% _ "o#&l3 %ire"tD
% saw him 7T T9 E%*9>7 last night.
C,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at _ "ir"3%e lo" _ "ir"3%e ti#&D
L.a# /?ut a,ear LA CINEMA3
C,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at _ "ir"3%e ti#& _ "ir"3 %e lo"D
..'('4' Or%inea "u/intelor %in li#2a engle? &re?int ur#toarele "ara"teri,ti"i generale:
aD 4r%inea &r!ilor &rin"i&ale %e &ro&o?i!ie e,te:
. ,u2ie"t . &re%i"at> @n &ro&o?i!iile enun!iati/e $i e1"la#ati/e: P9T9C likes algebra. T9& are not rea#y
yet. ow beatiful 69 isN
. &re%i"at . ,u2ie"t> @n &ro&o?i!iile interogati/e: %s 9 an architect @
2D 4r%inea o2i$nuit a "o#&le#entelor @n &ro&o?i!ie e,te:
/er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t h _ "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale C%e #o%D
/er2 tran?iti/ C%e lo"D C%e ti#&D
% rea# the news ;uickly in the #ining+room after #inner.
% walk ;uickly across the park e!ery morning.
pag: 0/0
"D Atri2utul &re"e%e %e o2i"ei &artea %e /or2ire no#inal &e "are o @n,o!e$te: Ml# 8acian implements
were foun# un#er the ruins.
%D S"-i#2area or%inii nor#ale a "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie are %ou "au?e #ari:
. &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie #ai ,"urt tin%e , 0ie a$e?at @naintea "elei #ai lungi C%in #oti/e %e rit#> e"-ili2ru
al &ro&o?i!ieiD: The hostess offere# E7U96 to all the ;uests in the room.
. &artea %e &ro&o?i!ie a,u&ra "reia /or2itorul %ore$te , ne atrag aten!ia e,te a$e?at la @n"e&utul
&ro&o?i!iei> &ro%u"Bn% %e o2i"ei in/er,iune @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at V*M<9C9 was be better recei!e#
than in his nati!e town.
eD In/er,iunea @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at e,te:
. total> "Bn% &re%i"atul e,te e1&ri#at %oar &rin /er2ul no!ional Co 0or# /er2al ,i#&lD: Carely ha#
9 time to wach T).
. &ar!ial> "Bn% &re%i"atul e,te al"tuit %in #ai #ulte "u/inte: /er2 au1iliar / #o%al _ /er2 no!ional Co
0or# /er2al "o#&u,D3
En al %oilea "a?> ,u2ie"tul ,e a$ea? %e regul %u& &ri#ul "u/Bnt %in 0or#a /er2ului au1iliar / #o%al:
ar#ly ha# T9& finishe# their #inner when somebo#y rang at the #oor. *owhere coul# &MH fin# a
better =ob.
0D A$e?area @n &o?i!ia ini!ial C&o?i!ia 9D a &r!ilor %e &ro&o?i!ie "are nu o"u& %e o2i"ei a"e,t lo"> "u
,"o&ul %e a le ,u2linia> nu &ro%u"e @ntot%eauna in/er,iune @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at3 4r%inea ,u2ie"t .
&re%i"at e,te #en!inut:
. %a" ,u2ie"tul e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e: ere 9 comes. 9!erything 9 says is right.
. %a" ele#entul ,u2liniat ,e re0er la "e/a #en!ionat anterior: Telephone numbers % can ne!er
remember. Mn 6un#ay the eAhibition ha# been open for a week.
..'('8' Fo?i!ia %i0eritelor ele#ente ,inta"ti"e @n "a%rul &ro&o?i!iei @n li#2a engle? &oate 0i &re?entat
,"-e#ati" a,t0el:
Fo?i!ie 9 ( + 6 : ; 7 8
Fartea
%e
&ro&o?i!i
e
CCo#&le
#ent
"ir"u#,t
an!ial %e
ti#&/Alt
&arte
%e
/or2ire
&entru
,u2linier
e
Su2i"t C_
atri2uteD
Fre%i"at Co#&le
#ent
%ire"t
Co#&le
#ent
in%ire"t/
Co#&le
#ent
&re&o?i!
ional/El
e#ent
&re%i"at
i/
,u&li#e
ntar
Co#&le
#ent
"ir"u#,t
an!ial %e
#o%
Co#&le
#ent
"ir"u#,
tan!ial
%e lo"
CCo#&l
e#ent
"ir"u#,
tan!ial
%e
ti#&D
E1e#&lu CA0ter
%innerD
S-e ,ai% goo%.
nig-t
to t-e# [ui"=lH in t-e
-all
Ca0ter
%innerD
..'*' eguli pri3itoare la or/inea cu3intelor 0n propozi2ie
(D Su2ie"tul C_ atri2utele ,aleD o"u& lo"ul ( @n &ro&o?i!iile enun!iati/e> &re"e%Bn% &re%i"atul: The man
has left. Mmul a plecat.
+D Su2ie"tul ,au alt ele#ent no#inal %in &ro&o?i!ie Calt nu#eD &oate 0i &re"e%at ,au ur#at %e unul ,au %e
#ai #ulte atri2ute3
6D Su2ie"tul e,te &re"e%at %e atri2ute e1&ri#ate &rin &r!i %e /or2ire 0olo,ite a%Ae"ti/al:
pag: 0/3
aD un a%Ae"ti/ &ro&riu.?i,> un ,u2,ta2ti/> un %e#on,trati/> un nu#eral> un &arti"i&iu et"3: The tall man
left. These books are interesting. This e!ening #ress is !ery beautiful. Three hun#re# people were
present at the ceremony.
2D &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ @n "a?ul geniti/: The profesor3s lectures are !ery interesting.
En "a%rul unui atri2ut "are &re"e%e ,u2ie"tul ,au alt &arte no#inal %e &ro&o?i!ie> ,e &ot "rea
ur#toarele ,itua!ii> %a" atri2utul e,te e1&ri#at &rin %ou ,au #ai #ulte a%Ae"ti/e:
aD Iou a%Ae"ti/e %e a"ela$i 0el ,e a$ea? @n or%inea a%Ae"ti/ #ai ,"urt . a%Ae"ti/ #ai lung: a WH%9T
intelligent boyI a ?M*, boring chapterI the T7??96T an# most talkati!e girl.
2D Iou a%Ae"ti/e ,unt a%e,ea legate &rin an% &entru ,u2liniere: a #ark an# gloomy house, a new an#
useful eAperiment.
"D Iou a%Ae"ti/e %i0erite "a ,en, le1i"al ,e a$ea? @naintea ,u2,tanti/ului @n or%inea general/,u2ie"ti/ .
,&e"i0i"/o2ie"ti/: a *%E9 new !ase, a (%*9 ol# carpet, a PC9TT& re# flower.
%D Se a$ea? i#e%iat @naintea ,u2,tanti/ului a%Ae"ti/ele in%i"Bn%:
"uloarea: a #elicate pink !ase
,tilul: a beatiful gothic buil#ing
na!ionalitatea: a cup of #elicious Ehina tea
#aterialul: a useful platic bag.
0D 4r%inea atri2utelor e1&ri#ate &rin &r!i %e /or2ire %i0erite e,te: &re%eter#inant: all, half, both _
%eter#inant5 the, this, my _ &o,t%eter#inant: or%inal: the first, the secon# _ "ar%inal/"uanti0i"ator: two,
se!eral _ a%Ae"ti/ _ ,u2,tanti/: 7ll the three tall men were teachers.
Fo?i!ia %eter#inan!ilor @n "a%rul gru&ului no#inal:
Gru& No#inal Gru&
Ver2al
Fre%eter#
inant
Ieter#ina
nt
Fo,t%eter
#inant
4r%inal
Car%inal
Cuanti0i"a
tor
Cali0i" Su2,tanti/
<al0 #H
T-e
0ir,t
la,t
tVo Vor=ing
,u##er
%aH
#ont-,
Va, gone3
Vere /erH
-ot3
:D Su2ie"tul C,au alt ele#ent no#inal %in &ro&o?i!ieD e,te ur#at %e atri2ute e1&ri#ate:
aD &rin a%Ae"ti/ele: present, proper, eAtant:
They #ro!e from the suburbs to the city proper. The people present listene# to him attenti!ely.
2D @n "on,tru"!iile 0i1e tran%i!ionale: sum total, time immemorial
"D &rin a%Ae"ti/e 0olo,ite &re%i"ati/: the house abla-e
%D %u& &ronu#e ne-otrBte ter#inate @n +bo#y, +one, +think: There3s nithing unusual in what he says.
eD &rin "on,tru"!ii &re&o?i!ionale C,u2,tanti/ _ FREF4ZI!IED : %3ll show you a picture of my son.
0D &rin "on,tru"!ii in0initi/ale: This is the ;uestion to be settle#.
;D Unele atri2ute &ot a&rea 0ie @nainte> 0ie %u& ,u2,tanti/:
aD a&o?i!ia %e?/oltat: enri Eoan#2, a scientist of worl# renown, was a great lo!er of nature. 7
scientist of worl# renown. enri Eoan#2 was a great lo!er of nature.
pag: 0/1
2D Atri2utele e1&ri#ate &rin a%Ae"ti/e %eri/ate %in /er2e ,au legate %e a"e,tea> "a %e e1e#&lu a%Ae"ti/ele
e1&ri#ate &rin &arti"i&ii ,au a%Ae"ti/ele ter#inate @n +able, +ible &re"e%e nu#ele "Bn% ,e a""entuea?
"ara"terul lor a%Ae"ti/al Ce1&ri#area unei "alit!iD $i ur#ea? nu#ele "Bn% ,e a""entuea? "ara"terul lor
/er2al:
Cara"terul a%Ae"ti/al:
6he is an a#opte# chil#.
Cara"ter /er2al:
The classification a#opte# is !ery simple. 4wich has been a#opte#$
Cara"terul a%Ae"ti/al:
7ll the a!ailable copies were put at our #isposal.
Cara"ter /er2al:
7ll the copies a!ilable were put at our #isposal.
"D Ia" un ,u2,tanti/ e,te @n,o!it %e #ai #ulte a%Ae"ti/e > unele %intre ele @l &re"e%> iar altele @l ur#ea?>
&entru reali?area rit#ului &ro&o?i!iei: Defore him stretche# the !ast forest, #ark, #ense an# mysterious.
7D Fe lo"ul 9 @n &ro&o?i!ie> @naintea ,u2ie"tului C_ atri2utele ,aleD ,e &ot a0la:
aD "o#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#& "are e1&ri# o &erioa% %e0init %e ti#&: last year, in summer,
on >on#ay, yester#ay.
Fo?i!ia ini!ial a "ir"u#,tan!ialului %e ti#& e,te #ai rar 0olo,it %e"Bt &o?i!ia 0inal> %e o2i"ei @n
&ro&o?i!ii lungi> "u #ulte "o#&le#ente: &ester#ay she uneApecte#ly left for 6ucea!a by the morning
plane.
,au "Bn% ,e 0a"e re0erire la "e/a #en!ionat anterior: 7t eight she ha# been waiting for you half an hour.
2D Gi alte &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie &ot o"u&a &o?i!ia 9> &entru ,u2liniere: 6lowly an# carefully he wrote his
name.
8D En anu#ite ,itua!ii ,u2ie"tul o"u& lo"ul + @n &ro&o?i!ie> &rin in/er,iune total "u &re%i"atul Ce1&ri#at
&rin /er2ul 2e ,au -a/e la Fre,ent ,au Fa,t Ten,e: %s 9 at home @ a!e &MH a #og @
,au &rin in/er,iune &ar!ial "u /er2ul au1iliar ,au #o%al "are intr @n al"tuirea &re%i"atului: a!e &MH
met him @ <hat can % #o @
Su2ie"tul o"u& lo"ul + @n &ro&o?i!ie:
aD @n &ro&o?i!ii interogati/e: Eoul# you get me some fruit @
2D "Bn% ,u2ie"tul logi" e,te &re"e%at %e un ,u2ie"t intro%u"ti/ Cit ,au t-ereD: %T is unusual for him to be
so silent. There are beautiful pictures in this book.
"D "Bn% o &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie> @n ,&e"ial "o#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial e1&ri#at &rin a%/er2e negati/e ,au
re,tri"ti/e ,ingure: scarcely, har#ly, sel#om, rarely, little, e!en less, nor, neither, at no time, ne!er,
etc., sau prece#ate #e M*?&: only by chance, only yester#ay, only then, only with #ifficulty, only by
luck e,te a$e?at &e lo"ul 9 &entru ,u2liniere: ?ittle #oes he reali-e how foolish he looks. Mnly by
chance #i# % hear that they ha# returne# from their trip.
*D Fre%i"atul o"u& %e o2i"ei lo"ul + @n &ro&o?i!ie> %u& ,u2ie"t: e came later.
Fre%i"atul ,au o &arte a &re%i"atului &oate o"u&a lo"ul ( @n &ro&o?i!ie> &rin in/er,iune total ,au &ar!ial
"u ,u2ie"tul> @n ,itua!iile enu#erate la &un"tul 83
)D Fre%i"atul &oate 0i &re"e%at %e anu#ite "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale Cne!er, often, har#lyD $i e,te
ur#at %a" e,te tran?iti/> %e "o#&l%e#entul %ire"t> iar %a" e,te intran?iti/> %e "o#&le#ente
"ir"u#,tan!iale3 @n or%inea: #o%> lo"> ti#&: <e often swim in the sea. <e ha# great fun at the party last
night.
pag: 0/5
(9D Fre%i"atul e,te %e o2i"ei &re"e%at %e "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale e1&ri#ate &rin:
. a#!erbe #e frec!en52 ne#efinit2: often, always, usually, ne!er, rarely, sel#om, sometimes.
. a%/er2e re,tri"ti/e: har#ly, scarcely, only.
A"e,te a%/er2e &re"e% &re%i"atul e1&ri#at &rintr.o 0or# /er2al ,i#&l: They rarely ha!e !isitors. ,au
/er2ul no!ional "are intr @n al"tuirea &re%i"atului @#&reun "u un /er2 au1iliar ,au #o%al: e has
M(T9* lent me his pen. &ou can 7C8?& eAcuse yourself for this reason.
Ver2ul 2e e,te ur#at %e a"e,te a%/er2e la 0or#ele ,i#&le CFre,ent> Fa,tD: e is M(T9* ill3 $i &re"e%at
%e ele la 0or#ele "o#&u,e: e has M(T9* been ill.
Fentru ,u2liniere> a"e,te a%/er2e &ot 0i a$e?ate la @n"e&utul ,au ,0Br$itul &ro&o?i!iei> "u ,au 0r
in/er,iune @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at: Mften #i they go for long walks when they were young. They to go
for long walksI often they walks as far as fi!e miles e!ery #ay. They !isit their frien#s !ery often.
((D Ver2ul tran?iti/ e,te ur#at %e gru&ul "o#&le#entelor C%ire"t> in%ire"t> &re&o?i!ionalD> @n #o%ul
ur#tor:
aD Un ,ingur "o#&le#ent %ire"t ,e a$ea? i#e%iat %u& /er2: %3!e left my notebook at home.
Aten2ie G Ia" /er2ul tran?iti/ e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un /er2 "u &arti"ul a%/er2ial> "o#&le#entul %ire"t
,e a$ea?:
(D %u& &arti"ula a%/er2ila> %a" el e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,ingur ,au "u o "o#&linire
a%/er2ial> %a" el e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/ ,ingur ,au "u o "o#&linire> ,au &rintr.un &ronu#e
#ai lung: Put on your glo!es. Put on the glo!es % bought you yester#ay. Pack up e!erything.
+D @ntre /er2 $i &arti"ula a%/er2ial: &o?i!ie o2ligatorie %a" "o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un
&ronu#e: Put it on> ,au /ariant la (D %a" "o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/: Put
your glo!es on.
2D Iou "o#&le#ente %ire"te ,e a$ea? %u& /er2 @n or%inea: "o#&le#ent %ire"t al &er,oanei>
"o#&le#ent %ire"t al o2ie"tului: e teaches T9 E%?8C9* mathematics.
"D Un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul in%ire"t ,e a$ea? @n or%inea:
(D "o#&le#ent %ire"t _ in%ire"t> a"ea,t or%ine 0iin% uneori 0olo,it &entru ,u2linierea "o#&le#entului
in%ire"t: % ga!e T9 *MT9 to your #eskmate.
Aten2ie G A"ea,t or%ine e,te re"o#an%at:
. "Bn% a#2ele "o#&le#ente ,unt e1&ri#ate &rin &ronu#e: % ga!e it to him.
. %u& /er2e ur#ate o2ligatoriu %e &re&o?i!ia to: % eAplaine# the lesson to them.
. "Bn% "o#&le#entul in%ire"t e,te #ai lung %e"Bt "el %ire"t: % ga!e the note to your #eskmate.
+D 4 alt &o,i2ilitate e,te: /er2 tran?iti/ _ "o#&le#ent in%ire"t 0r to ,au 0or _ "o#&le#ent %ire"t> "are
e,te or%inea nor#al> neutr: % ga!e him &MHC *MT9.
%D Un "o#&le#ent %ire"t $i unul &re&o?i!ional ,e a$ea? @n or%ine: They compare# T9 (%?> with the
no!el.
pag: 0/6
eD Co#&le#entul %ire"t e,te %e a,e#enea ur#at %e ele#entul &re%i"ati/ ,u&li#entar: They foun# T9
P?7E9 a prosperous !illage.
(+3 Un /er2 intran?iti/ e,te ur#at %e "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale @n or%inea: #o%> lo"> ti#&: e waite#
;uietly in the for an hour.
(6D Co#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e #o% ,unt a$e?at i#e%iat %u& /er2ul intran?iti/ ,au %u& /er2ul
tran?iti/ $i "o#&le#entele ,ale: e smile# prou#ly. he co!ere# the tube carefully.
E-cep2iiF
aD Cir"u#,tan!ialul %e lo" ,e &oate uneori a$ea?a @naintea "elui %e #o%> %u& un /er2 intran?iti/
e1&rBn%u.$i "alea> &entru a.i "o#&leta ,en,ul: 6he walke# to school in a hurry yester#ay. %3ll go to the
cinema by bus.
2D Cir"u#,tantialul %e lo" ,e &oate a$e?a @naintea "o#&le#entului %ire"t> %u& un /er2 tran?iti/> "Bn%
"o#&le#entul %ire"t e,te ur#at %e o "on,tr"u!ie &re&o?i!ional ,au o &ro&o?i!ie ,u2or%onat: % met
there a boy who preten#e# to be a frien# of yours.
"D Co#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo" ,e &oate a$e?a la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei 0ie &entru ,u2liniere> 0ie
&entru e"-ili2rul &ro&o?i!iei3 A"ea,t a$e?are &ro%u"e in/er,iune @ntre ,u2ie"t $i &re%i"at> %a" ,u2ie"tul
e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/: Mff goes your trainN ?ower an# lower ben# the ol# man o!er the sick
chil#.
4r%inea ,u2ie"t &re%i"at r#Bne ne,"-i#2at %a" ,u2ie"tul e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un &ronu#e: Mff he
goes N ?ower an# lowe he ben#.
Iou ,au #ai #ulte "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e lo" ,e a$ea? %e la "el #ai ,&e"i0i" la "el #ai
general: e li!es et 55, (ranklin 6treet Ducharest. % met my frien#s in a little !ilage on the Dlack 6ea
Eoast.
Ia" @n &ro&o?i!ie a&ar %ou a%/er2e: unul %e lo" $i altul %e %ire"!ie a%/er2ul %e lo" ,e a$ea? %u& "el
%e %ire"!ie: the hourse =umpe# o!er the fence 4#irec5ie$ in the gar#en Clo"D ,au la @n"e&utul &ro&o?i!iei:
%n the gar#en the hourse =umpe# o!er the fence.
pag: 0/7

(;D Co#&le#entele "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& "are o"u& &o?i!ia 0inal @n &ro&o?i!ie ,unt "ele "are in%i":
. #o#entul a"!iunii: yester#ay, at 5 o3clock, two #ays agoI
. %urata a"e,tuia: three weeks, four agesI
. 0re"/en!a %e0init: once in a while, from time to timeI
E-cep2iiF
aD un "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#& ,"urt ,e a$ea? uneori @naintea &re%i"atului ,au a /er2ului
no!ional %in ,tru"tura ,a: you 4 can$ now see that you were wrong. %3ll soon fin# out the truth.
2D un "o#&le#ent "ir"u#,tan!ial %e ti#& ,e &oate a$e?a @naintea unui "ir"u#,tan!ial %e lo"> %a" e,te
#ai ,"urt %e"Bt a"e,ta: % saw them yarlier in front of the school.
Sau %a" e1&ri# %urata: % staye# for two weeks at the seasi#e.
Mai #ulte "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& e1&ri#Bn% #o#entul a"!iunii ,e a$ea? %e la #o#entul
#ai &re"i, %e %eter#inat la "el #ai general: <e Va, 2orne at 63(+ in t-e a0ternoon on Augu,t +)t->
()7*3
Mai #ulte "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e ti#& %i0erite ,e a$ea? @n or%inea: %urat . 0re"/en! .
#o#ent: % went to the seasi#e for two weeks e!ery summer #uring my chil#hoo#.
EOECI6E6
%. 6chimba5i or#inea complementelor. (olosi5i prepo-i5ia to sau for Fnaintea complementului in#irect.
9Aemplu: 6how us the album. 6how the album to us.
(3 Flea,e> &a,, #e t-e ,al3 +3 S-e 2oug-t -er ,on ,o#e toH,3 63 Tell t-e "-il%ren t-i, 0unnH ,torH3 :3 <e
%i%nQt 0orget to 2uH -i, ,i,ter a ti"=et3 ;3 Mot-er ga/e u, ,o#e gra&e,3 73 Flea,e> ,en% Hour &arent, #H
regar%,3 83 Set"- #e a gla,, o0 Vater3 *3 <e o00ere% e/erHone 0loVer,3
%%. Xnlocui5i complementele in#irecte #in coloana nr./ cu complemente in#irecte potri!ite ca sens #in
coloana nr.0 .(ace5i schimb2rile necesare.
( +
(3 I &ro#i,e% t-e# a %i"tionarH3 T-e el%erlH la%H3
+3 Uillia# -an%e% -er ,o#e &i"ture,3 all V-o -a% "o#e3
63 T-eH tol% u, t-e neV,3 t-e Vo#an ,itting ne1t to -i#3
:3 S-e ,-oVe% Mi,, Ienter t-e al2u# e/erH2o%H in t-e 2all3
;3 I -a/e Vritten Jo-n a letter3 -er> not to -i#
73 An%reV oVe, BettH ,o#e #onaH3 -i#> not to -er3
%%%. Tra#uce5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii Fn limba engle-2:
(3 Ie,"rie.ne &ei,aAul3 +3 Te rog %i"te?.#i tra%u"erea "u/intelor noi3 63 Co#uni".le /e,tea gro?a/3 :3
I.a# "u#&rat ,o!ului #eu o "ra/at 0oarte %rgu!3 ;3 Me%alia %e aur a 0o,t a"or%at ,&orti/ei ro#Bne
&entru &er0or#an!a ei e1traor%inar3 73 Nu e,te ne/oie ,.#i @na&oie?i "artea3 `i.o 0a" "a%ou3
%). Eompleta5i spa5iile libere cu prepo-i5iile care lipsesc pentru a forma complemente prepo-i5ionale:
(3 S-e ne/er ,&ea=,333 t-i, ,u2Ae"t3 +3 S-e Vaite%3333 Hou 0or -al0 an -our3 63 <e ,till %e&en%,3333 -i,
&arent,3 :3 Io Hou agree3333 #e\ ;3 T-e 2oH in,i,te% 333 %oing it -i#,el03 73 Flea,e> loo=333t-e 2oo= IM/e
2oug-t3
). Transforma5i propo-i5iile urm2toare pentru a folosi !erbele #in parante-2, !erbe urmate #e elemete
pre#icati!e suplimentare:
E1e#&lu:
T-e 2e,t ,&ea=er Va, t-eir re&re,entati/e3 C#a=eD
T-eH #a%e t-e 2e,t ,&ea=er t-eir re&re,entati/e3
(3 T-e Vi,e,t #an Va, t-eir &re,i%ent3 C"-oo,eD +3 T-e 2oH Va, gi/en t-e na#e o0 Uillia#3 C"allD 63 Mr
U-ite Va, t-eir %ire"tor3 Ca&&ointD :3 S-e Va, t-e Vinner3 C&ro"lai#D3 ;3 <e Va, t-e "o##an%er o0 t-e
ar#H C%e"lareD3 73 Ri"-ar% Va, t-eir ,e"retarH3 Cele"tD
)%. (olosi5i prepo-i5ia to Fnaintea infinti!ului acolo un#e este ca-ul, Fn construc5iile 7cu-ati! cu
infiniti! sau *ominati! cu infiniti!:
(3 <e i, ,ai% C2eD t-e 2e,t 0oot2all &laHer o0 t-e national tea#3 +3 Ii% Hou ,ee -er C&laHD t-i, &art\ 63
T-eH e1&e"te% u, C"o#eD on Sun%aH3 :3 I noti"e% -i# Clea/eD t-e -ou,e3 ;3 I "on,i%ere% -er C2eD #H 2e,t
0rien%3 73 Ue -a/e o0ten -ear% -i# C,&ea=D li=e t-i,3 83 T-e tea"-er Vante% t-e &u&il, Cli,tenD to -i,
e1&lanation3 *3 I 0elt -i# C#o/eD in t-e roo#3 )3 Ue ,aV -i# Clea/eD t-e 2uil%ing3 (93 <e i, "on,i%ere%
C2eD a great ,"ienti"i,t3
)%%. Transfera5i construc5iile 7cu-ati! cu infiniti! Fn construc5ii *ominati! cu infiniti!.
E1e#&lu: T-eH =neV -i# to 2e a goo% %o"tor3
<e Va, =noVn to 2e a goo% %o"tor3
(3 Ue e1&e"te% -er to ,&ea= 0ir,t3 +3 T-eH t-oug-t -i# to 2e gi0te% in &ainting3 63 I -ear% -i# V-i,tle3 :3
Ue a%/i,e% -i# to ta=e it ea,H3 ;3 T-eH tol% u, to Vait3 73 T-e tea"-er a,=e% -i# to e1&lain t-e rule3 83
Ue ,aV -i# lea/e t-e roo#3 *3 Ue "on,i%er -i, #et-o%, to 2e /erH intere,ting3
)%%%. Pune5i complementele circumstan5iale #in parante-e la locul potri!it Fn propo-i5ie:
(3 I a# Vor=ing on #H gra%uation &roAe"t CnoVD3 +3 <e -a, -a% -i, %inner Calrea%HD3 63 T-e,e 0loVer,
groV Cra&i%lH> in %ar= &la"e,3D3 :3 T-e la,t le,,on Va, %i00i"ult Cunu,uallHD5 t-i, one i, ea,H Cenoug-D3 ;3 I
-a/e 2elie/e% t-e# Cne/erD3 73 <i, 2e-a/iour "annot 2e e1&laine% CentirelHD3
83 4ur tea"-er ,&ea=, Engli,- C/erH VellD3 <e ,&ea=, Engli,- Cin t-e "la,,roo#> alVaH,D3 *3 T-at aut-or
%oe,n!t Vrite true ,torie, Ca"tuallHD3 )3 Tou "an e1"u,e Hour,el0 0or t-at rea,on C-ar%lHD3 (93 <e "o#e,
C,o#eti#e,> on Satur%aH> to #H &la"eD3 ((3 <e goe, to t-e t-e ,ea,i%e Cu,uallH> in JulHD3 (+3 Loo= at
t-o,e ,enten"e, Ctonig-tD3
%Y. Pune5i atributele #in parante-2 la locul potri!it Fn propo-i5ie:
(3 Ue -a% a long tal= Vit- ,o#e2o%H CintelligentD3 + T-at "-il% i, #H ,on C0air.-aire%D3 63 I "anMt 2elie/e
t-at ,torH Clong> o0 Hour 0rien%D3 :3 T-ere are &lentH o0 ,ig-t, in toVn C-i,tori"al o0 Bra$o/D3 ;3 <e i, a
#an C-an%,,o#e> Vit- ,trong 0eature,3D3 73 <a/e Hou ,een t-e in,"ri&tion Col%e,t> e1tantD\ 83 Ue 2oug-t
,o#e Vine C%rH> re%> ine1&en,i/eD3 *3 S-e Va, loo=ing at ValleH CVi%e> 2eauti0ul> greenD
pag: 0/.
Y. 6ublinia5i apo-i5iile:
(3 Tou loo= tire%> Aunt MarH3 +3 <a/e Hou rea% C-a/H C-a,e> t-e ol%e,t -i,tori"al Engli,- 2alla%\3 63
Fro0e,,or Jone, Vill le"ture on #o%ern art3 :3 Te,ter%aH I #et t-e S#it-e> t-e 0rien%, o0 #H Hout-3 ;3
Io Hou =noV t-e ol% ,aHing LSir,t "o#e> 0ir,t ,er/e%L\3 73 Ue a%#ire% t-e e1-i2it,> e,&e"iallHt-e
national "o,tu#e,83 Lon%on i, "ro,,e% 2H t-e ri/er T-a#e,3 *3 T-ere Va, onlH one "arriage in t-e
/illage an% t-at Va, ol% To#M, t-e 2a=er3
Y%. Tra#uce5i Fn limba engle-2:
Ro$u G-eorg-e e,te ,ol%atul "el #ai #i"> nu nu#ai %in gru&a ,au %in &lutonul lui> "i %in @ntreaga
"o#&anie3 Era atBt %e #i"> @n"Bt a2ia reu$i,e la re"rutare , nu 0ie re0or#at3 Ie 0a&t la @n"e&ut @l $i
re0or#a,er> %u& "e #ai @ntBi 0u,e,e a#Bnat %e %ou ori @n %oi ani $i %a" @n ,atul lui a"e,t lu"ru n.ar 0i
0o,t ,o"otit %re&t o %ao/a% %e0initi/ %e in0ir#itate> Ro$u G-eorg-e ar 0i &utut , ia i#e%iat trenul %e la
"entrul %e re"rutare $i , &le"e @n a"eeia$i ?i a"a,3 En a"eea$i ?i @n,> tot ,atul ar 0i $tiut " nu e 2un %e
ar#at> $i @n &ri#ul rBn% 0etele33 Era originar %e &rin Banat3 A$a ,e 0a"e "> %Bn%u.,e Ao, %e &e "Bntarul
#e%i"al> Ro$u G-eorg-e nu ie$i,e %in ,al> "i ,e retr,e,e #ai @n"olo> t"ut $i tri,t> @ntBr?iin% "Bt &utu,e
%e #ult @n ti#&ul @#2r"atului3 Cu o"-iul lui &Bn%itor %e 2n!ean lini$tit o2,er/a,e @n, " ni#eni nu era
tent la el3 Gi atun"i ,e a#e,te"a,e "u "eilal!i "are /eneau la rBn%> ,e %eH2r"a,e $i ,e &re?enta$e iar @n 0a!a
"o#i,iei3
CMarin Fre%a . Sol%atul "e #ititelD
.4' !elurile propozi2iilor #Rin/, o+ 6entence&
.4'(' Cla,i+icare
Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al ,"o&ului "o#uni"rii> &ro&o?i!iile &ot 0i @#&r!ite @n &atru "la,e #ari: enun!iati/e>
interogati/e> i#&$erati/e $i e1"la#ati/e3 Sie"are "la, &re?int anu#ite "ara"teri,ti"i @n "eea "e &ri/e$te
intona!ia> &un"tua!ia> to&i"a et"3> ne"e,are &entru e1&ri#area "on!inutului ei ,&e"i0i"3
.4'*' Propozi2ia enun2iati31 #5eclarati3e 6entence, 6tatement&
Fro&o?i!ia enun!iati/ e,te utili?at &entru tran,#iterea unei in0or#a!ii3 A"ea,ta &oate 0i:
aD a0ir#ati/: e speaks 9nglish well. CElD Vor2e$te 2ine engle?e$te3
2D negati/: e #oesn3t speak 9nglish well. El nu /or2e$te 2ine engle?e$te3
Intona!ia &ro&o?i!iilor enun!iati/e e,te %e,"en%ent: % went to two yester#ay. M.a# %u, @n ora$ ieri3
pag: 000
Or/inea propozi2iilor 0n propozi2ia enun2iati31
En &ro&o?i!iile enun!iati/e> ,u2ie"te e,te %e o2i"ei e1&ri#at $i &re"e%e &re%i"atul3 4r%inea "u/intelor e,te
a,t0el: Catri2ut _D ,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at C_ "o#&le#ent %ire"tD C_ "o#&le#ente "ir"u#,tan!iale %e #o%> lo">
ti#&D: ?ittle Tommy learne# a poem at school yester#ay.
.4'.' Propozi2ia negati31 #T$e Negati3e 6entence&
.4'.'*' E1&ri#area nega!iei @n li#2a engle? &re?int unele %eo,e2iri 0a! %e li#2a ro#Bn> ne"e,itBn%
un ,tu%iu atent3
E1&ri#area nega!iei @n li#2a engle? ,e 0a"e %e regul "u aAutorul unui ,ingur "u/Bnt %e negare> ,&re
%eo,e2ire %e li#2a ro#Bn: % #i#n3t say anything to anybo#y. Nu a# ,&u, ni#i" la ni#eni3
.4'.'.' 4 &ro&o?i!ie &oate "on!ine %ou nega!ii %oar %a" a"e,tea ,e re0er la %ou &r!i %i0erite ale
&ro&o?i!ei: % #i#n3t tell him not to phone. Nu i.a# ,&u, , nu tele0one?e3
Not1F Fro&o?i!ii "a: e ainQt got nothing. El nu are ni#i"> "are ,e &ot @ntBlni @n unele o&ere literare>
"Bnte"e ,au 0il#e ,unt 0or#e in"ore"te %in &un"t %e /e%ere gra#ati"al> "ara"teri,ti"e /or2irii ne"ulti/ate
,au "Bnte"elor &o&ulare3
.4'.'4' E-primarea ,en,ului negati3 al unei &ro&o?i!ii ,e &oate 0a"e &rin:
AD negarea /er2ului5 BD negarea altei &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie3
AD Negarea /er2ului:
aD Ver2ele 2e $i -a/e "a /er2e no!ionale> /er2ele #o%ale %e0e"ti/e $i /er2ele no!ionale la ti#&uri
"o#&u,e 0or#ea? negati/ul &rin a%ugarea nega!iei not %u& &ri#ul au1iliar / #o%al: e is *MT an
engineer. % ha!e *MT a new bucycle. e can*MT swim. % ha!e *MT spoken 9nglish to#ay. e shoul#
*MT ha!e #one this.
Not1F Ia" un /er2 e,te ur#at %e un ,u2,tanti/> ,e &oate 0olo,i no> e"-i/alentul lui not anH: % ha!e no
time. Nu a# ti#&3 There are no chil#ren in playgroun#. Nu e ni"i un "o&il &e terenul %e Ao"3
En /or2ire> nega!ia not e,te "ontra, @n nQt "are ,e ,"rie @ntr.un "u/Bnt "u /er2ul: e isn3t an engineer. %
ha!en3t bicycle.
E1&ri#area "on,tra, a nega!iei ,e #ai &oate 0a"e $i &rin "ontragerea /er2ului au1iliar> a"olo un%e e,te
&o,i2il: e isn3t here K e3s not here. They aren3t working K They3re not working. They ha!en3t rea#
the book K They3!e not rea# the book. e won3t come K e3ll not come. 6he woul#n3t speak K 6he3#
not speak.
2D Fentru 0or#area negati/ului la ti#&urile Fre,ent Si#&le $i Fa,t Si#&le C"are nu "on!in au1iliare @n
0or#a lorD> ,e 0olo,e$te /er2ul au1iliar %o &entru &re?ent $i 0or#a %e Fa,t Ten,e> %i%> &entru Fa,t Ten,e3
Au1iliarul #o"#i# _ nega!ia not ,e a$ea? @ntre ,u2ie"t $i /er2> "are e,te la in0initi/ul ,"urt: % #o not know
him. % #i# not see them.
La &er,oana a III.a ,ingular &re?ent> au1iliarul &ri#e$te .e,> luBn% 0or#a %oe,: e #oes not like
grapefruit.
Aten2ie G (3 Ver2ul au1iliar %o e,te ne"e,ar &entru 0or#area negati/ului la &re?ent $i Fa,t Ten,e $i @n
"a?ul /er2ului no!ional %o O a 0a"e:
e #i#n3t #o anything yester#ay. N.a 0"ut ni#i" ieri3
pag: 00/
+3 Ver2ul -a/e &oate 0or#a negati/ul $i "u aAutorul lui %o: % #on3t ha!e enough money. e #i#n3t ha!e
any frien#s in this town.
En /or2ire> nega!ia not e,te %e o2i"ei "ontra,: % #on3t know him. % #i#n3t see them. e #oesn3t like
grapefruit.
!orma negati31 a 3erbelor
Ver2 4r%inea "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie
Su2ie"t
Ver2 au13/
#o%al
Nu#e Fre%i"ati/
not Ver2 no!ional/
C_alte &r!i %e
&ro&3D
( + 6 : ;
2e> -a/e la
Fre,ent> Fa,t
Ten,e
I a#
Va, N4T
a tea"-er3
<e -a, a 2i"H"le3
-a%
Ver2 no!ional
la a,&e"tul Ue
are
Vere N4T
rea%ing3
"ontinuu Vill 2e rea%ing3
Ver2 no!ional
<e i,
Va,
un%er,too%3
la %iate?a
&a,i/
Tou are
Vere
N4T 2eing 0olloVe%3
T-eH -a/e
-a%
2een ,-oV t-e
#u,eu#3
Ver2 no!ional <e -a, "o#e3
la ti#&uri
&er0e"te
T-eH -a% 0ini,-e% 2H
t-en3
T-eH Vill N4T -a/e arri/e%
Het3
MarH Voul% -a/e %one t-i,3
Ver2 no!ional I %o
la Fre,ent> Fa,t
Ten,e
Si#&le%i%
<e %oe, N4T li=e #il=3
T-eH
Ver2 no!ional
_ /er2 #o%al
Tou #u,t
N4T
,Vi#3
,-oul% -a/e %one t-i,3
pag: 000
BD Cara"terul negati/ al unei &ro&o?i!ii &oate 0i e1&ri#at $i &rin negarea altor &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie:
. ,u2ie"tul: *obo#y came here yester#ay.
. nu#ele &re%i"ati/: e is nothing to me.
. "o#&le#entul C%ire"t> in%ire"t> &re&o?i!ionalD: % saw nothing there. % spoke to nobo#y about this.
. "o#&le#entul "ir"u#,tan!ial: e is nowhere to be foun#.
Fentru negarea a"e,tor &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ii ,e &ot utili?a &ronu#e> a%Ae"ti/e ,au a%/er2e negati/e "a: ni
ConeD> none> neit-er# not-ing> noV-ere> ne/er et"3: *one of them knew the answer. Ni"i unul %intre ei
C#ai #ul!i %e %oiD nu $tia r,&un,ul3 *either of them knew the answer. Ni"iunul C%in "ei %oiD nu $tia
r,&un,ul3
Unele %intre a"e,te #iAloa"e %e e1&ri#are a nega!iei au "Bte un "ore,&on%ent: any 4one$ either,
anything, anywhere, e!er et"3 "are e,te 0olo,it "Bn% /er2ul e,te la 0or#a negati/: % #i#n3t know
anything K % knew nothing.
Ele &ot 0i 0olo,ite "a ori"e &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie> @n a0ar %e ,u2ie"t ,au &arte %in ,u2ie"t: % coul#n3t see
anything in the #ark.
%ar: *othing coul# be seen in the #ark.
En #aAoritatea "a?urilor "u/intele negati/e au e"-i/alente @n &ro&o?i!iile a0ir#ati/e:
A0ir#ati/
% met 6M>9 frin#s of mine.
A# @ntBlnit ni$te &rieteni %e.ai #ei3
%3!e rea# about this 6M>9<9C9.
Negati/
% #i#n3t meet 7*& frien#s of mine.
N.a# @ntBlnit ni"i un &rieten %e.al #eu3
% ha!en3t rea# about this any where
A# "itit un%e/a %e,&re a,ta3
Alteori @n, ,e 0olo,e," "u/inte %i0erite:
Afirmativ
They3!e eaten alrea#y.
Au #Bn"at %eAa3
e is still sleeping.
Ioar#e @n"3
e sometimes phones me.
E#i tele0onea? uneori3
They rea# too many books.
Ei "ite," &rea #ulte "r!i3
>ary is coming , too.
Vine $i Maria3
1egativ
They ha!en3t eaten yet.
N.au #Bn"at @n"3
e isn3t sleeping any longer.
Nu #ai %oar#e3
e ne!er"sel#om phones me.
Nu.#i tele0onea? ni"io%a"/Rar @#i
tele0onea?3
They #on3t rea# !ery many books.
Ei nu "ite," &rea #ulte "r!i3
>ary isn3t coming euther.
Nu /ine ni"i Maria3
A%Ae"ti/ele little Bi few $i a%/er2ele only, sel#om, rarely, har#ly, scarcely, barely o"u& un lo" ,&e"ial3
Ele ,unt "u/inte "u ,en, negati/> %e$i 0or#a lor nu arat a"ea,ta3 En "on,e"in!> &ro&o?i!iile "are nu
"on!in a,e#enea "u/inte nu &ot a/ea un &re%i"at negati/ $i ,e "on,truie," "u any $i "o#&u$ii ,i: e
sel#om speaks to anyone. Arareori /or2e$te "u "ine/a3 (ew people know anything about him. Fu!ini
oa#eni $tiu "e/a %e,&re el3
pah: 003
.4'.'8' 6ublinierea caracterului negati3 al unei &r!i %e &ro&o?i!ie ,e 0a"e &rin a$e?area ei @n &o?i!ie
ini!ial3
Cu /er2ele be, ha!e, a"ea,ta atrage %u& ,ine in/er,iunea total ,u2ie"t.&re%i"at: *9)9C has he in
time. Ni"io%at nu era &un"tual3
Cu /er2ele no!ionale are lo" in/er,iunea &ar!ial ,u2ie"t . /er2 au1iliar/#o%al: 7C8?& coul# he talk
about that sub=ect. Cu greu /or2ea %e,&re a"el ,u2ie"t3
Ia" /er2ul e,te la Fre,ent ,au Fa,t Si#&le> ,e a%aug au1iliarul %o/%oe, re,&e"ti/ 0or#a Fa,t Ten,e
%i%:
*9)9C #oes he listen to anyone. Ni"io%at nu a,"ult %e ni#eni3 *MT 7 ,M7? #i# their goalkeeper
miss. Nu i.a ,"&at ni"i o #inge &ortarului lor3
.4'.'9' Negarea unei propozi2ii 0ntregi ,e reali?ea? "u aAutorul a%/er2ului no ,a not: 8o you like
him @ *o.
A%/er2ul negati/ no e,te %e o2i"ei @n,o!it %e un ,u2ie"t e1&ri#at &rin &ronu#e > %e au1iliarul /er2ului
%in &ri#a &ro&o?i!ie $i nega!ia "ontra, .nQt: a!e you seen Tom @ *o, % ha!en3t.
A%/er2ul not e,te 0olo,it %u& "Bte/a /er2e &rin"i&ale Ct-in=> -o&e> e1&e"tD la ti#&ul Fre,ent ,au Fa,t
Si#&le> &entru a nega o &ro&o?i!ie @ntreag: 8o you think it will rain @ % hope not. " % think not. Cre?i "
o , &lou \ Cre% " nu / S&er " nu3
Not1F (3 A"or%ul unei &er,oane "u o &ro&o?i!ie negati/ ,e e1&ri# @n li#2a engle? "u aAutorul
a%/er2nului negati/ no $i a unui r,&un, ,"urt C,&re %eo,e2ire %e li#2a ro#Bn un%e ,e 0olo,e$te %a3D
This is not a suitable #ress for you. *o it isnQt. Nu e,te o ro"-ie &otri/it &entru tine3 Ia nu e,te3
+3 Solo,irea lui yes @n li#2a engle? @n,ea#n %i#&otri/ e1&ri#area unui %e?a"or%: This is not a
suitable #ress for you. &es, it is. Nu e,te o ro"-ie &otri/it &entru tine3 Ba %a> e,te3
63 Tot &entru e1&ri#area a"or%ului "u o &ro&o?i!ie negati/ ,e &ot 0olo,i $i "onAun"!iile neit-er/nor @n
&o?i!ie ini!ial> ur#ate %e un /er2 a0ir#ati/_,u2ie"t ,au either"or @n &o?i!ie 0inal> &re"e%ate %e un /er2
negati/: %Qm not goo# at gar#ening. *either4*or$ am %" %Qm not neither .. Nu # &ri"e& la gr%inrit3
Ni"i eu3
:3 A"or%ul /or2itorului "u un enun! a0ir#ati/ ,e 0a"e "u aAutorul a%/er2ului too a$e?at la ,0Br$itul
&ro&o?i!iei> ,au ,o> @n &o?i!ie ini!ial C_in/er,iuneD
% like 9nglish. % #o, too. 46o #o %$. E#i &la"e engle?a3 Gi #ie3
.4'4' Propozi2ia interogati31 #T$e Interrogati3e 6entence&
Fro&o?i!ia interogati/ e,te 0olo,it &entru a "ere o in0or#a!ie %e la interlo"utor3 Con!inutul interogati/
al &ro&o?i!iei e,te e1&ri#at %e regul &rin 0or#a interogati/ a /er2ului3
pag: 001
.4'4'*' Interogati3ul 3erbelor ,e 0or#ea?:
aD &rin in/er,iune ,u2ie"t.&re%i"at @n "a?ul /er2elor 2e $i -a/e 0olo,ite "a /er2e no!ionale> la Fre,ent ,au
Fa,t Ten,e: <as he at home @ Era a"a, \ as she a new uniform @ Are o uni0or# nou \
2D &rin in/er,iune ,u2ie"t./er2 au1iliar/#o%al @n "a?ul /er2elor #o%ale %e0e"ti/e $i al ti#&urilor /er2ale
"o#&u,e: <%?? T9& ha!e ari!e# by now @ Vor 0i ,o,it %eAa \ E7* 9 come at fi!e @ Foate /eni la
ora "in"i \
"D &rin in/er,iune ,u2ie"t . /er2 au1iliar %o / %i% la ti#&ul Fre,ent Si#&le> re,&e"ti/ Fa,t Si#&le al
/er2elor &rin"i&ale: 8M &MH un#erstan# me now @ M @n!elegi a"u# \ 8%8 T9& un#erstan# me
yester#ay @ M.au @n!ele, ei ieri \
La &er,ona a III.a ,ingular &re?ent> au1iliarul %o a%aug .e,: 8M96 the postman come e!ery #ay @ Vine
&o$ta$ul @n 0ie"are ?i \
Sor#a interogati/ a /er2elor
4r%inea "u/intelor @n &ro&o?i!ie
Ver2 Ver2
au1iliar/#o%al
Su2ie"t Ver2 no!ional Alte &r!i %e
&ro&o?i!ie
( + 6 : ;
2e> -a/e> la
Fre,ent Fa,t
Ten,e
Are
Uere
Hou in t-e
"la,,roo#\
<a/e
<a%
Hou a %i"tionarH\
Ver2 no!ional
la a,&e"tul
"ontinuu :
Fre,ent
Continuou,
Are t-eH rea%ing\ noV\
Fa,t
Continuou,
Uere t-eH rea%ing\ at t-i, ti#e
He,ter%aH\
Fre,ent Fer0e"t
Continuou,
<a/e t-eH 2een li/ing in Ie/a 0or a
long ti#e\
Suture Fer0e"t Uill t-eH -a/e 2een all %aH\
Continuou, &laHing
Ver2 no!ional
la %iate?a
&a,i/:
Fre,ent I,
Are
e/erHt-ing
t-e "lot-e,
&re&are%\
2eing Va,-e%
Fa,t Ua,
Uere
A#eri"a
t-e "la,,roo#,
%i,"o/ere%
2eing "leane%
2H Colu#2u,\
V-en Hou
"a#e\
Fre,ent Fer0e"t <a/e t-e /i,itor, 2een ,-oVn t-e neV
e1-i2it,\
Fa,t Fer0e"t <a% t-e ,"-ool 2een 2uilt 2H ()89\
Suture Fer0e"t Uill t-e 2a2H -a/e 2een
Va,-e%
2H t-en\
Fer0e"t
Con%itional
Uoul% t-i, -a/e 2een %one i0 t-eH -a% -a%
t-e #oneH 0or
it\
( + 6 : ;
Ver2 no!ional
la ti#&uri
&er0e"te
Fre,ent Fer0e"t <a/e t-eH 0ini,-e% alrea%H\
Fa,t Fer0e"t <a% t-eH Vritten to Hou\
Suture Fer0e"t Uill t-eH -a/e arri/e% Het\
Fer0e"t
Con%itional
Uoul% t-eH -a/e %one t-i,\
Ver2 no!ional
la:
Io Hou li=e t-i,\
Fre,ent Si#&le Ioe, t-i, 2elong to Hou\
Fa,t Si#&le Ii% e/erH2o%H "o#e in ti#e\
Ver2 no!ional
_ Ver2 #o%al
Can
S-oul%
,-e
,-e
,&ea=
-a/e "o#e
Engli,-\
too\
pag: 005
.4'4'.' Se &ot 0or#ula @ntre2ri $i %e,&re ,itua!ii negati/e> "eea "e re?ult @n &ro&o?i!ii interogati/ .
negati/e3
En a"e,t lo" in/er,iunea are lo" @ntre ,u2ie"t . /er2 au1iliar / #o%al> iar nega!ia not ,e a$ea? %u&
,u2ie"t: <%?? TM> not #o it @
CBn% ,e 0olo,e$te 0or#a "ontra, .nQt> ea 0a"e "or& "o#un "u au1iliarul: <on3t Tom #o it @ N.a , 0a"
To# a,ta \
.4'4'4' En &ro&o?i!iile interogati/e ,e 0olo,e," @n general a"elea$i &ronu#e a%Ae"ti/e ,au a%/er2e "a $i @n
&ro&o?i!iile negati/e3
Aten2ie G (3 AnH $i "o#&u$ii lui &ot 0i 0olo,i!i $i @n &ro&o?i!ii a0ir#ati/e "u ,en,ul %e ori"ine> ori"e>
oriun%e: &ou can take any book you like. Fo!i , iei ori"e "arte /rei3 7nyone can #o this. 4ri"ine &oate
, 0a" a"e,t lu"ru3 Take anything you like. Ia tot/ori"e %ore$ti3 &ou can get it anywhere. Se g,e$te
&e,te tot / oriun%e3
+3 So#e $i "o#&u$ii lui ,e tran,0or# @n anH $i "o#&u$ii lui @n &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ionale &entru a re%a
,enti#entul negati/ al /or2itorului: %f you see any chil#ren in the playgroun#, come an# tell me. Ia"
/e?i /reun "o&il &e terenul %e ,&ort> /ino $i ,&une.#i3
63 So#e e,te 0olo,it @n "onte1te @n "are ,e 0olo,e$te %e o2i"ei anH> &entru a re%a ,enti#entul &o?iti/ al
/or2itorului3 %f you see some chil#ren in the playgroun#, come an# tell me. Ia" /e?i ni$te "o&ii &e
terenul %e ,&ort> /ino $i ,&une.#i3
Solo,irea 0or#elor a0ir#ati/e @n @ntre2ri: <as there someone there @ <oul# you like some tea @ in%i"
orietarea &o?iti/ a @ntre2rii> /or2itorul a$te&tBn% un r,&un, a0ir#ati/> o "on0ir#are a @ntre2rii ,ale: E
a%e/rat " a 0o,t "ine/a a"olo \ Iori!i ni$te "eai \
Frin &ro&o?i!iile interogati/e ,e &ot 0or#ula #ai #ulte 0eluri %e @ntre2ri: generale> ,&e"iale> alternati/e
$i %i,Aun"ti/e3
pag: 006
.4'4'8' Entre2rile generale ,e re0er la &re%i"at $i a$tea&t un r,&un, ,"urt a0ir#ati/ ,au negati/>
e1&ri#at %e regul &rin Te, / No _ &ronu#e _ /er2 au1iliar / #o%al: Ean you ski @ &es % can. Gtii ,
,"-ie?i \ Ia> $tiu3 a!e you written to him @ *o, % ha!en3t. I.ai ,"ri, \ Nu> nu i.a# ,"ri,3
Intona!ia a"e,tor @ntre2(ri e,te a,"en%ent: 8i# you talk to him last night @ &es, % #i#. iar or%inea
"u/intelor e,te: au1iliarul/#o%al _ ,u2ie"t _ /er2 no!ional C_ "o#&le#enteD: <ill you be seeing them
tommorrow @ Ei @ntBlne$ti #Bine3
Entre2rile generale &,trea? uneori 0or#a &ro&o?i!iilor enun!iati/e> "on!inutul lor interogati/ 0iin%
in%i"at %oar %e ,e#nul @ntre2rii $i intona!ia a,"en%ent &ou saw him@ &es, % #i#.
A"ea,t 0or# e,te "ara"teri,ti" e1&ri#rii 0a#iliare> 0iin% 0olo,it ,au "Bn% /or2itorul a$tea&t un
r,&un, a0ir#ati/: &ou li!e here @ CTu lo"uie$ti ai"i \D ,au &entru e1&ri#area ,ur&rin%erii: Tou &ai% a
0ine \ Ai &ltit C@ntr.a%e/rD a#en% \
Solo,irea lui ,o#e> anH> no $i a "o#&u$ilor lor @n &ro&o?i!iile a0ir#ati/e> negati/e $i interogati/e
Fro&o?i!ia
a0ir#ati/
Fro&o?i!ia negati/ Fro&o?i!ia
interogati/
Ver2 a0ir#ati/ _
,o#e C"o#&u$iiD
Ver2 a0ir#3 _no _
C"o#&u$iiD
Ver2 negati/ _ anH
_ C"o#&u$iiD
Ver2 interogati/ _
anH _ C"o#&u$iiD
IQ/e got ,o#e
2oo=,3
A# ni$te "r!i3
IQ/e got no 2oo=,3
Nu a# ni"i o "arte3
I -a/enQt got anH
2oo=,3
Nu a# ni"i o "arte3
<a/e Hou got anH
2oo=,\
Ai /reo "arte\
IQ/e got ,o#et-ing3
A# "e/a3
IQ/e got not-ing3
Nu a# ni#i"3
I -a/enQt got
anHt-ing3
Nu a# ni#i"3
<a, -e got
anHt-ing\
Are CelD "e/a\
I ,ee
,o#eone/,o#e2o%H
V% &e "ine/a3
I ,ee no
one/no2o%H3
Nu /% &e ni#eni3
I %onQt ,ee
anHone/anH2o%H3
Nu /% &e ni#eni3
Can Hou ,ee
anHone/anH2o%H\
Ve?i &e "ine/a\
It #u,t 2e
,o#eV-ere3
Tre2uie , 0ie
un%e/a3
<e i, noV-ere to 2e
0oun%3
Nu e ni"ieri %e
g,it3
<e i,nQt anHV-ere
to 2e 0oun%3
Nu e ni"ieri %e
g,it3
Can t-i, 2e 0oun%
anHV-ere\
Se g,e$te a,ta
un%e/a\
.4'4'9' Entre2rile ,&e"iale 0or#ulea? @ntre2ri %e,&re o anu#it &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie $i a$tea&t un
r,&un, %e0init re0eritor la a"ea,ta: <hen #i# they arri!e @ ?ast night. CBn% au ,o,it \ A,ear3
Entre2rile ,&e"iale ,unt intro%u,e> %e &ronu#e> a%Ae"ti/e ,au a%/er2e interogati/e:
. U-o &entru 0iin!e: <ho is coming @ Cine /ine \ <hose is the book @ A "ui e,te "artea \
. U-at &entru o2ie"te: <hat sub=ect #o you like best @ Ce o2ie"t %e ,tu%iu @!i &la"e "el #ai #ult \
. U-i"- &entru a in%i"a alegerea ,au &re0erin!a %intre %ou ,au #ai #ulte &er,oane ,au o2ie"te: <hich
of these books #o you want @ Fe "are %intre a"e,te "r!i o /rei \
. <oV &entru in%i"area #o%ului: ow #i# you get this @ Cu# ai o2!inut a,ta \
. <oV #anH &entru in%i"area nu#rului: ow many ;uests #i# you ha!e last night @ CB!i #u,a0iri ai
a/ut a,ear \
. <oV #u"- &entru in%i"area "antit!ii: ow much rice #i# you buy @ CBt ore? au "u#&rat \ ow
much #i# it cost @ CBt a "o,tat \
pag: 007
. <oV ol% &entru in%i"area /Br,tei: ow ol# are you @ CB!i ani ai \
. <oV 0ar &entru in%i"area %i,tan!ei: ow far #i# he run @ CBt %e %e&arte a alergat \
. U-ere &entru in%i"area lo"ului: <here #i# you fin# this @ Un%e ai g,it a,ta \
. U-en / V-at ti#e &entru in%i"area #o#entului: <hen #i# they ari!e @ CBn% au ,o,it\ <hat time #i#
you get up @ La "e or te.ai ,"ulat \
. <oV long &entru in%i"area %uratei: ow long #i# you stay there @ CBt Cti#&D ai ,tat a"olo \
. U-H &entru in%i"area "au?ei: <hy are you late @ Ie "e ai @ntBr?iat \
Intona!ia @ntre2rilor ,&e"iale e,te %e,"en%ent: <hat are you #oing now @ %3m rea#ing.
Or/inea cu3intelor 0n 0ntreb1rile ,peciale
Cu/intele interogati/e o"u& &o?i!ie ini!ial @n @ntre2rile ,&e"iale> iar &re%i"atul ,au o &arte a lui &re"e%e
%e o2i"ei ,u2ie"tul> or%inea "u/intelor 0iin%:
aD "u/Bnt interogati/ C_"o#&liniriD _ 2e/-a/e CFre,ent/Fa,t ,i#&leD _ ,u2ie"t C_"o#&le#enteD: <7T
has he in his han# @ Ce are @n #Bn \
<9C9 were they last night @ Un%e au 0o,t a,ear \
2D "u/Bnt interogati/ C_"o#&liniriD _ au1iliar/#o%al _ ,u2ie"t Y /er2 no!ional C_"o#&le#enteD: M<
>7*& postcar#s ha!e you written to#ay @ CBte /e%eri ai ,"ri, a?i \
"D "u/Bnt interogati/ C_"o#&liniriD _ &re%i"at C_"o#&le#enteD "Bn% "u/Bntul interogati/ e,te ,u2ie"tul
&ro&o?i!iei interogati/e3 En a"ea,t ,itua!ie nu #ai are lo" in/er,iunea ,u2ie"t . &re%i"at ,au ,u2ie"t .
au1iliar> iar la ti#&urile Fre,ent Si#&le $i Fa,t Si#&le nu ,e #ai 0olo,e$te au1iliarul %o:
M< >7*& PHP%?6 ha!e written to you @ CB!i ele/i !i.au ,"ri, \ <7T happene# @ Ce ,.a @ntB#&lat \
<M rings you up e!ery #ay @ Cine @!i tele0onea? @n 0ie"are ?i \
En toate "ele trei "a?uri "u/Bntul interogati/ o"u& &o?i!ie ini!ial3 4 e1"e&!ie o "on,tituie ,itua!iile @n
"are "u/Bntul interogati/ e,te &re"e%at %e o &re&o?i!ie: At V-o# are Hou loo=ing \ La "ine te ui!i \
"on,tru"!ie "ara"teri,ti" engle?ei literare3
En /or2ire> &re&o?i!ia ,e a$ea? la ,0Br$itul @ntre2rii: U-o are Hou loo=ing at \
.4'4';' ntreb1rile alternati3e ,e re0er la una %intre %ou ,au #ai #ulte alternati/e> legate &rin
"onAun"!ia or: 8i# you see a film or a play last night @ Ai /?ut un 0il# ,au o &ie, %e teatru a,ear \
Fri#a ,au &ri#ele alternati/e au o intona!ie a,"en%ent> iar ulti#a %e,"en%ent: 8i# you talk to Peter,
Lohn or >ary about it @
Entre2rile alternati/e au ,tru"tura 0ie a unor @ntre2ri generale: 8i# you go there by bus or by tram @
0ie a unor @ntre2ri ,&e"iale: ow #i# you get there: by bus or by tram @
En "on,e"in! or%inea "u/intelor @n @ntre2rile alternati/e e,te a"eea$i "a @n @ntre2rile generale ,au
,&e"iale3
.4'4'=' ntreb1rile /i,@uncti3e "er r,&un, ,au "on0ir#are la un enun! &o?iti/ ,au negati/> &rin
reluarea> @n 0inal a /er2ului au1iliar/#o%al $i a ,u2ie"tului e1&ri#at &rin &ronu#e> la 0or#a interogati/
,au interogati/ . negati/> %u& "u# ur#ea?:
aD Enun! &o?iti/ _ 0or# interogati/ . negati/ "ontra,: Tom can answer now, can3t he@ To#a &oate ,
r&un% a"u#> nu.i a$a \ (ather has lost his keys, hasn3t he @ Tata $i.a &ier%ut "-eile> nu.i a$a \
pag: 00'
ntreb1ri ,peciale
Situa!ie Cu/Bnt
interogati/
_"o#&linire
Ver2
au1iliar/#o%
al
Su2ie"t Ver2
a"!ional _
"o#&linire
Fre&o?i!ie
Cu/Bntul
interogati/O
,u2ie"tul
&ro&o?i!iei
U-o "a#e
Ha,ter%aH\
U-at i, going on
t-ere\
<oV #anH are &re,ent\
U-i"-
2oo=,
-a/e 2een
"-o,en\
Cu/Bntul
interogati/O
alt &arte %e
&ro&o?i!ie
%e"Bt
,u2ie"tul
U-o %i% Hou ,ee\
U-at i, Hour na#e\
U-at/U-er
e
%o "-il%ren/Hou li=e/li/e\
U-en Vill t-eH 2e 2roug-t\
<oV are Hou going to %o
it\
U-H %o t-eH li=e -i#\
U-i"- 2oo= -a, -e "-o,en\
U-at "olour i, t-e
#aterial\
<oV ol% are Hou\
<oV long -a/e t-eH ,tu%ie%
Engli,-\
<oV #u"- %oe, t-i, "o,t\
<oV 0ar "an Hou run\
Cu/Bntul
interogati/O
&ronu#e
interogati/
U-at i, -e ,&ea=ing a2out\
_ &re&o?i!ie
U-at Vere t-eH loo=ing at\
U-o %oe, -e ta=e a0ter\
U-o %i% Hou ,en% 0or\
U-at -a, t-e #an ,-oVn
intere,t
in\
U-at Vill t-e ,"ienti,t Vor= on\
U-at i, t-e Veat-er li=e\
U-at %oe, -e loo= li=e\
2D Enun! negati/ _ 0or#a interogati/: &ou #on3t watch T) e!ery night, #o you @ Nu te ui!i la tele/i?or
@n 0ie"are ,ear> nu.i a$a \ They ha!en3t come yet, ha!e they @ N.au ,o,it @n"> nu.i a$a \
"D Enun! &o?iti/ _ 0or#a interogati/ : e comes here e!ery #ay, #oes he @ Cine /ine &e.ai"i @n 0ie"are
?i \
Intona!ia @ntre2rilor %i,Aun"ti/e e,te:
. %e,"en%ent> %a" /or2itorul nu a$tea&t un r,&un, real> "i %oar o "on0ir#are 0or#al a enun!ului ,u:
The weather is lo!ely to#ay, isn3t it @ &es, it is. Ce /re#e 0ru#oa, e a?i> nu.i a$a \ A$a e3
pag: 00.
. a,"en%ent %a" el ,oli"it un r,&un,> o "on0ir#are ,au negare real a "elor ,&un,e: %t is col# outsi#e,
isn3t it@ E 0rig a0ar nu.i a$a \ &rintr.un r,&un, a0ir#ati/ ,au negati/: &es it is " *o, it isn3t. Ia> e,te3/
Nu> nu e,te3
Farti"ularit!i ale @ntre2rilor %i,Aun"ti/e
Entre2area %i,Aun"ti/ "are "on!ine 0or#a I a# ,e ter#in "u arenQt: % am efficient, aren3t @ Sunt e0i"ient>
nu.i a$a \
Ia" ,u2ie"tul %in &ri#a &arte a @ntre2rii %i,Aun"ti/e e,te un &ronu#e ,au a%Ae"ti/ ne-otrBt>
&ronu#ele %in &artea a %oua e,te -e> ,-e> Ve ,au t-eH %u& ,en,: 9ach participant has to fill in a form,
#oesn3t he @ Sie"are &arti"i&ant tre2uie , "o#&lete?e un 0or#ular> nu.i a$a \ 9!erybo#y will be
#elighte#, won3t they @ To!i /or 0i @n"Bnta!i> nu.i a$a \
42,er/a!i @ntre2rile %i,Aun"ti/e "on!inBn% /er2e #o%ale:
&ou ha!e to be there at nine, #on3t you @ Tre2uie , 0ii a"olo la ora )> nu.i a$a \
e use# to go finishing in summer, #i#n3t he @ 42i$nuia , #earg la &e,"uit /ara> nu.i a$a \
&ou3# beter stay, ha#n3t you @ Mai 2ine ai r#Bne> nu.i a$a \
&ou3# rather go, woul#n3t you @ Ai &re0era , &le"i nu.i a$a \
.4'8' Propozi2ia imperati31
Fro&o?i!ia i#&erati/ e1&ri# un or%in> o rug#inte> un @n%e#n> o inter%i"!ie et"3
.4'8'*' !orma 3erbal1 "ara"teri,ti" &ro&o?i!iilor i#&erati/e e,te #o%ul i#&erati/> a,&e"tul ,i#&lu>
%iate?a a"ti/3
I#&erati/ul are o ,ingur 0or#> "are "oin"i%e "u in0initi/ul ,"urt al /er2elor> utili?at &entru &er,oana a
II.a ,ingular $i &lural: Cea# the lesson N Cite$te / Citi!i le"!ia !
La &er,oana I $i a III.a ,ingular $i &lural> i%eea %e i#&erati/ e,te e1&ri#at &rin "on,tru"!ia let _
,u2,tanti//&ronu#e &er,onal @n a"u?ati/ _ in0initi/ ,"urt al /er2ului no!ional: ?et me try. S @n"er" $i eu3
?et >ary #o it. S 0a" Maria a,ta3 ?et them come in3 S intre3
La &er,oana I &lural> &ronu#ele &er,onal @n a"u?ati/ e,te %e o2i"ei "ontra, @n /or2ire: ?et us stop now K
?et3s stop now. S ne o&ri# a"u#3
Sor#a negati/ a i#&erati/ului ,e "on,truie$te "u /er2ul au1iliar %o _ nega!ia not:
8o not rea# the ?esson N Nu "itiC!iD le"!ia !
8on3t rea# the ?esson N Nu "itiC!iD le"!ia !
8o not let >ary #o it N S nu 0a" Maria a,ta !
8on3t let >ary #o it N S nu 0a" Maria a,ta !
La &er,oana I &lural ,unt &o,i2ile %ou 0or#e:
aD "u au1iliarul %o> "ara"teri,ti" e1&ri#rii 0a#iliare: 8on3t let3s stopN
2D "u au1iliarul %o: ?et3s not stopN S nu ne o&ri#!
pag: 030
!ormele imperati3ului
Fer,oana a II.a ,ingular $i &lural Urite! IonQt Vrite!
Fer,oana I &lural Let u,/LetQ, Vrite! LetQ, not Vrite!
Celelalte &er,oane: I ,ingular> a III.a
,ingular $i &lural
Let #e/-i#/-er/t-e# Vrite! IonQt let
#e/-i#/-er/t-e# Vrite!
.4'8'.' Intona2ia &ro&o?i!iilor i#&erati/e %e&in%e %e ,en,ul lor3
Intona!ia a,"en%ent e,te @ntre2uin!at &entru e1&ri#area unei in/ita!ii ,au a unei rug#in!i: Sit %oVn3
Stai Ao,3 Gi/e #e t-at 2oo=3 I.#i "artea a"eea3
Intona!ia %e,"en%ent e,te 0olo,it &entru e1&ri#area unui or%in: Elose your book. En"-i%e "artea!
8on3t look at your #eskmateN Nu te uita la /e"inul %e 2an"!
.4'8'4' Iin &un"t %e /e%ere al ,tru"turii> &ro&o?i!iile i#&erati/e &ot 0i @#&r!ite @n:
aD &ro&o?i!ii 0r ,u2ie"t5
2D &ro&o?i!ii i#&erati/e "u ,u2ie"t5
"D &ro&o?i!ii i#&erati/e "u let5
%D alte "on,tru"!ii "u /aloare %e i#&erati/3
aD &ro&o?i!ii i#&erati/e 0r ,u2ie"t ,e "on,truie," "u #o%ul i#&erati/> 0or#a a0ir#ati/ ,au negati/> $i
,e re0er la &er,oana a II.a ,ingular ,au &lural3 A"ea,t 0or# e,te utili?at @n ,&e"ial &entru e1&ri#area
unor or%ine ,au inter%i"!ii: 8on3t park hereN Nu &ar"a!i ai"i3 Park o!er thereN Far"a!i a"olo3
2D &ro&o?i!ii i#&erati/e "u ,u2ie"t ,e "on,truie," %e a,e#enea "u i#&erati/ul> ,u2ie"tul 0iin% @n,
#en!ion2at3
La &er,oana a II.a ,ingular> ,u2ie"tul e,te Hou a""entuat> &re?en!a ,a in%i"Bn%:
. iritarea /or2itorului: &ou min# your own business. Ve?i.!i %e trea2a ta>
. o %i0eren!iere: &ou bring the plates, >ary an# you bring the glasses, Peter. Maria> tu a%u 0ar0uriile> $i
tu Fetre a%u &a-arele3
La &er,oana a III.a> ,u2ie"tul &oate 0i:
. un ,u2,tanti/> utili?at &entru no#inali?are: Dob an# Eathy come here. Bo2 $i Cati , /in ai"i3
. un &ronu#e ne-otrBt> "Bn% i#&erati/ul e,te a%re,at ori"rei &er,oane %intr.un gru&: 6omebo#y clean
the blackboar#. Cine/a , $tearg ta2la3 9!erybo#y write their names. To!i ,.$i ,"rie nu#ele3
Sor#a negati/ a &ro&o?i!iilor i#&erati/e %e ti&ul aD $i 2D ,e "on,truie$te "u aAutorul lui #o not 4#on3t$:
8on3t open the win#ow. Nu %e,"-i%e 0erea,tra3 8on3t you lift that case. Tu , nu ri%i"i gea#antanul
Ca"elaD!
"D Fro&o?i!iile i#&erati/e la &er,oana I $i a III.a ,ingular $i &lural ,e "on,truie," "u aAutorul /er2ului let>
ur#at %e un ,u2,tanti/ ,au &ronu#e @n a"u?ati/ $i %e in0initi/ul ,"urt al /er2ului %e "onAugat: ?et me #o
it3 Sa" eu a,ta3 ?et them come now. S /in a"u#3
La &er,oana I &lural> a"ea,t "on,tru"!ie e1&ri# %e o2i"ei un @n%e#n:
?et us go for a walk. C<ai D , #erge# la &li#2are3
?et3s go for a walk. C<ai D , #erge# la &li#2are3
Not1F 4 alt &o,i2ilitate %e e1&ri#are a unu i @n%e#n e,te &rin @ntrea2rea -oV/V-at a2out _ gerun%
U-at a2out going 0or a Val=\
%D Alte "on,tru"!ii "u /aloare %e i#&erati/ ,unt:
(D "on,tru"!ii i#&er,onale: *o parkingN Far"area inter?i,3 *o 4unauthori-e#$ entryN Intrarea inter?i,
C&er,oanelor neautori?ateD3 <et paint N Froa,&t /o&,it3
+D &ro&o?i!ii eli&ti"e: The sal, please. Sarea> / rog3 Mut with itN I.i %ru#ul!
6D &ro&o?i!ii "on!inBn% /er2e #o%ale> 0olo,ite &entru a e1&ri#a:
. un or%in: &ou are to be back at se!en. Tre2uie , /e @ntoar"e!i la ora $a&te3
. un ,0at / o ne"e,itate i#e%iat: &ou must see that filmN Tre2uie , /e?i / /e%e!i 0il#ul a"e,ta! &ou must
go an# see her. Tre2uie , te %u"i ,.o /e?i3
.4'8'8 E1i,t #ai #ulte #iAloa"e %e @ntrire $i %e 0or#ulare &oliti"oa, a &ro&o?i!iilor i#&erati/e3
Fentru intrire> in,i,ten!> ,e a$ea? /er2ul %o @naintea i#&erati/ului: 8o speak more ;uietly3 Te rog
/or2e$te #ai @n"et3
Fentru 0or#ulare &oliti"oa,> %e la un gra% #ai re%u, la un gra% #ai @nalt %e &olite!e> ,e @ntre2uin!ea?:
. "u/Bntul &lea,e> a$e?at la @n"e&utul ,au #ai 0re"/ent la ,0Br$itul &ro&o?i!iei i#&erati/e: 6witch on the
lights, please. A&rin%e lu#ina> te rog3
. "on,tru"!iile ,-all #e \ $i Vill Hou \ @n &o?i!ie 0inal> "are %a &ro&o?i!iilor i#&erati/e a,&e"tul unor
@ntre2ri %i,Aun"ti/e: ?et3s watch the T) programme shall we @ <ai%e , ur#ri# &rogra#ul la
tele/i?or3 Turn the !olume up, will you @ Vrei , %ai /olu#ul #ai tare \
. Vill Hou / Voul% Hou @n &o?i!ie 0inal _ &lea,e la 0inal> "are %au &ro&o?i!iilor i#&erati/e a,&e"tul unor
@ntre2ri generale:
<ill you answer the #oor, please @ Vrei , r,&un?i la u$> te rog3
<oul# you answer the #oor, please @ Vrei , r,&un?i la u$> te rog3
. /er2e "a #in%> Von%er $i a%Ae"ti/e ,au a%/er2e: kin#, kin#ly et"3 @n "on,tru"!ii interogati/e ,au
a0ir#ati/e:
8o you min# changing seats @ Te ,u&eri %a" ,"-i#2# lo"urile \
<oul# you min# changing seats @ Te ,u&eri %a" ,"-i#2# lo"urile \
<ill you be so kin# as to ha!e a look at these papers @ Vrei , 0ii a$a %e %rgu! , te ui!i la a"e,te lu"rri
\ % won#er if you woul# kin#ly rea# this application, etc.
.4'9' Propozi2ia e-clamati31
Fro&o?i!ia e1"la#ati/ e1&ri# o ga# larg %e ,tri a0e"ti/e: ,ur&rin%erea> ,ati,0a"!ia> ne#ul!u#irea>
%i,&re!ul et"3> @n:
aD "on,tru"!ii ,&e"i0i" e1"la#ati/e5
2D @n alte 0or#e ne,&e"i0i"e3
pag: 030
.4'9'*3 Intona!ia &ro&o?i!iilor e1"la#ati/e e,te %e,"en%ent: ow interesting this book is N Ce
intere,ant e,te a"ea,t "arte !
.4'9'.' Fro&o?i!iile e1"la#ati/e &ro&riu.?i,e ,unt "ele intro%u,e %e V-at C_a%Ae"ti/D _ ,u2,tanti/ ,au %e
-oV _ a%Ae"ti/ / a%/er2: <hat 4interesting$ stories he knows N Ce &o/e,tiri Cintere,anteD $tie! ow well
he remembers e!erythingN Ce 2ine @$i a#inte$te totul!
A"e,te &ro&o?i!ii au 0or# a0ir#ati/3
4r%inea "u/intelor e,te: ,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at _ et"3> &re"e%ate %e &arte %e &ro&o?i!ie %e,&re "are ,e
e1&ri# e1"la#a!ia3 CA"ea,ta o"u& tot%eauna &o?i!ie ini!ialD3 <hat won#erful people they met in their
tripN Ce oa#eni #inuna!i au @ntBlnit @n e1"ur,ie! CU-at333 / -oV333 _ ,u2ie"t _ &re%i"at C_"o#&le#enteD3
Uneori &ro&o?i!iile e1"la#ati/e ,unt eli&ti"e> &re%i"atul $i ,u2ie"tul 0iin% nee1&ri#ate: <hat a won#erful
!oice 4she has$N Ce /o"e #inunat! ow true 4this is$N CBt %e a%e/rat!
.4'9'4' Propozi2ii e-clamati3e cu +orm1 ne,peci+ic1 ,unt e1"la#a!ii e1&ri#ate &rin:
aD &ro&o?i!ii enun!iati/e: <er a"ting Va, &er0e"t! Inter&retarea ei a 0o,t &er0e"t! &ou are a liarN E$ti un
#in"ino,!
Not1F 4 "ategorie a&arte o 0or#e? &ro&o?i!iile intro%u,e %e -ere> t-ere> aVaH> o00> @n "are are lo"
in/er,iunea ,u2ie"t.&re%i"at %a" ,u2ie"tul e,te e1&ri#at &rintr.un ,u2,tanti/: <ere Hou are/<ere it i,
CFo0ti#D
%ar: There goes the last bus. S.a %u, $i ulti#ul auto2u?!
2D &ro&o?i!ii interogati/ . negati/e @n "are /or2itorul a$tea&t a"or%ul interlo"utorului "u "ele ,&u,e %e
el: ans3t she impro!e#N Nu.i a$a " a 0"ut &rogre,e! %sn3t he cle!erN Nu.i a$a ".i %e$te&t!
"D interAe"!ii: ushN ZBBN 8ear meN Vai %e #ine!
EOECI6E6
%. Trece5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii la forma negati!2:
(3 T-i, i, a Ia"ia "ar3 +3 T-eH Vere &laHing tenni,3 63 S-e nee%, -el&3 :3 I %o #H -o#eVor= in t-e
e/ening3 ;3 T-eH "a#e earlH3 73 <e -a, a ,i,ter3 83 T-e #eeting 2egan at 0i/e oQ"lo"= ,-ar&3*3 )3 <e "an
,Vi#3 (93 S-e -a, lo,t -er &en"il3 ((3 I li,tene to t-e ra%io in t-e #orning3 (+3 T-eH Vill arri/e
to#orroV3 (63 <e tol% #e ,o#et-ing3 (:3 <e tea"-e, Engli,- in t-i, ,"-ool3 (;3 T-ere are #anH &i"ture,
in t-i, 2oo=3 (73 T-i, re&ort Va, tH&e% He,ter%aH3 (83 <e got u& late He,ter%aH3 (*3 <e goe, to Vor= 2H
2u,3 ()3 I Vrite to -er e/erH Vee=3 +93 T-eH are going to /i,it t-e Zoo3
%%. (ormula5i Fntreb2ri la care p2r5ile #e propo-i5ie scrise cursi! s2 fie r2spunsuri.
E1e#&lu:
T-eH &laHe% 0oot2all Win t-e &ar=3X
A: U-ere %i% t-eH &laH 0oot2all\
B: In t-e &ar=3
(3 T-eH are Vaiting Win t-e ot-er roo#3X +3 <e %i% -i, Vor= W"are0ullH3X 63 T-e ,e"retarH Vill tH&e t-e
re&ort Wto#orroV3X :3 <e i, Wten Hear, ol%3X ;3 WT-e ,tu%ent, in t-i, "la,,X Vor= /erH -ar%3 73 T-e la,t
le,,on Va, W/erH %i00i"ult3X 83 WTVoX &u&il, are a2,ent to%aH3 *3 T-e Aurnali,t ,&o=e Wa2out &ea"e an%
%i,ar#a#entX3 )3 <e i, Vor=ing W on -i, t-e,i, noVX3 (9 3 T-e tea"-er Vill tal= Wto our &arent,X
to#orroV3 ((3 WSat-erM, "arX 2ro=e %oVn He,ter%aH3 (+3 T-e &u&il, #et Wt-eir tea"-erX in 0ront o0 t-e
,"-ool3 (63 T-eH &o,t&one% t-eir tri& W2e"au,e o0 t-e Veat-erX3 (:3 T-eH -a/e 2een -ere a WVee=X3 (;3
<e Vant, t-e Wre%X &en"il3 (73 <i, "ar i, W2lueX3
%%%. Eompleta5i urm2toarele Fntreb2ri #is=uncti!e:
(3 T-at #an i, our tea"-er> 3333 \ +3 Tou -a/enQt 0ini,-e% Het>3333\ 63 Feter rea%, in t-e li2rarH>3333 \ :3
MarH ,ent t-e letter He,ter%aH>33333\ ;3 Tou Vill e1&lain t-at to#orroV>3333\ 73 T-eH %i%nMt -a/e a goo%
ti#e at t-e &artH333\ 83 Tou "an %o t-i, tran,lation3333\*3 Jo-n %oe,nMt =noV t-e trut-3333\ )3 <e ,-oul%nMt
2e-a/e li=e t-i,> 333\ (93 Tou -a/e a neV %re,,> 333\ ((3 E/erH2o%H in t-i, "la,, &laH, 0oot2all Vell>3333\
(+3 <e ne/er u,e% to Vear a -at> 333\ (63 UeM% 2etter Vait 0or -er333\ (:3 TouM% rat-er not ,aH
anHt-ing3333\
%). Trece5i urm2toarele propo-i5ii la interogati! Bi negati! sub form2 #e #ialog:
Mo%el3 T-eH are ,till eating3
A: Are t-eH ,till eating\
B: No> t-eH arenMt3 T-eH arenMt3 eating anH longer3
(3 To# V-i,&ere% ,o#et-ing to -i, 2rot-er3 +3 T-eH ,-oul -a/e le0t earlier3 63 S-e -a, a neV &en3 :3 <e
%i% too #anH e1er"i,e, He,ter%aH3 ;3 <e li/e, a long VaH 0ro# -i, 0rien%,3 73 T-eH ,o#eti#e, ,ee ea"-
ot-er3 83 T-eHM/e alrea%H ,een t-at 0il#3 *3 T-ere are ,o#e &eo&le in t-e ,treet3 )3 T-eHMll 0in% -i#3 (93
AnHone "an %o t-i, tran,lation3
). 9Aprima5i urm2toarele comen-i Fntr+un mo# mai politicos. (olosi5i mai multe !ariante:
(3 4&en t-e %oor3 +3 IonQt ,ing in t-i, roo#3 63 bee& [uiet3 :3 Be "are0ul3 ;3 Iri/e #ore ,loVlH3 73
IonQt Va,te Hour ti#e3 83 IonQt #a=e ,o #u"- noi,e3 *3 Ta=e t-e %og 0or a Val=3
)%. Eomenta5i asupra =ocurilor olimpice folosin# propo-i5ii eAclamati!e:
E1e#&lu: T-e 4lH#&i" Ga#e, are an i#&ortant e/ent3
U-at an i#&ortant e/ent t-e 4lH#&i" Ga#e, are!
<oV i#&ortant t-e 4lH#&i" Ga#e, are!
(3 ManH to& at-let, "o#&ete in t-e Ga#e,3 +3 T-eH Vor=, /erH -ar%3 63 T-ee i, an at#o,&-ere o0 goo%.
Vill an% "o.o&eration %uring t-e Ga#e,3 :3 T-e Ga#e, are /erH Vell.organi?e%33 ;3 T-e 4lH#&i"
Sta%iu# i, -uge3 73 T-ere are a lot o0 &arti"i&ant, in t-e 4lH#&i" Ga#e,3 83 T-eH "o#e 0ro# long
%i,tan"e,3 *3 Million, o0 &eo&le Vat"- t-e Ga#e, on tele/i,oan3 )3 T-e Ro#anian re&re,entati/e, are
Vell.traine%3 (93 T-eH o2tain goo% re,ult, at t-e Ga#e,3
)%%. Tra#uce5i Fn limba engle-2:
(3 Ni"i unuia %intre ei nu i.a &l"ut ,&e"ta"olul3 +3 Ni"i unul %in "ei %oi n.a @n!ele, %e,&re "e /or2eai3 63
Ie la "ine ai &ri#it &a"-etul\ :3 Se %u" la #e"i> nu.i a$a\ ;3 N.ai 0o,t ni"io%at la galeriile %e art> nu.i
a$a\ 73 S la, ra%ioul a&rin, ,au ,.l ,ting\ 83 <ai , ne @ntoar"e#3 *3 Vrei , 0ii a$a %e %rgu! , "Bn!i
un "Bnte"\ )3 Tre2uie ,.i tele0one?i3 (93 E #ult /re#e %e "Bn% nu l.a# /?ut3 ((3 N.a 0o,t &le"at #ult
/re#e3 (+3 Nu.#i &la"e a"e,t a"tor $i ni"i &rietenului #eu nu.i &la"e3 (63 Ei nu #ai ,unt ai"i3 (:3 Cu
greu &utea , /a% "e/a @n "a#era @ntune"oa,3
VIII Antrenorul $tia " nu e1i,t ni#i" #ai 2un "Bn% /rei ,.l @n/e!i &e o# "e/a %e"Bt ,.l a#2i!ione?i>
,.l &ui , ,e @ntrea" "u al!ii %a" e ne/oie3 Iat %e "e> %e la o /re#e> @n"e&u,e , &ro#it #i"i &re#ii
"elor #ai 2uni e1e"utan!i ai e1er"i!iilor ne"e,are antrena#entului3 Lu"a ,i#!i %u& un ti#&> a$a "u#
,i#te @n/!torul "are $i.a "B$tigat @n"re%erea ele/ilor ,i> " ,e ter#ina,e "u in%i,"i&lina3 C-iar LLe $tieL
alt %ata atBt %e re0ra"tar> ,e arta intere,at %e a"e,te Ao"uri3 Fre#iile nu erau #are lu"ru> %ar ni#eni nu
&utea ,u0eri "a altul , i.o ia @nainte> a$a "u# ,e @ntB#&l %e o2i"ei "u to!i oa#enii3
CEugen Bar2u .. Un,&re?e"eD
pag: 035
Part e a a III:a
6INTAOA !ALEI
#T$e compoun/ an/ compl e - ,ent e nc e &
III'(' General i t 12 i
III'(' *' Unitat ea %e 2a? a ,int a1ei e,t e &ro&o?i!i a3
Fro&o?i!i a &oat e 0i %e ,ine ,t t t oar e: 6he is a teacher, ,au &oat e 0i @n anu#i t e
rela!ii "u anu#i t e &ro&o?i!ii> intrBn% @n al"t uir ea unei 0ra?e: 6he became a
teacher when she was twent y three.
Sra?a e,t e unit at e a ,int a"ti" ,u&eri oar &ro&o?i!i ei> 0iin% "on,tit ui t %in %ou
,au #ai #ult e &ro&o?i!ii5 ea e,t e @ntot %eauna %e ,ine ,t t t oar e3
Aten2 i e G En li#2a engl e? nu e1i,t un "u/Bnt ,&e"i al &ent r u 0ra?3 Sent en"e
&oat e @n,e#na at Bt 0ra? "Bt $i &ro&o?i!i e in%e&en%e nt C"ar e nu 0a"e &art e %intr.
o 0ra?D3 Fentru &ro&o?i!iile %in "a%rul unei 0ra?e ,e 0olo,e$t e ter #enul clause.
III'(' .' Sint a1a &ro&o?i!i ei ,tu%i a? &ro&o?i!i a &ri/it in%e&en%e nt %e legt ur a "u
alt e &ro&o?i!ii3
Sint a1a 0ra?ei ,tu%i a? 0elul "u# ,e une," &ro&o?i!iile &ent r u a al"t ui 0ra?e>
ra&ort urile "are ,e ,t a2il e," @ntre a"e,t e &ro&o?i!ii @n "a%rul 0ra?ei3
III'(' 4' Ra&ort uril e ,int a"ti"e %intr e &ro&o?i!iile unei 0ra?e ,unt a"el ea$i "a $i
%intr e &r!ile unei &ro&o?i!ii:
. ra&ort uri %e "oor%onar e @ntre &ro&o?i!iile %e a"el a$i 0el5
. ra&ort uri %e ,u2or %onar e @ntre &ro&o?i!ii %e&en%e nt e unel e %e alt el e3
Sra?el e &rin "oo%onar e> al"t ui t e %in %ou ,au #ai #ult e &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&al e> ,e
nu#e, " "o#&oun% ,ent en"e, @n li#2a engl e?> iar 0ra?el e &rin ,u2or%onar e>
0or#at e %in una ,au #ai #ult e &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&al e $i una ,au #ai #ult e
&ro&o?i!ii ,e"un%ar e> ,e nu#e, " "o#&l e1 ,ent en"e, 3
I%entit at e a ra&ort urilor e1i,t ent e @n "a%rul &ro&o?i!i ei $i al 0ra?ei 0a"e "a @n
,tu%i er ea "elor %ou unit !i ,int a"ti"e , ,e @ntBl nea, " "at egorii ,i#ilar e:
,u2i e"t ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i e @i "ore,&un%e @n 0ra? &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/>
"o#&l e#e nt ul ui %ire"t> &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti/ %ire"t et"3
III'(' 8' Fro&o?i!iile %intr. o 0ra? ,unt legat e @ntre ele:
. a,in%et i ": 0r aAut or ul unui "u/Bnt %e legt ur 5
. "u aAut or ul unor "onAun"!ii C"oor%onat oar e ,au ,u2or %onat oar eD > &ronu#e ,au
a%A e"ti/e relati/e ,au interogat i /e> a%/er 2e relati/e ,au a%/er 2e "u /aloar e %e
"onAun"!i e3
pag: 036
.8' !raza prin coor/onar e #T$e Compoun/ 6ent e nc e &
.8' *' Coor/onar e a
Coor%onar e a e,t e ra&ort ul %intre %ou ,au #ai #ult e unit !i ,int a"ti"e "are ,t au
&e a"el a$i &lan3
En "a%rul 0ra?ei> &ro&o?i!iile a0lat e @n ra&ort %e "oor%onar e ,unt &e a"el a$i &lan> @n
,en, ul " ,unt 0ie toat e &rin"i&al e 0ie toat e ,u2or %onat e a"el ui a$i ele#ent regent 3
.8' .' !el ul coor/on1ri i
Iu& nat ur a ra&ort ul ui %intr e ele#ent el e &e "are le leag> "oor%onar e a @n 0ra?>
"a $i @n &ro&o?i!i e> &oat e 0i: "o&ul ati/> %i,Aun"ti/ $i a%/er , at i /3
Coor%onar e a ,e &oat e reali?a at Bt a,in%et i "> &rin ,i#&l a alt ur ar e a &ro&o?i!iilor
"oor%onat e> "Bt $i &rin "onAun"!ii "oor%onat oar e ,&e"i0i"e3
.8' 4' Coor/onar e a copul at i 31 #Copul at i 3 e Coor/i nat i on&
Fro&o?i!iile "oor%onat e &re?ent at e %e /or2itor "a a,o"i at e ,e nu#e, " "o&ul ati/e3
ConAun"!iile "o&ul ati/e ,unt: aD an# > 2D bot h. . . an# > "D not only... but also, iar
&ent r u &ro&o?i!ii negati /e: %D 4an#$ neit her" nor eD neit her. . . nor.
ConAun"!iile "o&ul ati/e ,e a$ea? @ntot %eauna la @n"e&ut ul &ro&o?i!iilor &e "are le
intro%u" $i nu &ot 0i &re"e%at e %e alt e "onAun"!ii: % like# tea an# my sist er likes
milk.
CCo#&ar a! i "u o "onAun"!i e ,u2or %onat oar e> "are &oat e 0i &re"e%at %e alt
"onAun"!i e: e went home becaus e he was tire# 7*8 becaus e it was late$.
aD An% &oat e lega %ou ,au #ai #ult e &ro&o?i!ii3 En al %oilea "a?> "onAun"!i a
a&ar e %e regul o ,ingur %at > @naint ea ulti #ei &ro&o?i!ii: Phone hi m at once,
in!it e hi m to the conf erence an# ask hi m to be punct ual.
Ie %ou ,au #ai #ult e &ro&o?i!ii "oor%onat e &rin an% au a"el a$i ,u2i e"t >
,u2i e"t ul %in a %oua Ca trei a et"3D &ro&o?i!i e e,t e %e o2i"ei o#i,: e went into the
shop, 4he$ bought a tie an# 4he$ pai# for it at the cash #esk.
Ia" &re%i"at el e %in &ro&o?i!iile "oor%onat oar e "on!in a"el a$i /er2 au1iliar> el ,e
o#it e @#&reun "u ,u2i e"t ul: %3!e been wainting an# 4%3!e been$ won#eri ng
where you are.
2D Doth... an# ,unt 0olo,it e &ent r u "oor%onar e a a %ou &ro&o?i!ii a/Bn% a"el a$i
,u2i e"t > ,au &ent r u "oor%onar e a a %ou ,u2i e"t e a/Bn% a"el a$i &re%i"at : e bot h
speaks an# writ es two foreign languages. Doth Pet er an# 7nn ha!e won pri-es.
pag: 037
"D not only... but also. Fent ru @ntrire> not only &oat e 0i a$e?at @n &o?i!ie ini!ial>
&ro%u"Bn% in/er,i une @ntre ,u2i e"t $i &re%i"at : *ot only #i# he rea# the whol e
poem, but he also translat e# part of it.
#$ *or"neit her e,t e 0olo,it "Bn% &ri #a &ro&o?i!i e e,t e negati /3 *or"neit her "ere
in/er,i une @ntre ,u2i e"t $i &re%i"at / /er2 au1iliar $i &oat e 0i &re"e%at %e an%: e
#i# not come to the symposi um, 4an#$ neit her " nor #i# he sen# in his paper.
eD *either. .. nor ,unt 0olo,it e $i @#&reun &ent r u a nega %ou &ro&o?i!ii legat e
&rin an%3 Solo,irea lui neit her. .. nor ,u2lini a? "ara"t er ul negati / al a#2el or
&ro&o?i!ii3
Co#&ar a! i : 6he #i#n3t eat an# she #i#n3t #rink.
%ar: 6he neit her at e nor #rank anyt hi ng.
.8' 8' Coor/onar e a /i ,@unct i 31 #5i ,@unct i 3e Coor/onat i on&
Ra&ort ul %e "oor%onar e %i,Aun"ti/ ,e ,t a2il e$t e @ntre &ro&o?i!ii "oor%onat e "are
,unt &re?ent at e %e /or2it or "a e1"lu?Bn%u. ,e una &e alt a @ntr. o #, ur #ai #ar e
,au #ai #i"3
ConAun"!iile %i,Aun"ti/e ,unt: or $i either.. . or > iar @n &ro&o?i!iile @n "are ,e e1"lu%
a#2el e alt ernat i /e> "u un /er2 la 0or#a a0ir#at i /> neit her. . . nor.
Coor%onar e a %i,Aun"ti/ ,e ,t a2il e$t e %e o2i"ei @ntre %ou alt er nat i /e> %intr e "are
una e,t e &re0er at @ntr. un anu#i t #o#ent 3
Alternati /a &re0er at e,t e %e o2i"ei #en!i onat @ntBi: 6hall we go for a walk or
shall we wat ch T) @
A%ugar e a lui either @naint ea &ri #ei alt er nat i /e in%i" %e regul e1"lu%er e a
a#2el or alt er nat i /e3
E1i,t @n, $i ,itua!ii @n "are "oor%onar e a %i,Aun"ti/ leag trei ,au #ai #ult e
&ro&o?i!ii> ra&ort ul %e e1"lu%er e re"i&ro" 0iin% #ai &u!in e/i%ent : &ou may either
rea# a book, wat ch T) or list en to the ra#io.
Ra&ort ul %i,Aun"ti/ ,e a&ro&i e %e "el "o&ul ati/ $i @n "a?ul a %ou &ro&o?i!ii> %a"
nu e,t e ne"e, ar a ,e o&t a &ent r u o ,ingur alt ernat i /3
.8' 9' Coor/onar e a a/3er , at i 31 #A/3er , at i 3 e Coor/i nat i on&
Fro&o?i!iile "oor%onat e "are ,e o&un una alt ei a 0r a ,e e1"lu%e ,e nu#e, "
a%/er , at i /e3
A"e,t ea ,unt legat e %e o2i"ei &rin "onAun"!i a a%/er , at i / 2ut: They woul# like to
come but they are too busy.
pag: 03'
La "oo%onar e a a%/er , at i /> inter%e&en%e n! a %intre "ele %ou &ro&o?i!ii e,t e #ai
#ar e %e"Bt la "oor%onar e a "o&ul ati/ $i "ea %i,Aun"ti/> &ro&o?i!iile a%/er , at i /e
ne&ut Bn%u. $i ,"-i #2a lo"ul @ntre ele 0r a ,e #o%i0i"a ,en,ul: e is el#erly but
4he$ 4is$ energet i c. E,t e @n /Br,t %ar &lin %e ener gi e> %ar Ce,t eD @n /Br,t 3
.8' ;' !ol o,i re a timpuril or 0n +razel e prin coor/onar e
En 0ra?el e &rin "oor%onar e ,e &ot utili?a ori"e ti#&uri /er2al e> @n 0un"!i e %e
int en!i a /or2it orul ui: % went to the seasi #e last yesr 7*8 %3ll go there again neAt
year.
E-cep2 i e : enu#er ril e %e a"!iuni @n ,tilul nar ati/ ,e &un la a"el a$i ti#&
gra#at i "al: &re?ent > Fa,t Ten,e ,au /iitor> @n 0un"!i e %e #o#ent ul nar a!i unii> ,&re
%eo, e2i r e %e li#2a ro#Bn> un%e ti#&urile &ot alt er na:
9!erybo#y was home. <elcome. *oises of welcome. >other kisse# hi m. (ather
aske# hi m what marks he ha# got. *oises. . . The noise of curtain rings being
pulle# asi#e. is be# was hot an# his face an# bo#y were hot. The nurse aske#
hi m: 7re you all right @ e #i#n3t know, an# the nurse sai#: ,et back into be#. 4=.
Loyce + The Portrait of the 7rtist as a &oung >an$
To!i erau a"a, 3 Bine. ai /enit3 Zgo#ot e %e 2un /enit3 Ma#a @l ,rut 3 Tat a @l
@ntrea2 "e not e a o2!inut 3 Zgo#ot e3 3 3 Zgo#ot ul inelelor %e &er%ea tra, e %e. a
&art e3 Fat ul lui %ogor e$ t e $i 0a! a $i tru&ul @i %ogor e,"3 Sora @l @ntrea2: . Nu !i.e
2ine\ Nu $tia5 $i ,ora ?i,e: . Bag. te @na&oi @n &at3 CJ3 JoH"e . Fortret ul arti,t ul ui @n
tiner e! eD
.9' !raza prin ,ubor/onar e #T$e compl e - 6ent e nc e &
Su2or%onar e a e,t e ra&ort ul ,int a"ti" e1i,t ent @ntre %oi ter #eni %intre "are unul @l
%et er #i n &e "ell alt> %e&i n%e %e el %in &un"t %e /e%er e gra#at i "al3
Ra&ort urile @ntr. o 0ra? %e ,u2or %onar e CCo#&l e1 Sent en"eD ,e ,t a2il e," @ntre
&ro&o?i!iile ,e"un%ar e ,au ,u2or%onar e CSu2or%i nat e Clau,e,D $i &ro&o?i!iile lor
regent e C#ai n Clau,e,D> "are la rBn%ul lor> &ot 0i &ro&o?i!ii &rin"i&al e @n 0ra? ,au
,u2or %onat e &ro&o?i!i ei &rin"i&al e @n 0ra?3
Sra?a: e aske# me where % bought the #ress % was wearing. e,t e al"t ui t %in:
/. e aske# me C&ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al D
0. where % ha# bought the #ress C&ro&o?i!i e ,e"un%ar 0a! %e ( %ar regent a lui 6D
3. % was wearing C&ro&o?i!i e ,u2or %onat 0a! %e +D3
.9' * 3 Fro&o?i!iile ,u2or %onat e ,unt legat e %e &ro&o?i!iile lor regent e &rin:
aD "onAun"!ii ,u2or%onat oar e "ir"u#, t an! i al e5
2D un ele#ent wh+ I
"D that
%D in/er,iune3
pag: 03.
aD ConAun"!iile ,u2or%onat oar e "ir"u#, t an! i al e ,unt "el #ai i#&ort ant #iAlo" %e
in%i"ar e a ,u2or %onrii @n 0ra?3 Ele ,e "la,i0i" @n 0un"!i e %e &ro&o?i!iile &e "are
le intro%u"3
Unele "onAun"!ii ,u2or %onat oar e ,unt al"t ui t e %in %ou ele#ent e: o "onAun"!i e
"are a&ar e %e regul @n &ro&o?i!i a ,u2or%onat $i un a%/er 2 "are a&ar e @n
&ro&o?i!i a regent C"orrel ati /e ,u2or %i nat or ,D: e was so ill that they took hi m to
hospi t al. *o sooner ha# they reache# home than is stope# raining.
ConAun"!iile ,u2or%onat oar e ,e a$ea? %e regul la @n"e&ut ul &ro&o?i!i ei
,e"un%ar e3 A"ea,t a &oat e &re"e%e ,au ur#a &ro&o?i!i a regent 3
Fro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onat e te#&or al e> "au?al e Cintro%u, e %e a,/ ,in"eD> "on%i!ional e
$i "on"e,i/e a&ar %e o2i"ei @n &o?i!ie ini!ial: 7s the weat her was ba#, we staye#
home all #ay. 7lthough she spoke !ery spoke !ery slowly, % coul#n3t un#erst an#
her.
Fro&o?i!iile intro%u, e %e 2e"au, e $i &ro&o?i!iile "on,e"ut i /e o"u& %e regul o
&o?i!ie 0inal @n 0ra?: % can3t help you with your homework becaus e %3m busy
right now. ?y#ia like# the book so much that she rea# it three ti mes.
ConAun"!iile ,u2or %onat oar e &ot 0i &re"e%at e %e alt e "onAun"!ii> ,&re %eo, e2i r e %e
"onAun"!iile "oor%onat oar e: e left early becaus e he wasn3t feeling !ery well 7*8
becaus e the part y was boring.
Ia" o &ro&o?i!i e ,u2or%onat are a"el a$i ,u2i e"t C$i /er2 au1iliarD "a $i
&ro&o?i!i a ,a regent > a"e,t a tre2ui e #en!i onat : Though he has ne!er been to
this twn, he has oft en writt en about it.
2D Ele#ent el e wh . re&r e?i nt :
. &ronu#e int erogat i /e ,au relati/e: who, whom" whos e, which, whatI
. a%/er 2e relati/e: where, when, how, whyI
. "o#&u$ii a"e,t or a: whoe!er, whiche!er, what e! er, where!er, whene! er,
howe!er.
Ele#ent el e wh . ,unt 0olo,it e "a #ar" a ,u2or%onrii @n:
. &ro&o?i!ii int erogat i /e in%ire"t e: % #on3t know who was there.
. @n &ro&o?i!ii relati/e: This is the place where % first saw her.
"D ConAun"!i a t-at e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u intro%u"er e a #ai #ult or ti&uri %e &ro&o?i!ii
,u2or %onat e3
En /or2ire> "onAun"!i a t-at e,t e a%e, e a o#i,: % knew she was right. %3m sure she
was right.
That nu poat e fi omis c:n# propo-i 5ia est e subi ecti !2: T7T he was so ill alarme#
her.
.9' .' Cla,i +i car e a propozi 2 i i l or ,ubor/onat e
4 "la,i0i"ar e 0un"!ional a &ro&o?i!iilor ,u2or %onat e e,t e @n:
AD &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onat e intro%u, e %e t-at > "are @n%e&line," 0un"!iile unui gru&
no#i nal> &ut Bn% a/ea 0un"!i a %e:
. ,u2i e"t : That he answer e# so well surprise# e!erybo#y.
. "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t: % knew that she was right.
. nu#e &re%i"ati/: The belief is that things will impro!e.
pag: 010
. a&o?i!i e: &our opinion, that things will impro!e, is well foun#e#.
. "o#&l e#e nt &re&o?i!ional: %3m sure that they were right.
BD Fro&o?i!iile relati/e> "are ,e "o#&or t 0un"!ional "a ni$t e a%A e"ti/e atri2uti/e:
The man who wa!e# to us was my uncle.
CD &ro&o?i!iile "ir"u#, t an! i al e> "are @n%e&line," 0un"!i a unor "o#&l e#e nt e
"ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ti#&> lo"> "on%i!i e> "au? 0a! %e ele#et el e lor regent e:
&ou3ll hear all about it when he comes.
&ou3ll hear all about it where you go.
&ou3ll hear all about it if you want to.
.9' 4' e/uc er e a propozi 2 i il or ,ubor/onat e
Fro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onat e &ot 0i re%u, e %e o2i"ei la "on,t r u"!ii "u /er2e la 0or#e
ne&er , onal e: aD "on,t r u"!ii in0initi/al e5 2D "on,t r u"!ii &arti"i&ial e3
aD Con,tru"!iile in0initi/al e Cto . In0initi/e No#inal Clau,e,D
&ot @n%e&lini 0un"!i a %e:
. ,u2i e"t : (or hi m to come so late is unbeli e!abl e.
. "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t: % like e!eryone to be punct ual.
. nu#e &re%i"ati/: To be a #oct or is to be !ery har# working.
. a&o?i!i e: is #esire to become a !et erynary #oct or was finally fulfille#.
. "o#&l e#e nt &re&o?i!ional: %3m gla# to be of help.
2D Con,tr u"!iile &arti"i&i al e Cing. No#inal Clau,e,D &ot @n%e&lini 0un"!i a %e:
. ,u2i e"t : elping peopl e in nee# is the mai n #ut y of the Ce# Eross.
. "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t: % #on3t like lying to peopl e.
. "o#&e #e nt &re&o?i !ional: %3m prou# of being her pupil.
. nu#e &re%i"ati/: is hobby is collecting Comani an stamps.
. a&o?i!i e: is pres ent =ob, being secret ary of the sport s club, re;uires a great
#eal of work.
A' Propozi 2i il e ,ubor/onat e intro%u, e %e t-at CT-at Clau,e,D
Fro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onat e intro%u, e %e ta-t &ot @n%e&lini #ai #ult e 0un"!ii &e lBng
ele#ent el e lor regent e3 En "on, e"i n! > ele ,e @#&art @n &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or%onat e
"o#&l eti /e %ire"t e> ,u2i e"ti/e> &re%i"ati/e> a&o?i!ional e et"3
.9' 8' Propozi 2i a compl e t i 31 /irect 1 #T$e 5irect Ob@ect Clau, e &
.9' 8' *' Fro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / %ire"t @n%e&line$t e rolul %e "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t al
&re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a regent : Ceme mb er that we ha!e to lea!e by //:00
a. m. S nu ui!i " tre2ui e , &le"# @n Aurul orei ((3
.9' 8' .' Fro&o?i!iile enun!i ati /e $i interogat i /e tre"ut e la /or2irea in%ire"t ,unt
%e a,e#e ne a "o#&l eti /e %iree"t e: <e aske# hi m whet her he ha# un#erst oo# the
instructions 3 L.a# @ntre2at %a" a @n!el e, intru"!i unil e3 e tol# us he ha#
un#erst oo# e!eryt hi ng 3 Ne. a ,&u, " a @n!el e, tot3
pag: 01/
.9' 8' 4' ConAun"!i a that e,t e %e,eori o#i, @n engl e?a 0a#iliar %u& /er2e "a:
t hink, belie!e, imagi ne, suppos eI see, hear, know, reme mb er, un#erst an# say:
% think he will come in ti me. Cre% " o , /in la ti#&3
% suppos e he will come in ti me. Cre% " o , /in la ti#&3
ConAun"!i a t-at tre2ui e &,t r at "Bn% &ro&o?i!iile ,unt lungi $i au #ult e
"o#&l e#e nt e "ir"u#, t an! i al e: % #on3t suppos e that he in#en#s to return until
tomorrow. Nu "re% " inten!i onea? , ,e @ntoar" &Bn #Bi ne3
Aten2 i e G Nu 0olo,e$ t e "onAun"!i a t-at %u&: % wish, %3# rather, %3# sooner: % wish
you coul# fin# out the trut h. A$ %ori , &o!i a0la a%e/r ul3
.9' 8' 8' Core, pon/ e n 2 a timpuril or
Solo,irea ti#&urilor /er2al e @n &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti/ %ire"t e,t e #ai ,tri"t @n
li#2a engl e? %e"Bt @n li#2a ro#Bn3
Ra&ort ul logi" ,t a2ilit @ntre ti#&ul &re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al / r egent $i
ti#&ul &re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a ,u2or %onat e,t e e1&ri #at &e &lan ,int a"ti"
&rintr. o anu#i t "on"or%an! ,au "ore,&on%e n! a ti#&urilor /er2al e 0olo,it e @n
"ele %ou &ro&o?i!ii> nu#i t @n li#2a engl e? Se[uen"e o0 Ten,e,
CCore,&on%en! a Ti#&urilorD3
E1i,t "Bt e/a reguli gener al e %e "ore,&on%e n! a ti#&urilor "are ,e a&li" @n
&rin"i&al la &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / %ire"t :
egul a I3 Ia" /er2ul &ro&o?i!i ei &rin"i&al e e,t e la un ti#& &re?ent C&re, ent >
Fre,ent Fer0e"t D> @n &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / ,e &oat e 0olo,i ori"e ti#& "erut %e
logi"a enun! ul ui:
% know she has sent the lett er.
% know they came yest er#ay.
% know he will con#uct the concert tonight .
Gtiu " ea a e1&e%i at ,"ri,oar ea3
Gtiu " ei au /enit ieri3
Gtiu " el /a %iriAa "on"er t ul %e %i,ear 3
egul a II' Ia" /er2ul &ro&o?i!i ei &rin"i&al e e,t e la /iitor> @n &ro&o?i!i a
"o#&l eti / ,e &oat e 0olo,i ori"e ti#& a0ar %e /iitor: % shall inform hi m that i nee#
his report tomorrow 3 El /oi in0or#a " a# ne/oi e %e ra&ort ul lui #Bi ne3
egul a III' CBn% /er2ul %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al e,t e la &re?ent > ,au Fre,ent
Fer0e"t > @n &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / ,e &oat e 0olo,i /iitorul C,&re %eo, e2i r e %e
"elel alt e &ro&o?i!ii ,u2or %onat eD : % know that he will come tomorrow. Gtiu " /a
/eni #Bi ne3
egul a IV' Ia" /er2ul &ro&o?i!i ei &rin"i&al e e,t e la un ti#& tre"ut > /er2ul
&ro&o?i!i ei ,u2or %onat e tre2ui e %e a,e#e ne a , 0ie la un ti#& tre"ut :
<e knew 4that$ she ha# sent the lett er.
<e knew 4that$ they were away.
<e knew 4that$ she woul# help us.
e ha# meni one# 4that$ she ha# sent the lett er.
e ha# meni one# 4that$ they were away.
e ha# meni one# 4that$ she woul# help us.
Noi $tia# / El #en!i ona, e " ea a tri#i, / tri#i,e, e ,"ri,oar ea3
Noi $tia# / El #en!i ona, e " ei ,unt / erau &le"a!i %in ora$3
Noi $tia# / El #en!i ona, e " ea ne /a aAut a3
pag: 010
7ten5i eN la tra%u"er e a @n li#2a ro#Bn!
Fa,t Fer0e"t C&ent r u e1&ri #ar e a ant eri orit !iiD ,e &oat e tra%u"e &rin #ai. #ult. "a.
&er0e"t ul> &er0e"t ul "o#&u, e,t e #ia 0re"/ent : Gtia# " ea a tri#i, ,"ri,oar ea> iar
Fa,t Fen, e Ca"!iuni ,i#ult aneD ,e tra%u"e %e o2i"ei &rin &re?ent : Gtia# " ei ,unt
&le"a!i %in ora$3
Core,&on%e n! a @ntre ti#&urile %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al $i %in "o#&l eti/a %ire"t
CSe[uen"e o0 Ten,e,D:
Ra&ort ul a"!iunii %in
&ro&o?i!i a
,u2or %onat 0a! %e
a"!iunea %in
&rin"i&al
Ti#&ul &re%i"at ul ui
%in &rin"i&al
Ti#&ul &re%i"at ul ui
%in ,u2or%onat
(3 ant eri orit at e Fre,ent /Fr e, ent
Fer0e"t / Suture
Fre,ent Fer0e"t
Fa,t Ten,e/Fa, t
Fer0e"t
Fa,t Fer0e"t
+3 ,i#ult anei t at e Fre,ent /Fr e, ent
Fer0e"t /Sut ur e
Fre,ent Ten,e
Fa,t Ten,e/Fa, t
Fer0e"t
Fa,t Ten,e
63 &o,t eri orit at e Fre,ent /Fr e, ent
Fer0e"t
Suture
Sutur e Fre,ent
Fa,t Ten,e/Fa, t
Fer0e"t
Suture. in. t-e. Fa,t
Se &oat e o2,er/a &aral eli,#ul @ntre ti#&urile &re?ent e ale in%i"ati/ul ui CFre,ent >
Fre,ent Fer0e"tD utili?at e &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a unor a"!iuni &re?ent e $i ti#&uril e
tre"ut e CFa,t Ten,e> Fa,t Fer0e"tD @ntre2ui n! at e &ent r u re%ar ea unor a"!iuni
tre"ut e3 Un &aral eli,# ,i#ilar e1i,t @ntre /iitor $i /iitor . @n . tre"ut :
/. % think % ha!e met her bef ore.
Cre% " a# @nt Blnit. o3
% thought % ha# met her bef ore.
A# "re?ut " o #ai @nt Blni,e#3
0. % think he is right.
Cre% " are %re&t at e3
% thought he was right.
A# "re?ut " are %re&t at e3
3. % think they will come later.
Cre% " /or /eni #ai tBr?iu3
% thought they woul# come later.
A# "re?ut " /or /eni #ai tBr?iu3
E-cep2 i i la regul a IVF
Sa" e1"e&!i e %e la "ore,&on%en! a ti#&urilor tre"ut e "o#&l eti /el e %ire"t e "are
e1&ri #:
aD 0a&t e "u /ala2ilit at e gener al > a%e/r uri C"on,i%er at eD a2,ol ut e: <e were tol#
that 6hakes pear e is the great es t 9nglish writer. Ni ,. a ,&u, " S-a=e, &e ar e e,t e
"el #ai #ar e ,"riitor engl e?3
pag: 013
2D "o#&l eti/el e %ire"t e %u& /er2e "a know, reali-e, belie!e, think, hope, regret
"are &re,u&un a%e/r ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui %ire"t > a"e,t a 0iin% a%e/r at $i @n
#o#ent ul /or2irii:
% reali-e# he is a 6out h 7merican. Mi.a# %at ,ea#a " e,t e %in A#eri"a %e Su%3
egul a V3 Solo,irea ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui @n &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / %ire"t :
aD Iu& /er2e "a ask, #eman#, re;uire, or#er, urge, sugges t , propos e. arrange,
/er2ul %in ,u2or %onat a "o#&l eti / ,e &une la ,u2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent analiti" ,-oul%
_ in0inti/:
The capt ai n or#ers that the crew shoul# aban#on ship.
C&it anul or%on / a or%onat "a e"-i&aA ul , &r , ea , " /a,ul3
2D Su2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent ,int eti" e,t e 0olo,it @n /ariant a a#eri"an a li#2ii engl e?e
$i uneori @n li#2a engl e? ,"ri,: The capt ai n or#ere# that the crew aban#on
ship.
egul a VI' Solo,irea ti#&urilor %u& /er2ul Vi,-:
Ver2ul wish e,t e ur#at %e:
aD Fa,t Ten,e> &ent r u a e1&ri #a regr et ul 0a! %e o a"!iune nereali?at @n &re?ent :
% wish4e#$ she were" was here with us. A$ %ori/A$ 0i %orit/"a ea , 0ie ai"i "u noi3
,au 0a! %e o ,itua!i e %e #ai lung %urat : e wishes" wi she# he li!e# in the
country. Ar %ori/Ar 0i %orit , lo"uia," la !ar 3
2D Fa,t Fer0e"t > &ent r u a e1&ri #a regr et ul 0a! %e o a"!iune ner eali?at @n tre"ut :
<e wish4e#$ she ha# =oine# us. A# 0i %orit "a ea , 0i /enit "u noi3
"D Uoul% _ in0initi/ &ent r u a e1&ri #a o %orin! &ent r u o a"!iune /iitoar e C"are nu
are $an, e %e a ,e reali?aD: % wish he woul# come in ti me 4but % #on3t think he will$.
A$ %ori "a el , /in la ti#& %ar nu "re% " o /a 0a"e3
,au o rug#i nt e &oliti"oa, : % wish you woul# speak lou#er. A$ %ori//. a$ ruga ,
/or2i!i #ai tare3
Aten2 i e G Ver2ul wish e,t e ur#at %e /er2e la in%i"ati/ C&re?ent > /iitorD "Bn% are
,en, ul %e a ,&er a: % wish he will come in time K % hope he will come in time. S&er
" /a /eni la ti#&3
egul a VI ,e a&li" $i la IQ% rat -er> IQ% ,ooner:
%3# rather he worke# har#er.
%3# rather he ha# ma#e more effort s to impro!e.
%3# rather he woul# come tomorrow.
%3# sooner he worke# har#er.
%3# sooner he ha# ma#e more effort s to impro!e.
%3# sooner he woul# come tomorrow.
A$ &re0er a "a el , #un"ea, " #ai #ult3
A$ &re0er a "a el , 0i 0"ut #ai #ult e e0ort uri &ent r u a ,e &er0e"!i ona3
A$ &re0er a "a el , /in #Bi ne3
Aten2 i e G Ui,- ur#at %e o "o#&l eti/ %ire"t ,e tra%u"e @n li#2a ro#Bn &rin
"on%i!ional _ ,u2Aon"ti/: % wish she were here K A$ %ori "a ea , 0ie ai"i3 % wishe#
she ha# been with us O A$ 0i %orit "a ea , 0i 0o,t "u noi3
La 0el: %3# rather he worke# har#er O A$ &re0er a "a el , #un"ea, " #ai #ult3
et"3
pag: 011
.9' 8' 9' e/uc er e a propozi 2 i ei compl e t i 3 e /irect e
Fro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti/ %ire"t &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e o "on,t ru"!i e in0initi/al "Bn%
,u2i e"t ul ei i%enti" "u ,u2i e"t ul %in &ro&o?i!i a regent : % want to talk to hi m.
Vreau , /or2e," "u el3
,au "u "o#&l e#e nt ul %ire"t> @n "are "a? ,e 0olo,e$t e "on,t ru"!i a A"u?ati/ _
in0initi/: % want her to talk to the chil#. Vreau "a ea , /or2ea, " "u "o&ilul3
Iu& unel e /er2e ,e &oat e 0olo,i o "on,t r u"!i e gerun%i al @n lo"ul "elei
in0initi/al e> &ent r u a ,u2linia legt ur a %intre "ele %ou a"!iuni C$i nu %intr e
,u2i e"t eD: % #on3t like his ringing us up so oft en. Ca""ent ul "a%e &e a"!iunea %e
tel e0oaneD3 Nu. #i &la"e " ne tele0onea? a$a %e %e,3 Iar: % #on3t like hi m to ring
us to oft en. Ca""ent ul e,t e &e ,u2i e"t ul "o#&l eti/eD3 Nu. #i &la"e "a el , ne
tel e0one?e a$a %e %e,3
.9' 9' Propozi 2i a compl e t i 31 prepozi 2 i onal 1
.9' 9' *' A"ea,t &ro&o?i!i e e,t e intro%u, %e ele#ent e V-. @n,o!it e ,au nu %e
&re&o?i !ii:
?ook at what she has bought . Fri/e$t e la "e. a "u#&r at 3
?ook at who has come. Fri/e$t e la "ine a /enit3
?ook where he is going. Fri/e$t e un%e ,e %u"e3
.9' 9' .' En &ro&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / &re&o?i !ional > &re&o?i !i a ,e o#it e:
aD "Bn% &re&o?i !i a "o#&l eti/ e,t e intro%u, &rin t-at :
7t the last mome nt , she remi n#e# me that she coul#n3t go.
7t the last mome nt , she persua#e# me that she coul#n3t go.
7t the last mome nt , she was #elight e# that she coul#n3t go.
En ulti#ul #o#ent > ea #i. a a#i nti t " nu &ut ea , #ear g3
En ulti#ul #o#ent > ea #. a "on/in, " nu &ut ea , #ear g3
En ulti#ul #o#ent > ea a 0o,t @n"Bnt at " nu &ut ea , #ear g3
2D %u& anu#i t e /er2e $i a%A e"ti/e:
% won#er which of thes e ties he want s to buy.
6he hasn3t #eci#e# which of thes e ties he want s to buy.
%3m not sure which of thes e ties he want s to buy.
M @ntre2 "are "ra/at /rea ,. o "u#&er e3
Nu ,. a -ot r Bt "are "ra/at /rea ,. o "u#&er e3
Nu ,unt ,igur "are "ra/at /rea ,. o "u#&er e3
.9' 9' 4' Iu& anu#i t e /er2e> &re&o?i!i a "o#&l eti / &re&o?i!ional &oat e 0i
anti"i&at %e &ronu#el e it> "are @n%e&line$ t e rolul %e "o#&l e#e nt &re&o?i !ional
0or#al @n &ro&o?i!i a regent : &ou may rely upon it that he will keep his promi s e.
Fo!i , 0ii ,igur " @$i /a !ine &ro#i ,iunea3
pag: 015
.9' 9' 8' En &ro&o?i!iile "o#&l eti /e &re&o?i!ional e ,e a&li" "ore,&on%e n! a
ti#&urilor:
<e agree# upon it that it ha# been a misun#er st an#i ng.
<e agree# upon it that he was right.
<e agree# upon it that she woul# apologi-e.
A# "?ut %e a"or% " a 0o,t o ne@n! el eger e3
A# "?ut %e a"or% " el are %re&t at e3
A# "?ut %e a"or% " ea @$i /a "ere ,"u?e3
Iu& "on,t ru"!iile la un ti#& &re?ent e1&ri #Bn% ,enti #ent e: be sorry, be
surprise# " ast oni she# " ama- e#, be #isappoi nt e#, /er2el e %in &ro&o?i!i a
"o#&l eti / &ot 0i &u,e:
aD la &re?ent ul in%i"ati/ ,au ,u2Aon"ti/ul ,-oul% _ in0inti/ &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a unor
a"!iuni ,i#ult ane:
%3m ama- e# that they bring the chil#ren here for the summer.
%3m ama- e# that they shoul# bring the chil#ren here for the summer.
Sunt ui#it ". $i a%u" ai"i "o&iii /ara3
2D la Fre,ent Fer0e"t / Fa,t Ten,e ,au ,-oul% _ in0initi/ &er0e"t &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a
unei a"!iuni ant eri oar e "elei %in &rin"i&al :
%3m surprise# that he has accept e# their offer.
%3m surprise# that he shoul# ha!e accept e# their offer.
M ,ur&rin%e 0a&t ul " a a""e&t at o0et t a lor3
Ia" /er2ul %in &rin"i&al e,t e la un ti#& tre"ut > ,e a&li" "ore,&on%e n! a
ti#&urilor tre"ut e: aD ,i#ult anei t at e a: Fa,t Ten,e ,au ,-oul% _ in0initi/:
% was #isappoi nt e# they were so late.
% was #isappoi t e# they shoul# be so late.
A# 0o,t %e?a# gi t " au /enit a$a %e tBr?iu3
2D ant eri orit at e: Fa,t Fer0e"t ,au ,-oul% _ in0initi/ &er0e"t :
% was sorry they ha# sol# their car.
% was sorry they shoul # ha!e sol# their car.
Mi.a &rut ru " $i.a /Bn%ut #a$i na3
En toat e "a?urile 0olo,irea ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui a""ent ue a? i%eea: Mi.a &rut ru " $i.
au &ut ut /in%e #a$i na3 Fe "Bn% in0initi/ul ,"oat e @n relie0 a"!iunea "are a a/ut lo"
: Mi.a &rut ru " $i.a /Bn%ut #a$i na3
.9' ;' Propozi 2i a ,ubi e c t i 31 #T$e 6ub@ ect Clau, e &
.9' ;' *' Fro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ a&ar e %u& ,au @naint ea:
aD /er2el or see m, change, appear, turn out:
% seeme # that he was wrong.
2D unor a%A e"ti/e "a: likely, cert ain, possibl e, clear, true, import ant , alarmi ng,
etc.: %t3s possibl e that the tourist s ha!e arri!e#.
"D a unor /er2e tran?iti/e e1&ri #Bn% ,t ri ,u0let e$ t i: alarm, ama- e, attract ,
conf u- e, #iscourage, embrarrass, relie!e, scare, troubl e etc.:
That she hasn3t writt en yet ama- es me.
pag: 016
.9' ;' .' "ocul propozi 2 i ei ,ubi ec t i 3 e 0n +raz1
Fo?i!ia nor#al a &ro&o?i!i ei ,u2i e"ti/e e,t e %u& &ro&o?i!i a regent > &ro&o?i!i a
,u2i e"ti/ 0iin% anti"i&at %e &ronu#el e intro%u"ti /. anti"i&ati / it "u 0un"!i e %e
,u2i e"t 0or#al al regent ei : %t is import ant that you shoul # #o your homework
caref ully. E,t e i#&ort ant ,. !i 0a"i te#el e "u griA3
En engl e?a literar > &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ o"u& uneori &o?i!ie ini!ial: That he has
refuse# our off er ama- es me. M ,ur&rin%e " a re0u?at o0ert a noa,t r 3
.9' ;' 4' !ol o,i re a ti mpuril or 0n propozi 2 i a ,ubi e c t i 31
En &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ ,e &oat e 0olo,i: aD #o%ul in%i"ati/5 2D #o%ul ,u2Aon"ti/3
Solo,irea in%i"ati/ul ui arat " a"!iunea %in &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ e,t e /?ut "a
un 0a&t real> ,/Br $i t: %t is strange that they arri!e# bef ore us. E "iu%at " au
aAun, @naint ea noa,t r 3
Solo,irea ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui arat " a"!iunea e,t e /?ut "a o i%ee> &re,u&uner e: %t
is strange that shoul # arri!e before us. E,t e "iu%at "a ei , aAung @naint ea
noa,t r 3
Solo,or ea ti#&urilor @n &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ %e&i n%e $i %e ti#&ul /er2ul ui %in
&ro&o?i!i a regent 3
A& Mo/ul in/i cat i 3F
aD Un ti#& &re?ent @n regent &oat e 0i ur#at %e ori"e ti#& @n &ro&o?i!i e
,u2i e"ti/: %t is unlikel y that they ha!e talke#" will talk about this. E,t e &u!in
&ro2a2il " ei au /or2it / /or /or2i %e,&r e a,t a3
2D Un ti#& tre"ut e,t e ur#at tot %e un ti#& tre"ut > "on0or # "ore,&on%e n! ei
ti#&urilor tre"ut e:
%t was a surprise that he ha# phone#.
%t was a surprise that he beha!e# like that.
%t was a surprise that he woul# come.
Mo%ul in%i"ati/ ,au ,u2Aon"ti/:
aD Iu& "on,t r u"!ii e1&ri #Bn% ,enti #ent e ,au #irar ea: it is strange, alarmi ng,
surprising, annoyi ng, gratifyi ng, splen#i #, /er2ul %in &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ ,e
&une> &ent r u a e1&ri #a:
(D ,i#ult anei t at e a O la &re?ent ,au ,u2Aon"ti/ ,-oul % _ in0initi/:
%t is splen#i # that the chil#ren go to be# early.
%t is splen#i # that the chil#ren shoul# go to be# early.
+D ant eri orit at e a . la Fre,ent Fer0e"t / Fa,t Ten,e ,au ,-oul % _ in0initi/ &er0e"t :
%t is gratif ying that he wait e# until the train arri!e#.
%t is gratif ying that he shoul# ha!e wait e# until the train arri!e#.
2D Ia" "on,t r u"!iile %e #ai ,u, ,unt la Fa,t Ten,e> @n &ro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ ,e
@ntre2ui n! e a?:
pag: 017
(D &ent r u ,i#ult anei t at e . Fa,t Ten,e ,au ,-oul % _ in0initi/:
%t was alarmi ng that >ary stu#i e# until mi#ni ght .
%t was alarmi ng that >ary shoul# stu#y until mi#ni ght .
+D &ent r u ant eri orit at e: Fa,t Fer0e"t ,au ,-oul % _ in0initi/ &er0e"t :
%t was strange that they ha# arri!e# bef ore us.
%t was strange that they shoul # ha!e arri!e# before us.
Solo,irea ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui @n toat e a"e,t e &ro&o?i!ii e1&ri # a"!iunea "a o i%ee>
&re,u&uner e> &e "Bn% in%i"ati/ul e1&ri # a"!iunea "a un 0a&t real> ,/Br $i t 3
In%i"ati/: Era "iu%at " ei au aAun, @naint ea noa,t r 3
Su2Aon"ti/: Era "iou%at "a ei , 0i aAun, @naint ea noa,t r 3
C& Mo/ul ,ub@ onct i 3F
aD En &ro&o?i!iile ,u2i e"ti/e intro%u, e %e i, is" was a#!isabl e, #esirabl e, ess ent i al,
imperati !e, import ant , ine!it abl e, neces s ary, right, !ital ,e 0olo,e$t e ,u2Aon"ti/ul
&re?ent analiti" "u ,-oul%: It i, / Va, ne"e, , ar H t-at -e ,-oul % 0in% a ,olution
i##e%i at el H3 E,t e / Era ne"e, ar "a el , g,ea, " i#e%i at o ,olu!i e3
Not 1F En engl e?a a#eri"an> e,t e &re0er at ,u2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent ,int eti" la 0or#a
a0ir#at i /: %t is"was neces s ar y that he fin# a solution imme#i at el y.
2D Iu& it is possibl e, it is probabl e, ,e @ntre2ui n! e a? ,u2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent
analiti" "u may " might: %t is possi bl e that she may phone me tonight . E,t e &o,i2il
"a ea ,. #i tele0one?e %i,ear 3
La 0or#a interogat i / @n,> ,e 0olo,e$t e ,-oul % _ in0initi/: %s it possibl e that %
shoul# see you this e!eni ng @ E,t e &o,i2il , te /% %i,ear \
.9' ;' 8' e/uc er e a propozi 2 i ei ,ubi e c t i 3 e ' (D Fro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ &oat e 0i
re%u, la o "on,t r u"!i e in0initi/al %a":
aD &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al "on!ine un ,u2,t ant i / ,au &ronu#e "are &oat e 0i ,u2i e"t
al in0initi/ului: %t was kin# of you to help us. A 0o,t %rgu! %in &art ea ta , ne
aAu!i3 %t is my int enti on to #o it. E,t e inten!i a #ea , 0a" a"e,t lu"ru3
2D ,u2i e"t ul generi " ,au ne%e0init al &ro&o?i!i ei ,u2i e"ti/e e,t e ,u2@n! el e,: %t is
goo# to be caref ul. E,t e 2ine , 0ii at ent 3
Con,tr u"!i a in0initi/al &oat e 0i $i in0initi/ul "u 0or . to3 Sor _ &ronu#e ,e o#it e
%a" @n!el e, ul reie, e %in "ont e1t : %t is easy for us to say no. CNeD e,t e u$or ,
,&une # nu3
+D A%e,eori "on,t ru"!i a in0initi/al e,t e @nlo"uit %e o "on,t r u"!i e gerun%i al :
To li!e near school is an a#!ant age for hi m.
?i!ing near school is an a#!ant age for hi m.
Sa&t ul " lo"ui e$t e lBng $"oal e,t e un a/ant aA &ent r u el3
A#2el e "on,t r u"!ii &ot 0i anti"i&at e %e &ronu#el e it:
%t3s not easy to try to persua#e her.
%t3s not easy trying to persua#e her.
Nu e,t e u$or , @n"er"i , o "on/ingi3
6D Fro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti/ #ai &oat e 0i @nlo"uit $i %e no#i nati /ul a2,ol ut _
&arti"i&iul &re?ent : 9!eryt hi ng going wrong alarme# them. Sa&t ul " tot ul
#er gea &ro,t i.a alar #at 3
pag: 01'
.9' =' Propozi 2i a pre/i cat i 31 #T$e Pre/i cat i 3 e Clau, e &
.9' =' *' Fro&o?i!i a &re%i"ati/ e,t e 0olo,it %u& /er2ul "a&ul ati/ 2e3
.9' =' .' !ol o,i re a ti mpuril orF
aD 4ri"e ti#& &oat e ur#a unui &re?ent @n regul :
The import ant fact is that he was born in this town.
The import ant fact is that he has writt en about it.
The import ant fact is that the book will be soon publishe#.
Sa&t ul i#&ort ant e,t e " ,. a n,"ut @n a"e,t ora$3
Sa&t ul i#&ort ant e,t e " a ,"ri, %e,&r e el3
Sa&t ul i#&ort ant e,t e " /olu#ul /a 0i &u2li"at @n "urBn%3
2D Iu& un /er2 tre"ut > ,e a&li" "ore,&on%e n! a ti#&urilor @n tre"ut :
The probl em was that they ha# phone#.
The probl em was that they were in town.
The probl em was that tthey woul# come the neAt #ay.
Fro2l e#a era " tel e0ona, er 3
Fro2l e#a era " erau @n ora$3
Fro2l e#a era " /or /eni a %oua ?i3
.9' =' 4' Fro&o?i!i a &re%i"ati/ &oat e 0i re%u, la o "on,t r u"!i e gerun%i al : That is
learning by #oing. Arta @n,ea#n a @n/! a 0"Bn%3
.9' >' Propozi 2i il e rel ati 3e #el at i 3e Clau, e , &
.9' >' *' Fro&o?i!iile relati/e ,e @#&art @n:
AD &ro&o?i!ii relati/e re,t ri"ti/e> li#it Bn% @n! el e,ul unui nu#e %e regent 5
BD &ro&o?i!ii relati/e %e,"ri &ti/e> "are a%u" e1&li"a!ii ,u&li #ent ar e %e,&r e un
ele#ent no#i nal %e regent 5
CD &ro&o?i!ii a&o?i!ional e> "u 0un"!i a %e a&o?i!i e a unui nu#e %in regent 3
.9' >' .' Fro&o?i!iile relati/e ,unt intro%u, e %e &ronu#el e relati/e who, what,
which $i that Cnu#ai relati/a re,t ri"ti/D> a%A e"ti/el e relati/e which, what, whos e
$i a%/er 2el e relati/e where, when, why.
.9' >' 4' Propozi 2 i a rel ati 31 re, tri ct i 31 e,t e e,en! i al &ent r u @n! el e,ul
&ro&o?i!i ei regent e $i nu ,e ,e %e,&ar t e &rin /irgul %e a"ea, t a3 The bus that
goes to the station stops at this corner. Auto2u?ul "are #er ge la gar o&re$t e la
"ol!3
Fro&o?i!i a relati/ re,t ri"ti/ e,t e intro%u, &rin &ronu#e relati/e: who, which,
that $i &rin a%/er 2e relati/e: where, when etc.
pag: 01.
Fronu#el e relati/ that > "are intro%u"e nu#ai &ro&o?i!ii relati/e re,t ri"ti/e> &oat e
0i 0olo,it "a ,u2i e"t at Bt &ent r u &er,oane> "Bt $i &ent r u o2ie"t e CV-o e,t e @n,
&re0er at %u& ,u2,t ant i /ul &eo&l e $i &ronu#el e t-o,eD:
The stu#ent s that are waiting out si#e are tourist s.
The peopl e who are waiting out si #e are tourist s.
Stu%en! ii "are a$t ea&t a0ar ,unt turi$ti3
4a#enii "are a$t ea&t a0ar ,unt turi$ti3
<hich e,t e uneori 0olo,it "a ,u2i e"t &ent r u o2ie"t e> %ar t-at e,t e #ult #ai
0re"/ent :
The icecream which has chocolat e in it cost s more.
The icecream that has chocolat e in it cost s more.
Eng-e! at a "are are "io"ol at @n ea "o,t #ai #ult3
A%/er2el e relati/e where Bi when ,unt %e, eori @ntre2ui n! at e &ent r u intro%u"er e a
&ro&o?i!iilor relati/e @n lo" %e &re&o?i !i e _ &ronu#e relati/:
The store in which % buy groceri es is across the street .
The store where % buy groceri es is across the street .
Maga?inul @n "are "u#&r "oloni al e e,t e /i?a/i3
Maga?inul un%e "u#&r "oloni al e e,t e /i?a/i3
Fronu#el e relati/ e,t e %e o2i"ei o#i, "Bn% ,u2,t ant i /ul &e "are. l %et er #i n
&ro&o?i!i a relati/ &oat e 0i "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t al &re%i"at ul ui %in relati/: % like#
T9 (%?> we saw yest er#ay. Mi.a &l"ut 0il#ul &e "are l.a# /?ut ieri3
Ia" "o#&l e#e nt ul e,t e &re&o?i!ional> t-at ,e o#it e> iar &ro&o?i!i a ,e a$ea? la
,0Br$it ul &ro&o?i!i ei relati/e: The sport % am fon# M( is foot ball. S&ort ul "are @#i
&la"e e,t e 0ot2al ul3
.9' >' 8' Propozi 2 i a rel ati 31 /e, cri pt i 31' Fro&o?i!i a relati/ %e,"ri&ti/ nu e,t e
e,en! i al &ent r u @n! el e,ul &ro&o?i!i ei regent e3 A%ugBn% in0or#a! ii ,u&li #ent ar e
$i &ut Bn% 0i o#i, 0r "a ,en,ul , 0ie a0e"t at > relati/a %e,"ri&ti/ ,e %e,&ar t e
&rin /irgul %e &ro&o?i!i a regent : &our #esk mat e, whos e name % can ne!er
reme mb er , has =ust phone#. To"#ai a tel e0onat "olegul tu %e 2an"> al "rui
nu#e nu #i. l a#i nt e, " ni"io%at 3
.9' >' 9' !ol o,i re a ti mpuril or 0n propozi 2 i i l e rel ati 3e
En &ro&o?i!iile relati/e ,e &oat e 0olo,i ori"e ti#&> @n 0un"!i e %e int en!i a
/or2itorul ui> in%e&en%e nt %e /er2ul %in &rin"i&al : % showe# hi m the #ress %3ll
wear at the school festi !al tomorrow. I.a# art at ro"-i a &e "are o /oi &urt a
#Bi ne la ,er2ar e a $"olar 3 Mur new T) set, which we bought two mont h ago, is
!ery goo#. Tele/i?orul no,t ru "el nou> &e "are l.a# "u#&r at a"u# %ou luni>
e,t e 0oart e 2un3
.9' >' ;' Fro&o?i!i a relati/ &oat e 0i re%u, la:
aD o a&o?i!i e> "are &oat e 0i un ,u2,t ant i /> a%A e"ti/ ,au &arti"i&iu ,ingur ,au "u o
"o#&linire3 CSu2i e"t ul &ro&o?i!i ei re%u, e e,t e %e o2i"ei un &ronu#e ,au
,u2,t ant i / %in &ro&o?i!i a regent D :
The teams playing in the Mlympi cs wear special uniforms.
The teams sel ect e# the Mlympi cs wear special uniforms.
E"-i&el e "are Aoa" la oli#&i a% &oart uni0or #e ,&e"i al e3
E"-i&el e ,ele"t at e &ent r u oli#&i a% &oart uni0or#e ,&e"i al e3
pag: 050
2D la o "on,t r u"!i e in0initi/al a"ti/ "u un ,en, &a,i/: This is not a thing to play
with. A"e,t a nu e,t e un lu"ru "u "are , te Ao"i3
"D %a" ,u2i e"t ul "ontru"!i ei in0initi/al e nu e,t e e1&ri #at @n &ro&o?i!i a regent >
,au e,t e ,u2@n! el e,> 0iin% gener al ,au ne-ot r Bt > el e,t e &re?ent ,u2 0or#a
a"u?ati / @n "on,t ru"!i a in0initi/ul "u 0or. to3
The best thing for you to #o is to follow his a#!ice. Cel #ai 2un lu"ru &e "are. l ai
%e 0"ut e,t e ,. i ur#e?i ,0at ul3
.9' >' =' Propozi 2 i a apozi 2i onal 1 e,t e %e o2i"ei intro%u, %e: when, where,
why, how, that, whet her.
&ro&o?i!iile a&o?i!ional e @n%e&line," 0un"!i a %e a&o?i!ii &e lBng ,u2,t ant i /e %in
regent "a opinion, reason, i#ea, probl em, impressi on, #oubt , eAcus e, ;uesti on,
fact $i ,e "on,t rui e," "u in%i"ati/ul: % #on3t know the C976M* why he left in such
a hurry. Nu $tiu #oti/ul &ent r u "are a &le"at a$a %e gr2i t3
.9' >' >' En &ro&o?i!iile atri2uti/e a&o?iti/e &e lBng ,u2,t ant i /e "a wish,
sugges t i on, recomme n #at i on, re;ues t ,e 0olo,e$t e ,u2Aon"ti/ul analiti" e1&ri #at
&rin ,-oul % _ in0initi/: The chairman3s C9WH96T that he aft ernoon session shoul#
be post pone# was accept e#. Cerer ea &re$ e%i nt el ui "a $e%i n! a %e %u&. a#i a? ,
0ie a#Bnat a 0o,t a""e&t at 3
.9' >' ?' Fro&o?i!i a a&o?i!ional &oat e 0i re%u, :
aD la o "on,t ru"!i e in0initi/al ,au gerun%i al > "Bn% ,u2i e"t ul ei e,t e generi " ,au
ne%e0i nit ,au "Bn% el e,t e &re?ent @n &ro&o?i!i a regent : The ;uesti on of how to
sen# the goo#s has to be set tl e#. Tre2ui e re?ol/at &ro2l e#a &ri/itoar e la #o%ul
"u# /a 0i e1&e%i at #ar0 a3
is i#ea, to #o e!eryt hi ng by hi ms el f, fright ens me.
I%eea lui> %e a 0a"e tot ul ,ingur> # @n,&i #Bnt 3
2D %a" &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al nu "on!ine un a,e#e ne a "u/Bnt > el /a 0i e1&ri #at
&rintr. un a"u?ati / @n &ro&o?i!i a a&o?i!ional @n "on,t r u"!i a In0initi/ul "u 0or. to: Mur
hope for hi m to return soon is faint. E ,la2 ,&er an! a "a el , ,e @ntoar" @n
"urBn%3 ,au &rintr. un &o,e,i / Ca"u?at i/ _ gerun%D:
>y impressi on, of Pet er3s en=oyi ng hi ms elf, was wrong.
"D Fro&o?i!i a a&o?i!ional &oat e 0i re%u, $i la un no#i nat i / a2,ol ut : This is our
way, mot her gi!ing intructions an# we following them
&ro&o?i!iile "ir"u#, t an! i al e CA%/er2i al Clau,e,D
Fro&o?i!iile ,u2or%onat e "ir"u#, t an! i al e ,unt %e #ai #ult e 0eluri:
.9' ?' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e ti mp #T$e A/3erbi al Clau, e o+ Time&
.9' ?' *' Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ti#& e,t e intro%u, %e "onAun"!iile: when,
as, while, until"till, before, aft er, as soon as, whene! er, since etc.
Not 1F 7#!erbel e har#ly, scarcel y, no sooner C%e. a2iaD &ot $i ele intro%u"e
&ro&o?i!ii te#&or al e3
ar#ly Bi scarcel y ,unt ur#at e %e "onAun"!iile when > iar no sooner %e than : e
has har#ly finishe# eating a cake when he begins anot her. Ni"i n. a&u" ,
ter #i ne %e #Bn"at o &rAit ur " $i @n"e&e alt a3 They ha# no sooner got on the
train than it left. Ni"i n. au a&u"at , ,e ur"e @n tren " a $i &le"at 3
Ia" a%/er 2el e %e #ai ,u, o"u& &ri #ul lo" @n &ro&o?i!i e> &ent r u @nt Brire> are lo"
in/er,i une @ntre ,u2i e"t $i /er2ul au1iliar3 ar#ly has he finishe# eating a cake
when he begins anot her. *o sooner ha# they got on the train than it left.
.9' ?' .' !ol o,i re a ti mpuril or 0n propozi 2 i a circum, t an2 i al 1 /e ti mp
Un ti#& &re?ent @n regent e,t e ur#at %e un ti#& &re?ent @n "ir"u#, t a, n! i al a %e
ti#&: <hen % ha!e some #ays off, % go to the mount ai ns. CBn% a# "Bt e/a ?ile
li2ere> #er g la #unt e3
Unui /iitor @n regent @i "ore,&un%e un &re?ent @n te#&or al > &ent r u a e1&ri #a
,i#ult anei t at e a a"!iunilor: <hile you are get ti ng rea#y, %3ll make a telephone call.
En ti#& "e te &regt e$ t i > a# , %au un tel e0on3 %3ll be waiting right here when you
come out the eAami nati on room. Te /oi a$t e&t a "-iar ai"i "Bn% /ei ie$i %in ,al a %e
e1a#e n3
$i un &re?ent ,au Fre,ent Fer0e"t &ent r u ant eri orit at e: 7ft er the film is o!er, we3ll
go for a walk. Iu& "e ,e /a ter #i na 0il#ul> /o# 0a"e o &li#2ar e3 %3ll help you as
soon as % ha!e finishe# my homework. Te /oi aAut a %e @n%at "e @#i /oi 0i
ter #i nat le"!iile3
Aten2 i e G la %i0eren! a %intr e ro#Bn $i engl e?3 Te /oi aAut a @n%at "e @#i /oi C0iD
ter #i naC t D le"!iile3 / A# , te aAut "Bn% a# ,. #i ter #i n le"!iile3
Un &re%i"at la un ti#& tre"ut @n &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al "ere Fa,t Ten,e @n &ro&o?i!i a
te#&or al > &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a ,i#ult anei t ! ii: <hen % left for school this morning,
it was raining hea!il y. CBn% a# &le"at la $"oal a?i %e %i#inea! > &loua "u
gleat a3
$i Fa,t Fer0e"t &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a unei a"!iuni ant eri oar e "elei %in &rin"i&al :
They left the clasroom as soon as they ha# finishe# their papers. Au ie$it %in
"la, %e @n%at "e / i#e%i at %u& "e $i.au ter #i nat lu"rrile3
A"elea$i reguli ,unt /ala2ile $i "Bn% &re%i"at ul &ro&o?i!i ei regent e e,t e la /iitor @n
tre"ut :
% tol# you % woul# call on you as soon as ha# finishe# the book.
% tol# you % woul# call on you when % ha# some spare ti me.
Aten2 i e G la tra%u"er e a a"e,t or &ro&o?i!ii!
En li#2a ro#Bn ,e 0olo,e$t e /iitorul @n te#&or al > &e "Bn% @n li#2a engl e?
nu#ai Fa,t Ten,e ,au Fa,t Fer0e"t:
`i.a# ,&u, " /oi tre"e &e la tine %e @n%at "e /oi 0i ter #i nat "art ea3
`i.a# ,&u, " /oi tre"e &e la tine "Bn% /oi a/ea &u!in ti#& li2er3
CBn% /er2ul %in &ro&?i!i a regent e,t e la #o%ul "on%i!ional> /er2ul %in
"ir"u#, t an! i al a %e ti#& e,t e la Fa,t Ten,e: % woul# try to call on you before you
went away. A$ @n"er"a , tre" &e la tine @naint e , &le"i @n ora$3
Not 1F Iatorit ,en,ul ui> a0t er &oat e 0i ur#at %e Fa,t Ten,e ,au %e Fa,t Fer0e"t >
&ent r u a e1&ri #a ant eri orit at e a a"!iunii %in "ir"u#, t an! i al a %e ti#& 0a! %e
a"!iunea %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al :
e rang up all his frien#s aft er he returne# from the trip.
e rang up all his frien#s aft er he ha# ret urne# from the trip.
En #o% ,i#ilar> untill / till &ot 0i ur#at e %e Fa,t Ten,e ,au %e Fa,t Fer0e"t @n
,u2or %onat a %e ti#&:
e #i#n3t lea!e until he recei !e# a #efinit e answer.
e #i#n3t lea!e until he ha# recei !e# a #efinit e answer.
pag: 050
Nu a &le"at &Bn nu a &ri#it un r,&un, &re"i,3
Defore &er #i t e 0olo,rea lui Fa,t Ten,e ,au a lui Fa,t Fer0e"t @n &ro&o?i!i a
&rin"i&al @n,o!it %e o ,u2or%onat te#&or al la Fa,t Ten,e:
6he ga!e hi m your mes s age bef ore you arri!e#.
6he ha# gi!en hi m your mes s age bef ore you arri!e#.
Ea i.a tran, #i , / @i tran, #i , e, e #a, aA ul tu @naint e , ,o,e$t i tu3
En toat e "ele trei "a?uri> 0olo,irea lui Fa,t Fer0e"t ,u2linia? ant eri orit at ea a"!iunii3
S&re %eo, e2i r e %e "onAun"!iile %e #ai ,u,> V-en e,t e ur#at %e Fa,t Ten,e &ent r u
a in%i"a:
aD ,i#ult anei t at e a a"!iunilor %in "ele %ou &ro&o?i!ii: <e pai# for the mat erials
when the company #eli!ere# them. CV-en O at t-at #o#ent D A# &ltit &ent r u
#at eri al e "Bn% le. a li/rat @ntre&ri n%er e a3
2D ,u""e,i une a i#e%i at a "elor %ou a"!iuni: <hen Pet er returne# from school,
his mot her cooke# #inner. CV-en O a, ,oon a,D CBn% Fetre ,. a @ntor, %e la $"oal >
#a#a ,a a &regt i t #a, a3
<hen e,t e ur#at %e Fa,t Fer0e"t &ent r u a art a " a"!iunea %in ,u2or %onat a %e
ti#& o &re"e%e &e "ea %in &rin"i&al : <e pai# for the mat erials when the
company ha# #eli!ere# them. Ct-e# O a0t erD A# &ltit &ent r u #at eri al e %u& "e
le. a li/rat @ntre&ri n%er e a3
ConAun"!i a since "ere 0olo,irea lui Fre,ent Fer0e"t @n &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al &ent r u a
in%i"a &erioa%a %e ti#& &Bn la C,au e/ent ual $i @nD #o#ent ul &re?ent 3 Cu /er2e
"are in%i" %urat a Ce13: li/e> ,t aH> 2e> oVnD ,in"e &oat e 0i ur#at %e a"e,t ti#& $i
@n &ro&o?i!i a te#&or al :
6ince we came to this town we ha!e !isit e# the 7rt ,alleries se!eral times.
6ince we3!e been li!ing here we ha!e !isit e# the 7rt ,alleries se!eral times.
Ie "Bn% a# /enit @n a"e,t ora$> a# /i?itat Galeriile %e Art %e #ai #ult e ori3
Ie "Bn% lo"ui # ai"i> a# /i?itat Galeriile %e Art %e #ai #ult e ori3
.9' ?' 4' e/uc er e a propozi 2 i ei circum, t an2 i al e /e ti mp
Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ti#& &oat e 0i re%u, la o "ontru"!i e 0or#at %intr. o
"onAun"!i e %e ti#& $i un ,u2,t ant i /> a%A e"ti/ ,au &arti"i&iu> al "rui ,u2i e"t e,t e
,u2i e"t ul %in &ro&o?i!i a regent : e always sings while sha!i ng. Tot%eauna "Bnt
"Bn% ,e 2r2i er e$ t e3
ConAun"!i a &oat e 0i o#i, @naint ea "on,t ru"!i ei &arti"i&ial e> "are &oat e 0i &re?ent
,au &er0e"t : <alking to school, % met my 9nglish teacher. MergBn% ,&re $"oal l.
a# @ntBlnit &e &ro0e,or ul %e engl e?3 a!ing #one my homewor k, % went to the
cinema. Ter#i nBn%u. #i le"!iile / Iu& "e #i. a# 0"ut le"!iile> #. a# %u, la
"ine#a3
Iu& "onAun"!iile "are &ot 0i 0olo,it e $i "a &re&o?i!ii> ,e 0olo,e," "on,t r u"!ii
gerun%i al e: % swiche# off all the light s before going to be#. A# ,tin, toat e lu#inile
@naint e , #er g la "ul"ar e3
Con,tr u"!i a gerun%i al intro%u, %e on, aft er sau berfore &oat e a/ea $i un
,u2i e"t %i0erit %e "el %in &ro&o?i!i a regent > e1&ri #at &rintr. un &ronu#e ,au
,u2,t ant i / @n "a?ul geniti/ ,au a"u?ati/:
pag: 053
7fter his passing all his eAams , his frien#s came to celebrat e.
7fter hi m passi ng all his eAams , his frien#s came to celebrat e.
7fet er Tom passing all his eAams , his frien#s came to celebrat e.
7fter Tom3s passi ng all his eAams , his frien#s came to celebrat e.
Iu& "e To# / el $i.a luat toat e e1a#e nel e> &riet enii au /enit ,. l ,r2t or e a, " 3
Fro&o?i!i a te#&or al &oat e 0i @nlo"uit $i %e o "on,t ru"!i e &re&o?i !ional : 7ft er
8acia3s #ef eat by the Comans, it become a Coman pro!ince. Iu& @n0rBnger e a
Ia"iei %e "tr e ro#ani> !ar a a %e/eni t o &ro/in"i e ro#an3
.9' *(' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e loc #T$e A/3erbi l a Clau, e o+ Place&
.9' *(' * 3 Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e lo" e,t e intro%u, %e a%/er 2el e where,
where!er $i ,e "on,t r ui e$t e "u ori"e ti#&: <oul# you pleas e put thos e books
back where they belong. A!i /rea / rog , &une! i "r!ile @na&oi / un%e le e,t e
lo"ul3 <here!er we went , we met hopitabl e peopl e. 4riun%e #erge a #> @ntBl nea #
oa#eni o,&it ali eri3
.9' *(' . 3 Cir"u#, t an! i al a %e lo" e,t e %e o2i"ei @nlo"uit %e un a%/er 2 %e lo" ,au
%e o "ontru"!i e &re&o?i!ional : <oul# you pleas e put thos e books in their right
place@ <e met hospi t abl e peopl e e!erywher e.
.9' **' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e mo/ propri u: zi , 1 #T$e A/3erbi al
Clau, e o+ Manner&
A"ea,t a e,t e intro%u, %e Ce1a"tl HD a,> CAu,tD a, $i ,e "on,t r ui e$ t e "u ori"e ti#&
"erut %e logi"a enun! ul ui %in &rin"i&al : e will #o =ust as you tol# hi m.
Va 0a"e e1a"t "u# i.ai ,&u,3
Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e #o% &ro&ri u. ?i, &oat e 0i re%u, la:
aD un &arti"i&iu &re?ent ,au tre"ut "Bn% ,u2i e"t ul &arti"i&iului e,t e ,u2i e"t ul ,au
"o#&l e#e nt ul &re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a regent : e came to us smiling. Se
@n%rea&t ,&re noi ?B#2i n%3 e bought the hous e unrepaire# an# unpaint e#. A
"u#&r at "a,a ner e&ar at $i ne/r ui t 3
2D o "on,t r u"!i e gerun%i al > %u& o &re&o?i !i e: e rese mbl es you in spen#i ng =his
spare time rea#ing. Sea#n "u tine &rin 0a&t ul ". $i &etr e"e ti#&uil li2er "itin%3
"D &re&o?i !i e _ ,u2,t ant i /: e #iff ers from you in #isposition. Se %eo, e2e$ t e %e
tine la %i,&o?i!i e3
.9' *.' Propozi 2 i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e mo/ comparat i 31 #T$e A/3erbi al
Clau, e o+ Compari , on&
.9' *.' * 3 Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e #o% "o#&ar at i / e,t e intro%u, %e
"onAun"!iile as, than, as if, as though.
ConAun"!i a a, e,t e &re"e%at @n regent %e un a%A e"ti/ la gra%ul &o?iti/ ,au %e un
,u2,t ant i /3 Cu/int el e as, so, such ,au the same &ot anti"i&a "onAun"!i a as : The
film is not as goo# as you thought . Sil#ul nu e,t e at Bt %e 2un "Bt ai "re?ut 3 They
hear# such a noise as they ha# ne!er hear# bef ore. Au au?it un a,e#e ne a
?go#ot > "u# nu #ai au?i,er ni"io%at 3 e left for school the same ti me as % #i#.
A &le"at la $"oal la a"eea$i or la "are a# &le"at $i eu3
pag: 051
ConAun"!i a than e,t e &re"e%at %e un a%A e"ti/ la gra%ul "o#&ar at i / "are ,e a0l
@n &ro&o?i!i a regent : e was ol#er than we ha# eApect e#. El era #ai @n /Bnr,t
%e"Bt "re?u, e #3
En &ro&o?i!iile "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e #o% "o#&ar at i /e> /er2ul &oat e 0i o#i,3 En a"e,t
"a?> &ronu#el e &er,onal e ,unt @n "a?ul a"u?ati/:
% sang bet t er than he #i#. A# "Bnt at #ai 2ine %e"Bt a "Bnt at el3
% sang bet t er than hi m. A# "Bnt at #ai 2ine %e"Bt el3
Fro&o?i!i a "o#&ar at i / eli&ti" e,t e #ai 0re"/ent %e"Bt "ea @n "are /er2ul e,t e
e1&ri #at 3 Ver2ul nu &oat e 0i o#i, %e"Bt %a" e,t e 2e ,au %a" at Bt regent a "Bt $i
,u2or %onat a "on!in a"el a$i /er2: 6he 6peaks 9nglish bet t er than hi m 4Than he
speaks it$. Ea /or2e$ t e engl e?e$ t e #ai 2ine %e"Bt el3
%ar: 6he speaks 9nglish bet t er than she writ es it. Ea /or2e$ t e li#2a engl e? #ai
2ine %e"Bt ,"rie3
.9' *.' .' !ol o,i re a ti mpuril or 0n propozi 2 i i l e comparat i 3 e
Fro&o?i!iile "o#&ar at i /e intro%u, e %e as, than ,e "on,t r ui e," "u ori"e ti#&
"on%i!ionat logi" %e &re%i"at ul &ro&o?i!i ei &rin"i&al e:
e was as busy as we ha# thought .
e was as busy as a man coul# be.
e was as busy as hi m son is now.
e was as busy as you are going to be.
En &ro&o?i!i a "o#&ar at i / %e ti&ul "u "Bt333 "u at Bt > "are ,e "ont rui e$t e @n li#2a
engl e? "u aAut orul a %ou a%A e"ti/e ,au a%/er 2e la "o#&ar at i / Cunul @n
&ro&o?i!i a regent > altul @n &ro&o?i!i a "o#&ar at i /D> &re"e%at e %e arti"olul
-ot r Bt t-e> ,e 0olo,e," %e regul /iitorul @n &rin"i&al $i &re?ent ul @n
"o#&ar at i /: The har#er you work, the bet t er result s you will get. Cu "Bt /ei
#un"i #ai #ult> "u at Bt /ei o2!ine re?ult at e #ai 2une3
,au: Fart Ten,e _ Fa,t Ten,e: The more frec!ent l y they met , the more they like#
each other 3 Cu "Bt ,e @nt Blneau #ai %e,> "u at Bt ,e &l"eau #ai #ult3
Fro&o?i!iile "o#&ar at i /e intro%u, e %e as if, as though, C%u& un /er2 &re?ent ,au
tre"ut D ,e "ont rui e," "u in%i"ati/ul &re?net ,au /iitor &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a unei
"o#&ar a! ii real e:
%t looks as if he has been here. 4an# he has$.
%t looks as if it is going to rain. 4%t3s clou#y$.
$i "u Fa,t Ten,e C,i#ult anei t at eD ,au Fa,t Fer0e"t Cant eri orit at eD &ent r u a e1&ri #a
o "o#&ar a! i e i#agi nar > ireal :
e talks " talke# as if he were a teacher 4but he isn3t " wasn3t$.
e beha!es " beha!e# as if he ha# been here 4but =e hasn [t " ha#n3t$.
.9' *.' 4' Co#&ar a! iile real e ,e tra%u" @n ro#Bn &rin in%i"ati/> "ele ireal e &rin
"on%i!ional: Se &ar e " a 0o,t ai"i3
%ar: Se &oart %e &ar" ar 0i 0o,t ai"i3
Fro&o?i!i a "o#&ar at i / &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e un a%A e"ti/> un &arti"i&iu ,au %e o
"on,t r u"!i e &re&o?i !ional :
6he beha!e# as though angry.
6he beha!e# as if seeki ng encourage me nt .
6he beha!e# as though #a-e#.
6he beha!e# as if in search of somet hi ng.
pag: 055
Se &urt a %e &ar" ar 0i 0o,t ,u&r at 3
Se &urt a %e &ar" ar 0i a/ut ne/oi e %e o @n"uraA ar e3
Se &urt a %e &ar" ar 0i 0o,t a#e! i t 3
Se &urt a %e &ar" ar 0i "ut at "e/a3
Ia" &ro&o?i!i a "o#&ar at i / e,t e intro%u, %e t-an> ea &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e un
in0initi/ C"u ,au 0r toD: e #i# not hi ng more than 4to$ sign his name. N.a 0"ut
ni#i" alt"e/a %e"Bt ,. $i ,e#ne?e nu#el e3
.9' *4' Propozi 2 i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 cauzal 1 #T$e A/3erbi l a Clau, e o+
ea, on&
.9' *4' * 3 Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al "au?al e,t e intro%u, %e "onAun"!iile
2e"au, e> a,> ,in"e $i ,e "on,t r ui e$ t e "u ori"e ti#& "on%i!ionat logi" %e /er2ul %in
&rin"i&al : 6ince 8an oft en forget s things, his wife ga!e hi m a list. Ieoar e"e Ian
e,t e "a# uitu"> ,o!i a lui i.a %at o li,t 3
% got up at ten this morni ng becaus e % ha#n3t been able to sleep all night .
% got up at ten this morni ng becaus e to#ay is 6un#ay.
A?i %i#inea! #. a# ,"ulat la ora ?e"e &ent r u " n. a# &ut ut %or#i toat noa&t e a3
A?i %i#inea! #. a# ,"ulat la ora ?e"e &ent r u " a?i e %u#i ni"3
.9' *4' .' Cir"u#, t an! i al a "au?al &oat e 0i re%u, la un &arti"i&iu> a%A e"ti/>
,u2,t ant i / ,au o "on,t r u"!i e &re&o?i!ional : (eeling unwell, he went to be# early.
Ieoar e"e nu ,e ,i#! ea 2ine> ,. a %u, la "ul"ar e %e/r e#e3 e was a#mire# as a
man of charact er. Era a%#ir at 0iin% un o# %e "ara"t er 3
Farti"i&iul &oat e 0a"e &art e %intr. un no#i nati / a2,ol ut : The wat her being
unset tl e#, we post pone# our trip. Vre#ea 0iin% in,t a2il > ne. a# a#Bnat "lt ori a3
"are &oat e 0i @nlo"uit %e o "on,t ru"!i e &re&o?i!ional : %n such unset tl e# weat her
we ha# to post pone our trip. Fe a$a o /re#e in,t a2il > a tre2ui t , ne a#Bn #
"lt ori a3
Iu& o &ro&o?i!i e> ,e &oat e 0olo,i o "on,t ru"!i e gerun%i al : The little boy was
scol#e# for going out in the rain. Bie! el ul a 0o,t "ert at &ent r u " a ie$it a0ar @n
&loai e3
Ia" &ro&o?i!i a "au?al are a"el a$i ,u2i e"t "u &ro&o?i!i a regent > ea &oat e 0i
re%u, la un in0initi/: % was gla# to see them. M.a# 2u"ur at ,. i /%3
"are ,e tran,0or # @ntr. un in0initi/ "u 0or. to "Bn% "ele %ou ,u2i e"t e ,unt %i0erit e:
% was ashame # for them to speak like that. Mi.a 0o,t ru$ine " au /or2it a$a3
.9' *8' Propozi 2 i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 con/i 2i onal 1 #T$e A/3erbi al Clau, e o+
Con/i ti on&
Sra?el e "on%i!ional e ,unt 0or#at e %in %ou 0eluri %e &ro&o?i!ii: &ro&o?i!i a
,u2or %onat "on%i!ional Ci0 Clau,eD re0erit oar e la "on%i!i a "are 0a"e &o,i2il
@n%e&linirea a"!iunii %in &rin"i&al > $i &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al ,au regent C#ai n
Clau,eD "are e1&ri # re?ult at ul ,au e0e"t ul "on%i!i ei3
pag: 056
.9' *8' *' E1i,t trei ti&uri %e #ari &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ional e:
. ti&ul (> o "on%i!i e real /iitoar e ,au gener al > "are e1&ri # o ,itua!i e anti"i&at
,au &o,i2il:
. @ntr. un #o#ent /iitor: <e3ll lea!e tomorrow if the weat her is goo#. Vo# &le"a
#Bi ne %a" /a 0i /re#e 2un3
. @n gener al: %f % make a mist ake, the teacher always fin#s it. Ia" 0a" /reo
gre$ eal > &ro0e,or ul o g, e$ t e @nto%eauna3
. ti&ul +> o "on%i!i e ireal &re?ent ,au /iitoar e> "are ,e re0er la:
. o ,itua!i e i#agi nar > "ont r ar unei realit !i &re?ent e: %f the weat her were bet t er
4right now$, we coul# go for a walk. Ia" /re#e a ar 0i #ai 2un> a# &ut ea 0a"e o
&li#2ar e3
. o ,itua!i e i#&ro2a2il > @ntr. un #o#ent /iitor: %f % ha# the #ay off tomorrow, %
woul# go to the beach. Ia" a$ a/ea ?i li2er #Bi ne> #. a$ %u"e la &laA 3
. ti&ul 6> o "on%i!i e ireal tre"ut > "u re0erire la o ,itua!i e i#agi nar ,au "ontr ar
realit !ii @ntr. un #o#ent tre"ut : %f the weat her ha# been bet t er, % woul# ha!e left
last >on#ay. Ia" /re#e a ar 0i 0o,t #ai 2un> a$ 0i &le"at lunea tre"ut 3
.9' *8' .' Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al "on%i!ional e,t e intro%u, %e "onAun"!iile: ifI
pro!i#e# 4that $ " so long as " on con#ition thatI in case, suppos e " supposi ng
4that$.
Con%i!i a negati / e,t e intro%u, %e unless.
ConAun"!iile in case $i pro!i#e# ,unt @ntre2ui n! at e #ai ale, "u &ro&o?i!ii
"on%i!ional e %e ti&ul (: %n case % see hi m, %3ll gi!e hi m your mes s age. En "a? ". l
/%> a# ,. i tran, #i t #e, aA ul tu3 %3ll forgi!e you pro!i#e# you tell the trut h. A#
, te iert "u "on%i!i a ,. #i ,&ui a%e/r ul3
6uppos e ,e 0olo,e$ t e #ai ale, "u &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul + $i 6: 6uppos e
you were a teacher, what woul# you #o@ Fre,u&unB n% " ai 0i &ro0e,or> "e. ai
0a"e \ 6uppos e she ha# been right, what woul# you ha!e #one @ S &re,u&une #
" ea ar 0i a/ut %re&t at e> "e ai 0i 0"ut Cat un"iD\
Hnless C"on%i !i e negat i /D e,t e #ai 0re"/ent @n &ro&o?i!iile "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul (>
$i e,t e ur#at %e un /er2 la 0or#a a0ir#at i /3 Solo,irea lui unle,, @ntr e$ t e
nega!i a Ci0 not e,t e neut r uD3
Co#&ar a! i : % won3t say anyt hi ng if he #oes n3t bring up the mat t er hi ms el f. N.a#
, ,&un ni#i" %a" n. a%u"e el /or2a3 % won3t say anyt hi ng unless he brings up
the mat t er hi ms el f. N.a# , ,&un ni#i" %e"Bt %a" a%u"e el /or2a3
Fro&o?i!i a "on%i!ional &oat e 0i intro%u, $i %e alt e "u/int e %e legt ur > ,itua!ii @n
"are @$i &ier%e 0or#a %e &ro&o?i!i e "on%i!ional : (in# the corect answer an#
they3ll gi!e you a pri-e. CO %f you fin# the correct answers, they3ll gi!e you a
pri-e D3
?ook at the map or else you will lose your way.
?ook at the map otherwi s e you will lose your way.
En engl e?a literar > a&ar uneori &ro&o?i!ii "on%i!ional e @n "are or%inea ,u2i e"t.
/er2 au1iliar e,t e in/er, at > iar "onAun"!i a i0 e,t e o#i,3 A"ea,t a ,e @nt B#&l %e
regul "Bn% &ro&o?i!i a "on%i!ional "on!ine be, ha!e, coul# sau shoul#: <ere % in
your position, % shoul# apologi-e. Ia" a$ 0i @n lo"ul tu> #i. a$ "ere ,"u?e3 a# he
known about this mat t er, he might , ha!e foun# a solution. Ia" a$ 0i $tiut %e,&r e
a"ea, t &ro2l e#> &oat e ar 0i g,it o ,olu!i e3
En "a?ul /er2el or no!ional e ,e 0olo,e$t e shoul # " woul# _ in0initi/ul: 6houl# he
come earlier, we coul# go to the theat re. Ia" ar /eni C"u#/aD #ai %e/r e#e> a#
&ut ea #erge la teat r u3
pag: 057
.9' *8' 4' Or/i ne a propozi 2 i il or' Ie o2i"ei &ro&o?i!i a "on%i!ional ur#ea?
&ro&o?i!i a regent 3 Ia" o &re"e%> "ele %ou &ro&o?i!ii ,unt %e,&r !i t e &rin
/irgul : %f you go out, post thes e lett ers for me, will you. Ia" &le"i @n ora$> &une
te rog a"e,t e ,"ri,ori la &o$t &ent r u #ine3
.9' *8' 8' Timpuril e +ol o,i t e @n 0ra?el e "on%i!ional e ,unt ur#t oar el e:
Ti&ul %e &ro&o?i!i e
"on%i!ional
Ti#&ul @n &ro&o?i!i a
&rin"i&al
Ti#&ul @n &ro&o?i!i a
"on%i!ional
( Viitor/Fre?ent /I #&er a
ti/
Fre?ent
IQll go ,Vi##i ng i0 t-e Vat er i, Var #3
A tea"-er i, alVaH,
-a&&H
i0 -i, &u&il, Vor=
-ar%3
Go an% 2uH ti"=et , i0 Hou Vant to ,ee t-e
&laH3
+ Con%i!ional &re?ent Fa,t Ten,e
S-e Voul% go on a
tri&
i0 ,-e Vere on
-oli%aH3
6 Con%i!ional tre"ut Fa,t Fer0e"t
I Voul% -a/e ,&o=en
to Ann
i0 I -a% ,een -er
He,t er %aH3
.9' *8' 9' Tra/uc er e a propozi 2 i i l or con/i 2i onal e %in li#2a ro#Bn @n li#2a
engl e? &re?int %e o2i"ei %i0i"ult !i> %eoar e"e 0olo,irea ti#&urilor %i0er @n "ele
%ou li#2i: @n ro#Bn ,e 0olo,e$t e /iitorul @n &ro&o?i!i a "on%i!ional %e ti& ( $i
#o%ul "on%i!ional at Bt @n &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al "Bt $i @n "on%i!ional > &e "Bn% @n
engl e?> in%i"ati/ul /iitor $i "on%i!ional ul &re?ent $i tre"ut a&ar %oar @n
&ro&o?i!iile &rin"i&al e:
(3 M /oi %u"e , @not %a" a&a /a 0i "al%3 +3 Ea ,. ar %u"e @n e1"ur,i e %a" ar 0i
@n /a"an! 3 63 A$ 0i /or2it "u Ana %a" a$ 0i /?ut. o ieri3
Not 1F En li#2a engl e? ,e &oat e 0olo,i /iitorul %u& i0 %oar "Bn% &ro&o?i!i a
,u2or %onat e,t e "o#&l eti/ %ire"t Cnu "on%i!ional D: % #onQ t know if he will
come. Nu $tiu %a"a /a /eni3
.9' *8' ;' Aten2 i eG AD En 0ra?el e "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul (> "are ,e re0er la o
"on%i!i e real > &o,i2il> ,e #ai &ot 0olo,i:
. Fa,t Ten,e _ Fa,t Ten,e> "are e1&ri # o "on%i!i e $i un re?ult at real @n tre"ut : %f
he felt tire#, he went for a walk. Ia" ,e ,i#! ea o2o,it> 0"ea o &li#2ar e3
. Viitor / &re?ent / i#&er at i / @n &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al _ Fre,ent Fer0e"t / Fa,t
Ten,e> @n &ro&o?i!i a "on%i!ional > &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a unei "on%i!ii tre"ut e $i a
unui re?ult at &re?ent : %f you ha!en3t un#erst oo# the instructions, rea# them
again. Ia" n. ai @n! el e, in,tru"!i unil e> "ite$t e. le %in nou3
%f he wasn3t here yest er#ay, tell hi m to come to#ay.
%f he wasn3t here yest er#ay, he3ll come to#ay.
Ia" n. a 0oat ai"i ieri> ,&une. i , /in a,t ?i3
Ia" n. a 0oat ai"i ieri> /a /eni a,t ?i3
pag. 05'
.9' *8' =' C& Ia" /er2ul %in regent e la /iitorul @n tre"ut > @n "on%i!ional ,e
0olo,e$ t e:
. Fa,t Ten,e &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a ,i#ult anei t ! ii: e promi s e# he woul# writ e to us
if he ha# the time. A &ro#i , " ne /a ,"rie %a" /a a/ea ti#&3
. Fa,t &er0e"t &ent r u a e1&ri #a o a"!iune ant eri oar "elei %in regent : e
promi s e# he woul# write to us if he ha# finishe# his work. A &ro#i , " ne /a ,"rie
%a". $i /a 0i ter #i nat lu"rul3
.8' *8' >' En li#2a engl e? &oat a&r ea $i "o#2i na! ii @ntre "ele trei ti&uri %e 0ra?e
"on%i!ional e:
. ti& ( C"on%i!i a real D "u ti& + Ca"!iune ireal D: %f you ha!e a few hours to spare, %
woul# in!it e you to the cinema. Ia" au "Bt e/a ore li2ere> te. a$ in/it a la "ine#a3
. ti& + C"on%i!i e "ontr ar realit !ii &re?ent eD "u ti& 6 Ca"!iune nereali?at @n
tre"ut D: %f she were a bet t er singer, she woul# ha!e participat e# in the festi !al.
Ia" ar 0i o "Bnt r e a! #ai 2un> ar 0i &arti"i&at la 0e,ti/al3
. ti& 6 C"on%i !i e ireal @n tre"ut D "u ti& + Cre?ult at ul "on%i!i ei @n &re?ent D: %f he
ha#n3t ha# an acci#ent , he woul#n3t be in hospit al now. Ia" n. ar 0i a/ut un
a""i%ent > n. ar 0i @n ,&it al a"u#3
.9' *8' ?' S-oul% _ in0initi/ul &oat e 0i 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!iile "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul (
$i + iar Vere to _ in0initi/ul @n &ro&o?i!iile "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul +> &ent r u a
e1&ri #a un gra% #ar e %e in"erti t u%i ne> o ,itua!i e &u!in &ro2a2il : %f you shoul#
get any news from her, let me know at once. Ia" ,e @ntB#&l , &ri#e$ ti /e$ti
%e la ea> anun! . # i#e%i at 3 %f he were to come, % woul# be !ery happy. Ia" ar
/eni "u#/a> a$ 0i 0oart e 0eri"it3
En engl e?a literar > a&ar e uneori in/er,i une @ntre ,u2i e"t $i /er2ul au1iliar> iar i0
,e o#it e: 6houl# you get any news, let me know at once. <ere he to come, %
woul# be !ery happy.
.9' *8' * ( ' <ill &oat e 0i utili?at @n "on%i!ional el e %e ti&ul(> iar Voul% @n "ele %e
ti&ul +> "u /aloar ea %e /er2 #o%al ]a /oi^: %f you will wait a mome nt , %3ll bring
you the book you nee#. Ia" /re!i , a$t e&t a! i un #o#ent > / /oi a%u"e "art ea
%e "are a/e!i ne/oi e3 <e woul# be #elight e# if you woul# accept our in!itation.
A# 0i @n"Bnt a! i %a" a!i /oi , a""e&t a! i in/it a!i a noa,t r 3
A"ea,t "on,t r u"!i e e,t e 0olo,it &ent r u a e1&ri #a o rug#i nt e &oliti"oa, : %f you
will " woul# go this for me, % shall be most grat ef ul. Ia" a/e!i / a!i a/ea
a#a2ilit at ea , 0a"e!i a"ea, t a &ent r u #ine> / /oi 0i re"uno,"t or 3
.9' *8' * * ' Coul% / #ig-t _ in0initi/ul C&re?ent ,au &er0e"t D ,e 0olo,e$t e @n 0ra?el e
"on%i!ional e %e ti&ul + ,au 6 @n lo"ul au1iliarului ,-oul % / Voul% _ in0initi/ul
C&re?ent ,au &er0e"t D "Bn% e,t e i#&li"at o nuan! #o%al : %f the weat her were
fine, we coul# go to the country o!er the weeken#. Ia" ar 0i /re#e 0ru#oa, >
a# &ut ea #er ge la !ar la ,0Br$it ul ,&t #B nii3 6he might ha!e pass e# the eAam
if she ha# sol!e# all the probl ems . Foat e " ar 0i luat e1a#enul %a" ar 0i re?ol/at
toat e &ro2l e#el e3
.9' *8' * . ' Cir"u#,t an! i al a "on%i!ional &oat e 0i re%u, la:
aD un &arti"i&iu ,au a%A e"ti/> "Bn% "ele %ou &ro&o?i!ii au a"el a$i ,u2i e"t : Dorn in
an earlier cent ury, he woul# ha!e been a great eApl orer. Ia" ,. ar 0i n,"ut @n alt
,e"ol> ar 0i 0o,t un #ar e e1&lor at or3
2D un &arti"i&iu a2,ol ut > "Bn% ,u2i e"t ul e,t e gener al ,au ne%e0i nit: Lu#ging by
appearances , she must be telling the trut h. Ia" Au%e"# %u& a&ar en! e "re% "
,&une a%e/r ul 3
"D o "on,t r u"!i e in0initi/al C,u2i e"t in%enti" ,au ne%e0initD: %t woul# hurt her to
talk like that. Ar #B-ni. o %a" ai /or2i a$a3
%D o "on,t r u"!i e &re&o?i !ional :
Dut for them % woul# ha!e lost my way. Sr ei #. a$ 0i rt "i t3
<ithout them % woul# ha!e lost my way. Sr ei #. a$ 0i rt "i t3
pag: 05.
.9' *9' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e ,cop #T$e A/3erbi al Cloau, e o+
Purpo, e &
05. /5. /. Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ,"o& e,t e intro%u, %e ,o t-at > un or%er
t-at $i t-at C0or#alD3
%n case, for fear that Bi lest C@n/e"-i t> 0or#alD intro%u" &ro&o?i!ii %e ,"o& "u ,en,
negati / C%ar "u /er2ul la 0or#a a0ir#ati /D3
.9' *9' .' A& Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ,"o& intro%u, %e ,o t-at >
"ara"t eri ,ti" engl e?ei 0a#iliar e> ,e "on,t r ui e$ t e "u:
. Vill / "an _ in0initi/ %u& un /er2 la &re?ent > /iitor ,au i#&er at i /:
%3ll sen# the lett er airmail so that he will get it right away.
6en# the lett er airmail so that he can get it right away.
C/oiD tri#it e ,"ri,oar ea &ar a/ion "a ,. o &ri#ea, " i#e%i at 3
. "u Voul% / "oul% _ in0initi/ %u& un /er2 la un ti#& tre"ut : % ga!e her the key so
that she coul# get in. I.a# %at "-ei a "a , &oat intra3
BD En engl e?a literar > ,e @ntre2ui n! e a? "onAun"!i a ,o t-at $i #ai ale, in or%er
t-at 3
Un &re?ent > /iitor ,au i#&er at i / @n regent e,t e ur#at %e #aH ,au #ai rar %e
,-all _ in0initi/ @n "ir"u#, t an! i al a %e ,"o&: Mpen the win#ow so that she may get
some fresh air. Ie,"-i %e 0erea, t r a "a , &oat re,&ira / , re,&ir e &u!in aer
"urat 3
iar un ti#& tre"ut > %e #ig-t / ,-oul % _ in0inti/: % lent 8an the #ictionary so that
he might #o the translation. I.a# @#&ru#ut a t %i"!ionar ul lui Ian "a ,. $i 0a"
tra%u"er e a3
Fro&o?i!iile %e ,"o& negati /e ,unt intro%u, e %e so that, in or#er that, ur#at e %e
will not _ in0initi/ C%u& un /er2 la &re?ent > /iitor ,au i#&er at i /D: % must gi!e hi m
a list so that he won3t forget what to buy. Tre2ui e ,. i %au o li,t "a , nu uit e "e
, "u#&er e3
,au Voul% / ,-oul % not _ in0initi/> %u& un /er2 la un ti#& tre"ut : They left early
so that they woul#n3t be tire# the neAt #ay 3 Au &le"at %e/r e#e "a , nu 0ie
o2o,i!i a %oua ?i3
I%eea %e ,"o& negat i / &oat e 0i e1&ri #at $i @n &ro&o?i!ii "u /er2ul la a0ir#ati /3
A"e,t ea ,unt intro%u, e %e "onAun"!iile:
. in "a,e> ur#at %e Fre,ent / Fa,t Ten,e ,au ,-oul % _ in0initi/:
%3ll gi!e hi m a list in case he forget s what to buy.
%3ll gi!e hi m a list in case he shoul# forget what to buy.
. 0or 0ear Ct-at D _ ,-oul % / Voul% _ in0initi/:
They want 4e#$ to lea!e early for fear they shoul# be tire# the neAt #ay.
They want 4e#$ to lea!e early for fear they woul# be tire# the neAt #ay.
.le,t _ ,-oul% _ in0initi/: e took a taAi lest he shopul # miss the train. A luat un
ta1i "a , nu &iar% trenul3
pag: 060
Not 1F In "a,e e,t e 0olo,it @n engl e?a 0a#iliar> "a @nlo"uitor al lui le,t> "ar e a ie$it
%in u?3
.9' *9' 4 3 Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ,"o& &oat e 0i re%u, la:
aD o "on,t ru"!i e in0initi/al > "Bn% ,u2i e"t ul ei e,t e i%enti" "u "el %in &ro&o?i!i a
regent : e went to the park to list en to the ban# concert. S.a %u, @n &ar" ,
a,"ul t e 0an0ar a3
2D in0initi/ul "u 0or. to> "Bn% ,u2i e"t el e ,unt %i0erit e: e took his chil#ren to the
park for them to listen to the ban# concert. Gi.a %u, "o&iii @n &ar" , a,"ult e
0an0ar a3
A%e,eori> in0initi/ul e,t e &re"e%at %e so as, in or#er, sau on purpos e &ent r u a
,u2linia i%eea %e ,"o&:
e went to the park so as to list en to the ban# concert.
e went to the park in or#er to list en to the ban# concert.
S.a %u, @n &ar" &ent r u a a,"ul t a 0an0ar a3
"D Con,tr u"!i a in0initi/al &oat e 0i re%u, la o "on,t ru"!i e &re&o?i!ional :
The Comani ans fought in the /'77 + /'7' war to get their in#epen#e nc e.
The Comani ans fought in the /'77 + /'7' war for in#epen#e nc e.
Ro#Bnii au lu&t at @n r?2oiul (*88. (*8* &ent r u Ca %o2Bn%i D in%e&en%e n! 3
.9' *;' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 con, e c ut i 31 #T$e A/3erbi al Clau, e o+
e, ul t &
.9' *;' *' A"e,t e &ro&o?i!ii ,unt intro%u, e %e "onAun"!i a t-at &ore"e%at @n
regent %e so, such: ,au %e "onAun"!i a so 4that$. So e,t e ur#at > @n regent > %e
un a%A e"ti/ ,au %e a%/er 2> &e "Bn% ,u"- e,t e ur#at %e un Ca%A e"ti/ _D
,u2,t nat i /3
%t was so hot that we opene# all the win#ows.
%t was such a hot #ay that we opene# all the win#ows.
%t was hot so we opene# all the win#ows.
Era a$a %e "al% @n"Bt a# %e,"-i , toat e 0ere,t r el e3
Era o ?i a$a %e 0ier2int e @n"Bt a# %e,"-i , toat e 0ere,t r el e3
Era "al%> a$a " a# %e,"-i , toat e 0ere,t r el e3
Fent ru ,u2lini er e> "onAun"!i a ,o ,e a$ea? uneori la @n"e&ut ul "ir"u#, t an! i al ei
"on, e"uti /e3 En a"e,t "a?> are lo" in/er,i une @ntre ,u2i e"t $i &re%i"at : 6o #ifficult
was the eAercise, that nobo#y coul# #o it. A$a %e greu a 0o,t e1er"i !iul> " ni#eni
n. a &ut ut ,. l 0a"3
.9' *;' .' Fre%i"at ul &ro&o?i!i ei "on, e"uti /e e,t e la ori/e ti#& "erut %e logi"a
enun! ul ui:
e #i# his =ob so well that they promot e# hi m.
e #i# his =ob so well that %3ll ne!er forget hi m.
E$i 0"ea a$a %e 2ine ,er/i"iul @n"Bt l.au &ro#o/at 3
E$i 0"ea a$a %e 2ine ,er/i"iul @n"Bt nu. l /oi uita ni"io%at 3
pag: 06/
.9' *;' 4' CBn% ,u2i e"t ul &ro&o?i!i ei regent e e,t e a"el a$i "u "el al &ro&o?i!i ei
"on, e"uti /e> a"ea, t a &oat e 0i re%u, la:
aD a, to _ in0initi/ "Bn% &ro&o?i!i a "on,e"ut i / e,t e anti"i&at %e ,u"- ,au ,o:
Deha!e in such a way as to be a#mire#. Foart . te @n a$a 0el @n"Bt , 0ii a%#i r at 3
2D ,o a, to _ in0initi/: Put on your coat s so as to be rea#y. Fune!i. / -ainel e "a ,
0i!i gat a3
"D o "on,t r u"!i e in0initi/al : e talke# slowly enought to be un#erst oo#. A /or2it
%e,t ul %e rar "a , &oat 0i @n! el e,3
Ia" "ele %ou &ro&o?i!ii au ,u2i e"t e %i0erit e> "ir"u#, t an! i al a "on,e"ut i / &oat e
0i @nlo"uit %e in0initi/ul "u 0or. to: T-e "o00ee Va, too -ot 0or #e to 0rin=3 Ca0eaua
era &rea 0ier2int e "a ,. o &ot 2ea3
.9' *=' Propozi 2 i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 conc e , i 3 1 #T$e A/3erbi al Clau, e o+
Conce , , i o n&
.9' *=' *' Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al "on"e,i / e,t e intro%u, %e: though,
although C#ai 0or#alD> e!en if " though, howe!er C_a%A e"ti/ / a%/er 2D> whoe!er,
what er!er, no mat t er, whereas C0or#alD3
.9' *=' .' Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al "on"e,i/ &oat e a/ea $i 0or#a unei
&ro&o?i!ii> a&ar ent &rin"i&al e> %e 0a&t ,u2or %onat > e1&ri #at &rin:
aD un i#&er at i /: ?augh as much as you like, %3ll #o it this way. RB?i "Bt ai /rea> eu
a# , 0a" a$a3
2D i#&er at i / "u let: ?et hi m be the la-iest fellow in the worl#, % woul# still try to
help hi m. S 0ie $i "el #ai lene$ o# %in lu#e $i tot a$ @n"er"a ,. l aAut3
"D ,u2Aon"ti/ ,int eti": %3ll recei !e hi m, be he who may. A# ,. l &ri#e," ori"ine ar
0i3
.9' *=' 4' Timpuril e /er2al e 0olo,it e @n "ir"u#, t an! i al e "on"e,i /e ,unt ti#&urile
&re?ent e $i tre"ut e ale in%i"ati/ului:
Though he has ne!er stu#i e# musi c, he plays the piano !ery well.
7lthough he is not a prof essi onal, he plays the piano !ery well.
9!en though he #i# not stu#y musi c in school, he plays the piano !ery well.
Ie$i / Cu toat e " n. a ,tu%i at ni"io%at #u?i"a> el "Bnt 0oart e 2ine la &ian3
Ie$i / Cu toat e " nu e,t e &ro0e,i oni,t > el "Bnt 0oart e 2ine la &ian3
Ie$i / Cu toat e " nu a ,tu%i at #u?i"a la $"oal > el "Bnt 0oart e 2ine la &ian3
47l$though he ha# been playing fot ball all morni ng, he wasn3t !ery tire#. Ie$i
Au"a, e 0ot2al toat %i#inea! a> nu era o2o,it3
47l$though he was not feeling !ery well, he continue# his work. Ie$i nu ,e ,i#! ea
0oart e 2ine> $i.a "ontinuat lu"rul3
MaH / #ig-t _ in0initi/ul e,t e 0olo,it @n &ro&o?i!iile "on"e,i/e &ent r u a e1&ri #a o
&re,u&uner e: <hoe!er may " might come, show hi m in.
En li#2a ro#Bn> in%i"ati/ul %in &ro&o?i!i a "on"e,i/ ,e tra%u"e tot &rin in%i"ati/>
&e "Bn% #aH/ #i g-t _ in0inti/ ,e tra%u" &rin "on%i!ional: 4ri"ine ar /eni> &o0t e$ t e. l
@nunt r u3
Fro&o?i!i e "on"e,i/ &oat e 0i re%u, la:
aD un &arti"i&iu> a%A e"ti/ ,au ,u2,t ant i /: Though tire#, she continue# her work.
Ie$i o2o,it > $i.a "ontinuat #un"3
2D un &arti"i&iu a2,ol t> "Bn% ,u2i e"t ul e,t e ne%e0init: 9!en a#mi t ti n his
eAplanati on, his beha!i our cannot be eAcus e#. C-iar %a" a%#i t e% e1&li"a!i a lui>
"o#&or t ar e a lui nu &oat e 0i ,"u?at 3
"D o "on,t r u"!i a &re&o?i !i e> "on!inBn% %e o2i"ei "u/Bn% all:
e is a kin# man for all his fault s. E,t e un o# 2un "u toat e / @n "iu%a %e0e"t el or
lui3
e is a kin# man with all his fault s. E,t e un o# 2un "u toat e / @n "iu%a %e0e"t el or
lui3
e is a kin# man in spit e of his faults. E,t e un o# 2un "u toat e / @n "iu%a
%e0e"t el or lui3
E-erci 2i i cap' .8: .9
%. Transf oma5 i p2r5ile #e propo-i5i e scrise cursi! Fn propo-i5ii subor#onat e:
Ce ,e a0la intre &arant e?e %re&t e ,unt &ar!ile ,"ri,e "ur,i/
(3 <e lo,t -i, VaH W2e"au, e o0 t-i"= 0ogX3 +3 Ue Vent on t-e &i"ni" Win ,&it e o0 t-e
-ea/H rainX3 63 WSolloVing t-e %an"eX> t-e -o,t e, , ,er/e% re0re,-e #e nt , 3 :3 T-e
2oo=, Won #H %e,= X -a/e to 2e ret ur ne% to t-e li2rarH3 ;3 <e Vent to t-e &o,t
o00ii"eW in or%er to 2uH ,o#e ,t a#&,X3 73 T-e green %re,, "o,t , W a, #u"- a, t-e
re% %re,,X3 83 W<er 2eing lat eX a#a?e, #e3 *3 Ue Vere a,ti ni,-e% Wat -i,
2e-a/i ourX3 )3 Tou "an relH Won -i, -el&X3 (93 Ue ,aV int er e, t i ng t-ing,
e/erHV-er e3 ((3 <e ,&ea=, Wli=e a nati/eX3 (+3 WBut 0or -er> I Voul% -a/e 0orgot t en
a2out t-e #eet i ng3 (63 T-i, i, t-e rea,on W0or -i, earlH arri/alX3 (:3 WT-e Veat -er
2eing ,o "ol%X> Ve #a%e a 0ire3
%%. Pune 5i !erbel e #in parant e- 2 la forma potri!it 2:
(3 I 0ir,t #et -er tVent H Hear , ago V-en I Cli/eD in Fari,3 +3 I C-a/eD a tinH
a&ar t #e nt in t-e Latin cuart er an% I CearnD 2arel H enoug- #oneH to =ee& 2o%H
an% ,oul toget -er 3 63 S-e -a% rea% a 2oo= o0 #ine an% CVriteD to #e a2out it3 :3 I
Can,VerD> t-an=i ng -er> an% &re, ent l H I Cre"ei/eD 0ro#-er anot -er lett er ,aHing
t-at ,-e C&a,,D t-roug- Fari, an% Cli=eD to -a/e a "-at Vit- #e3 ;3 I Can,VerD t-at
I C#eet D -er at SoHot , on T-ur,%aH at -al0. &a,t tVel/e3 73 S-e C2eD not ,o Houng
a, I Ce1&e"t D an% in a&&ear a n"e i#&o,i ng rat -er t-an at tr a"ti/e3 83 S-e C2eD in
0a"t a Vo#an o0 0ortH . a "-ar #i ng age> 2ut not one t-at Ce1"it eD a ,u%%en an%
%e/a, t at i ng &a,,i on at 0ir,t ,ig-t3 *3 S-e al,o Cgi/eD #e t-e i#&r e,,i on a0 -a/ing
#or e teet - t-an C2eD ne"e, , ar H 0or anH &ra"ti"al &ur&o, e3 )3 I C2eD ,t artl e% V-en
t-e 2ill o0 0are C 2eD 2roug-t 0or t-e &ri"e, C2eD a great %eal -ig-er t-an I
Canti"i&at eD3 (93 I C=noVD e1a"tl H -oV #u"- #oneH I C-a/eD an% i0 t-e 2ill C"o#eD
to #ore I C#a=e u&D #H #in% t-at I C&utD #H -an% in #H &o"=et an% Vit- a
%ra#at i " "rH ,t art u& an% ,aH it C2eD &i"=e%3 ((3 40 "our, e it C2eD aV=Var % i0 ,-e
C-a/eD not #oneH enoug- eit-er to &aH t-e 2ill3 (+3 T-en t-e onlH t-ing to %o C2eD
to lea/e #H Vat"- an% ,aH I C"o#eD 2a"= an% &aH lat er3
%%%. Tra#uce5 i Fn limba engl e-2:
(3 Mu?i"a &e "are a# a,"ul t at . o a,ear era %e George Ene,"u3 +3 Va /eni %e
@n%at "e. $i /a ter #i na trea2a3 63 A 0o,t a$a %e 0rig @n ulti#a /re#e @n"Bt au
@ng-e! at rBurile3 MarH a &le"at @n gra2> %e tea# , nu @nt Br?i e3 ;3 To# a /i?itat
e1&o?i!i a "a , le &oat &o/e, ti &riet enilor %e,&r e ea3 73 Ia" el ar 0i ai"i> ne. ar
&ut ea aAut a3 83 Ea /a /eni #Bi ne a"a, %a"a $i.a ter #i nat e1a#enel e3 *3 A$ 0i
tre"ut &e la ea %a" #i. ar 0i ,&u, un%e lo"uie$t e3 )3 I.a# &ro#i , Faul ei " o /oi
aAut a "Bn% a# , # @ntor" %in /a"an! 3 (93 Ian a ,&u, ". i &la"e , ,tu%i e?e
gra#at ii"a3 ((3 E "iu%at " @n"ear" , tel e0one?e la a"ea, t or tBr?ie3 (+3 Tat a
&ro&une , 0i# gat a &e la oa (+3 (63 Iu#i ni"a tre"ut a# ,t at a"a, &ent r u " a
0o,t /re#e rea3 (:3 Ne. a a,igur at a,ear " te /a aa$t e&t a &Bn te /ei @ntoar"e3
(;3 Tat a a "u#&r at o #a$i n /e"-e> %e$i &riet enii lui l.au ,0t uit , nu o 0a"3
(73 A?i %i#inea! ,e"r et ar a a aAun, la 2irou #ai %e/r e#e %e"Bt %e o2i"ei3 (83
4riun%e ne %u"ea #> ne o&rea # $i "erea # in0or#a! ii3
IV3 A3 Se"ret ar ul ur"a, e ,"rile %e 0ier $i era a&oa&e , nu. i o2,er/e3 Ei "ut a, e
toat %i#inea! a> 0r , ai2 aerul " o 0a"e3 Mu"al @i ,&u, e un%e i.ar &ut ea
g,i> %ar el #in!i " nu. l int er e, au3 Ar 0i tre"ut &e alt uri %a" nu ar 0i au?it gla,ul
gro, al lui San%u3 CEugen Bar2u . Un,&re?e"eD
B3 Iu2it e G-i!3 Sunt o&t ?ile %e "Bn% !i.a# tri#i, o ,"ri,oar e &rin "are te ruga#
,. #i ra,&un?i %a" &er,oana "e /oia , "u#&er e ta2louri %e la #ine> %e,&r e
"are #i. ai ,"ri, #ai %e #ult> #ai &er,i,t @n %orin! a ,a $i %a"> &rin ur#ar e ,. i
tri#it !ie ta2louri @n a"e,t ,"o&3
Ta2loul tu "u Cea-l ul> %e,&r e "are @!i ,"ri,e, e # " e @n lu"ru> a"u# e gat a
"o#&l et 3 A$te&t un r,&un, al tu "a , $tiu "e 0a"3 Al tu "u toat %rago, t e a>
4"ta/ Bn"il3
C3 Iu2it e G-i! 3 E "a# #ult %e "Bn% nu #a $tiu ni#i"a %e,&r e tine3 Gtiu " e$ti
0oart e o"u&at "a @ntot %eauna> tot u$i "Bn% e,t e "-i&> ,"rie. ne $i nou "Bt e/a
rBn%ui $i ne ,&une "u# te a0li $i "e #ai 0a"i3 Eu ,unt #ai 2ine %e "@n% a# 0o,t la
Teo-ari3 Ceilal!i ,unt "u to!ii ,nt o$i 3
A# ter #i nat &ortr et ul %. rei Cirea$ a $i ,unt 0oart e #ul! u#i t 3 La @n"e&ut $i "-iar tot
ti#&ul "Bt #i. a ,t at %i,&er a, e # " nu /oi &ut ea. o 0a"e 2ine %in "au?a unei
/ioi"iune "e o "ara"t eri?ea?3 A&oi nu ,e &rea !inea %e" u/Bnt 3 E#i 0g%ui a %e
e1e#&l u> " /ine #Bi ne $i eu a$t e&t a # ?a%ar ni"> ""i # trgea &e ,0oar 3 Iar>
@n 0ine> a tre"ut tot ne"a?ul> re?ult at ul 0iin% &e %e&lin #ul! u#i t or> "el &u!in &ent r u
#ine "a e1e"ut or> nu $tiu "e /or ?i"e "riti"ii %e toat #Bna3 3 4"t a/ Bn"il3
I3 Toat lu#ea $tie " %o#nul Fant eli #on @$i re&ar a, e /e"-ea. i #a$i n
LTo&olinoL> "are ,t t u, e "in"i ani &e 2ut u"i $i " nu era %u#i ni"> %a" e"-i&a
Au"a @n alt ora$ , li&,ea, "3 Se @#&ru#ut a %e 2ani> %a"a n. a/ea> u#&l ea
re?er/or ul "u 2en?i n $i 0"ea un tur la /olan &rin "ent r u> "a , 0ie /?ut 3
Ma$inu! a arun"a ga?e %e. ai 0i ,&u, " %ea, u&r a ora$ul ui &lut ea un /al %e "ea!
arti0i"ial3 Tre"t orii ie$i!i la &li#2ar e la ora un,&r e?e"e ,"ot eau 2ati,t el e $i le
&uneau la na,3 LBng el> Vi?ant e 0"ea ,e#ne "uno,"u!ilor "u #Bna3 CE3 Bar2u. .
Un,&r e?e"eD3
E3 Sunt /i,e "e &ar" le. a# 0i trit "Bn%/a $i un%e/a> &re"u# ,unt lu"ruri /ie! uit e
%e,&r e "are ne @ntre2 # %a" n. au 0o,t /i,3 La a,t a # gBn%ea # %eun?i ,ear a
"Bn% r/$i n% &rintr e -Brtiile #el e "a , /% "e ,e #ai &oat e g,i %e ar, . -Brtiile
@n"ur" . a# %at &e,t e o ,"ri,oar e "are #i. a %e$t e&t at a#i ntirea unei @nt B#&l ri
"iu%at e> a$a %e "iu%at "> %e n. ar 0i %e"Bt $a&t e ani %e "Bn% ,. a &et r e"ut > #. a$
,i#!i "u&rin, %e @n%oial > a$ "re% " @ntr. a%e/r a# /i,at nu#ai ,au " a# "itit. o
ori au?it. o %e#ul t 3
Era @n ()983 Su,e, e # greu 2olna/ @n Bu"ure$ ti $i # @ntor"ea # la Berlin3
En,nt o$i r ea #ea ,e 0"ea "u ane/oi n! > "erBn% @ngriAiri #ari3 La &le"ar e
%o"t or ul #. a ,0t uit , #a 0ere," &Bn $i %e "ele #ai u$oar e e0ort uri33 Bietul
%o"t or! A# %at %in u#eri > ?B#2i n% $i i.a# ,&u, , 0ie &e &a"e3
CMat ei u Caragi al e . Re#e#2er D
pag: 061
.;' Vorbirea /irect 1 i in/irect 1 #5irect an/ In/irect 6pe e c $&
E1i,t %ou &o,i2ilit !i %e re%ar ea a ,&u, el or "ui/a: &rin /or2ire %ire"t $i
in%ire"t 3
.;' *' Vorbirea /irect 1 #5irect 6pe e c $&
.;' *' *' En /or2irea %ire"t ,e re&ro%u" @nto"#ai "u/int el e &er,oanei "are le. a
ro,tit3 A"e,t ea ,e intro%u" %e o2i"ei &rin /irgul $i ,unt @n"a%r at e @ntre g-ili#el e>
,&re %eo, e2i r e %e li#2a ro#Bn: e aske# me, S<here is 8an @ M.a @ntre2at : .
Un%e e,t e Ian\
.;' *' .' Enun! ul re&ro%u, @n%e&line$ t e 0un"!i a %e &ro&o?i!i e "o#&l eti / %ire"t a
&re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al 3 Fro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al &oat e a&r ea @naint e>
int er"al at ,au %u& "o#&l eti /a %ire"t 3 Cu e1"e&! i a &o?i!iei ini!iale> &oat e a/ea
lo" in/er,iune @ntre ,u2i e"t $i &re%i"at "Bn% ,u2i e"t ul e,t e e1&ri #at &rintr. un
,u2,t ant i /> iar /er2ul e,t e la Fre,ent ,aau Fa,t Ten,e Si#&l e: Tom sai#, % can
come with you,
%ar:
% can come with you sai# Tom.
% can come with you Tom sai#.
% can come with you he sai#.
.;' *' 4' !ol o,i re a ti mpuril or @n /or2irea %ire"t nu e,t e a0e"t at %e ti#&ul
&re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al :
e is saying +%3ll see hi m tomorrow.
+ % met her last night .
+ %3!e =ust arri!e#.
e has sai# +%3ll see hi m tomorrow.
+ % met her last night .
+ %3!e =ust arri!e#.
e sai# +%3ll see hi m tomorrow.
+ % met her last night .
+ %3!e =ust arri!e#.
.;' .' Vorbirea in/irect 1 #In/irect A eport e / 6pe e c $&
En /or2irea in%ire"t > o a trei a &er,oan re% ,&u, el e "ui/a> 0r a re&ro%u"e
tot %eauna @nto"#ai "u/int el e ,ale: Lohn sai# to Pet er, 6hall % meet you at the
station tomorrow @
Lohn sugges t e# that he shoul # meet Pet er at the station the neAt #ay.
Lohn sugges t e# meet i ng Pet er at the station the neAt #ay.
Fro&o?i!i a re&ro%u, @n%e&line$t e %e a,e#e ne a 0un"!i a %e "o#&l eti/ %ire"t a
&re%i"at ul ui %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al 3
pag: 065
.;' 4' Tran,+ ormar e a 3orbirii /irect e 0n 3orbire in/irect 1 #C$ang e +orm
5irect to In/irect 6pe e c $&
CBn%/a ,&u, el e "ui/a ,unt tre"ut e %e la /or2irea %ire"t la "ea in%ire"t >
&ro"e%eul 0re"/ent utili?at @n "o/er, a! i e> au lo" anu#i t e ,"-i #2ri at Bt @n
&ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al "Bt $i @n "o#&l eti /a %ire"t 3 Mo%i0i"rile ,unt %e %ou 0eluri:
AD gener al e> "are a0e"t ea? ori"e 0el %e enun! re&ro%u,5 BD ,&e"i0i"e>
"ara"t eri ,ti"e 0ie"rui ti& %e &ro&o?i!i e: enun!i ati/> interogat i /> e1"l a#at i />
i#&er at i /3
.;' 4' *' A' Mo/i+i c1ri l e gener al e ,e re0er la: &er,oan> %et er #i nan! i $i ti#&uri
/er2al e3
Fronu#el e &er,onal > re0le1i/ $i &o,e,i / ,e ,"-i #2a %u& @n! el e,: &er,oana I $i II.a
%e/in %e o2i"ei &er,oana a III.a: Tom sai# to >ary, &ou shoul# ha!e aske# me
first. Tom tol# >ary that she shoul # ha!e aske# hi m first.
Fot a&r ea @n, $i "a?uri "a: &ou are right, 8iana, sai# Paul. 8iana: Paul sai# that
% was right.
Fronu#el e r#Bne ne,"-i #2at "Bn% /or2it orul @$i re&ro%u"e &ro&riile lui "u/int e:
% think we shoul # lea!e imme#i at el y, % sai#. % sai# % thought we shoul# lea!e
imme#i at el y.
.;' 4' .' Fronu#el e / a%A e"ti/el e %e#on, t r at i /e $i a%/er 2el e %e lo" $i ti#& "e
in%i" a&ro&i er ea ,unt @nlo"uit e "u alt el e "are e1&ri # %e&r t ar e a3 A,t0el:
t hi s %e/ine t hat
t hi s %e/ine t hos e
her e %e/ine t her e
to/a% %e/ine t hat day
yes t e r d a y %e/ine t he day $ef or e
t omor r o w %e/ine t he next foll owi ng day
next we e k %e/ine t he pr e vi ous we e k t he we e k $ef or e
S"-i #2ar e a a%/er 2el or %e lo" $i ti#& nu are lo" @n #o% aut o#at 3 Cont e1t ul $i
#o#ent ul /or2irii in%ire"t e in%i" ,"-i #2ril e ne"e, ar e: The teacher sai#, Tom,
bring your paintings here the #ay aft er tomorrow. The teacher tol# Tom to bring
his paintings to school in two #ays ti me.
.;' 4' 4' En "eea "e &ri/e$t e a%/er 2el e %e ti#&> ele ,unt @nlo"uit e nu#ai %a"
rela!i a %intre #o#ent ul /or2irii in%ire"t e $i #o#ent ul /or2irii %ire"t e nu #ai e,t e
a"eea$i : 8 : 99 a3 #3 Ra%io. neV, re&ort : Briti,- ,t eel Vor=er, are &lanni ng a ra%e.
union #eet i ng to#orroV3 To# : T-eH ,ai% on t-e ra%io He,t er %aH t-at Briti,-
,t eel Vor=er, are &lanni ng a tra%e. union #eet i ng to%aH3
Ia" a"t ul %e /or2ire are lo" $i e,t e re&ro%u, @n a""ea$i ?i> ,"-i #2ar e a
&ronu#el or $i a%/er 2el or %et er #i nat i /e nu #ai e,t e ne"e, ar e> %eoar e"e @n! el e,ul
lor e,t e a"el a$i 0a! %e #o#ent ul &re?ent : Ian: T-eH ,ai% on t-e ra%io t-i,
#orni ng t-at Briti,- ,t eel Vor=er, are &lanni ng a tra%e. union #eet i ng to#orr oV3
!ol o,i re a timpuril or 0n 3orbirea in/irect 1
06. 3. 1. Ia" &re%i"at ul %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al e,t e la &re?ent > Fre,ent Fer0e"t
,au /iitor> ti#&ul %in &ro&o?i!i a re%at @n /or2irea in%ire"t C"o#&l eti /a %ire"t D
r#Bn ne,"-i #2at 3
pag: 066
7lice is saying to Tom, %3ll help you if % can.
7lice has sai# to Tom, %3ll help you if % can.
Vor2ire in%ire"t :
7lice is telling Tom she will help hi m if she can.
7lice has tol# Tom she will help hi m if she can.
A%Ae"ti/el e / &ronu#el e %e#on, t r at i /e ,au a%/er 2el e %in "o#&l eti /a %ire"t
r#Bn %e a,e#e ne a ne,"-i #2at e: 7lice has sai#, %3ll come here tomorrow. 7lice
has promi s e# she will come here tomorrow.
.;' 4' 9' Ia" &re%i"at ul &ro&o?i!i ei &rin"i&al e e,t e la un ti#& tre"ut : Fa,t Ten,e>
Fa,t Fer0e"t > Suture .in.t-e. Fa,t> ti#&urile /er2al e %in enun! ul re&ro%u, %e/in $i
ele tre"ut e3 A"ea,t ,"-i #2ar e a ti#&urilor e,t e %enu#i t 2a"=. ,-i0t @n li#2a
engl e?> %eoar e"e ea are lo" %in,&r e &re?ent ,&re tre"ut ,au %in,&r e tre"ut ,&re
un ti#& $i #ai tre"ut :
Fre,ent %e/ine Fa,t Ten,e5
Fa,t Ten,e> Fre,ent Fer0e"t > Fa,t Fer0e"t %e/in Fa,t Fer0e"t5
Suture %e/ine Suture. in. t-e. Fa,t3
S"-i #2ar e a ti#&urilor @n "o#&l eti/a %ire"t ,e a&li" la &ro&o?i!iile enun!i ati /e>
e1"l a#at i /e $i int erogat i /e3
>r Drown sai# to his wife %3!e been !ery busy to#ay.
>r Drown sai# to his wife ow hungry % am.
>r Drown sai# to his wife will you gi!e me somet hi ng to eat @
>r Drown tol# his wife that he ha# been !ery busy that #ay. e eAclai me# that
he was !ery hungry. e aske# his wife is she woul# gi!e hi m somet hi ng to eat.
Fro&o?i!iile i#&$ er at i /e> "are %e/in in0initi/e @n /or2irea in%ire"t > nu ,e ,u&un
a"e,t ei reguli> %eoar e"e nu "on!in un /er2 la o 0or# &er,onal : >rs Drown sai#
to her husban#, De caref ulN 8on3t #ri!e so fastN >rs Drown tol# her husban# to be
caref ul an# not to #ri!e so fast.
.;' 4' ;' Con0or # regulilor %e "ore,&on%e n! a ti#&urilor> %u& un /er2 la un
ti#& tre"ut > Fre,ent ,i#&l e %e/ine %e o2i"ei Fa,t Si#&l e @n /or2irea in%ire"t :
8oris sai#, % ha!e many frien#s.
8oris sai# she ha# many frien#s.
E-cep2 i i F
aD "Bn% &re?ent ul ne%e0init e1&ri # o a"!iune re&et at > un o2i"ei ,au o
"ara"t eri ,ti" a ,u2i e"t ul ui> ti#&ul &oat e r#Bn ne,"-i #2at %a" a"!iunea are
a"el a$i "ara"t er $i @n #o#ent ul &re?ent C#o#ent ul /or2irii in%ire"t eD: ,eorge
sai# % go to the seasi #e e!ery summer.
,eorge sai# that he went to the seasi #e e!ery summer.
,eorge sai# that he goes to the seasi #e e!ery summer.
pag: 067
2D "Bn% /or2irea %ire"t e1&ri # un 0a&t uni/er, al /ala2il> un a%e/r a2,ol ut >
ti#&ul nu ,e ,"-i #2: The teacher sai#, <at er boils at /00 Eelsius. The teacher
sai# that wat er boils at /00 Eelsius.
"D "Bn% "on!inut ul enun! ul ui e,t e /ala2il $i @n #o#ent ul /or2irii: ,eorge sai# %
can3t buy a pair of skis now, % ha!en3t sa!e# enough money. george sai#, he
can3t buy a pair of skis as he hasn3t sa!e# enough money.
Fre?ent ul "ontinuu ,e tran,0or # %e o2i"ei @n Fa,t Ten,e "ontinuu: %3m rea#ing.
e sai# he was rea#ing.
.;' 4' =' 4 a"!iune /iitoar e e,t e e1&ri #at @n /or2irea in%ire"t @n #o%ul ur#t or:
will C_in0initi/D %e/in: woul# C_in0initi/D
woul# C_in0initi/D %e/in: woul# C_in0initi/D
%, we shall C_in0initi/D %e/ine: he, they, woul# C_in0inti/D am " is " are going to
C_in0initi/D %e/in: was " were going to C_in0initi/D
Sran= ,ai%> %3m going to buy a new car neAt year.
Sran= ,ai% % shall buy a 8acia car.
Sran= ,ai% he was going to buy a new car the following year an% a%%e% he woul#
buy a 8acia car.
E-cep2 i eF Core,&on%e n! a ti#&urilor nu ,e a&li" @n "a?ul @n "are a"!iunea e
/iitoar e $i #o#ent ul /or2irii in%ire"t e> nu nu#ai @n #o#ent ul /or2irii %ire"t e:
George ,ai%> %3ll take up engi neeri ng aft er gra#uati on. ,eorge sai# he3ll take up
engi neeri ng aft er gra#uati on.
.;' 4' >' Past 6i mpl e %e/ine Past Perfect 6i mpl e En /or2irea in%ire"t : >other
sai#, Tom hurt hi ms elf. >other sai# that Tom ha# hurt hi ms elf.
E-cep2 i i F
Fa,t Si#&l e &oat e r#Bne ne,"-i #2at &ent r u:
aD a"!iuni re&et at e @n tre"ut : arry sai#, % in!it e# all my frien# to my birth#ay
parti es when % was young. arry sai# he in!it e# all his frien#s to his birth#ay
parti es when he was young.
2D e1&ri #ar e a unui 0a&t: The chil#ren aske#, <ere there any ani mal s on the farm
@ The chil#ren aske# if there were any ani mal s on the farm.
"D enun! uri re%at e @n /or2irea in%ire"t i#e%i at %u& ro,tirea lor C@n a"eea$i ?iD:
Paul sai#, % playe# foot ball this morning. Paul sai# he playe# foot ball this
morning.
%D "Bn% @ntre &re%i"at el e %in &rin"i&al $i "o#&l eti /a %ire"t nu e1i,t un ra&ort
%e ant eri orit at e: e sai#, 6a#o!eanu was the great es t writ er of his ti me. he sai#
that 6a#o!eanu was the great es t writer of his time.
eD @n /or2ire> %a" nu ,e &ro%u"e "on0u?i e "u &ri/ire la #o#ent el e "elor %ou
a"!iuni: >y frien# sai# to me, i saw goo# film last night. >y frien# tol# me he saw
a goo# film last night .
0D @n &ro&o?i!iile "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ti#&3 Fro&o?i!i a regent "ir"u#, t an! i al ei %e
ti#& &oat e 0i %e a,e#e ne a #en!i nut la Fa,t Ten,e ,au %e/eni Fa,t Fer0e"t :
Mur neighbour tol# us he met our father when he was li!ing in DraBo!.
Mur neighbour tol# us he ha# met our father when he was li!ing in DraBo!.
gD @n &ro&o?i!iile "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul +: arry sai#, % woul# go to the mus eu m if
it was open. arry sai# he woul# go to the mus eu m if it was open.
-D %u& Vi,-> Voul% rat -er> it i, ti#e: %t3s ti me you finishe# your papers, the
teacher sai#. The teacher tol# the pupils it was time they finishe# their papers.
pag: 06'
.;' 4' ?' Past Tens e Eontinuous %e/ine @n &rin"i&iu Past Perfect Eontinuous, %ar @n
&ra"ti" r#Bne a%e, e a ne,"-i #2at 3
S"-i #2ar e a are lo" %oar "Bn% a"e,t ti#& ,e re0er la o a"!iune ter #i nat : e
sai#, <e were thinking of mo!i ng house but ha!e change# our min#s. e sai#
that they ha# been thinking of mo!i ng house but ha# change# their min#s.
.;' 4' * (' Ver2el e #o%al e ,e ,"-i #2 @n 0elul ur#t or: may %e/ine might > will
%e/ine woul# > "an %e/ine "oul%:
The typist sai#, The mecani c can fiA my typewrit er but he won3t. The typist
compl aine# that the mechani c coul# fiA her typewrit er but he woul#n3t.
Ia" /er2el e #o%al e e1&ri #at e @n /or2ire %ire"t nu au 0or#e &ent r u tre"ut > "a
%e e1e#&l u mus t , nee#, shoul #, ought to, ha# bet t er, ,au ,unt %eA a la tre"ut ,au
"on%i!ional> "a woul#, coul#, might Bi use# to Cnu#ai Fa,t Ten,eD> ele r#Bn
ne,"-i #2at e @n /or2irea in%ire"t : <e must buy >other a pres ent for her
birth#ay, the chil#ren sai#. The chil#ren sai# they must buy mot her a pres ent for
her birth#ay. &ou ought to help your parent s, Tom, the teacher sai#. The teacher
tol# Tom he ought to help his parent s.
Aten2 i e G En gener al must ,e #en!i ne @n /or2irea in%ire"t 3 CBn% @n, #u,t
e1&ri # o o2liga!i e> el &oat e %e/eni woul# ha!e to ,au ha# to > @n 0un"!i e %e ,en,:
arry sai#, % mus t go to school now. arry sai# he ha# to go to school
imme#i at el y. (ather sai#, % mus t go to a conf erence tomorrow. (ather sai# he
woul# ha!e to go a conf erence the neAt #ay.
En #o% ,i#ilar> "oul% e,t e #en!i nut @n /or2irea in%ire"t : ,eorge aske#, Eoul# %
use your pen @ ,eorge aske# me if he coul# use my pen, sau men5i nut / ,"-i #2at
@n 0un"!i e %e ,en,:
e sai# Eoul# you len# me your #ictionary, pleas e @
e sai# % coul# swi m when it was fine.
e sai# % coul#n3t go into the wat er alone when % was a chil#.
e aske# me to len# hi m my #ictionary.
e aske# me if % coul# len# hi m my #ictionary.
e sai# he coul# swi m when it was fine.
e sai# he ha# been able to swi m when it was fine.
e a##e# he coul#n3t go into the wat er alone when he was a chil#.
e a##e# he ha# not been allowe# to go into the wat er alone when he was a
chil#.
.;' 4' * *' Sra?el e "on%i!ional e %e ti&ul + $i 6 nu ,e ,"-i #2 @n /or2irea in%ire"t 3
Cele %e ti&ul ( %e/in i%enti"e "a 0or# "u "on%i!ional el e %e ti&ul +: e sai#, &ou3ll
hurt yourself if you are not caref ul. he tol# me % woul# hurt mys el f if was not
caref ul.
B3 Mo%i0i"rile ,&e"i0i"e ,e re0er la /er2el e "are tre2ui e 0olo,it e @n 0ie"ar e 0el %e
&ro&o?i!i e re&ro%u, Cenun!i at i/> e1"la#at i /> int erogat i /> i#&er at i /D> la
&un"t ua! i e> or%inea "u/int el or et"3
.;' 4' * .' Propozi 2 i il e enun2 i at i 3 e #5ecl arat i 3e 6ent e nc e &
Ver2ul ,aH e,t e "ara"t eri ,ti" /or2irii %ire"t e> "u ,au 0r "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t 3
Ia" e,t e ur#at %e un "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t > /er2ul ,aH ur#ea? %e o2i"ei
"u/int el e re&ro%u, e: % #on3t un#erst an# the ;uesti on, Eathy sai# to her teacher.
pag: 06.
En /or2irea in%ire"t > ,e &,t r ea? %e regul say "Bn% "o#&l e#e nt ul in%ire"t nu
e,t e #en!i onat > iar /er2ul o"u& &o?i!ia ini!ial: Eathy sai# she #i#n3t un#erst an#
the lesson.
En "elel alt e "a?uri ,e @ntre2ui n! e a? tell _ "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t: Eathy tol# the
teacher she #i#n3t un#erst an# the ;uesti on.
Se#nel e "itrii ,unt o#i,e @n /or2irea in%ire"t > iar enun! ul re&ro%u, ,e intro%u"e
&rin "onAun"!i a t hat : %3!e =ust arri!e#, (re# sai#. (re# sai# 4that $ he ha# =ust
arri!e#.
En unel e ,itua!ii> ,&u, el e "ui/a nu &ot 0i re&ro%u, e @n /or2irea in%ire"t > "i tre2ui e
&ar a0r a?at e> @n 0un"!i e %e ,en,:
Paula sai#, %3m sorry %3m late.
&ou3# bet t er stay in be# for a few #ays, Pet er, the #oct or sai#.
;es $i no ,unt e1&ri #at e @n /or2irea in%ire"t "u aAut orul unui ,u2i e"t $i /er2
au1iliar: %s this #e!ice saf e @ &es. The man aske# if the #e!ice was saf e an# the
mechani c replie# that it was.
,au &rin @nlo"uirea "u /er2e %e a0ir#ar e ,au negar e:
e sai#, *o. e refuse#.
e sai#, *o. e #eni e# it.
e sai#, *o. e answer e# in the negati !e.
e sai#, &es. e agree#.
e sai#, &es. e accept e#.
e sai#, &es. e answer e# in the affirmati !e.
.;' 4' * 4' Propozi 2 i il e int eroga t i 3 e
Ia" Ver2ul %in &rin"i&al e,t e say > a"e,t a tre2ui e @nlo"uit "u /er2e "a: ask,
won#er, want to know, in;uire etc. <hy is Tom angry @ elen sai# to me.
elen aske# 4me$ why Tom was angry.
elen won#er e# why Tom was angry.
CBn% &ro&o?i!iile int erogat i /e ,unt re%at e @n /or2irea in%ire"t > ele %e/in
&ro&o?i!ii enun!i ati /e3 En "on,e"i n! 0or#a int erogat i / a /er2ul ui %e/ine
a0ir#at i / ,au negati /: ,u2i e"t ul &re"e%e &re%i"at ul> /er2ul au1iliar %o e,t e
o#i,> iar ,e#nul @ntre2rii ,e tran,0or # @n &un"t :
Pet er is saying %sn3t Dob comi ng @
Pet er is saying <here #oes he li!e @
Pet er want s to know if Dob is not comi ng.
Pet er want s to know where he li!es.
9Acep5i e: CBn% un "u/Bn% interogat i /: V-o> V-at > -oV #u"- e,t e ,u2i e"t ul
&ro&o?i!i ei int erogat i /e> ,e #en!i ne or%inea "u/int el or %in /or2irea %ire"t : ?aura
says, ow many arri!e# last night @ ?aura want s to know how many 4peopl e$
arri!e# last night .
pag: 070
Ie a,e#e ne a: % sai#, <hat3s the mat t er @ % aske# 4hi m$ what was the mat t er.
Ia" @n /or2irea %ire"t &ro&o?i!i a interogat i / e,t e o @ntre2ar e ,&e"i al > a%i"
%a" ea @n"e&e "u un &ronu#e> a%A e"ti/ int erogat i /> a"e,t a e,t e &,t r at @n
/or2irea in%ire"t : ow #o you spell this wor# @ the teacher has aske#. The
teacher has aske# how we spell this wor#.
En "a?ul unor @ntre2ri gener al e> legt ur a @ntre &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al $i "o#&l eti/a
%ire"t ,e 0a"e "u aAut orul "onAun"!i ei i0 ,au V-et -er : e is saying a!e you been
to 6ucea!a@
e is asking if we ha!e been to 6ucea!a.
e is asking whet her we ha!e been to 6ucea!a.
.he t h e r e,t e 0olo,it @n #o% o2ligat ori u &ent r u re%ar ea @n /or2irea in%ire"t a
@ntre2rilor alt ernat i /e: 7re you going to the theatre or to the cinema @ Tommy
sai# to his sist er. Tommy aske# his sist er whet er she was going to the theat re or
to the cinema.
Tommy aske# his sist er whet er she was going to the theatre or not.
Entre2ril e gener al e @n"e&Bn% "u will " woul# " coul# you ,e tran,0or # @n /or2irea
in%ire"t @n #o% %i0eren! i at > @n 0un"!i e %e ,en, ul @ntre2rii3
aD o @ntre2ar e %e,&r e o a"!iune /iitoar e: <ill you sing in the choir tomorrow @
e sai# . e aske# me if % woul# sing in the choir the neAt #ay.
2D o rug#i nt e> "erer e: Eoul# you ser!e the coff ee @ Dob sai#.
Dob aske# me to ser!e the coff ee.
Dob aske# if % coul# ser!e the coff ee.
"D o in/it a!i e: <oul# you att en# our meet i ng @ The chil#ren sai# to their teacher.
The chil#ren aske# their teacher to their meet i ng.
The chil#ren in!it e# their teacher to their meet i ng.
%D un or%in> o "o#an%: Eopy the lesson, >ary. The teacher tol# >ary to copy
the lesson.
En #o% ,i#ilar> @ntre2ril e @n"e&Bn% "u shal l 0 we ,e tran,0or # %i0eren!i at @n
/or2ire in%ire"t > %e/eni n%:
aD o @ntre2ar e %e,&r e o a"!iune /iitoar e: woul d J infiniti!: 6hall % see you
tomorrow @ Dob sai#. Dob want e# to know if he woul# see me the neAt #ay.
2D "erer ea unui ,0at: shoul d J infiniti!: 6hall % buy the long #ress, mot her@ 7lice
sai#. 7lice aske# her mot her if she shoul # buy the long #ress.
"D o o0ert : off er _ in0initi/ lung: 6hall % bring you your glass es @ Patricia sai#.
Patricia offere# to bring me my glass es.
%D o ,uge, ti e: sugg e s t _ Gerun% / shoul d _ in0initi/: 6hall we ha!e a snack@
8enise sai#.
8enise sugges t e # ha!ing a snack.
8enise sugges t e # that they shoul# ha!e a snack.
pag: 07/
S"-i #2ril e %e ti#& @n &ro&o?i!iile interogat i /e au lo" la 0el "a $i @n "ele
enun!i ati /e:
e sai#, <here ha!e you been@
e sai#, <hat is Tom #oing @
e sai#, <hen will they lea!e@
e want e# to know where we ha# been.
e want e# to know what Tom was #oing.
e want e# to know when they woul# lea!e.
.;' 4' * 8' Propozi 2 i il e e-cl amat i 3 e
Fro&o?i!iile e1"la#at i /e %e/in &ro&o?i!ii enun!i ati/e @n /or2irea in%ire"t 3 En
"on, e"i n! > ,e#nul e1"l a#rii %in /or2irea %ire"t nu #ai e,t e ne"e, ar : <hat a
funny =okeN he sai#. e eAclai me# that it was a funny =oke.
Sunt &o,i2ile #ai #ult e tran,0or #ri > @n 0un"!i e %e nat ur a e1"l a#a! i ei:
aD E1"la#a! ii @n"e&Bn% "u what - a! . . . # how. . . ,e tran,0or # @n "o#&l eti /e %ire"t e
9Acli me# that it was !ery kin# of hi m to helpN mot her sai#. >other eAclai me#
that it was !ery kin# of hi m to help them.
2D E1"la#a! ii "a *h9 Ah9 /gh9 %e/in:
e eAclai me# with surprise " #isgust , etc.
e ga!e an eAclamat i on of surprise " #isgust , etc.
En 0un"!i e %e ,en, ,e @ntre2ui n! e a? %i/er, e /er2e C_ a%/er 2e %e #o%D "a:
eAclai m, compl ai n, shout , remark, obser!e, say a#miringl y, say scornf ully, et"3>
&ent r u re%ar ea &ro&o?i!iilor e1"la#at i /e @n /or2irea in%ire"t : <hat a #elicious
cakeN the ;uest sai#. The ;est sai# asmiringl y that the cake was #elicious. ow
tire# % amN the ol# woman sai#. The ol# woman compl ai ne# that she was !ery
tire#.
42,er/a! i %e a,e#e ne a:
6he sai#, Thank you.
e sai#, 8amn itN
They sai#, ,oo# morni ngN
6he sai#, 7 happy new yearN
e sai#, <ell #oneN
6he sai#, ?iarN
6he thanke# me.
e swore.
They greet e# me " wishe# me a goo# morning.
6he wishe# me a happy new year.
e congrat ul at e# me.
6he calle# me a liar.
Fre%i"at ul &ro&o?i!i ei e1"l a#at i /e ,e ,u&une "ore,&on%e n! ei ti#&urilor 0a! %e
un &re%i"at tre"ut @n &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al 3
e sai#, ow beautif ully she sangN
e sai#, ow pret t y she isN
e sai#, <hat a #elight f ul trip we3ll ha!eN
e eAclai me# that she ha# sung beautif ully.
e sai# a#miringl y that she ha# sung beautif ully.
e remarke# that she ha# sung beautif ully.
e eAclai me# that she was pret t y.
e sai# a#miringl y that she was pret t y.
e remarke# that she was pret t y.
e eAclai me# that they woul# ha!e a #elight f ul trip.
e sai# a#miringl y that they woul# ha!e a #elight f ul trip.
e remarke# that they woul# ha!e a #elight f ul trip.
Ia" e1"la#a! i a @n /or2irea %ire"t nu "on!ine un /er2 la un ti#& &er,onal > @n
/or2irea in%ire"t ,e 0olo,e$t e /er2ul 2e: elen sai#, <hat a lo!el y present N
elen eAclai me# that the present was lo!el y.
pag: 070
.;' 4' * 9' Propozi 2 i il e imperat i 3e
En /or2irea in%ire"t > &ro&o?i!iile i#&er at i /e %e0in in0initi/e:
aD a0ir#at i /e: e sai#, 6it #own, Pet er.
2D negati /e: e sai# , 8on3t int errupt the speaker pleas e.
Ver2ul %in &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al C say# t el l D ,e @nlo"ui e$t e "u un /er2 "are e1&ri #
un or%in Ctell, or#er, comman# D> o rug#i nt e Cask, re;ues t , urge D> un ,0at Cwarn,
a#!ise, recomman# D> et"3> @n 0un"!i e %e ,en,: Mfficer to sol#iers: Elean the
barracksN The officer or#ere# his sol#iers to clean the barracks. >other to 7nn:
Pass me the salt, will you @ >other aske# 7nn to pass her the salt. Teacher to
Tom: 4&ou shoul s$ go to the #oct or . The teacher a#!ise# Tom to go to the
#oct or.
A"e,t e /er2e ,unt ur#at e @n #o% o2ligat ori u %e "o#&l e#e nt e in%ire"t e ,au
&re&o?i !ional e3 Ia" ele nu #en!i onat e @n /or2irea %ire"t > /or 0i a%ugat e: ,i!e
me my ballN the little boy shout e#. The little boy shout e# at the bigger to gi!e
hi m his ball.
Ia" /er2ul %in &rin"i&al e,t e la %iat e?a &a,i/> "o#&l e#e nt ul in%ire"t nu #ai
e,t e ne"e, ar : ,o to be#N they sai# to Tommy. Tommy was tol# to go to be#.
I#&er ati /ul &ent r u &er,oana I &lural C let : s _ in0initi/D e1&ri # %e o2i"ei o
,uge, ti e $i ,e e1&ri # @n /or2irea in%ire"t &rin /er2ul sugg e s t _ Gerun% /
"o#&l eti / %ire"t intro%u, %e t-at :
*ick sai#, ?et3s watch T).
*ick sai#, <hat about wat chi ng T)@
*ick sugges t e# wat chi ng T).
*ick sugges t e# that they shoul # watch T).
*ick sugges t e# that they watch T). 4Fn engl e-a american2$.
I#&er ati /el e e1&ri #Bn% un or%in @n gener al ,e &ot tran,0or #a @n /or2ire in%ire"t
$i:
. "u aAut or ul /er2ul ui 2e to> @n ,&e"i al "Bn%:
aD /er2ul %in &rin"i&al e,t e la &re?ent : e says, 8o the neAt eAerciseN e says
that we are to #o the neAt eAercise.
2D or%inul e,t e &re"e%at %e o &ro&o?i!i e te#&or al ,au "on%i!ional : e sai#, %f
she comes, ring me up. e sai# that if she came we were to ring hi m up.
. "u aAut or ul lui ,-oul %: The Eapt ain or#ere# that the sailors shoul # clean the
#eck. "
.;' 8' Vorbirea in/irect 1 liber1
A"e,t a re&r e?i nt un ,t a%i u inter #e%i ar @ntre /or2irea %ire"t $i in%ire"t $i e,t e
utili?at 0re"/ent @n ,tilul nar ati/3 Se "ara"t eri?ea? &rin ,"-i #2ar e a ti#&urilor> a
&ronu#el or $i a%/er 2el or "a $i @n /or2irea in%ire"t > %ar &ro&o?i!i a &rin"i&al e,t e
%e o2i"ei o#i, $i ,e &,t r ea? unel e 0or#e %in /or2irea %ire"t : &ro&o?i!ii
int erogat i /e> /o"ati/e> @ntre2ri %i,Aun"ti/e et"3
A"ea,t 0or# e,t e a%e, eori 0olo,it @n literat ur &ent r u e1&ri #ar e a gBn%urilor
unui &er,onaA 3 En "on, e"i n! > !erbul he thought e,t e %e o2i"ei #ai &otri/it %e"Bt
he sai# @n a,e#e ne a "a?uri3
C$eia e-erci2iilor
Ca&3 (3 VERBUL
II3 (3 It i, raining5 +3 i, -e %ri/ing5 %ri/e,5 *3 ,tarte%> Va, Val=ing5 :3 rang> Va, going out5 ;3 -a, 2een>
2leV5 73 -a, 2een ,noVing5 83 -a/e Hou -ear%5 *3 IM/e Au,t ,&o=en> ,&o=e5 )3 lent> a,=e%/-a% a,=e%5 (93
-a% 2een> arri/e%5 ((3 -a% 2een li/ing> #et5 (+3 i,> ,-all go5 (63 i,> ,-all 2e ,=iing5 (:3 ,-all -a/e ,=ie%>
-a/e (;3 are Hou %oing5 a# -a/ing5 -a/e5 (73 %oe, t-e train lea/e> lea/e,5 (83 are Hou %oing5 a# loo=ing5
-a/e Hou 2een loo=ing5 -a/e 2een loo=ing5 "a#e5 %i% Hou "o#a5 "a#e3
III3 (3 It i, raining3 It o0ten rain, in autu#n3 +3 It -a, 2een raining ,in"e Hou "a#e3 63 It -a, raine%3 :3 It3
raine% Her,ter%aH too3 ;3 It Va, raining V-en I loo=e% out o0 t-e Vin%oV3 73 It -a% raine% V-en I Vent
out3 83 It -a% 2een raining 0or a long ti#e3 *3 It loo=, li=e rain3 )3 It i, going to rain to%aH3 (93 It Vill 2e
raining V-en Hou "o#e 2a"= 0ro# Hour o00i"e3 ((3 UeMll go 0or a Val= V-en t-e rain -a, ,to&&e%3 (+3
Ue ,-anMt go 0or a Val= unle,, it ,to&, raining3
IV3 (3 T-eH are 2eing ,-oVn t-e #u,eu#3 +3 <e -a, 2een a&&ointe% &re,i%ent3
*3 T-e &u&il, Vere a,=e% ,e/eral [ue,tion,3 :3 T-e ,ol%ier, Vere or%ere% to ,tan% to attention3 ;3 I -a/e
2een gi/en a goo% %i"tionarH3 73 Tou Vill 2e tol% V-at ti#e t-e 2u, lea/e,3 83 T-e "ar&enter Vill 2e &ai%
0or -i, Vor=3 *3 T-eH Vere &ro#i,e% neV 2i"H"le,3
)3 I -a/e 2een lent t-i, 2oo= 2H t-e 0or# tea"-er3 (93 T-e ,inger Vill 2e o00ere% 0loVer,3
V3 (3 T-i, #atter #u,t 2e loo=e% into3 +3 T-i, 2e% -a, not 2een ,le&t in3 63 T-e "-il%ren Vere Vell
loo=e% a0ter3 :3 T-e %og Va, run o/er 2H a 2u,3 ;3 Tou Vill 2e laug-e% at i0 Hou Vear t-i, %re,,3 73
E#&tH 2ottle, #u,t not 2e t-roVn aVaH3 83 T-i, gla,, -a not 2een %run= out o03 *3 I Va, ta=en on 2H -i,
2e-a/iour3 )3 E/erH #o#ent #u,t 2e a""ounte% 0or3 (93 S-e %oe,nMt li=e to 2e ,tare% at3
VII3 (3 It i, a%/i,a2le t-at Hou 2e/,-oul% 2e t-ere at eig-t oM"lo"= ,-ar&3 +3 T-eH re[uire t-at t-e ene#H
troo&, 2e/,-oul% 2e Vit-%raVn 0ro# t-eir territorH3 63 U-H ,-oul% Ve %o t-i,\ :3 <i, Vi,- t-at Ve
,-oul% 2e"o#e tea"-er, -a, 2een 0ul0ille%3 ;3 Co#e V-at #aH> SU ,tart t-e engine3 73 I Vi,- Hou Voul%
2e [uieter3 83 I Vi,- t-eH Vere -ere noV3 *3 I Vi,- t-eH -a% atten%e% t-e "on0eren"e3 )3 U-at Voul% Hou
%o i0 t-eH o00ere% Hou t-i, Ao2\ (93 I0 anHone ,-oul% "all 0or -er> tell t-e# ,-e i, aVaH3 ((3 Mot-er ga/e
#e ,o#e #oneH ,o t-at I #ig-t 2uH t-e %i"tionarH I nee%e%3 (+3 IMll gi/e Hou -i, &-one nu#2er ,o t-at
Hou #aH ring -i# u&3 (63 <e Vor=e% /erH -ar% 0or 0ear -e ,-oul% 0ail t-e e1a#3 (:3 <oVe/er late it #aH
2e> ring #e u&3 (73 No #atter -oV #anH #i,ta=e, -e #ig-t -a/e #a%e> -i, &a&er i, t-e 2e,t in t-e "la,,3
VIII3 (3 to 2e"o#e5 +3 "o#e5 63 to re/i,eN:3 Vait5 ;3 "ro,,5 73 to re&eat5 83 Vait5 *3 to return5 )3 to
"o#&are5 (93 to un%er,tan%5 ((3 to "o#&ete5 (+3 to ,aH5 (63 trH5 (:3 to -ear3
Ia3 (3 0ro# lea/ing5 +3 o0 ,tu%Hing5 63 a2out lo,ing5 :3 in &o,ting5 ;3 on %oing5 73 at 0in%ing5 83 to
re"ei/ing5 *3 on getting5 )3 on -a/ing &laHe%5 (93 o0 -a/ing %ri/en3
a3 (3 #e/#H rea%ing5 +3 -i#/-i, "o#ing5 *3 #e 0or interru&ting Hou/#H interru&ting Hou5 :3 -er/-er
Vearing5 ;3 t-e#/t-eir #a=ing5 73 u,/our "o#ing5 83 Hou/Hour going out5 *3 -er/-er a"ting5 )3 t-e#/t-eir
&laHing5 (93 -i#/-i, &reten%ing5 ((3 Hou/Hour trHing5 (+3 u,/
our Vor=ing3
aI3 (3 to gi/e3 +3 #eeting3 *3 interru&ting3 :3 to tal=3 ;3 to gi/e3 73 lea/ing3 83 "H"ling3 *3 to Val=3 )3 to
Va=e3 (93 to tell3 ((3 Val=ing3 (+3 ,elling> Vor=ing> Vriting3 (*3 to #a=e3 (:3 to Vrite3 (73 ,inging3 (73 to
-ear3 (83 "utting3 (*3 to go ()3 Val=ing> tra/elling3 +93 to go3 +(3 to ,ee3 ++3 ,eeing3 +63 ,#o=ing3 +:3 to
,#o=e3
aII3 (3 0olloVing3 +3 0olloVe%3 *3 intere,ting3 :3 intere,te%3 ;3 0ro?en3 73 0ree?ing3 83 ri%ing3 *3 e1&orte%3
)3 i#&orting> e1&orting3 (93 tire%3 ((3 tiring3 (+3 a""u,e%3 (63 a""u,ing3 (:3 2a=e%3 (;3 e1&e"te%3 (73
a,toni,-ing3 (83 lo,t3 (*3 0rig-tene%3 ()3 0rig-tening3 +93
%rie%3 +(3 "roV%e%3
aIII3 (3 Boo=, 2orroVe% 0ro# t-e li2rarH #u,t 2e returne% in ti#e3 +3 T-e Vin%oV, o0 t-e %raVing.
roo# o&ene% on to a terra"e o/erloo=ing t-e ,ea3 *3 <earing> 0oot,te&,> -e turne% Vit- a ,tart3 :3 AU
long =noVn o2Ae"t, are %ear to u,3 ;3 <e =e&t ,ilent> a, i0 &u??le% 2H #H 2e-a/iour3 73 <a/ing
"o#&lete% -er &ie"e o0 Vor=> ,-e ro,e to ,Vit"- o0 0 t-e #a"-ine3 83 T-en -e Va, gone> t-e %og
0olloVing3 *3 <e &ra"ti,e% e/erH %aH> -i, &rin"i&le 2eing t-at &ra"ti"e #a=e, &er0e"t3 )3 T-e "-il%
,to&&e% "rHing3 (93 <e ,to&&e% to -el& t-e ol% Vo#an3 ((3 4ne o0 t-e rea,on, 0or -er -a/ing rea% t-e
2oo= ,o #anH ti#e, -a% 2een to learn t-e neV Vor%,3 (+3 <e "oug-e% to %raV t-e attention o0 t-e
au%ien"e> (*3 IM# ,orrH to -a/e %i,tur2e% Hou V-ile Vor=ing3 (:3 <i, /oi"e 2egan to tre#2le Vit-
e#otion3 (73 I &ro#i,e% to o2eH #H &arent,3 (73 I ,aV -er Vee&CingD3 (83 IM# ,orrH I %i%nMt #ean to -urt
Hou3 (*3 No2o%H i, to 2la#e3 ()3 T-i, &ro2le# i, too %i00i"ult 0or u, to ,ol/e3 <e %enie, -a/ing 2een
t-ere3
aIV3 (3 #aH lea/e3 +3 #aH -a/e -ear%3 63 #u,t -a/e gone3 :3 #u,t not &laH3 ;3 "oul%nMt -a/e 0orgotten3
73 ,-oul% ,ee3 83 "oul% re&air3 *3 #u,t 2e true3 )3 ,-oul% -a/e
Vritten3 (93 -a% to ta=e3
aV3 (3 Uill Hou 0et"- #e t-e neV,&a&er> &lea,e3 +3 S-all I 2uH ,o#e 2anana,\ TouM% rat-er 2uH ,o#e
orange,3 63 Uoul% Hou ,ign in t-e regi,ter> &lea,e3 :3 Coul% Hou -el& #e Vit- #H luggage\ ;3 Uoul%
Hou li=e a "u& o0 "o00ee\ No> t-an= Hou3 IM% li=e a "u& o0 tea3 73 S-e "anMt ,&ea= Engli,- Het> 2ut ,-e Vill
2e a2le to %o ,o in a 0eV Hear,M ti#e3 83 <e "oul% -a/e learne% t-e &oe# 2ut -e Voul%nMt3 *3 T-e ,=H
#ig-t "lear u& later3 )3 MaH I 2orroV t-i, 2oo=\ I u,e% to go ,Vi##ing e/erH %aH V-en I Va, Hounger3
(93 I u,e% to go ,Vi##ing e/erH %aH V-en I Va, Hounger3 ((3 T-eH #aH -a/e Von t-e #at"-> 2ut IM#
not ,ure3 (+3 <e ,-oul%/oug-t to -a/e le0t earlier3 T-en -e Voul% -a/e "aoug-t t-e train3 (63 T-ere i, a
goo% "on"ert on TV3 Tou ,-oul%nMt #i,, it3 (:3 Feter i, a2,ent to%aH3 <e #u,t 2e ill3 (;3 Tou #u,tnMt
&laH in t-e #i%%le o0 t-e roa%3 (73 <e "anMt/"oul%nMt -a/e 2een out o0 toVn la,t Vee=3 I #et -i# ,e/eral
ti#e,3 (83 <e Vent to 2e% at eig-t oM"lo"= la,t nig-t3 <e #u,t -a/e 2een /erH tire%3 (*3 T-e "-il%ren
Vere alloVe% to go out V-en t-e rain ,to&&e%3 ()3 <oV %are -e ,aH ,u"- a t-ing\ +93 Tou nee%nMt -a/e
ta=en Hour u#2rella5 it -a% ,to&&e% raining3
Ca&3 +3 SUBSTANTIVUL
I3(3 S"-ool 2egin, in Se&te#2er3 +3 LUe go ,Vi##ing on Sun%aHC,D3 63 Mr BroVn i, an MF3 :3 4n JulH
:t- e/erH Hear t-e A#eri"an, "ele2rate In%e&en%en"e IaH3 ;3 T-e Ianu2e 0loV, into t-e Bla"= Sea3 73
Ir3 Ione,"u "on,ult, t-e &u&il, e/erH Mon%aH3 83 S&ain 2or%er, on Sran"e3 *3 T-e C-ine,e> t-e
Vietna#e,e an% t-e Ja&ane,e li/e in A,ia3 )3 T-e Inter"ontinental <otel in Bu"-are,t i, ne1t to t-e
National T-eatre3 (93 M<ar% Ti#e,M i, a no/el 2H Ii"=en,3 ((3 Ue ,tu%H Engli,- an% Ru,,ian at ,"-ool3
(+3 T-e Con0eren"e 0or Fea"e an% Se"uritH in Euro&e Va, -el% in <el,in=i in ()873
II3 ,"-ool2oH,> #a,ter&ie"e,> 2rot-er,.in.laV> 0at-er,.in.laV> -ea%#a,ter,> #il=#en> Vo#en %enti,t,>
&o,t#en> 2la"=2oar%,> ,on,.in.laV> &a,,er,.2H> 2e%roo#,> "ar ra"e,> loo=er,.on> #en ,inger,> #errH.go.
roun%,> -or,e ra"e,> 0orget.#e.not,> 0oot,te&,> 0ire#en3
III3 (3 2oo=,> ,-el/e,3 +3 toH,3 63 #en> touri,t,3 :3 "-il%ren> ,torie,3 ;3 Vat"-e,3 73 li"e> in,e"t,3 83 "li00,3
*3 lea/e,3 )3 gee,e3 (93 &otatoe,3 ((3 0eet3 (+3 Vo#en> -ou,eVi/e,3 (63 #i"e3
IV3 (3 -un%re%,3 +3 -un%re%3 63 #illion3 :3 #illion3 7> t-ou,an%,3 73 t-ou,an%,3 83 %o?en3 *3 %o?en3 )3
%o?en,3 (93 0eet3 ((3 0oot3
V3 aD ,ti#uli> &-eno#ena> %e,i%erata> a%%en%a> lar/ae> 2a,e,> analH,e,> "ri,e,> "riteria5 2D"a#&u,e,>
/iru,e,> en"H"lo&e%ia,> /illa,> #u,eu#,> al2u#,> gH#na,iu#,> ele"tron,> ,o&rano,5 "D ,Hlla2u,e,>
geniu,e,/ genii> 0or#ula,/0or#ulae> "urri"ulu#,/"urri"ula> ,H#&o,iu#,/,H#&o,ia> in%e1e,/in%i"e,>
auto#aton,/auto#ata> &lateau,/&lateau1> te#&o,/ te#&i
VI3 (3 ,-eet3 +3 2ar,3 63 loa0> loa/e,3 :3 &ie"e/,ti"=3 ;3 &ie"e3 73 &ie"e3 83 &air3 *3 &ie"e/ ite#3 )3
&ie"e/ite#3 (93 &ie"e3 ((3 &ie"e3 (+3 -ea%3
VII3 (3 T-e neV, I -a/e re"ei/e% i, intere,ting3 +3 I &a"=e% #H luggage la,t nig-t3 63 Ue are going to
&u2li,- all t-e in0or#ation ne"e,,arH to t-e "an%i%ate,3 :3 <i, =noV.le%ge o0 -i,torH i, re#ar=a2le3 ;3
IM/e 2oug-t ,o#e 0ruit an% ,o#e "a=e,3 73 <a/e Hou %one Hour -o#eVor=\
Ia3 (3 U-ere are t-e tong,\ +3 ManH t-an=,3 63 E /erH #ean, -a, 2een trie%/ All #ean, -a/e 2een trie%3
:3 T-e Ar#H <ea%[uarter, Va,/Vere near Lon%on ;3 F-H,i", i, -i, 0a/ourite ,u2Ae"t3 73 Ue "aug-t t-ree
2ig trout3 83 A 2oo= on Ro#anian 0re,-.Vater 0i,-e, -a, Au,t 2een &u2li,-e%3 *3 <e -a, 2roVn -air3 )3
S-e -a, a 0eV greH -air,3 (93 Gi/e #e tVo loa/e, Co0 2rea%D &lea,e3 ((3 S-e -a, #a%e great &rogre,, in
learning Engli,-3 (+3 T-e,e are t-e #inute, o0 t-e #eeting3
aI3 MH %ear un"le G-i!>
A t-ou,an% t-an=, 0or Hour 0rien%lH "ar%3 A, ,oon a, I get t-e aut-orM, "o&ie, 0ro# t-e A"a%e#H> I ,-all
,en% Hou a "o&H o0 #H Vor= on t-e Bla"= Sea3
Ue are -a/ing an un&lea,ant Vinter> #H Vi0e an% I 2ot- 2eing ill3
But our %ear To0u i, ,trong an% I a# /erH &lea,e% to -ear -i, /oi"e o/er t-e tele&-one3
Gr3 Anti&a
aII3 (3 %aug-ter5 +3 la%H5 *3 nie"e5 :3 aunt5 ;3 #ot-er5 73 ,i,ter5 83 -en5 *3 -in%5 )3 girl5 (93 Vi0e5 ((3
Vo#an5 (+3 [ueen3
aIII3 (3 2oH.0rien%5 girl 0rien%5 +3 -e.goat5 ,-e.goat5 63 #ale ,tu%ent5 0e#ale ,tu%ent5 :3 To# "at5 Ti22H
"at5 ;3 Ja"=.a,,5 JennH a,,5 73 #ale 0rog5 0e#ale 0rog3
aIV3 (3 T-i, i, #H neig-2ourM "ar3 +3 T-i, i, LilHM, %oll3 *3 T-i, i, Ii"=M, 2i"H"le3 :3 T-i, i, #H "ou,inM,
,ta#& 2oo=3 ;3 T-i, i, Mr U-iteM, u#2rella3 73 T-i, i, LaVren"e an% FaulM, ele"tri" train3 83 T-e,e are
FeterM, an% MarHM, 2i"H"le,3
aVI3 (3 MH "ou,in,M -ou,e i, large3 +3 T-e la%ie,M -at, are /erH &rettH3 *3 T-e &u&il,M uni0or#, are 2lue3
:3 T-e Vo#enM, Vor= i, /erH #u"- a&&re"iate%3 ;3 T-e Vor=er,M li0e i, #u"- 2etter to%aH3 73 T-e tea"-er
&rai,e% t-e ,tu%ent,M Vor=3 83 U-ere are t-e "-il%renM, "lot-e,\ *3 T-e 2a2ie,M 0oo% i, in t-e 0ri%ge3
aVII3 (3 MarH i, Ia/i%M, ,i,ter3 +3 T-e &age, o0 t-e 2oo= -a/e nu#2er,3 *3 U-at i, Hour 2rot-erM,
-o22H\ :3 T-i, i, a Vo#anM, -at3 ;3 U-atM, t-e 0a/ourite ,&ort o0 t-i, 2oH\ 73 T-e roo0 o0 t-e ,-e% Va,
2loVn o00 2H t-e Vin%3 83 T-at i, Ali"eM, &en"il.2o13 *3 La%ie,M -at, are /erH &rettH t-i, Hear3 )3 T-i, i,
t-e roo# o0 #H 2rot-er an% ,i,ter3 (93 U-ere are t-e girl,M 2lou,e,\ ((3 Ii"=en,M no/el, are /erH
intere,ting3 (+3 T-e -ou,e i, at a #ileM, %i,tan"e3 (*3 <a/e Hou rea% He,ter%aHM, &a&er\
aIa3 (3 I 2oug-t a %og 0or Mi=e3 +3 <e ga/e ,o#e &re,ent, to To#3 63 I "-o,e a ni"e &re,ent 0or #H
,i,ter3 :3 MarH ,-oVe% -er "o#&o,ition to t-e tea"-er3 ;3 T-eH ,ent a &ar"el to t-eir &arent,3 73 Ii% Hou
#a=e t-i, "ar%igan 0or <elen\ 83 Ii% -e gi/e a 2un"- o0 0loVer, to -i, #ot-er\ *3( or%ere% a le#ona%e
0or #H ,i,ter3
aa3 aD (3 T-e (+t- FartH Congre,, -a, ta=en %e"i,ion, o0 great i#&ortan"e 0or our &eo&le an% our
"ountrHM, &rogre,,3 +3 <a/e Hou rea% He,ter%aHM, neV,&a&er\ 63 A0ter a #o#entM, t-oug-t> t-e &u&il
an,Vere% all #H [ue,tion, &er0e"tlH3 :3 T-e AurH -an%e% reVar%, to all t-e Vinner, o0 t-e "o#&etition3 73
Ue -a% a /erH goo% ti#e at t-e &artH o0 #H 0rien%M, ,i,ter3 73 I t-in= I -a/e ta=en ,o#e2o%H el,eM, -at3 83
T-e &en i, Bo2M,3 *3 U-at %o Hou =noV a2out t-e "li#ate o0 t-i, "ountrH\ )3 T-e tea"-er ,&o=e 0or
#ore t-an an -our a2out t-e "li#ate o0 t-i, "ountrH3 (93 T-e &u&il, o00ere% a 2un"- o0 0loVer, to t-eir
tea"-er3 ((3 UeM% 2etter #eet at MarHM,3 (+3 T-e &rinting o0 t-i, 2oo= #eant an i#&ortant ,u""e,,3
2D (3 4ur #o,t #o%ern &oete,, ,&o=e a2out -er late,t /olu#e o0 &oe#,3 +3 Tou Vill 2e a""o#&anie% 2H
#H ,on an% %aug-ter3 *3 I %onMt =noV V-o a"t, t-e &rin"e,,3 :3 I -a/enMt ,een #H aunt an% un"le 0or a
0eV #ont-,3 ;3 <er Hounge,t nie"e i, t-e -eire,, o0 t-e -ou,e3 73 MH neig-2our le0t t-e %oor o&en an%
0orgot a2out it3
Ca&3 *3 ARTIC4LUL
IV3 (3 .> t-e> t-e3 +3 .3 63 .3 :3 .3 ;3 t-e3 73 ' t-e> .3 83 .> . *3 t-e3 )3 . t-e> t-e3 (93 t-e>.> .3 ((3 . > .3 (+3 t-e3
(63 a3 (:3 a/t-e> a3 (;3 t-e> t-e> .3 (73 t-e3 (83 an3 (*3 a3 ()3.3 +93 t-e> t-e3 +(3 a3 ++3 .3 +63 t-e> an> .3
VII3 A3 (3 U-at a 2eauti0ul %aH! +3 A %o?en nee%le, "o,t, a &ennH3 63 Tou #u,t ,&ea= in a lou%er /oi"e3
:3 Ii% Hou "o#e 2H 2u,\ ;3 <oV #anH ti#e, a Vee= %o Hou -a/e F-H,i",\ 73 T-e Ianu2e "ro,,e,
,e/eral Euro&ean "ountrie,3 83 T-e Feo&leM, Re&u2li" o0 Bulgaria i, /lie, to t-e ,out- o0 t-e So"iali,t
Re&u2li" o0 Ro#Bnia3 *3 <oneH i, ,Veet3 )3 MH 0rien% i, ,&en%ing -er -oli%aH at t-e ,ea,i%e3 (93 All t-e
&u&il, "a#e to t-e ,"-ool 0e,ti/al3 ((3 C-il%ren li=e ga#e, /erH #u"-3
B3 (3 Fen,> &en"il,> ru22er,> glue an% in= are on ,ale at t-e ,tationerM,3 +3 U-ere i, t-e &en I 2oug-t
He,ter%aH\ 63 I li=e ,H#&-oni" #u,i"3 :3 I li=e t-e #u,i" "o#&o,e%/ Vritten 0or t-e &iano3 73 Ue ,tu%H
t-e -i,torH o0 t-e Ro#anian &eo&le at ,"-ool3 73 Ue al,o ,tu%H Vorl% -i,torH3 83 In Cana%a t-ere are
tVo o00i"ial language,: Engli,- an% Sren"-3 *3 T-e Ro#anian language i, a Ro#an"e language3 )3 T-e
&re,,> ra%io an% tele/i,ion -a/e a #aAor e%u"a!ional role in Ro#Bnia3
C3 (3 U-ere are Hour &eo&le\ Gran%&a i, in 2e%> gran%#a i, in t-e =it"-en> #ot-er i, at ,"-ool an%
0at-er i, at Vor=3 +3 I generallH go -o#e 2H 2u,> 2ut ,o#eti#e, I go 2H tra#3 *3 I "an ne/er ,lee& in
t-e/a "ar or on t-e/a train3 :3 Mot-er o0ten Va=e, u& in t-e nig-t to 0ee% t-e 2a2H3 73 I %onMt li=e to go
out at nig-t3 73 U-at ti#e %o Hou -a/e lun"-\ 83 I u,uallH -a/e lun"- at noon/at (+ oM"lo"=3 *3 <a/e Hou
0ini,-e% &re&aring Ct-eD lun"-\ )3 I -a% to ,taH in 2e% 0or a Vee= la,t Hear V-en I -a% Ct-eD 0lu3
(3 <i, ,-oe, YYYY +3 <er -at YYYY 63 T-eir -at, YYYY :3 YYYY3 it, ne,t ;3 <er %re,, YYYY3 73 <i, eHe,
YYYY3 83 T-eir 2oo=, YYYY3 *3 It, tail YYYY3 )3 T-eir ear, YYYY3 (93 <er 2rot-er YYYY3
Ia3 (3 ea"- +3 eit-er 63 e/erH :3 eit-er ;3 ea"- 73 ea"- 83 i/erH *3 ea"- )3 eit-er (93 eit-er> 2ot- ((3 ea"-
(63 eit-er (*3 e/erH> ea"- (:3 ea"-3
aI3 LU-H %o &eo&le ,lee& at nig-t\L LBut V-en %o Hou ,lee&> Iarie\L
LAl,o at nig-t3 But I Voul%nMt ,lee& at all> e,&e"iallH in t-e ,u##erti#e/in Ct-eD ,u##er>L LAn% V-at
Voul% Hou %o\L
LI Voul% lie %oVn in t-e gra,,3 But I Voul% lie %oVn on #H 2a"=3
IM% =ee& #H eHe, o&en3 I0 I "oul% ,to& 2lin=ing> I Voul%nMt 2lin= at all> IM% loo= at t-e ,tar,3 An%> loo=ing
at t-e#> IM% i#agine I Va, 0ree3L
LLie %oVn in t-e gra,, noV3 Loo= at t-e ,tar, noV> Iarie> an% i#agine noV V-ate/er Hou Vant to
i#agine3L
I %o a, t-e Vin% i, telling #e3 I lie %oVn in t-e gra,,3 I &ut 2ot- #H ar#, un%er #H -ea%3 I loo= at t-e
,=H3 It ,ee#, #otionle,,> 2ut I =noV it i,nMt3 Not-ing e/er =ee&, ,till3 T-e V-ole ,=H> V-at Hou "an ,ee
o0 it an% V-at Hou "anMt> Vit- it, ,tar,> t-o,e t-at "an 2e ,een an% t-o,e t-at "anMt> "o#e, 0ro#
,o#eV-ere3 Sro# V-ere\ I %onMt =noV3 IQll a,= t-e gra,,3 S-e %oe,nMt =noV eit-er3 I ,tret"- out #H
-an%,> I ,to& t-e Vin% in -i, gentle run3 I a,= -i#3 LI %onMt =noV> Iarie3L LIoe, anH2oH in t-i, Vorl%
=noV\L LNo2o%H =noV,> Iarie3L NoV> I ,aH to #H,el0> noV I ,-anMt a,= anHone3 I ,-all loo= at t-e ,=H3 I
,tart to loo= at it3
Ca&3 :3 NUMERALUL
III3 (3 T-e +:t- o0 JanuarH> an% t-e +6r% o0 Augu,t are national %aH, o0 our &eo&le3 +3 4&en t-e 2oo= at
&age :* an% rea% "-a&ter (; again3 63 I li/e at no3 :)> S&iru <aret ,treet3 :3 <oV ol% are Hou\ I a# (+3
CHear, ol%D 73 At -al0 &a,t tVo IQll get on 2u, no3 66( an% go to /i,it t-e e1-i2ition3 73 <oV #u"- i, a
&air o0 ,-oe,\ 83 IM/e 2oug-t 2utter> a %o?en o0 egg, an% a =ilo o0 0lour3 *3 Ue -a/e t-e long 2rea=
2etVeen ten #inute, to ten an% ten &a,t ten3 )3 I -a/e 2een Vaiting 0or Hou 0or #ore t-an -al0 an -our3
(93 I %ialle% %ou2le 0i/e> ,e/en> nine> tVo> 0our> an% t-en I Vaite%3 ((3 I t-in= t-eH le0t 2H t-e 7369 train3
(+3 T-e (+t- Congre,, o0 t-e Ro#anian Co##uni,t FartH too= &la"e in No/e#2er ()8)3
Ca&3 ;3 FR4NUMELE
I3 (3 -er3 +3 Hour,3 *3 Hour> #ine3 :3 Hour ;3 our 73 -i, 83 -i,3 *3 t-eir,3 )3 #ine3 (93 -er,3
II3 (3 I tol% it to t-e#3 +3 I Vrote it to -er3 63 I ,ent it to -i#3 :3 I 2oug-t t-e# 0or -er3 ;3( ga/e t-e# to
-i#3 73( e1&laine% it to -i#3 83 I ,-oVe% it to t-e#3 *3 I a,=e% -i# a2out it3
III3 (3 -i#3 +3 Ve3 63 t-e# :3 -e ;3 it 73 it 83 -er *3 u,3
IV3 (3 V-o +3 . 63 V-o :3 V-o ;3 . 73 V-o 83 V-o *3 V-i"-/t-at
V3 Biri" an% Folina ,taHe% 2e-in%3 T-eH &ut t-eir ,i"=le, o/er t-eir ,-oul%er, an% #a%e 0or Tu%or
Blo,uM, lan%3 4n t-e VaH Folina tol% -i# again t-eH "oul% not rea"- an agree#ent Vit- /er 0at-er i0
t-eH ,taHe% an% Vaite% 0or -i# to #a=e it u& to t-e#3 S-e =neV -i# 2etter t-an t-at3 T-e lan% #u,t 2e
ta=en 2H 0or"e3 Biri" an,Vere% t-at Hou "oul% ta=e anHt-ing 2H 0or"e> ,aH a -or,e> a "art> a "oV5 Hou
ta=e it 2H 0or"e an% "arrH it aVaH Vit- Hou3 But Hou "anMt ta=e lan%3 Tou nee% &a&er, at t-e notarHM,
o00i"e 0or t-e lan% an% onlH t-en Hou "an ,aH it i, Hour,3 Telling -er t-i,> Biri" #a%e -er reali?e V-at a
0ool ,-e -a% 2een to i#agine -e -a%nMt t-oug-t o0 t-eir ,ituation 0ro# all &o,,i2le angle,3 Folina
an,Vere% ,-e =neV #ore a2out legal &a&er, t-an -e t-oug-t3 U-at ,-e =neV Va, t-at i0 Hou #a%e u,e
o0 one t-ing 0or ,e/eral Hear,> an% a0terVar%, Hou 2roug-t Vitne,,e, t-at t-e t-ing -a% 2een Hour, 0or ,o
#anH Hear,> Hou "oul% o2tain &a&er, ,aHing t-at it Va, Hour, e/en i0 t-e ot-er &er,on %i% not Vant Hou
to3 Biri"M, 0a"e lig-tene% an% -e ,ai% Vit- great Von%er an% a%#iration t-at ,-e Va, ,o#e Vo#an3
Folina 2lu,-e% V-en ,-e -ear% -i# &rai,e -er an% an,Vere% t-at ,-e no longer -o&e% to 0in% anH
un%er,tan%ing 0ro# -er 0at-er3 T-eH ,-oul%nMt Va,te t-eir goo% intention, on -i#3 U-en ,-e Va, a
Houng girl> -e -a%nMt 2oug-t -er anHt-ing> not a ,tit"- o0 "lot-ing5 ,-e u,e% to "o#e 2are.0oote% to t-e
/illage %an"e3 Biri" -i#,el0 =neV t-e ,torH Vell enoug-3 <e oug-t to un%er,tan% t-ere Va, not-ing el,e
to %o a2out t-e #atter3 T-eH Val=e% ,ilentlH 0or a long ti#e an% -e >an,Vere% onlH later3 <e tol% -er
t-at -er 0at-er "oul% ,ue -i# an% ta=e -i# to "ourt3 A trial #ig-t turn out 2a%3 Folina interru&te% -i# 2H
,aHing -e Voul%nMt %are %o ,u"- a t-ing3 S-e -a% #arrie% an% -a% a rig-t to t-e lan% ,-e -a% Vor=e% on3
An% i0 -er 0at-er Vante% a trial> ,-e Voul% ta=e "are to #a=e -i# ,orrH -e -a% Vante% it3
Ca&3 73 AIJECTIVUL
I3(3 t-e 2e,t3 +3 longer> ,-orter3 63 t-e longe,t3 :3 Var#er> Var#er3 ;3 #anH 73 t-e #o,t &o&ular 83 a,
2eauti0ul a, *3 Var#> #ore 2eauti0ul )3 t-e Vor,t (93 t-e #o,t intere,ting3
II3 (3 t-e 2etter +3 0eVer an% 0eVer 63 t-e latter :3 el%er ;3 t-e ne1t3
III3 (3 <a/e Hou rea% Marin Fre%aM, la,t no/el\ +3 Ii% it ,ee# #ore intere,ting t-an -i, ot-er no/el,\ 63
(( Va, 2H 0ar t-e #o,t &lea,ant -oli%aH Ve ,&ent at t-e ,ea,i%e3 :3 T-eH ,tu%H #ore an% #ore an% get
2etter an% 2etter re,ult,3 ;3 T-e #ore attenti/e -e Va, t-e 0eVer #i,ta=e, -e #a%e3 73 <a/e Hou #et -er
el%er 2rot-er\ 83 Tour %re,, i, #ore #o%ern t-an #ine3 *3 U-i"- i, t-e 0art-e,t/0urt-e,t &lanet\
Ca&3 83 AIVERBUL
I3(3 Feter Vor=, ,loVlH3 +3 Ann %an"e, Vell3 63 4ur tea"-er ,&ea=, Engli,- 0luentlH3 :3 <e a"t, 2a%lH3 73
Iori, Vor=, -ar%3 73 Ni"= ,Vi#, 0a,t3 83 Mot-er tH&e, "are0ullH3 *3 Sat-er %ri/e, "arele,,lH3 )3 <e
tea"-e, intelligentlH3 (93 <e ,&ea=, o&ti#i,ti"allH3 ((3 <e eat, noi,ilH3 (+3 Faul li,ten, attenti/elH3 (63 <e
,&ea=, ,en,i2lH3 (:3 Iiana run, [ui"=lH3
II3 (3 S-e Vor=, /erH -ar% at ,"-ool3 +3 <e %ug %ee& in t-e groun%3 6 <e Va, rig-tlH "on,i%ere% t-e 2e,t
&u&il in t-e "la,,3 : I "an -ar%lH ,ee Hour 0a"e in t-e %ar=3 7 T-e train arri/e% late3 73 <e Va, %ee&lH
#o/e% 2H -er =in%ne,,3 83 <e gue,,e% t-e an,Ver rig-t / <e rig-tlH gue,,e% t-e an,Ver3 *3 Bir%, 0lH
-ig-3 )3I -a/enMt ,een -i# latelH3 (93 <e i, -ig-lH a&&re"iate% 0or -i, Vor=3 ((3 <e i, "lo,elH relate% to
#e3 (+3 Ta=e it ea,H! (63 Ue are #o,tlH out on Sun%aH,3 (:3 It i, nearlH #i%nig-t3 (;3 U-at i, trou2ling
Hou #o,t\ (73 <e i, rig-t at t-e to&3 (83 4&en Hour #out- Vi%e3
Ca&3 *3 FREF4ZI`IA
I3 (3 at5 on3 +3 in> in3 63 roun%5 into3 :3 0or3 ;3 in> on> to3 73 0ro#> to3 83 to> on3 *3 at> at3 )3 at3 (93 &a,t> in3
((3 out o03 (+3 u&> into3 (63 in3 (:3 again,t3 (;3 a"ro,,3
II3 (3 0ro#> to3 +3 in> at3 *3 on3 :3 at> at3 ;3 in3 73 on3 83 in3 *3 2H> )3 o/er3 (93 0or3 ((3 in3 (+3 until3 (63 in>
in3 (:3 at3
III3 (3 U-at are Hou loo=ing at\ +3 <e i, loo=ing out o0 t-e Vin%oV3 63 U-o are Hou Vaiting 0or\ :3
U-atM, t-e ti#e 2H Hour Vat"-\ ;3 LetM, go 0or a Val=3 73 <e -a, 2een in -o,&ital 0or tVo Vee=,3 83 U-at
are Hou a0rai% o0\ <e i, alVaH, =in% to -i, &atient,3 *3 S# grate0ul to -i# 0or t-e 0a/our -e -a, %one to
#e3 )3I "ongratulate% -i# on -i, ,u""e,,3 (93 <e Va, ,-i/ering Vit- "ol%3 ((3 IonMt lie to #e3 (+3 In t-e
#orning t-eH Val=e% a2out/roun% toVn> in t-e a0ternoon t-eH ,taHe% at -o#e3 (63 T-e "our,e la,te% 0or
a V-ole #ont-3 (:3 T-eH ,et o00 toVar%, t-e ri/er3 (;3 T-e #eeting 2egan at ele/en oM"lo"= in t-e
#orning an% la,te% until tVo oM"lo"= in t-e a0ternoon/an% en%e% at tVo oM"lo"= in t-e a0ternoon3 (73 <e
Va, aVaH %uring -i, -oli%aH3 (83 T-eH tra/elle% a, u,ual3 (*3 <e i, %eli/ering a le"ture on "onte#&orarH
art3 ()3 T-e &i"ture Va, &ainte% in oil not in Vater."olour,3 +93 T-ere i, a goo% &rogra##e on tele/i,ion
tonig-t3
Ca&3 )3 C4NJUNC`IA
III3 In t-e e/ening t-eH rea"-e% Mr Va,iliuM, inn3 Vitoria =neV ,-e Voul% 0in% ,o#e.t-ing t-ere3 An%
in%ee% ,-e %i%3 In t-e /illage o0 Su-a &eo&le Vere tal=ing3 T-eH ,ai% a Au%ge 0ro# t-e "itH ,-oul% "o#e
to in/e,tigate -oV t-ing, -a% 2een Vit- t-e ,ale o0 t-e ,-ee&> to ,ee V-et-er t-e 2ill 0or t-eir ,ale at
Iorna "oul% 2e 0oun%> an% V-et-er t-e -onoura2le #en 0ro# Su-a -a% a re"ei&t 0or t-e #oneH t-eH -a%
gi/en to Li&an3 No2o%H ,ai% ,u"- i#&ortant #en "oul% "o##it an e/il %ee% . 2ut it Va, goo% 0or t-e#
to "lai# t-eir rig-t,3 Be,i%e,> ,o#e2o%H ,ai% t-e -onoura2le #en ,-oul% &ro%u"e t-e Vitne,, or
Vitne,,e, V-o -a% 2een &re,ent at t-e ,ale an% at t-e "ounting o0 t-e #oneH3 It Va, o2/iou, t-at onlH
,u"- a ,tranger or ,tranger, V-o -a% 2een t-ere> "oul% -a/e 0olloVe% Li&an an% ,tolen t-e #oneH 0or
t-e ,-ee&3 T-e,e Vitne,,e, #ig-t 2e totallH un=noVn3 Neit-er Cali,trat> nor Ilie Cu!ui -a% ,een t-e#
2e0ore or ,in"e3 E/en ,o> t-eH -a% to ,aH V-at t-eH loo=e% li=e an% -oV t-eir -or,e, an% "lot-e, Vere3
Tou "oul% learn a lot 0ro# a little In0or#ation an% t-e e/il %oer, Voul% M2e 0oun%3
Ca&3 ((.(6
II3 (3 T-eH ,aH VeMll -a/e a long autu#n3 +3 Tou #u,t 2e /erH "are0ul V-en Hou %ri/e in ,u"- a 2u,H
,treet3 63 T-eH %rin= a lot o0 2eer in t-i, "ountrH3 :3 Tou "an ne/er tell3 ;3 It i, ea,ier to ri%e Hour 2i=e
V-en t-e Vin% 2loV, 0ro# 2e-in%3 73 IonMt ta=e into a""ount V-at &eo&le ,aH3 83 It i, 2elie/e% t-at t-i,
HearM, "ro& Vill 2e /erH goo%3
III3 (3 -a/e +3 Va, 63 i,3 :3 Vere ;3 -a, 73 are 83 -a/e *3 -a, )3 i, (93 -a/e3 ((3 attra"t,
IV3 (3 MH 0a#ilH "on,i,t, o0 0at-er> #ot-er> #H 2rot-er an% I3 +3 T-e "la,, Vere &u??le% 2H t-e tea"-erM,
[ue,tion,3 63 T-e in0or#ation re"ei/e% i, 0a/oura2le3 :3 <er ,a/ing, -a/e 2een &ut into t-e 2an=3 ;3 <er
-air i, "-e,tnut.2roVn3 73 T-e Unite% State, 2or%er, on Me1i"o an% Cana%a3 83 Feo&le are alVaH,
in[ui,iti/e3 *3 T-e &oultrH are 2eing 0e% noV3 )3 T-ere are a lot o0 Houng 0a#ilie, in t-i, 2lo"= o0 0lat,3
(93 A lot o0 #oneH -a, 2een ,&ent on e[ui&&ing t-i, la2oratorH3 ((3 GH##a,ti", i, /erH &o&ular in
Ro#Bnia3 (+3 T-e Net-erlan%, lie in Ve,tern Euro&e3
V3 (3 i, +3 are 63 are :3 i, 73 i, 73 a# 83 i, *3 are
VI3 (3 So#eone -a, ta=en #H u#2rella 2H #i,ta=e3 +3 All t-e &u&il, are in t-e "la,,.roo#3 *3 Neit-er o0
t-e# i, /erH Houng3 :3 All t-e 0oo% i, in t-e 0ri%ge3 73 E/erHone / E/erH.2o%H -a, arri/e% an% e/erHone /
e/erH2o%H i, enAoHing t-e#,el/e,3 73 Eit-er t-eH or -e -a, %one it3 83 None o0 t-e# i, rig-t3 *3 U-o -a,
%one t-i,\ )3 U-i"- 2oo=, are Hour,\ (93 It i, -e V-o i, to 2la#e> not ,-e3
VII3 (3 i, +3 i,3 *3 #i,,e, :3 are ;3 a""o#&anie, 73 Va,- 83 ran=, *3 i, )3 are (93 are3
VIII3 (3 Si0tH #inute, i, a ,-ort ti#e 0or a ter#.&a&er3 +3 Mo,t o0 -i, arti"le, are o0t literarH "riti"i,#3 63
T-e nu#2er o0 Ro#anian touri,t, V-o ,&en% t-eir -oli%aH, at t-e ,ea,i%e in"rea,e, e/erH Hear> :3
bin%ne,, an% un%er,tan%ing i, V-at i, nee%e% roV3 ;3 U-o i, it\ ItM, Hour 0at-er an% #ot-er3 73 T-ere i,
t-e letter an% Hour gla,,e,> Gran%&a3 83 Mr BroVn an% -i, Vi0e u,uallH go to t-e "ountrH on Sun%aH,3 *3
Mr BroVn> toget-er Vit- -i, 0a#ilH> u,uallH ,&en%, -i, -oli%aH, at t-e ,ea,i%e3 )3 T-ere are "oal> iron
an% oil in t-e Su2."ar&at-ian,3 (93 It i, t-eH V-o arrange e/erHt-ing3 ((3 Sour ti#e, ten #a=e / #a=e,
0ortH> (+3 Ro#anian re% an% V-ite Vine, are 0a#ou,3
Ca&3 (:.++
III3 (3 Ie,"ri2e t-i, lan%,"a&e to u,3 +3 Flea,e %i"tate to #e t-e tran,lation o0 t-e neV Vor%,3 63 Tell
t-e#/Let t-e# =noV t-e great &ie"e o0 neV,3 :3 I 2oug-t a /erH ni"e tie 0or #H -u,2an%3 73 T-e gol%
#e%al Va, aVar%e% to t-e Ro#anian at-lete 0or -er e1traor%inarH &er0or#an"e3 73 Tou nee%nMt return
t-i, 2oo= to #e3 I o00er it to Hou a, a &re,ent3
aI3 Ro$u G-eorg-e Va, t-e ,-orte,t ,ol%ier> not onlH in -i, grou& or &latoon> 2ut in t-e entire "o#&anH3
<e Va, ,o ,-ort t-at at re"ruit#ent -e -a% -ar%lH #anage% to e,"a&e 2eing ,ent 2a"= -o#e3 In 0a"t t-eH
-a% reAe"te% -i# at 0ir,t> a0ter -i, a&&li"ation -a% 2een Vit--el% tVi"e in tVo Hear,> an% i0 &eo&le in -i,
/illage -a% not t-oug-t t-i, Va, a "ertain &roo0 o0 in0ir#itH> Ro$u G-eorg-e "oul% -a/e ta=en a train
0ro# t-e re"ruit#ent "entre i##e%iatelH an% le0t 0or -o#e t-e ,a#e %aH3 But t-e ,a#e %aH> t-e V-ole
/illage Voul% -a/e =noVn -e Va, not goo% 0or t-e ar#H> t-e girl, 0ir,t o0 all3 <e "a#e 0ro# Banat3 An%
,o> ,te&&ing o00 t-e #e%i"al Veig-ing ,"ale,> Ro$u G-eorg-e -a% not le0t t-e roo#> 2ut -a% gone 2a"=>
,ilent an% ,a%> &uttin% o00 0or a, long a, -e "oul% t-e ti#e to get %re,,e% again3 Uit- t-e Vat"-0ul eHe,
o0 a [uiet Banat #an> -e -a% noti"e% t-at no2o%H &ai% -i# anH attention3 An% t-en -e -a% #i1e% Vit-
t-e ot-er, V-o,e turn Va, ne1t> -a% un%re,,e% an% -a% a&&eare% 2e0ore t-e "o##i,,ion again3
Ca&3 +6 SELURILE FR4F4ZI`IIL4R
VII3 (3 None o0 t-e# li=e% t-e ,-oV3 +3 Neit-er o0 t-e# un%er,too% V-at Hou Vere tal=ing a2out3 63
U-o -a/e Hou re"ei/e%/%i% Hou re"ei/e t-at &ar"el 0ro#\ :3 T-eHMre going to t-e #at"-> arenMt t-eH\ 73
Tou -a/e ne/er 2een to t-e Art Gallerie,> -a/e Hou\ 73 S-all I lea/e t-e ra%io on or turn it o00\ 83 LetM,
turn 2a"=> ,-all Ve\ *3 Uill Hou 2e ,o =in% a, to ,ing a ,ong 0or u,\ )3 Tou #u,t ring -i# u&3 (93 ItM, a
long ti#e ,in"e I la,t ,aV -i#3 ((3 <e Va,nMt aVaH long3 (+3 I %onMt li=e t-i, a"tor an% neit-er %oe, #H
0rien%3 (63 T-eH arenMt -ere anH longer/T-eH are -ere no longer3 (:3 <e "oul% -ar%lH ,ee anHt-ing in t-e
%ar= roo#3
VIII3 T-e "oa"- =neV t-ere Va, not-ing 2etter> V-en Hou Vante% to tea"- a #an ,o#et-ing> t-an to
#a=e -i# a#2itiou,> #a=e -i# "o#&ete Vit- ot-er, i0 ne"e,,arH3 T-i, i, t-e rea,on V-H -e -a% 2egun to
&ro#i,e ,#all &ri?e, to t-o,e V-o &er0or#e% 2e,t t-e %rill, ne"e,,arH to t-eir training3 A0ter a V-ile
Lu"a 0elt> li=e t-e tea"-er V-o -a, gaine% -i, &u&il,M tru,t> t-at t-e in%i,"i&line Va, o/er3 E/en MbnoV.
all> on"e j,o ,tu22orn> ,-oVe% intere,t in t-e,e ga#e,3 T-e &ri?e, %i% not a#ount to #u"-> 2ut no2o%H
"oul% ,tan% ,o#eone el,e 2eing a-ea% o0 -i#> a, u,uallH -a&&en, Vit- all &eo&le3
Ca&3 +: . +; SINTAaA SRAZEI
IV3 A3 T-e ,e"retarH o0 t-e U3U3T> -a% "li#2e% u& t-e iron ,tair, an% al#o,t %i% not noti"e t-e#3 <e
-a% 2een loo=ing 0or t-e# all #orning> Vit-out loo=ing li=e %oing it3 Mu"al -a% tol% -i# V-ere -e
#ig-t 0in% t-e#> 2ut -e -a% lie%> ,aHing -e Va, not intere,te%3 <e Voul% -a/e Val=e% 2H> i0 -e -a% not
-ear% San%uM, t-i"= /oi"e>
B3 Ieare,t G-i!>
It i, eig-t %aH, noV ,in"e I ,ent Hou a letter in V-i"- I a,=e% Hou to let #e =noV V-et-er t-e &er,on
V-o Vante% to 2uH &ainting, 0ro# #e> a2out V-o# Hou Vrote to #e ,o#e ti#e ago> i, ,till Villing to %o
,o an% V-et-er> "on,e[uentlH> I ,-oul% ,en% Hou anH &i"ture, to/0or t-i, &ur&o,e3
Tour &ainting o0 Mount Cea-lu> V-i"- I -a% in0or#e% Hou Va, ,till 2eing Vor=e% on> i, noV
"o#&letelH rea%H3 I a# loo=ing 0orVar% to Hour an,Ver> ,o t-at I "an =noV V-at to %o3
Uit- all #H lo/e> 4"ta/ Bn"il
C3 Ieare,t G-i!>
It i, a long ti#e ,in"e I la,t -ear% 0ro# Hou3 I =noV Hou are /erH 2u,H a, Hou alVaH, are> 2ut Vrite u, a
0eV line, V-en Hou "an> to tell u, -oV Hou are an% V-at Hou are %oing3 I -a/e 2een 0eeling 2etter ,in"e I
Vent to. Teo-ari3 T-e ot-er, are all Vell3
I -a/e 0ini,-e% Mr,3 Cirea$aM, &ortrait an% I a# /erH &lea,e% Vit- it3 At 0ir,t> an% e/en all t-e ti#e ,-e ,at
0or #e> I 0elt %e,&erate t-at I Voul% not 2e a2le to &aint -er Vell enoug- 2e"au,e o0 a "ertain li/eline,,
V-i"- i, "-ara"teri,ti" o0 -er3 T-en ,-e %i% not =ee& -er Vor%3 Sor in,tan"e> ,-e Voul% tell #e ,-e Va,
"o#ing t-e ne1t %aH an% I Voul% Vait in /ain 2e"au,e ,-e Va, %e"ei/ing #e3 NoV at la,t #H trou2le,
are o/er an% t-e re,ult i, 3"o#&letelH ,ati,0a"torH> at lea,t 0or #e> t-e one V-o %i% it3 I %o not =noV
V-at all t-e "riti", Vill -a/e to ,aH3
4"ta/ Bn"il
I3 E/erH2o%H =neV Mr3 Fanteli#on -a% re&aire% -i, ol% "ar> a MTo&olinoM> V-i"- -a% 2een le0t un%er
re&air 0or 0i/e Hear,> an% t-at -e #i,,e% none o0 t-e Sun%aH, V-en t-e 0oot2all tea# &laHe% in anot-er
toVn3 <e 2orroVe% #oneH i0 -e %i% not -a/e anH> -e 0ille% -i, tan= Vit- &etrol an% #a%e a tour o0 t-e
"itH> %ri/ing ,o t-at &eo&le "oul% ,ee -i#3 T-e little "ar 2urnt u& ,o #u"- &etrol t-at Hou Voul% -a/e
t-oug-t a Va/e o0 arti0i"ial 0og 0loVe% o/er t-e "itH3 Feo&le out 0or a Val= at ele/en in t-e #orning too=
out t-eir -an%=er"-ie0, an% ,-iel%e% t-eir no,e, Vit- t-e#3 Be,i%e -i#> Vi?ante Va/e% to t-e &eo&le -e
=neV3
E3 T-ere are "ertain %rea#, t-at Ve ,ee# to -a/e li/e% ,o#eV-ere an% ,o#e ti#e Au,t a, t-ere are
t-ing, Ve -a/e li/e% V-i"- #a=e u, Von%er i0 t-eH Vere not a %rea#3 T-i, i, V-at I Va, t-in=ing o0
He,ter%aH e/ening V-en> ,ear"-ing t-roug- #H &a&er, to ,ee V-at Va, to 2e 2urne% . &a&er, #i1 t-ing,
u& . I "a#e u&on a letter V-i"- re#in%e% #e o0 a ,trange ,torH> ,o ,trange t-at> i0 it not Vere onlH ,e/en
Hear, ,in"e it -a&&ene%> I Voul% 0eel /erH #u"- in %ou2t> I Voul% 2elie/e t-at I -a% onlH %rea#e% a2out
it> or t-at I -a% rea% it or -ear% it long ago3
It Va, in ()983 I -a% 2een ,eriou,lH ill in Bu"-are,t an% I -a% returne% to Berlin3 MH re"o/erH &ro"ee%e%
,loVlH> re[uiring inten,i/e "are3 U-en I le0t> t-e %o"tor -a% a%/i,e% #e to a/oi% e/en t-e ,lig-te,t
e1ertion3 Foor %o"tor! I -a% ,-rugge% #H ,-oul%er,> ,#iling> an% tol% -i# not to VorrH3
Ca&3 +73 V4RBIREA IIRECTk GI INIIRECTk
VI3 (3 T-e &u&il a,=e% t-e -ea%#a,ter V-en -e ,-oul%/#u,t "o#e to -i, o00i"e3 +3 T-e "ler= a%/i,e% u,
to rea% t-e in,tru"tion, "are0ullH 2e0ore o&ening t-e 2o13 63 T-e ,e"retarH a,=e% i0 ,-e #u,t / -a% to tH&e
all t-e re&ort,3 :3 Mot-er re#in%e% #e not to 0orget a2out #H U3C3T3 #eeting3 ;3 T-e %o"tor tol% u,
t-at no2o%H "oul% / Va, alloVe% to ,&ea= to t-e &atient until t-e ne1t %aH3 73 <e Vante% to =noV V-H
#H 0rien%, -a% le0t ,o earlH3 83 T-e ol% #an tol% u, t-at -e ne/er lo"=e% / lo"=, t-e 2a"= %oor3 *3 T-e
tea"-er a,=e% t-e &u&il, V-et-er t-eH -a% un%er,too% t-e le,,on or not3 )3 George a&ologi?e%> ,aHing
t-at it Va, -i, 0ault3 (93 T-e tea"-er Vante% to =noV V-o -a% ta=en &art in t-e Mat-, "o#&etition3 ((3
<e Von%ere% i0 -e Voul% #anage / 2e a2le to go aVaH o/er t-e Vee=en%3 (+3 Mr BroVn tol% u, t-at -e
Vent ,Vi##ing e/erH %aH V-en -e Va, a "-il%3 (63 T-e tea"-er e1&laine% t-at Voo% 0loat, on Vater3
(:3 T-eH ,ai% t-eH Voul% -a/e 2een in ti#e i0 t-eH -a% "aug-t t-e 2u,3 (;3 Bo2 ,ugge,te% going 0or a
Val= / t-eH ,-oul% all go 0or a Val=3 (73 T-e gue,t, t-an=e% t-e -o,te,, an% ,ai% Ct-atD t-e &artH -a%
2een a great ,u""e,,3 (83 Little To##H Vante% to =noV i0 &ioneer, #u,t / -a/e to Vear uni0or#,3 (*3
S-e e1"lai#e% Vit- %i,gu,t t-at t-e ,#ell Va, /erH 2a%3 ()3 <e Vi,-e% MarH goo% nig-t an% a%/i,e% -er
to -a/e a goo% re,t3 +93 T-e ol% Vo#an ,ai% ,-e Vi,-e% t-e "-il%ren Vere not #a=ing ,o #u"- noi,e3
VIII3 A3 T-oug- it Va, late> t-e girl "a#e to t-e gate3 But ,-e a,=e% -i# V-H -e -a% not "o#e earlier3
Fara,"-i/ an,Vere% -er t-at -e -a% 2een 2u,H> -e -a% ,&ent al e/ening tal=ing Vit- -i, &arent,3 To t-e
girl, [ue,tion -e an,Vere% t-at t-eH -a% tal=e% a2out t-e tVo o0 t-e#> t-at i,> a2out t-eir #arriage3
B3 An% a, I Va, ,aHing> -e ru,-e% into #H o00i"e an% ,ai%> LFu,,H %ear> Ve -a/e to 0ig-t again,t an
inAu,ti"e333L LU-at inAu,ti"e\L I a,=e% -i#3 An% -e tol% #e in a 0eV Vor%, t-at Mang@ru Vante% to 0ire
Hou 2e"au,e t-e 0oot2all tea# -a% lo,t a #at"- in I.%onMt.=noV.V-at.&la"e V-ere Hou -a% gone3 Tou
are a #an Au,t a, -e li=e,3 <e tol% #e> a, i0 I -a%nMt =noVn> -oV Hou -a% 0oug-t Vit- t-e tra#&, to #a=e
t-e# Vor=> -oV Hou -a% re&aire% t-e arena5 He, ,ir> a, i0 I -a%nMt 2een t-ere Vit- Hou an% Mang@ru333 I
let -i# tal=> Von%ering -oV -e -a% 0oun% out all t-o,e t-ing,3 LAn% V-H %oe, -e Vant to 0ire Mang@ru\L
I a,=e% -i# V-en -e -a% 0ini,-e%3
Cibliogra+ie ,electi31
A"a%e#ia R3S3R3> 7ramatica lim$ii romAne> E%3 A"a%e#iei R3S3R3 Bu"ure$ti> ()773
Banta$ An%rei> A 6escriptive 7rammar of 2nglish> TUB> Bu"ure$ti> ()8*3
B%e,"u Ali"e> 7ramatica lim$ii engleBe> E%3 Gtiin!i0i"> Bu"ure$ti> ()763
B@r Elena> Aspects of )odality in 2nglish> TUB> Bu"ure$ti> ()8)3
Cate%ra %e li#2a $i literatura engle? a Sa"ult!ii %e li#2i ,trine a Uni/er,it!ii %in
Bu"ure$ti> 7ramatica lim$ii engleBe> E%itura Gtiin!i0i"> Bu"ure$ti> ()7+3
N N N (im$a engleBC. 2xerciDii pentru admiterea En EnvCDCmEntul superior> E3I3F3> Bu"ure$ti> ()8*3
C-i!oran I3> 2nglish +honetics and +honology> E3I3F3> Bu"ure$ti> ()8*3
Cornile,"u Ale1an%ra> The Transformational "yntax of 2nglish> TUB> Bu"ure$ti> ()873
Ii#itriu C3> 7ramatica lim$ii romAne explicatC. )orfologia3 Juni#ea> Ia$i> ()8)3
Ior%an lorgu> Ro2u Vla%i#ir> (im$a romAnC contemporanC> E3I3F3> Bu"ure$ti> ()8*3
brui,inga E3> A 4and$ook of +resent-6ay 2nglish> /olu#e II> Engli,- A""i%en"e an% SHnta13 be#in=
an% Zoon> Utre"-t> ()++3
Lee"- G3> J3 S/art/i=> A 8ommunicative 7rammar of 2nglish> Long#an> Lon%on> ()8)3 Le/i!"-i
Leon> 7ramatica lim$ii engleBe> E3I3F3> Bu"ure$ti> ()8(3
Le/i!"-i Leon> Fre%a Ioan> 7ramatica lim$ii engleBe> E%3 Gtiin!i0i"> Bu"ure$ti> ()783
Ni"ole,"u A%rian> TendinDe En lim$a engleBC contemporanC> TUB> Bu"ure$ti> ()8*3
Fal#er <arol% $i S3G3 Blan%0or%> A 7rammar of "poken 2nglish> T-ir% E%ition> Ca#2ri%ge
Uni/er,itH Fre,,> Ca#2ri%ge> ()7)3
cuir= Ran%ol&-> Green2au# S3> Lee"- G3> S/art/i= J3> A 7rammar of 8ontemporay 2nglish
Long#an> Lon%on> ()8+3
cuir= Ran%ol&-> Green2au# S3> A /niversity 7rammar of 2nglish> Long#an> Lon%on
()863
Retin,"-i San%a> 2xplicaDii gramaticale pentru cursurile intensive postuniversitare de
lim$a engleBC> TUB> Bu"ure$ti> ()*93
S"-i2,2He bnu%> A )odern 2nglish 7rammar> Se"on% E%ition> 4UF> Lon%on> ()893 Gte0ne,"u
Ioana> (ectures in 2nglish )orphology> TUB> Bu"ure$ti> ()8*3
T-o#,on A3J3> Martinet A3V3> A +ractical 2nglish 7rammar> +.n% E%ition> 4UF> Lon%on>
()7)3
Zan%/oort R3U3> A 4and$ook of 2nglish 7rammar> Long#an> Lon%on> ();83
CUPIN6
Cu3Ent 0nai nt e A pagF ((4
PATEA I
MO!O"OGIA
*' (' GENEA"ITQ)I A pagF ((9
(' *' Mor+ ol ogi a i ,i nt a-a A pagF ((9
(' .' Criterii utili zat e 0n /e+i ni rea p1r2il or /e 3orbire A pagF ((9
93+3 (3 Criteriul ,e#ant i " / &ag: 99;
93+3 +3 Criteriul #or0ologi" / &ag: 997
93+3 63 Criteriul ,int a"ti" / &ag: 997
*' VECU" A pagF ((;
*' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF ((;
*' .' Cla,i +i car e A pagF ((=
(3+3 (3 Stru"t ur a #or0ologi" / &ag: 998
(3+3 +3 Sen,ul le1i"al al /er2el or / &ag: 998
(3+3 63 Sun"!i a ,int a"ti " a /er2el or / &ag: 998
(3+3 :3 Ver2e "u ,en, le1i"al re%u, / &ag: 998
*' 4' Cat e gori i l e gramat i c al e al e 3erbul ui A pagF ((>
*' 8' Timpul A pagF ((>
*' 9' Timpul preze nt ,i mpl u A pagF ((?
(3;3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 99)
(3;3 +3 Sor# / &ag: 99)
(3;3 63 Fronun! ar e $i ortogr a0i e / &ag: 99)
(3;3 :3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9(9
*' ;' Timpul trecut ,i mpl u A pagF (**
(373 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9((
(373 +3 Sor# / &ag: 9((
(373 63 Fronun! ar e $i ortogr a0i e / &ag: 9((
(373 :3 Ver2e ner egul at e / &ag: 9(+
(373 ;3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9(7
(373 73 Tra%u"er ea lui Fa,t Ten,e / &ag: 9(8
*' =' Per+ ect ul preze nt A pagF (*>
(383 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9(*
(383 +3 Sor# / &ag: 9(*
(383 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9(*
*' >' Mai mul t ca per+ ec t ul A pagF (.(
(3*3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9+9
(3*3 +3 Sor# / &ag: 9+9
(3*3 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9+9
*' ?' Mi@loac e /e e-pri mar e a 3iitorul ui A pagF (.*
(3)3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9+(
(3)3 +3 Sor# / &ag: 9+(
(3)3 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9++
(3)3 :3 Be a2out to / &ag: 9+6
(3)3 ;3 Be to / &ag: 9+6
(3)3 73 Viitorul "u going to / &ag: 9+6
(3)3 83 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9+6
(3)3 *3 Fre?ent ul "ontinuu / &ag: 9+6
(3)3 )3 Fre?ent ul "ontinuu _ a%e/er 2el e %e ti#& / &ag: 9+6
(3)3 (93 Fre?ent ul ,i#&lu / &ag: 9+:
(3)3 ((3 Fre?ent ul ,i#&lu _ "ontinuu _ /er2e %e #i$"ar e / &ag: 9+:
(3)3 (+ Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9+:
(3)3 (63 Sor# / &ag: 9+:
(3)3 (: 3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9+:
(3)3 (; A"!iuni /iitoar e %intr. o &er,&e"t i / tre"ut / &ag: 9+:
*' *(' Apect ul A pagF (.9
(3(93 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9+;
(3(93 +3 4&o?i!ia %urati /. non %urati/ / &ag: 9+;
(3(93 63 Ver2e %e a"ti/it at e / &ag: 9+;
(3(93 :3 A,&e"t ul "ontinuu . Sor# / &ag: 9+;
(3(93 ;3 4rtogr a0i e / &ag: 9+7
(3(93 73 Entre2ui n! ar e a a,&e"t ul ui "ontinuu / &ag: 9+7
(3(93 83 Fre?ent ul "ontinuu / &ag: 9+7
(3(93 *3 Fa,t Ten,e Continuu / &ag: 9+8
(3(93 )3 Viitorul Continuu / &ag: 9+*
(3(93 (93 Tra%u"er e a 0or#el or la a,&e"t ul "ontinuu / &ag: 9+*
(3(93 ((3 Ver2e "are nu &ot 0i 0olo,it e la a,&e"t ul "ontinuu / &ag: 9+)
(3(93 (+3 A,&e"t ul &er0e"ti/ . Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 969
(3(93 (6 Entre2ui n! ar e a / &ag: 969
(3(93 (:3 A,&e"t ul &er0e"ti/ . a,&e"t ul "ontinuu / &ag: 96(
(3(93 (;3 Mai #ult "a &er0e"t ul "ontinuu / &ag: 96(
(3(93 (73 Viitorul &er0e"t "ontinuu / &ag: 96+
*' **' 5iat eza A pagF (44
(3((3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 966
(3((3 +3 Ii at e?a a"ti/ / &ag: 966
(3((3 63 Iiat e?a &a,i/ / &ag: 966
(3((3 :3 Be _ &arti"i&iul tre"ut / &ag: 966
(3((3 ;3 ConAugar ea unui /er2 la %iat e?a &a,i/ / &ag: 966
(3((3 7 Get/ 2e"o#e _ &arti"i&iul tre"ut / &ag: 96:
(3((3 83 Co#&l e#e nt ul %e agent / &ag: 96:
(3((3 *3 Entre2ui n! ar e a %iat e?ei &a,i/e / &ag: 96:
(3((3 )3Tra%u"er e a "on,t r u"!iilor &a,i/e / &ag: 96;
*' *.' Per, oana i Num1rul A pagF (49
*' *4' Mo/ul A pagF (4;
(3(63 (3 Ie0ini!i e / &ag: 967
(3(63 +3 Mo%ul in%i"ati/ / &ag: 967
(3(63 63Mo%ul ,u2Aon"ti/ / &ag: 967
(3(63 :3 Su2Aon"ti/ul ,int eti " / &ag: 967
(3(63 ;3 Su2Aon"ti/ul &re?ent / &ag: 968
(3(63 73 Su2Aon"ti/ul tre"ut / &ag: 968
(3(63 83 Su2A on"ti /ul II tre"ut / &ag: 96*
(3(63 *3 Su2A on"ti /ul analiti" / &ag: 96*
(33(63 )3 Entre2ui n! ar e a ,u2Aon"ti/ul ui analiti" / &ag: 96)
(3(63 (93 S-oul % _ In0initi/ / &ag: 96)
(3(63 ((3 MaH/ #i g-t _ in0initi/ / &ag: 9:9
(3(63 (+3 Uoul % _ In0initi/ / &ag: 9:(
(3(63 (63 Coul% _ In0initi/ / &ag: 9:(
(3(63 (:3 Su2A on"ti / ,au In%i"ati/ / &ag: 9:(
*' *8' !ormel e neper , o nal e al e 3erbul ui A pagF (8.
(3(:3 (3 Sor#el e ne&er ,onal e / &ag: 9:+
(3(:3 +3 Cara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e / &ag: 9:+
(3(:3 63 Cara"t eri ,ti"i ,u2,t ant i /al e / &ag: 9:+
*' *9' In+ini ti 3ul A pagF (8.
(3(;3 ( Sor#el e in0initi/ul / &ag: 9:+
(3(;3 + Cara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e / &ag: 9:6
(3(;3 63 Cara"t eri ,ti"i ,u2,t ant i /al e / &ag: 9:6
(3(;3 :3 Tra%u"er e / &ag: 9::
*' *;' !orma 0n :ing A pagF (88
(3(73 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9::
(3(73 +3 Farti"i&iul @n .ing / &ag: 9:;
(3(73 63 Cara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e / &ag: 9:;
(3(73 :3Car a"t eri ,ti"i a%A e"ti/al e / &ag: 9:;
(3(73 ;3 Sun"!ii ,int a"ti "e / &ag: 9:7
(3(73 73 Tra%u"er e / &ag: 9:7
*' *=' Gerun/ A pagF (8;
(3(83 ( Cara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e / &ag: 9:7
(3(83 +3 Cara"t eri ,ti"i ,u2,t ant i /al e / &ag: 9:8
(3(83 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: 9:*
(3(83 :3 Tra%u"er e / &ag: 9;9
(3(83 ;3 In0initi/ul "u to $i Gerun% / &ag: 9;9
(3(83 73 Solo,irea in0initi/ului "u to / &ag: 9;9
(3(83 83 Solo,irea 0or#ei Gerun% / &ag: 9;9
(3(83 *3 Gerun% ,au In0initi/ / &ag: 9;(
3(83 )3 A,e#nri %e ,en, / &ag: 9;+
*' *>' Parti ci pi ul Trecut A pagF (94
(3(*3 ( Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9;6
(3(*3 +3 Cara"t eri ,ti"i /er2al e / &ag: 9;6
(3(*3 63 Cara"t eri ,ti"i a%A e"ti/al e / &ag: 9;6
(3(*3 :3 Sor#e &arti"i&i al e 0olo,it e a%A e"ti/al / &ag: 9;6
(3(*3 ;3 Sun"!ii ,int a"ti "e / &ag: 9;:
(3(*3 73 Tra%u"er e / &ag: 9;:
(3(*3 83 ConAugar ea /er2ul ui CALL / &ag: 9;;
*' *?' Verbel e au-ili are A pagF (9;
(3()3 (3 Cara"t eri ,ti"i / &ag: 9;7
(3()3 + Sor#e "ont r a, e / &ag: 9;7
(3()3 63 Be / &ag: 9;8
(3()3 :3<a/e / &ag: 9;8
(3()3 ;3 S-all/S-oul % / &ag: 9;8
(3()3 73 Uill/Uoul% / &ag: 9;*
(3()3 83MaH/Mig-t / &ag: 9;*
(3()3 *3 Let / &ag: 9;*
(3()3 )3 Io / &ag: 9;*
*' .(' Verbel e mo/al e A pagF (9?
(3+93 (3 Ie0ini!i e / &ag: 9;)
(3+93 +3 Cara"t eri ,ti"ile /er2el or #o%al e / &ag: 9;)
(3+93 63 Can> "oul% / &ag: 979
(3+93 :3 MaH> Mig-t / &ag: 97(
(3+93 ;3 Mu,t> <a/e to> Nee% / &ag: 97+
(3+93 73 S-all> S-oul% &ag: 97:
(3+93 83 4ug-t to / &ag: 97:
(3+93 *3 Uill> Uoul% / &ag: 97;
(3+93 )3 U%e, to / &ag: 977
(3+93 (93 Be to / &ag: 977
(3+93 ((3 Iare / &ag: 978
E1er"i!ii / &ag: 978
.' 6ub, t ant i 3ul A pagF (=*
.' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF (=*
.' .' Cla,i +i car e A &ag: 98(
++3 +3 (3 Sor#ar e a ,u2,t ant i /el or / &ag: 98(
+3+3 +3 Gra% %e in%i/i%uali?ar e / &ag: 98+
.' 4' Num1rul ,ui b, t ant i 3 el or A pagF (=4
+363 (3 Su2,t ant i /e nu#r a2iile / &ag: 986
+363 +3 Cla,i0i"ar ea ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#r a2il e / &ag: 986
+363 63 Sor#ar e a &lural ului ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#r a2il e / &ag: 98:
+363 :3 Fluralul regul at al ,u2,t ant i /el or / &ag: 98:
+363 ;3 4rtogr a0i a &lural ul ui regul at / &ag: 98:
+363 73 Fluralul neregul at al ,u2,t ant i /el or / &ag: 98;
+363 83 Su2,t ant i /e nenu#r a 2il e / &ag: 98)
+363 *3 Nu#r ul ,u2,t ant i /el or in/ari a2il e / &ag: 9*(
.' 8' Genul ,ub, t ant i 3 e l or A pagF (>;
+3:3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9*7
+3:3 +3 Cla,i0i"ar ea ,u2,t ant i /el or %u& i%eea %e gen / &ag: 9*7
+3:3 63 Genul ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#e %e &er,oane / &ag: 9*7
+3:3 :3 Genul ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#e %e ani #al e / &ag: 9*8
+3:3 ;3 Genul ,u2,t ant i /el or nu#e %e o2ie"t e / &ag: 9*8
+3:3 73 Solo,irea ,tili,ti" a "at egori ei gra#at i "al e a genul ui / &ag: 9*8
.' 9' Cazul ,ub, t ant i 3 el or A pagF (>>
+3;3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9**
+3;3 +3 Ca?ul no#i nat i / / &ag: 9*)
+3;3 63 Ca?ul a"u?ati// &ag: 9*)
+3;3 :3 Ca?ul %ati/ / &ag: 9)9
+3;3 ;3 Ca?ul geniti// &ag: 9)9
+3;3 73 Ca?ul /o"ati// &ag: 9)6
E1er"i!ii/ &ag: 9)6
4' ATICO"U" VI A")I 5ETEMINAN)IA pagF (?=
4' *' Cat e gori a /et ermi nari i A pagF (?=
63(3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: 9)8
63(3 +3 Iet er #i nan! ii &ro&riu. ?i$i / &ag: 9)8
63(3 63 Fre%et er #i nan! ii / &ag: 9)*
63(3 :3 Fo,t %et er #i nan! ii / &ag: 9))
4' .' Articol ul A pagF *(*
63+3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: (9(
63+3 +3 Re0erin! uni" / &ag: (9(
63+3 63 Re0erin! in%i/i%ual / &ag: (9(
63+3 :3 Nu#el e &ro&rii $i re0erin! a uni" / &ag: (9+
4' 4' Articol ul $ot 1rEt A pagF *(.
6363 (3 Sor#a arti"olului -ot r Bt / &ag: (9+
6363 +3 Sun"!iile arti"olului -ot r Bt / &ag: (9+
4' 8' Articol ul ne$ot 1r Et A pagF *(9
63:3 (3 Sor#a arti"olului nerot r Bt / &ag: (9;
63:3 +3 Sun"!iile arti"olului ne-ot r Bt / &ag: (9;
4' 9' Articol ul zero A pagF *(;
63;3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: (97
63;3 +3 Sun"!iile arti"olului ?ero / &ag: (98
4' ;' Mi,i une a arti col ul ui A pagF ***
Al!i %et er #i nan! i / &ag: ((+
4' =' A/@ecti 3ul /emon, t r at i 3 A pagF **.
6383 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: ((+
6383 +3 Sor# / &ag: ((+
6383 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: ((+
63*3 A%Ae"ti/ul &o,e,i/ / &ag: ((6
63*3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: ((6
63*3 +3 Sor# / &ag: ((6
63*3 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: ((:
63)3 A%Ae"ti/ul interogat i / / &ag: ((;
63)3 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: ((;
63)3 +3 Sor#a / &ag: ((;
63)3 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: ((;
63(93 A%Ae"ti/ul ne-ot r Bt / &ag: ((7
63(93 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: ((7
63(93 +3 Sor# / &ag: ((7
63(93 63 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: ((7
63(93 :3 A%Ae"ti/ul negat i / / &ag: ((8
E1er"i!ii / &ag: ((*
8' Numeral ul A pagF *.*
8' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *.*
8' .' Cla,i +i car e A pagF *..
:3+3 (3 Nu#er al ul "a %et er #i nant > @n gra#at i "a ,tru"t ur ali,t / &ag: (++
:3+3 +3 Cat egori a nu#er al ul ui @n gra#at i "a tra%i !ional / &ag: (++
8' 4' Numeral ul car/i nal A pagF *..
:363 (3 Sor# / &ag: (++
:363 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (+:
8' 8' Numeral ul or/i nal A pagF *.9
:3:3 (3 Sor# / &ag: (+;
:3:3 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (+7
8' 9' Numeral ul +rac2i onar A pagF *.;
:3;3 ( Sor#a / &ag: (+7
8' ;' Numeral ul col ect i 3 A pagF *.=
:373 (3 Sor# / &ag: (+8
:373 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (+8
8' =' Numeral ul mul ti pl i cat i 3 A pagF *.>
:383 ( Sor# / &ag: (+*
:383 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (+*
8' >' Numeral ul /i ,tri but i 3 A pagF *.>
8' ?' Numeral ul a/3erbi al A pagF *.>
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (+)
9' Pronume l e / pagF *.?
9' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *.?
9' .' olul /e ,ub, t i t ut al pronume l ui A pagF *4(
9' 4' Cat e gori i l e gramat i c al e al e pronume l ui A pagF *4(
9' 8' Cla,i +i car e a pronumel ui A pagF *4*
9' 9' !unc2i il e ,i nt ac t i c e al e pronume l ui A pagF *4.
9' ;' Pronume l e per, onal A pagF *4.
;373 (3 Cat egori a &er,oanei la &ronu#el e &er,onal / &ag: (6+
;373 +3 Cat egori a genul ui la &ronu#el e &er,onal / &ag: (66
;373 63 Cat egori a nu#r ul ui la &ronu#el e &er,onal / &ag: (6:
;373 :3 Cat egori a "a?ului la &ronu#el e &er,onal / &ag: (6:
;373 ;3 Sun"!iile ,int a"ti "e ale &ronu#el ui &er,onal / &ag: (6:
9' =' Pronume l e re+l e-i 3 A pagF *49
;383 (3 Cat egoriile gra#at i "al e ale &ronu#el ui re0le1i/ / &ag: (6;
;383 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e a &ronu#el ui re0le1i/ / &ag: (6;
;383 63 Fronu#el e %e @ntrire / &ag: (67
9' >' Pronume l e po, e , i 3 A pagF *4=
9' ?' Pronume l e int eroga t i 3 A pagF *4=
9' *(' Pronume l e rel ati 3 A pagF *4>
;3(93 (3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: (6*
;3(93 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e a &ronu#el ui relati/ / &ag: (6)
;3(93 63 Lo"ul &ronu#el ui relati/ / &ag: (6)
9' **' Pronume l e ne$ot 1rEt A pagF *8(
;3((3 (3 Ie0ini!i e / &ag: (:9
;3((3 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (:9
9' *.' Pronume l e negat i 3 A pagF *8*
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (:(
;' A/@ect i 3ul A pagF *84
;' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *84
;' .' Compara2 i a a/@ ect i 3el or A pagF *84
;' 4' !ormare a comparat i 3ul ui i ,uperl at i 3ul ui A pagF *88
7363 (3 Co#&ar a! i a ,int eti " / &ag: (::
7363 +3 Co#&ar a! i a analiti" / &ag: (:;
7363 63 Sor#ar e a "o#&ar at i /ul ui %e egalit at e $i in0eriorit at e / &ag: (:;
7363 :3 Sor#ar e a ,u&erl ati/ul ui a2,ol ut / &ag: (:;
;' 8' Compara2 i a nere g ul at 1 a a/@ ect i 3ul ui A pagF *89
73;3 Entrirea "o#&ar at i /ul ui a%A e"ti/ul ui / &ag: (:7
7373 Sun"!iile ,int a"ti "e ale a%A e"ti/ului / &ag: (:8
7383 Lo"ul a%A e"ti/ul ui @n &ro&o?i !ie / (:*
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (:*
=' A/3erbul A pagF *8?
=' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *8?
=' .' "ocu2i uni i contruc2 i i a/3erbi al e / &ag: (:)
83+3 (3 Lo"u!iuni a%/er 2i al e / &ag: (:)
83+3 +3 Con,tr u"!ii a%/er 2i al e / &ag: (:)
=' 4' !orma a/3erbul ui A pagF *9(
=' 8' Mo/i+i c1ri /e ort ogra+ i e A pagF *9(
=' 9' Cla,i +i car e a a/3erbul ui A pagF *9.
83;3 (3 A%/er2e %e #o% / &ag: (;+
83;3 +3 A%/er2e %e lo" / &ag: (;+
83;3 63 A%/er2e %e ti#& / &ag: (;+
=' ;' Compara2 i a a/3erbul ui A pagF *94
8373 (3 Gra%ul "o#&ar at i / / &ag: (;6
8373 +3 Gra%ul ,u&erl ati/ / &ag: (;6
8373 63 Co#&ar a! i a neregul at / &ag: (;:
=' =' A/3erbe ,peci al e A pagF *98
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (;7
>' Prepozi 2 i a A pagF *9;
>' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A &ag: *9;
>' .' Caract eri , t i ci al e prepozi 2 i i l or A pagF *9=
*3+3 (3 Fre&o?i!ii "u a"u?ati/ / &ag: (;8
*3+3 +3 Fre&o?i!ii ur#at e %e ,u2,t ant i /e "u arti"ol / &ag: (;8
*3+3 63 Fre&o?i!ii ur#at e %e ,u2,t ant i /e near ti"ul at e / &ag: (;8
*3+3 :3 Ver2e &re"e%at e %e &re&o?i!ii / &ag: (;8
*3+3 ;3 Cu/int e "u &re&o?i !ii o2ligat orii &ag: (;8
>' 4' "ocul prepozi 2 i i l or A pagF *9>
>' 8' el a2i i e-pri mat e /e prepozi 2 i i A pagF *9?
>' 9' Paral el i , me 0ntre Prepozi 2 i a 0n lima romEn1 i 0n limba engl e z 1 A pagF
*;.
>' ;' 5i+ ere n2 e 0ntre Prepozi 2 i a 0n limba romEn1 i 0n limba engl e z 1 A pagF
*;4
>' =' Parti col e a/3erbi al e A pagF *;4
*383 (3 Entre2ui n! ar e a &arti"ol elor a%/er 2i al e / &ag: (76
*383 +3 Lo"ul &arti"ol elor a%/er 2i al e @n &ro&o?i!i e / &ag: (76
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (7:
?' Con@unc2 i a A pagF *;9
?' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *;9
?' .' Con@unc2 i i l e coor/onat o ar e A pagF *;9
)3+3 (3 Cla,i0i"ar e / &ag: (7;
)3+3 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (7;
)3+3 63 Fo?i!ie / &ag: (7;
?' 4' Con@unc2 i i l e ,ubor/onat o ar e A pagF *;9
)363 (3 Cla,i0i"ar e / &ag: (77
)363 +3 Entre2ui n! ar e / &ag: (77
)363 63 Fo?i!ie / &ag: (78
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (78
*(' Int er@ ec2 i a A pagF *;>
*(' * 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *;>
*(' .' Cla,i +i car e A pagF *;>
*(' 4' ntrebui n2 ar e A pagF *;?
E-erci 2i i A pagF *;?
Partea aII:a
6inta-a propozi2iei
II393 Generalit!i / &ag: (89
II393(3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: (89
II393+3 Cla,i0i"ar e / &ag: (89
II39363 Ti#&uri %e &ro&o?i!ii / &ag: (8(
II393: Su2ti&uri %e &ro&o?i!ii / &ag: (8(
II393;3 Fr!ile %e &ro&o?i!i e / &ag: (8(
**' 6ubi ec t ul A &ag: *=4
**' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A &ag: *=4
**' .' E-pri mar e a ,ubi ec t ul ui A &ag: *=4
**' 4' 6itua2 i i ,peci al e A &ag: *=4
((3 63 (3 Su2ie"t ul generi " / &ag: (86
((3 63 +3 Su2ie"t ul i#&er ,onal / &ag: (8:
((3 63 63 Su2ie"t ul intro%u"ti/ / &ag: (8:
**' 8' "ocul ,ubi e c t ul ui 0n propozi 2 i e A &ag: *=8
*.' Pre/i cat ul A pagF *=9
*.' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *=9
*.' *' Cla,i +i car e A pagF *=9
(+3 +3 (3 Fre%i"at ul /er2al / &ag: (87
(+3 +3 +3 Fre%i"at ul no#i nal / &ag: (8;
*.' 4' "ocul pre/i cat ul ui 0n propozi 2 i e A pagF *=;
*4' Acor/ul ,ubi ec t ul ui cu pre/i cat ul A pagF *=;
*4' *' Acor/ul 0n per, oan1 A pagF *==
*4' .' Acor/ul 0n num1r A pagF *==
(63 +3 (3 A"or%ul gra#at i "al / &ag: (88
(63 +3 +3 A"or%ul %u& @n! el e, / &ag: (8)
(63 +3 63 A"or%ul &rin atr a"!i e / &ag: (*(
E1er"i!ii / &ag: (*+
*8' Compl e me nt ul /irect A pagF *>.
*8' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *>8
*8' .' In/icii +ormal i ai compl e me n t ul ui /irect A pagF *>8
*8' 4' E-pri mar e a compl e me n t ul ui /irect A pagF *>8
(:3 63 (3 Co#&l e#e nt ul %ire"t e1&ri #at &rin &ronu#e &er,onal / &ag: (*:
(:3 63 +3 Co#&l e#e nt ul %ire"t e1&ri #at &rin &ronu#e re0le1i/ / &ag: (*;
(:3 63 63 Co#&l e#e nt ul %ire"t e1&ri #at &rin &ronu#e re"i&ro" / &ag: (*;
*8' 8' ntrebui n2 ar e A pagF *>9
*8' 9' Verbe tranzi ti 3e cu un compl e me n t /irect A pagF *>;
*8' ;' Verbe tranzi ti 3e cu /ou1 compl e me n t e /irect e A pagF *>;
(:3 83 Ver2e tran?iti/e ur#at e %e un "o#&l e#e nt %ire"t $i un "o#&l e#e nt in%ire"t
/ &ag: (*8
*8' >' Verbe tranzi ti 3e urmat e /e un compl e me n t /irect i un
compl e me n t prepozi 2 i onal A pagF *>>
*9' Compl e me nt ul in/irect A pagF *>>
*9' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *>>
*9' .' In/icii +ormal i ai compl e me n t ul ui in/irect A pagF *>>
*9' 4' E-pri mar e a compl e me n t ul ui in/irect A pagF *>?
*9' 8' ntrebui n2 ar e A pagF *>?
*9' 9' "ocul compl e me n t ul ui in/irect A pagF *?(
*9' ;' Tran,+ ormar e a pa,i 31A pagF *?(
*;' Compl e me nt ul prepozi 2 i onal A pagF *?(
*;' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *?(
*;' .' In/icii +ormal i ai compl e me n t ul ui prepozi 2 i onal A pagF *?*
*;' 4' E-pri mar e a compl e me n t ul ui prepozi 2 i onal A pagF *?*
*;' 8' ntrebui n2 ar e A pagF *?*
*;' 9' "ocul compl e me n t ul ui prepozi 2 i onal A pagF *?.
*;' ;' Tran,+ ormar e a pa,i 31 A pagF *?.
*=' Eleme nt ul pre/i cat i 3 ,upl i me nt ar A pagF *?4
*=' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *?4
*=' .' E-pri mar e a el eme nt ul ui pre/i cat i 3 ,upli me nt ar A pagF *?4
*=' 4' "ocul el eme nt ul ui pre/i cat i 3 ,upl i me nt ar A pagF *?4
*>' Contruc2 i i compl e - e A pagF *?4
*>' *' 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF *?4
*>' .' Caract eri , t i ci l e contruc2 i i l or compl e - e A pagF *?8
(*3 +3 (3 Cara"t eri ,ti"i &re%i"ati/e / &ag: ():
(*3 +3 +3 A,e#nri @ntre "on,t ru"!iile "o#&l e1e / &ag: ():
(*3 +3 63 Ieo,e2iri @ntre "on,t ru"!iile "o#&l e1e / &ag: ():
(*3 +3 :3 Sun"!iile ,int a"ti "e / &ag: ();
*>' 4' Con, t ruc2 i i l e cu acuzat i 3ul A pagF *?9
(*3 63 (3 A"u?ati/ul "u in0initi/ / &ag: ();
(*3 63 +3 Sor _ in0initi/ul / &ag: ()7
(*3 63 63 A"u?ati/ul "u &arti"i&iul &re?ent / &ag: ()8
(*3 63 :3 A"u?ati/ul "u &arti"i&iul tre"ut / &ag: ()8
*>' 8' Con, t ruc2 i i l e cu nomi nat i 3ul A pagF *?>
(*3 :3 (3 No#inati / "u in0initi/ / &ag: ()*
(*3 :3 +3 No#inati /ul "u &arti"i&iul &re?ent / &ag: ()*
*>' 9' Nomi nat i 3ul ab, ol ut A pagF *??
*>' ;' Alte con, t ruc 2 i i compl e - e A pagF *??
*?' Compl e me nt e circum, t a n2 i al eA pagF .((
*?' * 5e+i ni 2i eA pagF .((
*?' .' Cla,i +i car eA pagF .((
*?' 4' Compl e me n t ul circum, t an2 i al /e locA pagF .((
()3 63 (3 Ie0ini!ie/ &ag: +99
()3 63 +3 E1&ri #ar e a "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al %e lo"/ &ag: +9(
()3 63 63 Lo"ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al %e lo"/ &ag: +9(
*?' 8' Compl e me n t ul circum, t an2 i al /e timpA pagF .(*
()3 :3 (3 Ie0ini!ie/ &ag: +9(
()3 :3 +3 E1&ri #ar e a "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ti#&/ &ag: +9+
()3 :3 63 Lo"ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al %e ti#&/ &ag: +9+
*?' 9' Compl e me n t ul circum, t an2 i al /e mo/A pagF .(8
()3 ;3 (3 Ie0ini!ie/ &ag: +9:
()3 ;3 +3 Cla,i0i"ar e/ &ag: +9:
()3 ;3 63 Co#&l e#e nt ul "ir"u#, t an! i al %e #o% &ro&riu. ?i,/ &ag: +9:
()3 ;3 :3 E1&ri #ar e a "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al %e #o%/ &ag: +9:
()3 ;3 ;3 Lo"ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "o#&l e#e nt ul ui "ir"u#, t an! i al %e #o%
&ro&ri u. ?i,/ &ag: +9:
()3 ;3 73 Co#&l e#e nt ul "ir"u#, t an! i al %e #o% "o#&ar at i // &ag: +9;
()3 ;3 83 Lo"ul "o#&l e#e nt ul ui %e #o% "o#&ar at i // &ag: +9;
()3 73 Alte "o#&l e#e nt e "ir"u#, t an! i al e/ &ag: +97
.(' Atribut ul A pagF .(;
.(' *' 5e+i ni 2i eA pagF .(;
.(' .' E-pri mar e a atri but ul ui A pagF .(;
.(' 4' "ocul atri but ul ui A pagF .(=
+93 63 (3 Atri2ut ul &re&u,/ &ag: +98
+93 63 +3 Atri2ut ul &o,t &u,/ &ag: +98
+93 63 63 Atri2ut e "e &ot a/ea a#2el e &o?i!ii/ &ag: +9*
.(' 8' Apozi 2i aA pagF .(>
+93 :3 (3 Ie0ini!ie/ &ag: +9*
+93 :3 +3 A&o?i!ia ,i#&l / &ag: +9*
+93 :3 63 Lo"ul a&o?i!i ei ,i#&l e/ &ag: +9*
+93 :3 :3 A&o?i!ia %e?/olt at / &ag: +9*
+93 :3 ;3 Lo"ul a&o?i!i ei %e?/olt at e/ &ag: +9*
.*' Eleme nt e in/epe n/ e n t e A pagF .(?
.*' *' 5e+i ni 2i eA pagF .(?
.*' .' Cla,i +i car eA pagF .(?
.*' 4' Int er@ ec2 i i l eA pagF .(?
.*' 8' A/re, ar e a /irect 1A pagF .(?
.*' 9' Cu3i nt el e i "ocu2i uni l e parent e t i c e A pagF .*(
.*' ;' "ocul el eme nt e l or in/epe n/ e n t e A pagF .*(
..' Or/ine a cu3i nt el or 0n propozi 2 i e
..' (' General i t 12 i A pagF .*(
++3 93 (3 I#&ort an! a ,tu%i erii or%inii "u/int el or/ &ag: +(9
++3 93 +3 Co#&ar a! i a "u li#2a ro#ana/ &ag: +((
++3 93 63 Cara"t eri ,ti"i gener al e ale or%inii "u/int el or in li#2a engl e?/ &ag:
+((
..' (' 8' Pozi 2i a p1r2il or /e propozi 2 i eA pagF .*.
..' *' egul i pri3i t oar e la or/i ne a cu3i nt el or 0n propozi 2 i eA pagF .*.
E-erci 2i iA pagF .*=
.4' !el uril e propozi 2 i i l orA pagF .*?
.4' (' Cla,i +i car eA pagF .*?
.4' *' Propozi 2i a enun2 i at i 31A pagF .*?
.4' .' Propozi 2i a negat i 31A pagF ..(
+63 +3 (3 E1&ri #ar e a nega!i ei/ &ag: ++9
+63 +3 +3 Ioua nega! ii @ntr. o &ro&o?i!i e/ &ag: ++9
+63 +3 63 E1&ri #ar e a ,en, ul ui negati // &ag: ++9
+63 +3 :3 Su2linier ea "ara"t er ul ui negat i // &ag: ++6
+63 +3 ;3 Negar ea unei &ro&o?i!ii @ntregi/ &ag: ++6
.4' 4' Propozi 2i a int erog at i 31A pagF ..4
+63 63 (3 Interogat i /ul /er2el or/ &ag: ++:
+63 63 +3 Fro&o?i!ii interogat i /. negati /e/ &ag: ++;
+63 63 63 Solo,irea &ronu#el or $i a%A e"ti/el or @n &ro&o?i!ii int erogat i /e/ &ag:
++;
+63 63 :3 Entre2ri gener al e/ &ag: ++;
+63 63 ;3 Entre2ri ,&e"i al e/ &ag: ++7
+63 63 73 Entre2ri alt er nat i /e/ &ag: ++8
+63 63 83 Entre2ri %i,Aun"ti/e/ &ag: ++8
.4' 8' Propozi 2i a imperat i 31A &ag: ..?
+63 :3 (3 Sor#a /er2al / &ag: ++)
+63 :3 +3 Intona! i a &ro&o?i!i ei i#&er at i /e/ &ag: +69
+63 :3 63 Stru"t ur a &ro&o?i!i ei i#&er at i /e/ &ag: +69
+63 :3 :3 MiAloa"e %e @nt rire ,au %e 0or#ul ar e &oliti"oa, / &ag: +6(
.4' 9' Propozi 2i a e-cl amat i 31A pagF .4*
+63 ;3 (3 Intona! i a/ &ag: +6+
+63 ;3 +3 Fro&o?i!iile e1"la#at i /e &ro&ri u. ?i,e/ &ag: +6+
+63 ;3 63 Fro&o?i!iile e1"la#at i /e "u 0or# ne,&e"i0i"/ &ag: +6+
E1er"i!ii/ &ag: +6+
PATEA A TEIA
6inta-a +razei
III393 Generalit!i/ &ag: +6;
III393(3 Fro&o?i!i a . 0ra?a/ &ag: +6;
III393+3 Ie0ini!ie / &ag: +6;
III39363 Ra&ort urile ,int a"ti "e / &ag: +6;
III393:3 Legar ea &ro&o?i!iilor / &ag: +6;
.8' !raza prin coor/onar e A pagF .4;
.8' *' Coor/onar e: 5e+i ni 2i e A pagF .4;
.8' .' !el ul coor/on1ri i A pagF .4;
.8' 4' Coor/onar e a copul at i 31 A pagF .4;
.8' 8' Coor/onar e a /i ,@unct i 31 A pagF .4=
.8' 9' Coor/onar e a a/3er , at i 31 A pagF .4=
.8' ;' !ol o,i re a timpuril or 0n +razel e prin coor/onar e A pagF .4>
.9' !raza prin coor/onar e a A pagF .4>
.9' *' "egare a propozi 2 i il or ,ubor/onat e A pagF .4>
.9' .' Cla,i +i car e a propozi 2 i i l or ,ubor/onat e A pagF .4?
.9' 4' e/uc er e a propozi 2 i il or ,ubor/onat e A pagF .8(
.9' 8' Propozi 2i a compl e t i 3o: /irect 1 A pagF .8(
+;3 :3 ( Rolul "o#&l eti/ei %ire"t e / &ag: +:9
+:3 :3 +3 Fro&o?i!i a int eroga, t i / @n /or2irea in%ire"t e,t e "o#&l eti/
%ire"t / &ag: +:9
+;3 :3 63 4#it er ea "onAun"!i ei Lt-atL / &ag: +:(
+;3 :3 :3 Core,&on%en! a ti#&urilor / &ag: +:(
+;3 :3 ;3 Re%u"er ea &ro&o?i!i ei "o#&l eti/e %ire"t e / &ag: +::
.9' 9' Propozi 2i a compl e t i 31 prepozi 2 i onal 1 A pagF .88
+;3 ;3 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e / &ag: +::
+;3 ;3 +3 4#it er ea &ro&o?i!i ei / &ag: +::
+;3 ;3 63 Anti"i&ar ea "o#&l eti /ei &re&o?i !ional e &rin LitL/ &ag: +::
+;3 ;3 :3 Core,&on%en! a ti#&urilor @n "o#&l eti/a &re&o?i !ional / &ag: +:;
.9' ;' Propozi 2i a ,ubi e c t i 31A pagF .89
+;3 73 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +:;
+;3 73 +3 Lo"ul &ro&o?i!i ei ,u2i e"ti/e @n 0ra?/ &ag: +:7
+;3 73 63 Solo,irea ti#&urilor @n Fro&o?i!i a ,u2i e"ti// &ag: +:7
+;3 73 :3 Re%u"er ea &ro&o?i!i ei ,u2i e"ti/e/ &ag: +:8
.9' =' Propozi 2i a pre/i cat i 31A pagF .8>
+;3 83 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +:*
+;3 83 +3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +:*
+;3 83 63 Re%u"er ea &ro&o?i! ei &re%i"ati/e/ &ag: +:*
.9' >' Propozi 2i il e rel ati 3eA pagF .8>
+;3 *3 (3 Selurile &ro&o?i!iilor relati/e/ &ag: +:*
+;3 *3 +3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e Fro&o?i!i a relati// &ag: +:*
+;3 *3 63 Fro&o?i!i a relati/ re,t ri"ti// &ag: +:*
+;3 *3 :3 Fro&o?i!i a relati/ %e,"ri&ti// &ag: +:)
+;3 *3 ;3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor @n Fro&o?i!i a relati// &ag: +:)
+;3 *3 73 Re%u"er ea &ro&o?i!i ei relati/e/ &ag: +:)
+;3 *3 83 Fro&o?i!i a a&o?i!ional / &ag: +;9
+;3 *3 *3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor @n Fro&o?i!i a a&o?i!ional / &ag: +;9
+;3 *3 )3 Re%u"er ea &ro&o?i! ei a&o?i!ional e/ &ag: +;9
.9' ?' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e ti mpA pagF .9(
+;3 )3 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +;9
+;3 )3 +3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +;(
+;3 )3 63 Re%u"er ea &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ti#&/ &ag: +;+
.9' *(' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e locA pagF .94
+;3 (93 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +;6
+;3 (93 +3 Re%u"er e a &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e lo"/ &ag: +;6
.9' **' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e mo/ propri u: zi , 1A pagF .94
.9' *.' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e mo/ comparat i 31A pagF .94
+;3 (+3 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +;6
+;3 (+3 +3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +;:
+;3 (+3 63 Tra%u"er e a &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e #o% "o#&ar at i // &ag:
+;:
.9' *4' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 cauzal 1A pagF .99
+;3 (63 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +;;
+;3 (63 +3 Re%u"er e a &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e "au?al e/ &ag: +;;
.9' *8' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 con/i 2 i onal 1A pagF .99
+;3 (:3 (3 Ti&uri %e "on%i!ii/ &ag: +;7
+;3 (:3 +3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e Fro&o?i!i a "ir"u#, t an! i al "on%i!ional / &ag:
+;7
+;3 (:3 63 Lo"ul &ro&o?i!iilor "ir"u#, t an! i al e "on%i!ional e/ &ag: +;8
+;3 (:3 :3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +;8
+;3 (:3 ;3 Tra%u"er e a &ro&o?i!iilor "on%i!ional e/ &ag: +;8
+;3 (:3 73 Alte ti#&uri 0olo,it e @n &ro&o?i!iile "on%i!ional e/ &ag: +;8
+;3 (:3 83 Solo,irea ti#&urilor @n "on%i!ional %u& /iitorul. @n.tre"ut / &ag:
+;*
+;3 (:3 *3 Co#2i na! ii @ntre "ele trei ti&uri %e &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#, t an! i al e
"on%i!ional e/ &ag: +;*
+;3 (:3 )3 S-oul % _ in0initi// &ag: +;*
+;3 (:3 (93 Uill @n &ro&o?i!ii "ir"u#, t an! i al e "on%i!ional e/ &ag: +;*
+;3 (:3 ((3 Coul%/Mig-t _ in0initi// &ag: +;*
+;3 (:3 (+3 Re%u"er e a &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e "on%i!ional e/ &ag: +;*
.9' *9' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 /e ,copA pagF .9?
+;3 (;3 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +;)
+;3 (;3 +3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +;)
+;3 (;3 63 Re%u"er e a &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e %e ,"o&/ &ag: +79
.9' *;' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 con, e c ut i 31A pagF .;(
+;3 (73 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +79
+;3 (73 +3 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +79
+;3 (73 63 Re%u"er e a &ro&o?i!i ei "ir"u#, t an! i al e "on, e"uti /e/ &ag: +7(
.9' *=' Propozi 2i a circum, t a n2 i al 1 conc e , i 31A &ag: .;*
+;3 (83 (3 Frin "e ,e intro%u"e/ &ag: +7(
+;3 (83 +3 Re%u"er e a &ro&o?i!iilor "ir"u#, t an! i al e "on"e,i /e/ &ag: +7(
+;3 (83 63 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +7+
E1er"i!ii/ &ag: +7+
.;' Vorbirea /irect 1 i in/irect 1A pagF .;8
.;' *' Vorbirea /irect 1A pagF .;8
+73 (3 (3 Ie0ini!ie/ &ag: +7:
+73 (3 +3 Lo"ul $i Sun"!i a ,int a"ti" a enun! ul ui @n /or2irea %ire"t / &ag: +7:
+73 (3 63 Solo,irea ti#&urilor/ &ag: +7:
.;' .' Vorbirea in/irect 1A pagF .;8
.;' 4' Tran,+ ormar e a 3orbirii /irect e 0n 3orbire in/irect 1A pagF .;9
+73 63 (3 Fronu#el e &er,onal > re0le1i/ $i &o,e,i // &ag: +7;
+73 63 +3 Fronu#el e/ a%A e"t i /ul %e#on, t r at i // &ag: +7;
+73 63 63 A%/er2el e %e ti#&/ &ag: +7;
+73 63 :3 Fre%i"at ul la un ti#& &re?ent / &ag: +7;
+73 63 ;3 Fre%i"at ul la un ti#& tre"ut / &ag: +77
+73 63 73 Fre%i"at ul la &re?ent ul ,i#&l u/ &ag: +77
+73 63 83 Fre%i"at ul. a"!iune /iitoar e/ &ag: +78
+73 63 *3 Fre%i"at ul. Fa,t ,i#&l e/ &ag: +78
+73 63 )3 Fre%i"at ul. Fa,t Ten,e Continuou,/ &ag: +7*
+73 63 (93 Fre%i"at ul. Ver2e #o%al e/ &ag: +7*
+73 63 ((3 Sra?el e "on%i!ional e/ &ag: +7*
+73 63 (+3 Fro&o?i!ii enun!i ati /e/ &ag: +7*
+73 63 (63 Fro&o?i!ii int erogat i /e/ &ag: +7)
+73 63 (:3 Fro&o?i!ii e1"l a#at i /e/ &ag: +8(
+73 63 (;3 Fro&o?i!ii i#&er at i /e/ &ag: +8+
.;' 8' Vorbirea in/irect 1 liber1A pagF .=.
E1er"i!ii/ &ag: +86
C$ei a e-erci 2 i i l orA pagF .=9
Cibli ogra+ i eA pagF .>9
Cupri n,A pagF .>;