CURS ECONOMIE MONDIAL

CONINUTUL CURSULUI
I. ECONOMIA MONDIAL ORIGINI, TRSTURI, PERSPECTIVE
I.1 Apariia econoiei on!ia"e
I.# Econoia on!ia"$ !e%iniie ,&r$'$&(ri
I.) Coponen&e"e econoiei on!ia"e
II. SISTEMUL ECONOMIEI MONDIALE
II.1 Econoia naiona"$ !e%iniie, '&r(c&(r$.
II.# Re"aii"e econoice in&ernaiona"e. Piaa on!ia"$.
II.) *"(+(" ,i circ(i&(" econoic on!ia".
II.- S&r(c&(ri !e or.ani/are 0n econoia on!ia"$.
II.1 Con%i.(raii 0n or!inea econoic$ on!ia"$.
III. SOCIET2ILE TRANSNA2IONALE
III.1 In3e'&iii"e '&r$ine
III.# Piaa 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
III.) S&ra&e.ii 'peci%ice 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
III.- E+pan'i(nea 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
III.1 Tran'naiona"i&a&ea ,i in&e.rarea econoic$
IV. INTEGRAREA ECONOMIC EUROPEAN
IV.1 In&e.rarea in&eraniona"$ ori.ini ,i e3o"(ii
IV.# *ore !e ani%e'&are a in&e.r$rii "a ni3e" on!ia"
IV.) Uni(nea E(ropean$
IV.- In'&i&(ii Co(ni&are
IV.1 Po"i&ici Co(ni&are
V. ECONOMIA 2RILOR DE4VOLTATE
V.1 Po&enia"(" $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e
V.# Po"i&ica econoic$ a $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e
V.#.1 Po"i&ica 5(.e&ar$
V.#.# Po"i&ica one&ar$
V.#.) Po"i&ici coercia"e
VI. ECONOMIA 2RILOR 6N DE4VOLTARE
VI.1 Loc(" $ri"or 0n !e/3o"&are 0n econoia on!ia"$
VI.# Po&enia"(" $ri"or 0n !e/3o"&are
VI.) Ac&i3i&a&ea coercia"$ a $ri"or 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&are
VI.- *"(+(ri"e !e capi&a" a"e $ri"or 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&are. Da&oria e+&ern$
VII. ECONOMIA 2RILOR 6N TRAN4I2IE. TRAN4I2IA 2RILOR EST7
EUROPENE LA ECONOMIA DE PIA2
VII.1 Loc(" $ri"or 0n &ran/iie 0n econoia on!ia"$
VII.# Econoia $ri"or E'&7 E(ropene
VII.) Tran/iia econoii"or E'&7 E(ropene "a econoia !e pia$
VIII. SU8DE4VOLTAREA. EVOLU2IA 2RILOR SU8DE4VOLTATE
VIII.1 Concep&(" !e '(5!e/3o"&are
VIII.# E3o"(ii 0n $ri"e '(5!e/3o"&a&e
IX. TENDIN2E 9I EVOLU2II LA NIVELUL ECONOMIEI MONDIALE
I:.1 In!('&ria pe p"an on!ia"
I:.# A.ric("&(ra
I:.) Ener.ia. Pro5"ee"e ener.iei "a ni3e" on!ia"
I:.- Me!i(" ,i ec;i"i5r(" eco"o.ic
X. ROM<NIA 9I ECONOMIA MONDIAL
:.1 Econoia Ro=niei7 pri3ire !e an'a5"(
:.# Re%ore"e '&r(c&(ra"e 0n Ro=nia

TEMATICA SEMINARIILOR
1. Pri3ire !e an'a5"( a'(pra econoiei on!ia"e !e/5a&eri, '&(!ii !e ca/
#. Ana"i/$ '&ra&e.ii, !irecii !e aci(ne a"e piee"or 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e. S&(!ii !e
ca/
). Mo!a"i&$i !e or.ani/are a econoii"or '&(!ii, re%era&e c( pri3ire "a 'i'&ee"e !e
or.ani/are a econoii"or '&a&e"or !e/3o"&a&e, '&a&e"or 0n !e/3o"&are, $ri"or 0n
&ran/iie, $ri"or '(53e/3o"&a&e
-. S&r(c&(ri in&e.raioni'&e "a ni3e" on!ia" pre/en&$ri a"e UE, NA*TA,
MERCOSUR, AELS, CE*TA, ALADI, ASEAN, APEC, PACTUL ANDIN,
CARICOM, SELA
1. Principa"e pro5"ee a"e econoiei on!ia"e> '(5!e/3o"&area, po"(area e!i("(i,
pro5"ee"e ener.iei, e&c.
?. Ro=nia ,i "oc(" ei 0n econoia on!ia"$. Par&iciparea Ro=niei "a coer("
on!ia", re"aii"e Ro=niei pe piaa 3a"(&ar$ in&er5ancar$, in3e'&iii"e '&r$ine, e&c.7
ana"i/e.
CAP II. SISTEMUL ECONOMIEI MONDIALE
II.1 ECONOMIA NA2IONAL !e%iniie ,i '&r(c&(r$
ECONOMIILE NA2IONALE '(n& ce"("e"e !e 5a/$ a"e econoiei on!ia"e ,i
%(ncionea/$ ca en&i&$i re/("&a&e !in !e/3o"&area 'c;i5("(i reciproc !e ac&i3i&$i 0n&re
e5rii (nei co(ni&$i (ane, pe an'a5"(" &eri&ori("(i (n(i '&a& naiona".
Moen&(" !eci'i3 pen&r( proce'(" !e %orare a econoiei naiona"e "7a repre/en&a&
%orarea pieei in&erne, naiona"e.
*orarea pieei a %o'& !e&erina&$ !e>
*ac&ori econoici> 7 !e/3o"&area %ac&ori"or !e pro!(cie
- !i3i/i(nea (ncii
- !e/3o"&area pro!(ciei !e 'c;i5, e&c.
*ac&ori po"i&ici> 7 re3o"(ii"e in&erne
- %orarea '&a&e"or cen&ra"i/a&e
- 'i'&e(" !e .(3ernare
Loc(" ,i ro"(" %iec$rei econoii naiona"e !epin!e !e (r$&orii %ac&ori>
0n/e'&rarea c( %ac&ori !e pro!(cie
!ien'i(nea pieei in&erne
!inai'(" econoiei $rii re'pec&i3e@ ra&a !e cre,&ere econoic$A
.ra!(" !e 0n&in!ere 'pre e+&erior@ pon!erea e+por&(ri"or 0n PI8A
ni3e"(" !e !e/3o"&are econoic$@ PI8, PN8B "oc(i&orA
En&i&a&ea n(i&$ economie naional pre'(p(ne e+i'&ena>
aA POPULA2IA ca %ac&or !e cre,&ere econoic$. In%"(ena pop("aiei a'(pra econoiei
naiona"e e'&e !(5"$> 7 %(rni/ea/$ ce" ai ipor&an& %ac&or !e pro!(cie@ (ncaA
7 con&ri5(ie prin cererea 'a !e con'(, "a !e/3o"&area
pieei in&erne.
5A TERITORIUL NA2IONAL , pe care are "oc 'c;i5(" reciproc !e ac&i3i&$i.
Repre/in&$ 'pai(" !e"ii&a& prin %ron&iere, a'(pra c$r(ia 'e e+erci&$ '(3erani&a&ea
'&a&("(i naiona".
cA IN*RASTRUCTURA@ c$i !e &ran'por&, co(nicaiiA. Se !e/3o"&$ 0n '&r=n'$ "e.$&(r$
c( carac&eri'&ici"e &eri&ori("(i naiona" ,i c( nece'i&$i"e econoice ,i 'ocia"e a"e epocii.
!A APARATUL DE PRODUC2IE repre/in&$ (na !in coponen&e"e a3(iei naiona"e.
eA SISTEMUL DE INSTITU2II core'p(n/$&or (n(i an(i& &ip !e 'ocie&a&e.
A'&%e" !e%ini&$, econoia naiona"$ repre/in&$ &o&a"i&a&ea ra(ri"or !e ac&i3i&a&e
econoic$ e+i'&en&e "a (n oen& !a& con'i!era&e 0n '&r=n'a "or in&er!epen!en$.
O8S.C E"een&(" !e "e.$&(r$ !in&re ra(ri e'&e PIA2A NA2IONAL.
Ra(ra econoic$ naiona"$ repre/in&$ an'a5"(" !e ac&i3i&$i or.ani/a&e 0n&r7(n
o! 'peci%ic ,i !e'%$,(ra&e 0n 'cop(" pro!(cerii ace"eia,i ca&e.orii !e pro!('e 'a(
%(rni/$rii ace"eia,i ca&e.orii !e 'er3icii.
Econoia naiona"$ poa&e %i '&r(c&(ra&$ ,i pe SECTOARE ,i an(e>
sectorul primar @ a.ric("&(ra, 'i"3ic("&(ra, in!('&ria e+&rac&i3$A
sectorul secundar @ ra(ri"e in!('&riei pre"(cr$&oare, con'&r(cii"e, e&c.A
sectorul teriar @ 'er3icii"eA
sectorul cercetrii tiinifice 6n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e 'e con&(rea/$ ace'& a" -7"ea 'ec&or
Deci, '&r(c&(ra (nei econoii naiona"e 'e %orea/$ 0n &ip, 0n rapor& c( o 'erie !e factori
interni, 'peci%ici %iec$rei $ri, !ar ,i '(5 in%"(ena factorilor externi. Dac$ in%"(ena
%ac&ori"or e+&erni !e3ine e+ce'i3$ 'e poa&e aD(n.e "a '&r(c&(ri econoice !e%ora&e,
necon%ore c( in&ere'(" naiona".
O8S.C La 'car$ on!ia"$, proce'(" !e %orare a econoiei naiona"e n( '7a
0nc;eia&,a'i'&$ 0nc$ "a %orarea !e noi econoii naiona"e.
6n ceea ce pri3e,&e $ri"e 'a( re.i(ni"e !e/3o"&a&e, per'pec&i3e"e e3o"(iei econoiei
naiona"e '(n& !i%eri&e, !eoarece proce'(" !e in&e.rare in&er'&a&a"$ 0n'ean$ ce!area &rep&a&$
a (nor prero.a&i3e a"e '(3erani&$ii naiona"e, 0n %a3oarea noi"or in'&i&(ii co(ni&are.
6n %ina" 'e aD(n.e "a o in&e.rare a&=& econoic$, !ar ,i po"i&ic$, ce 3a a!(ce a3an&aDe
'(perioare pier!erii '(3erani&$ii.
II.# Re"aii"e econoice in&ernaiona"e. Piaa on!ia"$
Di3i/i(nea on!ia"$ a (ncii,'pecia"i/area in&ernaiona"$ 0n pro!(cie
a( crea& nece'i&a&ea '&a5i"irii (nor rapor&(ri econoice 0n&re '&a&e"e7
nai(ne,0n&re a.enii econoici.
R.E.I. repre/in&$ "e.$&(ri"e !in&re econoii"e naiona"e !in&re a.enii econoici !e
pe ."o5, "e.$&(ri care 'e %orea/$ 0n 3ir&(&ea !i3i/i(nii on!ia"e a (ncii. Ace'&e re"aii 'e
!e'%$,oar$ 0n&r7(n ca!r( econoic ,i D(ri!ic %oar&e 5ine !e&erina&.
E+i'&ena ,i !e/3o"&area REI pre'(p(ne in&er3enia ac&i3$ a '&a&("(i, in&er3enie
concre&i/a&$ prin>
0nc;eierea !e acor!(ri coercia"e, !e cooperareE
0n%iinarea (nor repre/en&ane o%icia"e pe'&e .rani$.
O8S.C A"$&(ri !e '&a&(" nai(ne, ari"e STN ,i or.ani/aii"e econoice in&er'&a&a"e Doac$
(n ro" %oar&e ipor&an& 0n !e/3o"&area REI.
E+i'&ena REI %ace po'i5i"$ !e/3o"&area %"(+(ri"or econoice in&ernaiona"e care
repre/in&$ i,carea (nor 3a"ori a&eria"e, 5$ne,&i 'a( 'piri&(a"e, !e "a o ar$ "a a"&a.
*"(+(ri"e po& %i> !e pro!('e, !e 'er3icii, !e capi&a"(ri, !e %or$ !e (nc$, !e c(no,&ine
&e;nico 7 ,&iini%ice, e&c. A( &en!ine !e !i3er'i%icare, '(n& e&ero.ene@ %"(+(" in&ernaiona" !e
pro!('e poa&e "(a %ora e+por&(ri"or !e a,ini ,i (&i"aDe, !e a&erii prie, pro!('e
a"ien&are, e&cA.
II.) *"(+(" ,i circ(i&(" econoic on!ia"
*"(+(ri"e econoiei in&ernaiona"e '&a( "a 5a/a %or$rii Pieei Mon!ia"e.
Piaa Mon!ia"$> n( e'&e o noi(ne .eo.ra%ic$, ci (na econoic$.Ea repre/in&$ an'a5"("
&ran/acii"or care a( "oc 0n&re a.enii econoici !e pe 0n&re.(" ."o5.
6n prac&ic$, e+i'&$>
piaa on!ia"$ a 5(n(ri"or ,i 'er3icii"orE
piaa on!ia"$ a (nciiE
piaa on!ia"$ a capi&a"("(iE
piaa on!ia"$ a 3a"(&e"or ,i !e3i/e"or.
@ 'pecia"i/a&, e+i'&$> piaa on!ia"$ a o5i"ei, a a(&o&(ri'e"or, a pe&ro"("(i, a opere"or !e
ar&$, e&c.A.
Pe ace'&e piee pre(ri"e 'e %orea/$ 0n %(ncie !e o 'erie !e %ac&ori 'peci%ici econoici,
'ocia"i 'a( c;iar po"i&ici care po& in%"(ena cererea ,i o%er&a pen&r( ace'&e 5(n(ri.
O8S.C 6n&re (ne"e &ip(ri !e piee e+i'&$ o con!iionare reciproc$ @ cre,&e cererea on!ia"$
!e a(&oo5i"e, cre,&e cererea !e pe&ro"B5en/in$, cre,&e pre(" 5en/inei ,i in3er'A.
II.- S&r(c&(ri !e or.ani/are 0n econoia on!ia"$
Organizarea !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere a" econoiei on!ia"e, repre/in&$ an'a5"("
re.("i"or ,i in'&i&(ii"or 'ocio econoice care .(3ernea/$ 0n&rea.a ac&i3i&a&e 0n econoia
on!ia"$.
Ace'& 'i'&e !e re.("i ,i in'&i&(ii n( poa&e %i 0ne"e' %$r$ a a3ea 0n 3e!ere
F!ien'i(nea p(&eriiG, care poa&e %i 3$/(& ca F'i'&e(" ner3o'G a" econoiei on!ia"e.
Puterea repre/in&$ capaci&a&ea !e a ip(ne propria 3oin$ ce"or"a"i, %ie pe ca"e
po/i&i3$@ prin "i5era accep&areA, %ie pe ca"e ne.a&i3$@ prin con'&r=n.eri ,i 'anci(niA.
Cei ai ipor&ani %ac&ori !e p(&ere '(n& con'i!erai a %i (r$&orii>
1. S(pra%aa &eri&ori("(i
#. Na&(ra %ron&iere"or
). Pop("aia
-. Deinerea !e re'(r'e
1. De/3o"&area econoic$ ,i &e;no"o.ic$
?. *ora %inanciar$
H. Oo.eni&a&ea e&nic$
I. Gra!(" !e in&e.rare 'ocia"$
J. S&a5i"i&a&e po"i&ic$
1K. Spiri&(" naiona"
O8S.C Ace,&i %ac&ori aparin (nei ana"i/e ("&i!ien'iona"e.
De%iniia no($ a p(&erii> Capaci&a&ea (nei en&i&$i@ !e ce"e ai ("&e ori po"i&ic$, !ar
po& %i ,i Fp(&eri econoiceG c( ar %i STN7(ri"e 'a( a"&e or.ani/aii in&ernaiona"eA !e a %i
(n 5(n D(c$&or 0n FDoc(ri"eG !in econoia on!ia"$.
Specia"i,&ii aprecia/$ c$, 0n REI 0n pre/en& cea ai ipor&an&$ coponen&$ a p(&erii e'&e
PUTEREA ECONOMIC.
Pornin! !e "a ace'&e !e%iniii a"e p(&erii re/("&$ (r$&oare"e &ip(ri !e p(&ere pe p"an
on!ia">
! P(&erea regional , a&(nci c=n! (n '&a& Doac$ (n ro" ipor&an& 0n ca!r(" (nei /one !e pe
."o5@ e+> ME:IC 0n Aerica Cen&ra"$, INDIA 0n A'ia !e S(!, ISRAEL 0n Orien&("
MiD"oci(A.
"! P(&erea mondial, repre/in&$ '&a&(" care are po'i5i"i&a&ea !e a D(ca (n ro" ;o&$r=&or pe
ai ("&e p"an(ri@ e+> GH> .r(p(" ce"or H p(&eri on!ia"e> SUA, Cana!a, Laponia,
Gerania, *rana, Marea 8ri&anie, I&a"iaA.
#! Supraputerea , a&(nci c=n! (n '&a& !i'p(ne !e p"(ri!ien'iona"i&a&ea p(&erii @ 0n &oa&e
c=p(ri"e !e p(&ere pe p"an econoic, po"i&ic, i"i&ar. E+> SUAA.
O '(prap(&ere are (r$&oare"e carac&eri'&ici>
7 coor!onea/$ an(i&e aci(ni ,i po"i&ici econoice pe p"an on!ia" @ pro&ecia e!i("(i
0nconD(r$&or on!ia", .e'&ionarea (nor cri/e ."o5a"e, 'o"(ionarea (nor con%"ic&e, e&c.A.
7 e'&e o p(&ere ;e.eonic$, capa5i"$ '$ !ec"an,e/e proce'e a(&ore."a&oare pen&r( a.enii
econoici on!ia"i@ %ire, in'&i&(ii, or.ani/aiiA 'a( a"&e '&a&e a"e "(ii@ !e e+> SUA 0,i
%o"o'e,&e %ora po"i&ic$ pen&r( a con3in.e I'rae"(" '$ ne.ocie/e c( $ri"e ara5e !in Orien&("
MiD"oci(A.
II.1 Con%i.(raii 0n or!inea econoic$ on!ia"$
De%iniia or!inii econoice on!ia"e !in ai ("&e p(nc&e !e 3e!ere>
Repre/in&$ o!(" !e !i'p(nere ,i or.ani/are, 0n &ip ,i 'pai( a e"een&e"or econoice
on!ia"e.
Se re%er$ "a '%era ca"i&a&i3$ a econoiei on!ia"e 0n&r7o an(i&$ perioa!$, 0n rapor& c(
re/("&a&e"e in&eraci(nii !in&re e"een&e"e econoiei on!ia"e.
Are 0n 3e!ere a'i.(rarea con!iii"or !e copa&i5i"i&a&e a 3oine"or, in&ere'e"or ,i
copor&aen&e"or po&enia" con&rare@ c;iar an&a.oniceA a"e !i%erii"or a.eni econoici,
con!iii care %ac po'i5i"$ e+i'&ena (nei co(ni&$i on!ia"e.
Nece'i&a&ea (nei noi or!ini econoice on!ia"e a ap$r(& ca (rare a ("&i&(!inii !e
pro5"ee ac(("a&e 0n p"an in&ernaiona"@ e+> r$/5oi(" rece, '('pen!area con3er&i5i"i&$ii 0n
a(r a !o"ar("(i, nere(,i&a 0n '('inerea $ri"or 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&areA.
Concep&(" !e No($ Or!ine In&ernaiona"$ a %o'& !i'c(&a& pen&r( pria !a&$ 0n ca!r("
ce"ei !e a ?7a Se'i(ni Specia"e a A!(n$rii ONU (n!e '7a a!op&a& Pro.ra(" !e Aci(ne
pen&r( o No($ Or!ine In&erneiona"$, care c(prin!ea 1I pre3e!eri, !in&re care ain&i>
aA cre,&erea pre(ri"or !e e+por& a"e $rii 0n !e/3o"&are %a$ !e ce"e a"e $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e
5A !e/3o"&area (n(i ecani' !e &ran'%er !e &e;no"o.ie c$&re $ri"e 0n !e/3o"&are,
'epara& !e ce" a" in3e'&iii"or '&r$ine
cA &ari%e re!('e pen&r( e+por&(ri"e $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e 0n $ri"e 0n !e/3o"&are
!A !rep&(" '(3eran a" '&a&e"or a'(pra re'(r'e"or na&(ra"e ,i a'(pra ac&i3i&$ii econoice
!e'%$,(ra&e pe &eri&ori(" "or@ a!ic$ !e e+> !rep&(" !e naiona"i/are a proprie&$i"or
!ein(&e !e '&r$iniA.
Ce" ai ipor&an& pa' a %o'& crearea OPEC ,i ip(nerea (n(i an(i& pre a" pe&ro"("(i care
a !(' "a 05o.$irea $ri"or e+por&a&oare !e pe&ro" ,i apariia (nei noi or!ini on!ia"e.
Ac&(a"a or!ine econoic$ on!ia"$ 'e poa&e concre&i/a prin c=&e3a &r$'$&(ri
'peci%ice>
1. Econoia on!ia"$ e !oina&$ !e $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e, a&=& 0n p"an econoic c=& ,i
po"i&ic. Ace'&e $ri !oin$ or.ani/aii"e in&ernaiona"e ,i aproape 0n&rea.a '&r(c&(r$
in'&i&(iona"$ in&ernaiona"$.
#. $ri"e 0n !e/3o"&are, !e,i !ein cea ai are par&e a pop("aiei "(ii ,i ce" ai are
&eri&ori(, n( a( %or$ econoic$ ,i n( !ein aceea,i in%"(en$ ca ,i $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e.
@ O8S.C 6n ("&ie"e !ecenii o5'er3$ 0n'$ o a!e3$ra&$ Fo%en'i3$G a $ri"or 0n
!e/3o"&are 0n ip(nerea pe p"an on!ia". Acea'&a 'e e+p"ic$ prin an(i&e o!i%ic$ri
0n rapor&(ri"e !e %or$, c( ar %i ip(nerea $ri"or pro!(c$&oare !e pe&ro", 'a(
!e/3o"&area %oar&e rapi!$ a econoiei C;inei ,i cre,&erea pop("aiei ace'&eiaA.
). S%=r,i&(" R$/5oi("(i Rece care a !(' "a .enera"i/area capi&a"i'("(i ,i &recerea "a
econoie !e pia$.
-. Cre,&erea pop("aiei care '7a ip(' ca p(&ere pe "=n.$ %ora econoic$ ,i cea po"i&ic$.
C;ina ,i In!ia n( ai po& %i i.nora&e !eoarece pop("aia ace'&ora e'&e !e 1B) !in
pop("aia ."o5("(i. A( ap$r(& a'&%e" pro5"ee"e 'ocia"e ."o5a"e care in%"(enea/$
%oar&e ("& or!inea econoiei on!ia"e prin "e.$&(ri"e pe care "e a( c(> in3e'&i&orii
'&r$ini, pro5"ee"e !e e!i(, i.raia in&ernaiona"$, e&c.
1. Cre,&erea in&er!epen!ene"or on!ia"e ca (rare a %enoen("(i !e GLO8ALI4ARE
,i care !$ o are in'&a5i"i&a&e e!i("(i in&ernaiona"@ e+> an(i&e pro5"ee in&erne
!in&r7o ar$ po& '$ in%"(ene/e ,i 0n a%ara .ranie"or ace'&eiaA.
GMIDUL STUDENTULUI
1. Tereni c;eie
1.1 Econoie Naiona"$
1.# Di3i/i(nea on!ia"$ a (ncii
1.) Specia"i/area in&ernaiona"$
1.- Re"aii"e ,i %"(+(ri"e econoice in&ernaiona"e
1.1 Piaa on!ia"$
1.? Or!inea econoic$ on!ia"$
1.H P(&erea re.iona"$, on!ia"$, '(perp(&erea
1.I Rapor&(ri !e p(&ere
#. Pro5"ee !e !i'c(ie
#.1 Ro"(" i'&oric a" %or$rii nai(nii
#.# Care e'&e noi(nea 'pecia"i/$rii in&ernaiona"eN
#.) Ro"(" %ac&ori"or in&erni ,i a" ce"or e+&erni 0n %orarea '&r(c&(rii econoii"or
naiona"e
#.- C( '$ e"iin$ e%ec&(" in%"aiei 0n e3a"(area per%orane"or econoice a"e (nei
$riN
#.1 Coen&ai rapor&(ri"e !e p(&ere !e &ip !oinaie 0n coparaie c( ce"e !e
"e.i&ii&a&e
#.? C( ai carac&eri/a ac&(a"a or!ine econoico on!ia"$N
#.H E+i'&$ prei'e !e 'c;i5are a ac&(a"ei or!ini econoiei on!ia"eN
III. SOCIET2ILE TRANSNA2IONALE 9I IMPLICA2IILE LOR
ASUPRA ECONOMIEI MONDIALE
III.1 In3e'&iii"e e+&erne !e capi&a"
6n econoia con&eporan$, ."o5a"i/area a !e3eni& (n %enoen e3i!en&. *ap&(" c$ (n
pro!(' p(r&=n! aceea,i arc$ e'&e %a5rica& 0n ai ("&e $ri 'a( c$ 0n con'i"ii"e !e
a!ini'&raie a"e ("&ora !in&re ce"e ai ari %ire po& %i .$'ii e5ri !e naiona"i&$i
!i%eri&e, n( ai con'&i&(ie ce3a no(, ce3a e+cepiona".@ e+> c;iar o .re3$ "a o 0n&reprin!ere a
"(i Genera" Mo&or' !in 8ra/i"ia, !ec"an,ea/$ o i,care !e 'o"i!ari&a&e 0n (/ine"e ace"ea,i
%ire !in A('&ra"ia 'a( An."ia, e&cA
To& ace'& (ni3er' ("&i!ien'iona", cop"e+i&a&ea ace'&ei "(i '(n& !a&e 0n are
par&e !e ac&i3i&a&ea STN. Ace,&i .i.ani a( o %or$ econoic$ ai are !ec=& a (nor $ri
!e/3o"&a&e c;iar.
STNO o %ir$ care ,i7a e+&in' ac&i3i&a&ea econoico %inanciar$ !inco"o !e
.ranie"e $rii !e ori.ine. Ea a"c$&(ie,&e (n 3a'& an'a5"( "a 'car$ in&ernaiona"$, %ora&
!in&r7o 'ocie&a&e principa"$ %ira a$, ,i (n n($r !e %i"ia"e@ %ire !epen!en&e !e
'ocie&a&ea principa"$A ip"an&a&e 0n ace'&e $ri.
Ace,&i a.eni econoici on!ia"i acionea/$ "a ni3e" in&ernaiona" prin in3e'&iii.
In3e'&iii"e '&r$ine po& 05r$ca !o($ %ore >
AA In3e'&iii !e por&o%o"i(
8A In3e'&iii '&r$ine !irec&e
AA IPO 0n'ean$ ac;i/iionarea !e pe piaa %inanciar$ a (nor &i&"(ri !e 3a"oare, !oar 0n
'cop(" p(r %inanciar
8A ISDO con'&a( 0n ac;i/iionarea pac;e&("(i !e aci(ni !e con&ro", c(p$rarea (nor
0n&reprin!eri 'a( con'&r(irea "or pe F"oc .o"G ,i c;iar con'&i&(irea !e 'ocie&$i i+&e.
De%iniia !a&$ !e *MI pen&r( ISDO '(n& in3e'&ii e%ec&(a&e pen&r( a ac;i/iiona o par&icipare
0n&r7o 0n&reprin!ere, oper=n! 0n&r7o a"&$ econoie !ec=& cea a in3e'&i&or("(i, 'cop(" %iin!
ace"a !e a !o5=n!i (n ro" e%ec&i3 0n ana.een&(" ace"ei 0n&reprin!eri.
Tr$'$&(ri"e ISD>
1. e"e !ep$,e'c ne& ca ipor&an$ in3e'&iii"e !e por&o%o"i(
#. SUA Doac$ (n ro" prepon!eren&, a&=& ca ar$ F'(r'$G, c=& ,i ca Far$ .a/!$G a ISD, 0n
coparaie c( ce"e"a"&e $ri !e/3o"&a&e, c( econoie !e pia$
). pro!(cie !e 0na"&$ &e;no"o.ie ,i 'er3icii"e a&ra., 0n pre/en&, cea ai are par&e a
ISD
-. are "oc o !i'&ri5(ie pe /one !e in%"(en$ a ISD7 (ri"or !in $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e 0n'pre
$ri"e 0n c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.
Ce"e ia ipor&an&e %"(+(ri> SUA Aerica La&in$, UEP A%rica, LaponiaP A'ia
A3an&aDe"e ISD7(ri"or>
1. Po'i5i"i&a&ea oco"irii 5ariere"or 3aa"e, aco"o (n!e e+i'&$@ 0n con!iii"e 0n care %oar&e
("&e $ri !(c o po"i&ic$ coercia"$ pro&ecioni'&$, e %oar&e !i%ici" '$ 'e p$'&re/e o
pia$ !oar prin e+por&(ri !e aceea e nece'ar '$ 'e pro!(c$ !irec& 0n '&r$in$&a&eA.
#. STN poa&e pro%i&a !e pe (ra !i%erene"or !in&re ra&e"e naiona"e a"e !o5=n/ii@ STN
poa&e 0pr((&a aco"o (n!e '(n& ce"e ai %a3ori&e con!iii ,i poa&e '$ !ea ace,&i
5ani oric$ror %i"ia"e !in "(e care n7ar %i p(&(& 0pr((&a 0n ara (n!e
%(ncioonea/$A.
). STN pro%i&$ !e pe (ra %"(c&(ai"or one&are@ 'e c(p$r$, !e e+ep"(, one!e
$rii (n!e 'e a,&eap&$ o re3a"ori/are, iar apoi 'e 'c;i5$ pe one!e care a( c(r'(ri
con'&an&e, !e (n!e re/("&$ c=,&i.(ri %oar&e ariA.
III.# Piaa 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
Orice STN acionea/$ 'i("&an 0n ) 'paii econoice>
1. NA2IONAL, 0n ca/(" 'ocie&$ii 7 a$
#. STRIN, 0n ca/(" %i"ia"e"or
). INTERNA2IONAL, ori !e c=&e ori e 3or5a !e 'c;i5(ri !in&re %i"ia"e 0n&re e"e 'a(
%i"ia"e ,i re'&(" "(ii.
Deci, 0n 'pai(" in&ernaiona" a( "oc 'c;i5(ri 0n&re %i"ia"e, 'ocie&a&ea7 a$ ,i %i"ia"e,
'ocie&a&ea a$ ,i %i"ia"e ,i a"&e 'ocie&$i.
Par&iciparea STN pe piaa on!ia"$ e'&e !i%eri&$ ,i poa&e .enera # &ip(ri !e '&r(c&(ri
pen&r( STN> '&r(c&(ra e+&ra3er&i&$ ,i '&r(c&(ra in&ro3er&i&$.
aA STN acionea/$ prepon!eren& 0n e+&erior, ac&i3i&a&e orien&a&$ 0n are par&e c$&re
e+&erior(" $rii !e ori.ine.
5A STN acionea/$ prepon!eren& 0n in&erior(" $rii !e ori.ine.
S&a5i"irea &ip("(i !e '&r(c&(r$ pen&r( o STN 'e rea"i/ea/$ ca"c("=n! indicele de
transnaionalitate. C( c=& 3a"oarea ace'&(i in!ice e ai are, c( a&=& STN are o '&r(c&(r$
e+&ra3er&i&$ ,i in3er'.
E+ep"e> STN e+&ra3er&i&e> Ne'&"e@ E"3eiaA J1,)Q, E"ec&ro"(+@ S(e!iaA IIQ,
P;i"ip'@ O"an!aA I1Q, e&c.
STN in&ro3er&i&e> Genera" E"ec&ric@ SUAA, ToRo&a, Mi&ac;i, *(Di&'(@ LaponiaA,
Rena("&@ *ranaA, *ia&@ I&a"iaA, &oa&e a3=n! '(5 )KQ.
A"&e e+ep"e> Coca7 Co"a, Micro'o%&, E++on. P%i/er, 8anS o% Mon&rea", 8anS o% ToSRo,
e&c.
III.) S&ra&e.ii 'peci%ice 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
6n con&e+&(" ."o5a"i/$rii, STN a( po'i5i"i&a&ea !e a ap"ica '&ra&e.ii care '$ 3i/e/e e+&in!erea
piee"or "or, n(i&e strategii de cretere. Ace'&e '&ra&e.ii er. 0n # !irecii>
1. Cre,&ere in&ern$@ or.anic$A> 7 a(&o%inanare
7 ape"area "a '(r'e e+&erne !e %inanare> aDorarea capi&a"("(i
,i 0pr((&(ri 5ancare.
#. Cre,&ere e+&ern$ care 05rac$ (r$&oare"e %ore>
A. *U4IUNEA O &e;nic$ !e concen&rare con%or c$reia !o($ 'a( ia ("&e %ire,
in!i%eren& !e ara !e ori.ine, 'e re.r(pea/$ 0n&r7(na 'in.(r$.
8. A8SOR82IA O &e;nic$ !e ac;i/iie prin care o %ir$ c(p$r$ in&e.ra" o a"&$
%ir$.
C. PARTICIPAREA O con'&$ 0n ac;i/iionarea (nei p$ri !in capi&a"(" (nei %ire
!in aceea,i ar$ 'a( !in '&r$in$&a&e.
7 minoritar : %$r$ a !eine pac;e&(" !e aci(ni !e con&ro"
7 n cascad : A P8@CA
7 majoritar: !einerea pac;e&("(i !e aci(ni !e con&ro".
O8SC. Proce!(ra cea ai rapi!$ ,i ai %rec3en& (&i"i/a&$ pen&r( a re(,i o cre,&ere e+&ern$
e'&e oferta public de cumprare. Prin ace'& &ip !e o%er&$, o %ir$ 0,i an(n$ in&enia !e7a
c(p$ra o par&e !in aci(ni"e ace"e %ire.
O a"&$ proce!(r$ ar %i oferta public de schimb care repre/in&$ operai(ne %irei Frai!erG
prin care acea'&a prop(ne %irei Fin&$G (n F&rocG 0n&re aci(ni. Aci(ni"e %irei in&$ re&ra'e
,i 0n"oc(i&e c( a"e %irei rai!er.
III.- E+pan'i(nea 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
Ip"icaii"e e+pan'i(nii STN creea/$ noi %ore !e con%r(n&$ri 0n econoia on!ia"$>
CONCUREN2A>
7 e %oar&e p(&ernic$ 0n&re noii 3enii @%i"ia"e"e %ire"or '&r$ineA ,i ari"e %ire a(&o;&one,
!eoarece prie"e 0ncearc$ '$ c=,&i.e o po/iie pe pia$, iar ("&ie"e '7o apere pe cea 3ec;e.
7 cre,&erea conc(renei 'e ani%e'&$ a&=& 0n&re 'ocie&$i"e a$ ,i a"&e 'ocie&$i !in e!i("
a(&o;&on, c=& ,i 0n&re %i"ia"e ,i a"&e 'ocie&$i !e pe piaa "or.
7 conc(rena n( 'e !e'%$,oar$ !oar "a ni3e"(" pro!('("(i %ini& ci, !in ce 0n ce ai ("&, c;iar
"a ni3e"(" %ac&ori"or !e pro!(cie.
DELOCALI4AREA INTERNA2IONAL A PRODUC2IEI>
7 repre/in&$ &ran'%er(" (nei pro!(cii in&erne 0n '&r$in$&a&e.
Scop(ri"e !e"oca"i/$rii>
- pre"(n.irea cic"("(i !e 3ia$ a" pro!('("(i
- inii/area co'&(ri"or !e %a5ricaie
- oco"irea 5ariere"or 3aa"e
- e3i&area %i'ca"i&$ii e+ce'i3e
- e+&in!erea conc(renei o"i.opo"ice
@ !e"oca"i/area 3i/ea/$ ai a"e' pro!('e"e '&an!ar!i/a&e> &e+&i"e, con%ecii, e"ec&ronice,
a(&oo5i"e, na3e ari&ie, ;ar!Tare, 'o%&TareA.
7 !e"oca"i/area 'e poa&e rea"i/a 0n (r$&oare"e %e"(ri>
aA %i"ia"e co(ne @Doin&73en&(re'A Oare "oc a'ocierea 0n&re 'ocie&$i
5A prin acor!(ri"e !e "icen$
cA '(5con&rac&area @ai a"e' "a '(5an'a5"e ,i coponen&e n( "a pro!(cia
%ini&$A.
O8SC. De re.("$, !e"oca"i/area e'&e con&ro"a&$ !e %ira7 a$ 'a( prin aranDaen&e c(
%ire "oca"e @'(5con&rac&aniA.
@e+> %ira aericana NIUE, !e ec;ipaen& 'por&i3, are re"aii !e '(5con&rac&are c( -K !e
%ire !in !i%eri&e $ri a'ia&ice. Ea &ran'i&e !e'i.n(", e"a5ora& "a ni3e" cen&ra", c$&re %ire"e
e+ec(&an&eA.
Deci, !e"oca"i/area 0n'ean$ !e %ap& !ep"a'area pro!(ciei ori(n!e e'&e pro%i&a5i".
Dar, e+i'&$ ,i %enoen(" in3er' n(i& relocalizare a produciei , a&(nci c=n!,
!a&ori&$ pro%i&(ri"or rea"i/a&e, STN &rec "a o!erni/area &e;no"o.ii"or. 6n ace'& ca/,
a3an&aD(" o5in(& !e %ora !e (nc$ ai ie%&in$ !in !i%eri&e p$ri !e pe ."o5, n( ai are
ipor&an$.
III.1 Tran'naiona"i&a&ea ,i in&e.rarea econoic$
Re"aii"e STN c( '&a&e"e nai(ne.
E+i'&$ re"aii > 7 0n&re STN '&a&e"e nai(ne
7 0n&re STN 0n&re e"e
7 0n&re STN ,i %i"ia"e"e "or e+&erne
7 0n&re %i"ia"e 0n&re e"e.
Sporirea %orei STN e percep(&$ ca o aeninare "a a!re'a '&a&("(i nai(ne.
2in&a STN n( e'&e piaa naiona"$, ci on!ia"$, iar STN n( '(n& in&ere'a&e !ec=& !e o("7
c"ien&, n( !e o("7 ce&$ean, !eoarece (r$re'c profitul.
1. Re"aii"e STN c( 2ara !e ori.ine>
- '(n& re"aii ca 0n&re par&eneri @par&eneria&A
- n(ai '&a&(" poa&e in&er3eni pen&r( a &epera po"i&ica
econoic$ a.re'i3$ a 3re(nei %irei naiona"e
- e+por&(" !e ia.ine a" $rii @e+> Le3i S, McDona"!V', Coca7
Co"a, 'er3e'c in&ere'(" SUA, acionea/$ ca 3e;ic("e a"e
o!("(i !e 3ia$ aericanA
- proo3ea/$ 3a"ori"e c("&(ra"e, !e con'(, e&c
#. Re"aii"e STN c( '&a&e"e pe &eri&ori(" c$rora 0,i !e'%$,oar$ ac&i3i&a&ea @$ri .a/!$A
6n principi(, ari"e STN @ai a"e' aericaneA pre%er$ !einerea in&e.ra"$ a aci(ni"or
%i"ia"e"or e+&erne. E%ec&e ne.a&i3e pe care "e re'i&e ara .a/!$ '(n&>
- in%"(enarea 0n no! ne.a&i3 a 5a"anei !e p"ai e+&erne a arii
.a/!$ prin ip(nerea !e c$&re 'ocie&a&ea7 a$ !e a in3e'&i
5ene%ici(" 0n a"&$ ar$ 'a( !e a c(p$ra 5(n(ri 'a(
'(5an'a5"(ri"e !e "a 'ocie&a&ea7 a$ c( pre(ri %oar&e ici
- crearea (nor '&$ri !e in'&a5i"i&a&e econoic$ ,i 'ocia"$ pen&r(
ara .a/!$, !ac$ STN ip(ne %i"ia"e"or e+&erne o po"i&ic$ !e
re'&r=n.ere a ac&i3i&$ii, a c(an&(("(i 'a"arii"or, conce!ierii
!e per'ona", e&c. 0n ace'& ca/ STN n( poa&e '$ ani%e'&e
pre%erine pen&r( o an(i&$ %i"ia"$ 'a( ar$, !eoarece 'cop(" ei
e'&e pro%i&(" @ceea ce 'e ;o&$r$,&e "a ni3e"(" ."o5a" a" STN e
3a"a5i" pen&r( &oa&e %i"ia"e"eA
O8SC. E %oar&e ipor&an& %ora !e a&racie pe care ara .a/!$ o e+erci&$ a'(pra capi&a"("(i
'&r$in, %or$ ce e !e&erina&$ !e ni3e"(" ei !e !e/3o"&are econoic$.
Deci, re"aia STN ar$ .a/!$ 3a %i !i%eri&$ 0n %(ncie !e apar&enena $rii .a/!$ "a .r(p(" $rii
!e/3o"&a&e 'a( 0n !e/3o"&are.
@ cea ai are par&e a ISD circ("$ 0n&re SUA7 UE7 Laponia. *iecare e5r( a" &ria!ei e'&e
a&=& F.a/!$G c=& ,i F'(r'$GA.
E%ec&e"e po/i&i3e a"e ip"an&$rii (nei STN a'(pra $rii .a/!$ '(n&>
7 cre,&erea n($r("(i "oc(ri"or !e (nc$
7 cre,&erea 3o"(("(i e+por&(ri"or ,i a pro!(ciei in&erne
7 &ran'%orarea ,i 0nnoirea in!('&ria"$ 0n ara .a/!$, prin o!erni/area pro!(ciei, &ran'%er
!e &e;no"o.ie, e&c
7 cre,&erea 3eni&(ri"or ca (rare a 'a"arii"or p"$&i&e an.aDai"or, !ar ,i a cre,&erii 3eni&(ri"or
0nca'a&e !e c$&re '&a& !in ipo/i&e
7 noi prac&ici !e ana.een&
7 in'&r(irea per'ona"("(i, ri!icarea ni3e"("(i !e ca"i%icare a %orei !e (nc$
7 cre,&erea conc(renei, in&ro!(cerea !e pro!('e noi, cre,&erea ca"i&$ii ,i per%ecionarea
&e;nici"or !e 3=n/are, e&c.
GMIDUL STUDENTULUI
1. Tereni c;eie
1.1 In3e'&iii"e '&r$ine !irec&e. In3e'&iii"e !e por&o%o"i(
1.# Piaa 'ocie&$i"or &ran'naiona"e
1.) S&r(c&(ri &ran'naiona"e
1.- Cre,&erea in&ern$ @or.anic$A
1.1 Cre,&erea e+&ern$
1.? *(/i(nea, a5'or5ia, par&icipaia
1.H De"oca"i/area pro!(ciei, re"oca"i/area pro!(ciei
#. Pro5"ee !e !i'c(ie
#.1 Ipor&ana e+erci&$rii con&ro"("(i
#.# Care '(n& &r$'$&(ri"e ISDN
#.) Rapor&(" !e %ore !in&re STN
#.- STN '(n& onopo"(riN
#.1 In%"(ena STN a'(pra '&r(c&(ri"or acroeconoice
IV. INTEGRAREA ECONOMIC EUROPEAN
IV.1 In&e.rarea in&eraniona"$ ori.ini ,i e3o"(ii
Concep&(" !e ."o5a"i/are. Teorii c( pri3ire "a ."o5a"i/are
G"o5a"i/area repre/in&$ (n 'a"& can&i&a&i3 ,i ca"i&a&i3 a" (nei 0n&re.i or!ini econoice
in&ernaiona"e.
G"o5a"i/area e'&e 3$/(&$ ca (n proce' !e e+&in!ere a &ran/acii"or 0n&re oaeni, !inco"o
!e .ranie"e %iec$rei $ri ,i !e a!=ncire a in&er!epen!ene"or 0n&re en&i&$i ."o5a"e care
po& %i in'&i&(ii 'a( .(3erne.
Mo&or(" proce'("(i !e ."o5a"i/are 0" repre/in&$ in&ernaiona"i/area pro!(ciei
@copanii"e &ran'naiona"e '(n& !e'c;i/$&oare !e !r((ri 0n proce'(" ."o5a"i/ariiA.
G"o5a"i/area e nece'ar$, !eoarece 0n'ean$ o oca/ie !e a 0p$ri "a 'car$ ."o5a"$
capi&a"(", &e;no"o.ia, c(no,&iine"e.
G"o5a"i/area 0n'ean$ !e'c;i!erea piee"or "(ii ,i %orarea (nei piee on!ia"e
(nice.
Lo;n Nai'5i&&, 'pecia"i'& aerican 0n pro.no/$ econoic$ ,i 'ocia"$, a cerce&a&
%enoen(" ."o5a"i/arii ,i a %(n!aen&a& 1K e.a&en!ine care &ran'%or$ "(ea ,i
an(e>
1. !e "a 'ocie&a&ea in!('&ria"$ "a cea in%oraiona"$
#. !e "a per'pec&i3a pe &eren 'c(r& "a cea pe &eren "(n.
). !e "a &e;no"o.ia %ora&$ "a cea !e 0na"&$ &e;no"o.ie
-. !e "a econoia naiona"$ "a econoia on!ia"$
1. !e "a cen&ra"i/are "a !e'cen&ra"i/are
?. !e "a aD(&or(" in!('&ria" "a a(&oaD(&orare
H. !e "a !eocraia repre/en&a&i3$ "a (na par&icipa&i3$
I. !e "a ierar;ii "a ree"e
J. 0n!rep&area 'pre S(!
1K. !e "a opi(nea e+c"('i3$ "a cea ("&ip"$
*ac&orii care a( '&a& "a 5a/a %enoen("(i n(i& ."o5a"i/are '(n&>
1. De/3o"&area 'c;i5("(i "a 'car$ in&ernaiona"$
#. Di3i/i(nea in&ernaiona"$ a (ncii
). De/3o"&area coer("(i @ai a"e' ce" c( pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e, re3o"(ia
in!('&ria"$A
-. Mi,c$ri"e po"i&ice '(n& re'pon'a5i"e !e in'&i&(irea (nor re.i(ri po"i&ice, e"e
con&ri5(in! "a con'&i&(irea econoii"or naiona"e
1. E+pan'i(nea e+&ern$ a $ri"or in!('&ria"e
?. Con'&r(irea corporaii"or @car&e"(ri"orAO 'ocie&$i care a( !i3er'e %i"ia"e 0n !i%eri&e
$ri
H. Proce'(" &e;nic ,i &e;no"o.ic
IV.# *ore !e ani%e'&are a in&e.r$rii "a ni3e" on!ia"
Mon!ia"i/area, ca %ac&or !e in&e.rare econoic$ in&er'&a&a"$
MONDIALI4AREA> 'eni%ic$ o a5or!are .eopo"i&ic$ ,i .eoeconoic$ e3i!enia&$
prin re!e%inirea a"iane"or ,i prin&r7(n proce' cop"e+ !e in&e.rare a econoii"or $ri"or
"(ii. 6n ace'& con&e+&, "a ni3e" re.iona" a( ap$r(& !e7a "(n.(" &ip("(i an(i&e '&r(c&(ri ,i
ora.ni/aii in&er'&a&a"e care (r$rea( in&ere'e co(ne.
INTEGRAREA> !e'enea/$ con'&i&(irea (nor re"aii 0n&re '&a&a"e e5re a"e (nei
'&r(c&(ri, re"aii ce 'e po& ani%e'&a pe !oenii"e> coercia", one&ar, 'ocia", po"i&ic, e&c.
*ore"e !e ani%e'&are a"e in&e.r$rii "a ni3e" on!ia" '(n&>
1. ZONA DE COMER LIBER (FREE TRADE AREA):
7 !e'%iinarea 5ariere"or &ari%are ,i ne&ari%are !in ca"ea coer("(i
7 "i5er&a&e 0n coer(" c( &erii
7 e+> AELS BE*TA @E(ropean *ree Tra!e AreaA7 rea"i/area (n(i coer "i5er pen&r(
pro!('e in!('&ria"e @$ri e5re> I'"an!a, Nor3e.ia, E"3eia, Liec;&en'&einA
CE*TA @A'ociaia Cen&ra" E(ropean$ a Li5er("(i Sc;i5A7 $ri e5re> Rep. Ce;$,
Un.aria, Ro=nia, Po"onia, S"o3acia, S"o3enia, 8(".aria
4ONA DE COOPERARE A MRII NEGRE>7 /on$ !e "i5er 'c;i5, cooperare ,i
'c;i5 !e in%oraii @$ri e5re> R('ia, Ro=nia, Ucraina, A"5aniaA
ACORDUL NORD AMERICAN DE LI8ER SCMIM8 @NA*TAA7 #JQ !in 3o"(("
3a"oric a" coer("(i on!ia"7 $ri e5re> SUA, Cana!a, Me+ic
A"&e e+ep"e> ALADI @A'ociaia La&ino Aerican$ !e In&e.rare, ce c(prin!e 1#
$ri !in /on$A, APEC @A'ociaia pen&r( Cooperare A'ia Paci%ic, ce c(prin!e 1) $ri !in
/on$A.
2. UNIUNEA VAMAL:
7 e"iinarea 5ariere"or !in ca"ea coer("(i
7 &ari% 3aa" e+&ern co(n c( &erii
7 e+> PACTUL ANDIN> 8o"i3ia, Ci"e, Per(, Ec(a!or, Co"(5ia, Vene/(e"a
CARICOM @Co(ni&a&ea Carai5e"orA>c(prin!e 1) $ri> An&i.(a, A.(i""a, 8a;aa',
8ar5a!o', 8e"i/e, Doinica, Laaica, Mon&'era&, Trini!a!7 To5a.o, Sain&7 Vicen&
SELA @Si'&e(" Econoic La&ino 7 AericanA> c(prin!e &oa&e $ri"e aericane p"('
C(5a
3. PIAA COMUN (Commo M!"#$%):
7 0n"$&(rarea 5ariere"or !in ca"ea coer("(i, a %orei !e (nc$ ,i %"(+(ri"or !e capi&a"
7 e+> MERCOSUR @Piaa Co(n$ a S(!("(i Aericii La&ineA7 $ri e5re> Ar.en&ina,
8ra/i"ia, Para.(aR, Ur(.(aR, 8o"i3ia, Ci"e.
UNIUNEA VAMAL 9I ECONOMIC A A*RICII CENTRALE> $ri e5re>
Caer(n, Rep. A%rica Cen&ra"$, Ga5on, Con.o, Cia!
&. UNIUNEA ECONOMIC:
7 &oa&e carac&eri'&ici"e pieei co(ne ,i aroni/area po"i&ici"or naiona"e a"e $ri"or e5re
7 e+> UNIUNEA EUROPEAN
CO8S. Specia"i,&ii aprecia/$ c$ ar p(&ea e+i'&a (n '&a!i( '(perior a" in&e.r$rii, Fin&e.rarea
econoic$ &o&a"$G care 3a a3ea &oa&e carac&eri'&ici"e (ni(nii econoice p"(' o a(&ori&a&e
neprooiona"$ care '$ ;o&$ra'c$ &o&(".
IV.) Uni(nea E(ropean$
E'&e ce" ai e3o"(a& '&a!i( a" in&e.r$rii.
I'%o"()*+ ,-((./"(( UE:
aA S7a 0n%iina& CECO @Co(ni&a&ea Econoic$ a C$r5(ne"(i ,i Oe"("(iA 0n 1J11 ,i
c(prin!ea> 8e".ia, O"an!a, L(+e5(r., Gerania *e!era"$, I&a"ia, *rana.
7 a3ea 'e!i(" "a L(+e5(r.
7 '7a crea& 0n 'cop(" !e a a3ea o pia$ co(n$ a c$r5(ne"(i ,i a oe"("(i
7 O8IECTIVE> 7 reconci"ierea Geraniei ,i *ranei
7 &e'&area po'i5i"i&$ii (nei Piee Co(ne
7 p(nerea 5a/ei (nei no( E(rope
5A 6n 1J1H 'e 0n%iinea/$ CEE @Co(ni&a&ea Econoic$ E(ropean$A ,i EURATOM
@Co(ni&a&ea E(ropean$ a Ener.iei A&oiceA
7 O8IECTIVE> 7 in&e.rarea &(&(ror 'ec&oare"or econoice
7 crearea (nei Uni(ni 3aa"e
7 '&a5i"irea (nei Piee Co(ne .enera"i/a&e (r=n! '$ 'e aD(n.$ "a
rea"i/area (nei (ni(ni econoice one&are ,i c;iar po"i&ice
EURATOM re."een&a ac&i3i&a&ea 0n !oeni(" ener.iei n(c"eare.
cA 6n 1JJ# ia %iin$ UNIUNEA EUROPEAN.
6n 1JJ) 'e a!op&$ Ac&(" Unic E(ropean care a 0n"$&(ra& ("&ie"e 5ariere !in ca"ea
rea"i/$rii pieei (nice. Ace'& ac& p(ne 5a/e"e F'pai("(i e(ropean %$r$ %ron&iereG prin
rea"i/area concoi&en&$ a - "i5er&$i>
- "i5era circ("aie a 5(n(ri"or
- "i5era circ("aie a 'er3icii"or
- "i5era circ("aie a capi&a"(ri"or
- "i5era circ("aie a %orei !e (nc$
Ce"e - &ra&a&e ipor&an&e 0n !ec(r'(" %or$rii UE>
1.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! Rom! (1123)
Pre3e!eri> 7 crearea (nor in'&i&(ii co(ne @Coi'ia E(ropeana, A!(narea Par"aen&ar$,
C(r&ea !e L('&iie E(ropean$, Con'i"i(" !e Mini,&rii, e&cA
7 crearea (nor %on!(ri co(ne @*on!(" Socia" E(ropeanA
CO8S. anii VHK7VIK a( %o'& ani !e re.re', Fani ne.ri ai (ni(niiG
2.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! M!!'%"()4% (1113)
Pre3e!eri> 7 '7a &rec(& "a Piaa Unic$
7 '7a crea& o Uni(ne Econoic$ ,i Mone&ar$ @UEMA
7 '7a crea& o Uni(ne Po"i&ic$
7 '7a in'&i&(i& ce&$enia !e (ni(ne
3.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! Am'%$"0!m (O+!0! 1111)
Pre3e!eri> 7 'e in&ro!(ce EURO ca one!$ (nic$
7 1 ian #KK# 'e p(ne 0n circ("aie one!a E(ro
&.T"!%!%*+ 0$ +! N('! (F"!.! 2553)
7 1K '&a&e 'enea/$ pen&r( in&e.rarea 0n UE 0n #KK-> Cipr(, E'&onia, Le&onia, Li&(ania,
Ma"&a, Rep. Ce;$, S"o3enia, S"o3acia, Un.aria, Po"onia.
E3o"(ia Co(ni&$ii Din P(nc& De Ve!ere a" Me5ri"or>
FCei ?G@1J11A> 8e".ia, O"an!a, L(+e5(r., Gerania *e!era"$, I&a"ia, *rana.
FCei JG@1JH)A>W Marea 8ri&anie, Danearca, Ir"an!a
FCei 1KG@1JI1A>W Grecia
FCei 1#G@1JI?A>W Spania, Por&(.a"ia
FCei 11G@1JJ1A>W A('&ria, *in"an!a, S(e!ia
FCei #1G@#KK-A>W Cipr(, E'&onia, Le&onia, Li&(ania, Ma"&a, Rep. Ce;$, S"o3enia, S"o3acia,
Un.aria, Po"onia.
IV.- In'&i&(ii Co(ni&are
1. 1JH-7 CONSILIUL EUROPEAN7 e %ora& !in ,e%i !e '&a& ,i !e .(3erne,
pre,e!in&e"e Coi'iei E(ropene ,i pre,e!in&e"e Par"aen&("(i E(ropean. Are 'e!i("
"a 8r(+e""e', 0n 8e".ia, 'e 0n&r(ne,&e !e # ori pe an, iar pre,e!enia con'i"i("(i e
!ein(&$ pe r=n!, c=&e ? "(ni, !e %iecare ar$ e5r$ UE. S7a 0n%iina& prin Ac&("
Unic E(ropean.
Are ca ro"> 7 ia !eci/ii aDore c( carac&er !e !irec&i3$
7 e re'pon'a5i" c( iniierea "inii"or .enera"e !e po"i&ic$ a UE, !e !e/3o"&are a
po"i&icii e+&erne ,i !e 'ec(ri&a&e co(n$.
#. COMISIA EUROPEAN7 e %ora&$ !in #1 !e coi'ari, c=&e (n(" !in %iecare ar$
e5r$ @coi'arii 3or repre/en&a in&ere'e"e UE, n( ce"e naiona"eA.
Are ca ro"> 7 iniia&or "e.i'"a&i3
7 re'pon'a5i"$ !e ap"icarea po"i&ici"or co(ne
7 a!ini'&rea/$ %on!(ri"e e(ropene pen&r( ace'&e po"i&ici
CO8S. Coi'ia E(ropean$ acionea/$ in!epen!en& !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere po"i&ic ,i
repre/in&$ F5ra(" e+ec(&i3G a" in'&i&(ii"or e(ropene.
). PARLAMENTUL EUPOPEAN7 'in.(r(" or.ani' a"c$&(i& 0n o! !irec& !e c$&re
ce&$enii e(ropeni, o !a&$ "a 1 ani, are 'e!i(" "a S&ra'5(r.7 *rana.
E'&e coponen&a "e.i'"a&i3$ a in'&i&(ii"or e(ropene. 6pre(n$ c( Con'i"i(" !e Mini,&rii,
Par"aen&(" E(ropean 0par& p(&erea "e.i'"a&i3$ prin ) ca&e.orii !e co7 proce!(ri>
cooperare, co7acor!, co7!eci/ie.
aA Cooperare> prin acea'&$ co7proce!(r$ Par"aen&(" E(ropean 0,i e+pri$ opinia 0n
"e.$&(r$ c( proiec&e"e prop('e !e Coi'ia E(ropean$.
5A Co-acord> 0n ace'& ca/ Par"aen&(" &re5(ie '$7,i !ea acor!(" a'(pra &ra&a&e"or
in&ernaiona"e ne.ocia&e !e Coi'ia E(ropean$ ,i a'(pra "$r.irii UE.
cA Co-decizie> prin acea'&$ proce!(r$ 'e p(ne pe picior !e e.a"i&a&e Par"aen&("
E(ropean ,i Con'i"i(" !e Mini,&rii 0n ceea ce pri3e,&e ;o&$r=rea a'(pra> "i5era
circ("aie a %orei !e (nc$, piaa in&ern$, e!(caie, cerce&are, e!i(, '$n$&a&e.
Are ca ro"> 7 e'&e %ora con!(c$&oare !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere po"i&ic 0n UE
7 e+erci&$ con&ro" a'(pra UE @poa&e '$ !ei&$ Coi'ia E(ropean$A
7 a!op&$ 5(.e&(" UE 0pre(n$ c( Con'i"i(" !e Mini,&rii
-. CONSILIUL DE MINI9TRII7 repre/in&$ re(ni(nea ini,&ri"or pe pro5"ee 'peci%ice !in
$ri"e e5re.
6n %(ncie !e pro5"ee"e !i'c(&a&e e+i'&$>
- Con'i"i(" Genera" Ore(ne,&e ini,&rii a%aceri"or e+&erne ai
$ri"or e5re
- ECO*IN O re(ne,&e ini,&rii econoiei ,i %inane"or !in
$ri"e e5re
- Con'i"i(" ini,&ri"or pen&r( a.ric("&(r$, e&c.
S&r(c&(ra Con'i"i("(i !e Mini,&ri>
aA Coi&e&(" repre/en&ani"or peraneni @COREPERA7 inc"(!e a5a'a!ori
peraneni ai $ri"or e5re UE.
5A Secre&aria&(" .enera"7 or.ani' a!ini'&ra&i3.
N($r(" !e repre/en&ani 0n Con'i"i(" !e Mini,&ri e'&e proporiona" c( n($r(" "oc(i&ori"or
$rii re'pec&i3e. @o!a&$ c( "$r.irea UE, n($r(" !e "oc(i&ori a cre'c(& !e "a IH "a )#1A.
1. CURTEA SUPREM DE LUSTI2IE7 con'&i&(i&$ !in D(!ec$&ori ce aparin %iec$rei $ri
e5re @1 D(!B%iecare ar$A.
Are ca ro"> 7 'e a'i.(r$ c$ "e.i"e e(ropene '(n& 0n con%ori&a&e c( principii"e !e !rep& ,i '(n&
in&erpre&a&e ,i ap"ica&e corec& @'e ap"ic$ !eci (ni%or acea'&$ "e.i'"aie pe &eri&ori(" UEA.
?. CURTEA AUDITORILOR 'a( . CURTEA DE CONTURI EUROPEAN
Are ca ro">7 '(pra3e.;ea/$ o!(" !e con'&i&(ire a 3eni&(ri"or co(ni&are ,i o!(" !e
c;e"&(ire a ace'&or 3eni&(ri.
7 pre/in&$ perio!ic rapoar&e c$&re Par"aen&(" E(ropean.
H. COMITETUL REGIUNILOR7 in'&i&(ie ip"ica&$ 0n pro5"ee re.iona"e !in UE.
Are ca ro"> 7 0n&$rirea "e.$&(ri"or !in&re ce&$enii ace"ea,i /one, re.i(ni.
7 e a"c$&(i&$ !in ### e5ri care pro3in !in ) .r(p(ri 'ocia"e> pa&rona&, 'a"ariai,
repre/en&anii a"&or ra(ri !e ac&i3i&a&e.
I. COMITETUL ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Are &o& ### e5ri ,i 'e!i(" "a 8r(+e""e'.
Are ro"(" !e a %or("a opinii 0n "e.$&(r$ c( !oeni(" econoic ,i 'ocia".
J. 8ANCA EUROPEAN DE INVESTI2II
Are ca ro"> 7 %inanarea in3e'&iii"or pen&r( proo3area o5iec&i3e"or UE
7 'priDinirea !e/3o"&$rii ec;i"i5ra&e, a in&e.r$rii econoice ,i cre,&erii coe/i(nii
'ocia"e 0n &eri&ori(" UE.
1K. 8ANCA CENTRAL EUROPEAN7 e'&e o coponen&$ a SE8C @Si'&e(" E(ropean
a" 8$nci"or Cen&ra"eA.
*ora& !in> 7 8CE7 e"a5orea/$ '&ra&e.ii"e "e.a&e !e po"i&ica one&ar$ a UE
7 8CN7 5$nci"e cen&ra"e naiona"e a"e '&a&e"or e5re UE. Are ro"(" !e a
ip"een&a '&ra&e.ii"e 8CE ,i !e a '(pra3e.;ea ap"icare "or.
11. AVOCATUL POPORULUI7 re"a&i3 recen& crea&.
E'&e n(i& !e Par"aen&(" E(ropean.
La A3oca&(" popor("(i ce&$enii (ni(nii po& !ep(ne p"=n.eri pri3in! ac&i3i&a&ea !i%eri&e"or
in'&i&(ii e(ropene.
Perio!ic A3oca&(" popor("(i in%orea/$ C(r&ea E(ropean$ !e L('&iie 0n "e.$&(r$ c( ace'&e
p"=n.eri.
IV.1 Po"i&ici Co(ni&are
POLITICA AGRILOC COMUN @PACA
O5iec&i3e>
7 cre,&erea pro!(ciei 0n a.ric("&(r$
7 '&a5i"irea (nor pre(ri re/ona5i"e
7 a'i.(rarea (n(i ni3e" !e &rai re/ona5i" pen&r( pop("aia an.rena&$ 0n a.ric("&(r$
7 a'i.(rarea (nei o%er&e re"a&i3 con'&an&e c( pro!('e a.rico"e.
Principii"e PAC>
1. (nici&a&ea pieeiO !e'%inarea 5ariere"or &ari%are ,i ne&ari%are "a pro!('e"e a.rico"e
#. pre%erina co(ni&ar$O in'&i&(irea (nor &a+e 3aa"e co(ne %a$ !e &eri
). 'o"i!ari&a&ea %inanciar$O prin&r7(n %on! 'pecia" !e'&ina& a.ric("&(rii
*EOGAO *on!(" E(ropean !e Orien&are ,i Garan&are A.rico"$.
POLITICA REGIONAL
A ap$r(& ca (rare a !i%erene"or !e !e/3o"&are !in&re !i%eri&e $ri e5re 'a( a
!i%erene"or !in re.i(ni !e%eri&e a"e ace"ora,i $ri.
O5iec&i3e>
7 a'i.(rarea (n(i ni3e" !e &rai ec;i&a5i" pen&r( pop("aia !in &oa&e $ri"e UE
7 a'i.(rarea (n(i ni3e" !e &rai !ecen& 0n /one"e ai p(in !e/3o"&a&e a"e UE
7 reorien&area pro%e'iona"$ a pop("aiei !in /one"e c( ra&$ are a ,oaD("(i
7 recon3er'ia pro%e'iona"$ a pop("aiei !in !oeni(" a.rico"
*inanarea 'e %ace prin %on!(ri 'pecia"e>
*EDRO *on!(" E(ropean !e De/3o"&are Re.iona"$
*CO *on!(" !e Coe/i(ne
*SEO *on!(" Socia" E(ropean
*EOGO *on!(" E(ropean !e Orien&are ,i Garan&are
POLITICA 8UGETAR 9I *ISCAL
7 "a 0ncep(& co(ni&a&ea e(ropean$ 0,i con'&i&(ia %on!(ri"e !in con&ri5(ii"e '(5 %or$ !e
procen& !in PI8 a '&a&e"or e5re.
7 pe $'(r$ ce a e3o"(a&, con'&i&(irea 3eni&(ri"or 'a"e 'e 5a/ea/$ !in ce 0n ce ai ("& pe
re'(r'e"e proprii co(ni&are @&a+e 3aa"e, a"&e in3e'&iiiA.
7 0n ceea ce pri3e,&e c;e"&(ie"i"e 0n anii V1K e"e era( !ireciona&e 0n proporie !e JKQ 'pre
a.ric("&(r$.
POLITICA MONETARP a UE
7 !(p$ con'&i&(irea Coi&e&("(i E(ropean, %"(+(ri"e %inanciare !in&re '&a&e"e e5re a(
%(nciona& 0n ca!r(" Si'&e("(i one&ar e(ropean @SMEA care '7a 5a/a& pe ECU @E(ropean
C(rrencR Uni&AO acea'&a n( a e+i'&a& ca one!$, e'&e o one!$ &ip con& pen&r( Fcon&
3a"(&arG. Era %o"o'i&$ pen&r( c$ !$!ea o are '&a5i"i&a&e.
6n anii VJK, UE a &rec(& "a '&a!i(" !e 0n%$p&(ire a "an'$rii one!ei EURO.@1 ian 1JJJ7 'e
"an'ea/$ one!a (nic$ e(ro, 1 ian #KK#7 'e p(ne 0n circ("aie one!a (nic$ e(roA.
POLITICA TRANSPORTURILOR
7 0n 1J1H7 prin &ra&a&(" !e "a Roa7 a( e+i'&a& !oar pre3e!eri "e.a&e !e &ran'por&(" &ere'&r(.
7 ("&erior, acea'&$ po"i&ic$ '7a re%eri& "a o aroni/are, '&an!ar!i/are, aceea,i '&r(c&(r$,
op&ii/are a &ran'por&(ri"or.
7 '7a( crea& e&o!e &ran'e(ropene !e &ran'por& care "ea.$ ai ("&e $ri ce aparin UE, !eci
a'&%e" '7a %"(i!i/a& &ran'por&(".
A"&e po"i&ici co(ni&are, po"i&ici "a care a( a!era& &oa&e '&a&e"e e5re>
- Po"i&ica 'ocia"$
- Po"i&ica conc(renei
- Po"i&ica coercia"$
- Po"i&ica in!('&riei
CO8S. UE e'&e (n 'i'&e %oar&e 5ine or.ani/a&, ce '7,a !o3e!i& a %i per%ec&i5i" ,!a& n(
per%ec&.
GMIDUL STUDENTULUI
1. Tereni c;eie
1.1 I!eea e(ropean$
1.# In'&i&(ii co(ni&are e(ropeane
1.) Po"i&ici co(ni&are
1.- Cri&erii !e con3er.en$
1.1 E(ro
#. Pro5"ee !e !i'c(ie
#.1 Ca(/e"e '(cce'("(i in&e.r$rii in&er'&a&a"e 0n E(ropa Occi!en&a"$
#.# Ro"(" po"i&icii one&are 0n an'a5"(" proce'("(i in&e.r$rii e(ropene
#.) Per'pec&i3e"e e(ro ca one!$ (nic$
#.- 9an'e"e Uni(nii E(ropene
V. ECONOMIA 2RILOR DE4VOLTATE
V.1 Po&enia"(" $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e
2$ri"e !e/3o"&a&eO '(n& repre/en&a&e !e ace"e econoii c( po&enia"(" ce" ai ri!ica&
Carac&eri'&ici"e $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e '(n&>
7 econoia "or e'&e o econoie c( e%icien$ cre'c(&$
7 ni3e"(" !e &rai a" pop("aiei e'&e ri!ica&
7 !e/3o"&area econoic$ 'e 5a/ea/$ 0n principa" pe %ac&orii in&en'i3i ai !e/3o"&$rii
7 'ec&oare"e pre!oinan&e 0n ca!r(" econoii"or $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e '(n&> 'ec&or(" &eriar ,i
'ec&or(" 'ec(n!ar
7 e+por&(ri"e 'e 5a/ea/$ ai a"e' pe pro!('e c( .ra! 0na"& !e pre"(crare @c( 3a"oare
a!$(.a&$ areA
7 $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e '(n& $ri"e !e ori.ine a"e ("&or STN
V.# Po"i&ica econoic$ a $ri"or !e/3o"&a&e

V.#.1 Po"i&ica 5(.e&ar$
Po"i&ica 5(.e&ar$O repre/in&$ aci(nea '&a&("(i prin in&ere!i(" 5(.e&("(i @acea'&$ po"i&ic$
e'&e o!a"i&a&ea cea ai e3i!en&$ !e in&er3enie a '&a&("(i 0n econoia $ri"or !e/3o"&a&eA
Tip(ri !e po"i&ici 5(.e&are>
1. POLITICA !e &ip STOP @ po"i&ic$ !e 3i.oareA7 ap"ica&$ pen&r( e3i&area cri/e"or
econoice !e '(prapro!(cie. Acea'&$ po"i&ic$ 3i/ea/$> cre,&erea %i'ca"i&$ii ,i
'c$!erea c;e"&(ie"i"or p(5"ice. Acea'&$ po"i&ic$ 'e ap"ic$ a&(nci c=n! are "oc o
cre,&ere p(&ernic$ a ac&i3i&$ii econoice, ce poa&e !(ce "a !e/ec;i"i5re
acroeconoice @in%"aie, ,oaDA.
#. POLITICA !e &ip GO A po"i&ic$ !e re"an'areA> 'e a"ic$ 0n oen&e"e !e !epre'ie
econoic$. Acea'&$ po"i&ic$ 3i/ea/$> 'c$!erea %i'ca"i&$ii ,i cre,&erea c;e"&(ie"i"or
p(5"ice. Ace'& &ip !e po"i&ic$ 'e ap"ic$ 0n perioa!e"e !e rece'i(ne, c=n! n( e+i'&$
'(%icien&e re'(r'e %inanciare pen&r( in3e'&iii, !eci cererea 3a %i 0n 'c$!ere, o%er&a "a
%e", iar ,oaD(" 0n cre,&ere.
2$ri"e !e/3o"&a&e ani%e'&$ preoc(p$ri pen&r( raiona"i/area po"i&icii 5(.e&are, pen&r(
a!ini'&rarea c=& ai e%icien&$ a 5(.e&("(i. S7a( ap"ica& 0n ace'& con&e+& o 'erie !e
po"i&ici &ra!iiona"e !e raiona"i/are, !ar ,i e&o!e ai o!erne !e raiona"i/are.
aA e&o!e &ra!iiona"e> 7 pre'(p(n ca"c("area nece'ar("(i !e re'(r'e %inanciare p"ec=n!
!e "a 'i&(aia e+i'&en&$
5A e&o!e o!erne@ P"annin. Pro.rain. 8(!.e& SR'&eA > 7 @ P"ani%icarea Pro.raa&$
a Si'&e("(i 8(.e&arA7 pre'(p(n ca"c("area nece'ar("(i !e re'(r'e %inanciare
p"ec=n! !e "a %ina"i&$i"e .(3ernaen&a"e.
CO8S. Po"i&ica 5(.e&ar$ e '(p('$ !e ai ("&e ori (nor con'&r=n.eri ce re/("&$ !in &en!ina
!e cre,&ere a !e%ici&e"or 5(.e&are.
V.#.# Po"i&ica one&ar$
Po"i&ica one&ar$O repre/in&$ aci(nea '&a&("(i a'(pra o%er&ei !e one!$ 'a( a'(pra ra&ei
!o5=n/ii, 0n 'cop(" rea"i/$rii (n(i ec;i"i5r( ,i a" '&a5i"i/$rii acroeconoice.
6n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e, po"i&ica one&ar$ e'&e rea"i/a&$ !e c$&re 8anca Cen&ra"$ ,i
ip"een&a&$ !e 8$nci"e Coercia"e.
*(ncionarea 'i'&e("(i 5ancar 0n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e pre'(p(ne e+i'&ena a # ni3e"e>
I. 8anca Naiona"$@Cen&ra"$A7 e '&ra&e.(" po"i&ici one&are ,i
'(pra3e.;ea/$ ap"icarea ei
II. 8$nci"e Coercia"e W a"&e in'&i&(ii %inanciare7 'e oc(p$ ai a"e' !e
acor!area !e cre!i&e.
In'&r(en&e"e po"i&icii one&are '(n& (r$&oare"e>
1. aci(nea 8$ncii Cen&ra"e a'(pra re/er3ei o5"i.a&orii a 8$nci"or Coercia"e
E+> 7 !ac$ 'e !ore,&e o cre,&ere a a'ei one&are, '&a&(" poa&e aciona prin 'c$!erea
procen&("(i re/er3ei o5"i.a&orii, "$'=n! !eci 0n circ("aie o can&i&a&e ai are !e 5ani !e
con& @'crip&(ra"iA.
7 !ac$ 'e !ore,&e o 'c$!ere a a'ei one&are, '&a&(" 3a cre,&e procen&(" re/er3ei
o5"i.a&orii, re&r$.=n! !in circ("aie o par&e !in 5anii 'crip&(ra"i.
#. operai(ni"e pe piaa !e'c;i'$ @OMOO Open MarSe& Opera&ion'A
E+> 7 !ac$ 'e !ore,&e o 'c$!ere a a'ei one&are, 8anca Cen&ra"$ 3in!e 8$nci"or
Coercia"e &i&"(ri !e 3a"oare con&ra "ic;i!i&$i, !eci 'e 0pr((&$ !e "a e"e.
7 !ac$ 'e !ore,&e o cre,&ere a a'ei one&are 8anca Cen&ra"$ c(p$r$ !e "a 8$nci"e
Coercia"e &i&"(ri !e 3a"oare, %(rni/=n!(7"e "ic;i!i&$i, !eci "e 0pr((&$ pe ace'&ea.
). ra&a !o5=n/ii
8anca Cen&ra"$ poa&e '$ o!i%ice ra&a !o5=n/ii !irec&oare, a!ic$ pre(" cer(& o%icia" pen&r(
acor!area !e cre!i&e.
E+> 7 !ac$ ra&a !o5=n/ii 'ca!e a&(nci cre,&e cererea !e cre!i&e, !e (n!e re/("&$ o cre,&ere a
in3e'&iii"or, o re"an'are econoic$ carac&er in%"aioni'&
7 !ac$ ra&a !o5=n/ii cre,&e a&(nci 'ca!e cererea !e cre!i&e, !e (n!e re/("&$ &en'i(ni"e
a'(pra pre(ri"or .enera"e 'e a&en(ea/$ e%ec& !e%"aioni'&
-. operai(ni"e c( !e3i/e
8anca Naiona"$ poa&e '$ rec(r.$ "a o!i%icarea pari&$ii 0n&re !e3i/e prin !e3a"ori/are 'a(
re3a"ori/are a one!ei naiona"e.
E+> 7 'o"(ia con'&$ 0n 3=n/area 'a( c(p$rarea !(p$ ca/ !e !e3i/e. 8anca Naiona"$
3e.;ea/$ "a eninerea c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5 a" one!ei naiona"e.
E+ep"e !e 8$nci Cen&ra"e !in $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e>
7 8anca Cen&ra"$ a SUA '(pra3e.;ea&$ !e Si'&e(" *e!era" !e re/er3e
7 8anca Cen&ra"$ a Laponiei '(5 '(pra3e.;erea Mini'&er("(i *inane"or @ 0n proprie&a&e
pri3a&$A
7 8anca Naiona"$ a Geraniei @5anca c( ce" ai are .ra! !e in!epen!en$A
7 8anca Naiona"$ a Marii 8ri&anii aparine '&a&("(i, e&c.
V.#.) Po"i&ici coercia"e
Po"i&ica coercia"$O repre/in&$ &o&a"i&a&ea in'&r(en&e"or (&i"i/a&e !e c$&re '&a& pen&r(
re."een&area re"aii"or 'a"e coercia"e e+&erne.
Po"i&ica coercia"$ c(prin!e>
1. Po"i&ica 3aa"$ 'a( po"i&ica &ari%ar$
#. Po"i&ica ne&ari%ar$
). M$'(ri"e !e proo3are ,i '&i("are a e+por&(ri"or
! Politica $amal
Repre/in&$ acea coponen&$ a po"i&icii coercia"e care are ca 'cop pro&eDarea
pro!(c$&ori"or a(&o;&oni ,i o5inerea !e 3eni&(ri "a 5(.e&.
C In'&r(en&(" principa" a" po"i&icii 3aa"e e'&e> tariful amal! taxe amale
Ace'&e &a+e 3aa"e '(n& ipo/i&e in!irec&e '(por&a&e !e con'(a&ori. E+i'&$ # &ip(ri !e &a+e
3aa"e>
aA &a+e 3aa"e a!7 3a"ore@procen&eA
5A &a+e 3aa"e 'peci%ice @0n $rie a5'o"(&$A
ap"icarea &a+e"or 3aa"e poa&e pro!(ce (r$&oare"e e%ec&e>
"a ni3e" naiona"> a3an&aDea/$ pro!(c$&orii naiona"i, !ar !e/a3an&aDea/$ con'(a&orii
naiona"i
"a ni3e" e+&ern> poa&e '$ %ie a%ec&a& pre(" $r%ii, !epin!e !e $riea $rii care ap"ic$
ace'&e &a+e
"! Politica comercial% netari&ar
C(prin!e (r$&oare"e $'(ri>
aA 5ariere ne&ari%are care ip"ic$ o "ii&are can&i&a&i3$ !irec&$ a ipor&(ri"or @ e+>
in&er!icii "a ipor&, "ii&$ri 3a"(&are "a e+por&, re'&ricii can&i&a&i3e@con&rin.en&eA "a
ipor&, in&er!icii "a an(i&e pro!('e ipor&a&eA
5A 5ariere ne&ari%are care ip"ic$ in!irec& "ii&area ipor&(ri"or prin ecani'e !e
pre @e+> pre(ri inie "a ipor&, ipo/i&e in!irec&e, aD('&$ri %i'ca"e "a %ron&ier$,
&a+e an&i7!(pin., acor!(ri 0n&re '&a&eA
cA 5ariere ne&ari%are ce !ec(r. !in %ora"i&$i 'ip"e ,i a!ini'&ra&i3e pri3in!
ipoor&(ri"e @e+> e3a"(area 3aa"$, !oc(en&e"e ,i %ora"i&$i"e 3aa"eA
#! M'uri (e )romo$are *i 'timulare a e+)orturilor
Se re%er$ "a in'&r(en&e"e !e na&(r$ 5(.e&ar$, %inanciar$, %i'ca"$ 'a( 3a"(&ar$ (&i"i/a&e c(
'cop(" 0nc(raD$rii pro!(c$&ori"or in&erni 0n ac&i3i&a&ea "or !e e+por&.
Tip(ri !e po"i&ici coercia"e ap"ica&e 0n $ri"e !e/3o"&a&e>
Po"i&ica coercia"$ %a3ora5i"$ "i5er("(i 'c;i5 O'&a&(" re'pec&i3 0nc(raDea/$ a&=&
E+por&(ri"e c=& ,i Ipor&(ri"e, a3=n! o ip"icare ri!ica&$ 0n coer(" on!ia"
Po"i&ica coercia"$ pro&ecioni'&$ O '&a&(" re'pec&i3 are ca o5iec&i3e pro&eDarea
pro!(c$&ori"or "oca"i, !ar ,i !e'c(raDarea ipor&(ri"or
Po"i&ica coercia"$ '&ra&e.ic$ O '&a&(" 0,i !irecionea/$ aci(nea po"i&icii coercia"e
a'&%e" 0nc=& '$ pro&eDe/e 'a( '$ 0nc(raDe/e @!(p$ ca/A an(i&e !oenii con'i!era&e
'&ra&e.ice.
CO8S. La ni3e" in&ernaiona", ac&i3i&a&ea coercia"$ in&ernaiona"$ are "oc '(5
'(pra3e.;erea Or.ani/aiei Mon!ia"e a Coer("(i @OMCA care %(ncionea/$ !in an("
1JJ1.
P=n$ 0n 1JJ1, o are par&e a '&a&e"or naiona"e era( 'ena&are a"e (n(i acor!
coercia" in&ernaiona" n(i& GATT @ Genera" A.reen& o% Tarri%' an! Tra!eA O Acor!("
Genera" pen&r( &ari%e ,i Coer.
C!6 VI . E)oom(! T!"(+o" ( D$78o+%!"$
VI 1. Lo)*+ %!"(+o" ( 0$78o+%!"$ ( )!0"*+ E)oom($( mo0(!+$
O5'C MaDori&a&ea &ari"or "(ii '(n& &ari in !e/3o"&are.
D(pa ori.inea "or, &ari"e in !e/3o"&are 'e po& .r(pa a'&%e">
aA %o'&e &ari co"onia"e 'a( !epen!en&e
5A %o'&e &ari co(ni'&e @care a( apar&in(& CSI Co(ni&a&ea S&a&e"or In!epen!en&eA
cA ac&(a"e &ari c( re.i co(ni'& @Ce;ia, Vie&na, C(5a, Corea !e S(!A
Specia"i'&ii con'i!era ca a( e+i'&a& ai ("&i %ac&ori care a( con!(' "a o ai "en&a
!e/3o"&are a ace'&or &ari.
1. *ac&ori na&(ra"i 'i 'ocio7c("&(ra"i

"ip'a an(i&or re'(r'e E
a'e/area .eo.ra%ica E
re"i.ia E
'i'&e(" !e 3a"ori.
#. Si'&ee"e po"i&ice care .(3ernea/a ace'&e '&a&e, a!ica ace"e .(3erne care ipria o
an(i&a &en!in&a.
). Orien&area coer&("(i, care are in 3e!ere orien&area !e%a3ora5i"a a rapor&("(i !in&re
ipor&(" !e pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e 'i e+por&(" !e pro!('e priare.
@ ip X e+p A
O5'C Ca&e.oria &ari"or in !e/3o"&are c(prin!e a&a& &ari %oar&e 'arace, !ar 'i &ari ("& ai
5o.a&e care &in! 'pre '&a&(&(" !e &ara !e/3o"&a&a.
VI 2. Potentialul tarilor in dezvoltare
O .r(pare a ace'&or &ari, in %(nc&ie !e po&en&ia"(" econoic p"a'ea/a C;ina pe pri(" "oc,
ea %iin! con'i!era&a cea ai p(&ernica !in&re &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.
Pe (ra&oare"e "oc(ri 'e 'i&(ea/a>
#A 8ra/i"ia
)A R('ia
-A Tari"e a'ia&ice @e+por&a&oare !e pe&ro"A
1A In!ia
?A Me+ic
HA In!one/ia
C4(! @Rep(5"ica Pop("ara C;ine/aA
7 i'i orien&ea/a po"i&ica econoica !(pa '"o.an(" Y(n '&a&7!o(a 'i'&eeV, a!ica o
an(i&a !e'c;i!ere 'pre %or&e"e pie&ei "i5ere.
7 in!('&ria c;ine/a '7a ri!ica& pana "a a pa&ra po/i&ie on!ia"a
co'&(ri Z )1 ori !eca& in SUA Z 1K ori !eca& in TaiTan
7 C;ina 'e 'i&(ea/a pe "oc(" 1K in "(e "a e+por&(ri
7 e'&e o &ara c( re'(r'e !e %or&a !e (nca 'eni%ica&i3e.
7 Sec&or(" 'ec(n!ar aD(n.e pana "a 1-Q !in PI8
7 Re3enirea Mon.7Uon.7"(i "a &ara aa a ip("'iona& !e/3o"&area C;inei.
7 Mon.7Son. e'&e in pre/en& Re.i(ne A!ini'&ra&i3a Specia"a @RASA a!ica po'e!a
.(3ern 'i po"i&ici proprii, iar apararea ei in&erna 'i po"i&ica e+&erna in'a in
a&ri5(&ii"e C;inei
7 one!a c;ine/a n( e'&e (&i"i/a&a in M7U
Brazilia
7 &ara c( po&en&ia" !e re'(r'e na&(ra"e %oar&e are
7 e'&e !e orien&are in!('&ria"a
7 e'&e a op&a p(&ere econoica on!ia"a
7 "a incep(&, 8ra/i"ia a e+por&a& &re'&ie !e /a;ar, apoi ca(ci(c 'i ca%ea
7 in pre/en& pro!(ce a3ioane, &anc(ri, a(&oo5i"e 'i po'e!a o .i.an&ica re&ea !e
!r((ri @&ran'aa/on("A
7 are "a con!(cere (n re.i i"i&ar
7 (rea/a o po"i&ca a e+por&(ri"or orien&a&a 'pre in!('&rie 'i 'pre a.ric("&(ra
India
7 in #KKK a &rec(& pra.(" !e (n i"iar! !e "oc(i&ori
7 PI87(" In!iei e'&e D(a&a&e !in PI87(" c;ine/
7 O5'&aco"e"e in ca"ea !e/3o"&arii In!iei a( %o'& e+&ree e&nice 'i re"i.ioa'e, !ar 'i
perioa!a 1J1171JJK, can! &ara a %o'& '(5 re.i co(ni'&.
7 are e+por&a&oare !e pro!('e a.rico"e

O a"&a c"a'i%icare a &ari"or in !e/3o"&are, in %(nc&ie !e ni3e"(" 3eni&("(i pe "oc(i&or ar %i
(ra&oarea >

1" #oile state independente @NSIA '(n& ce"e ai a3an'a&e !in p(nc& !e 3e!ere
econoic 'i 'ocia", in an'a5"(" &ari"or in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.
Or!inea, in %(nc&ie !e PN8 pe "oc(i&or, ina%ara !e C;ina , care poa&e %i con'i!era&a &ara
!e/3o"&a&a, e'&e (ra&oarea >
7 Sin.apore #?.J1K [ pe "oc
7 Mon.7Gon.
7 Ar.en&ina
$" %ari exportatoare de petrol
7 EAU @Eira&e"e Ara5e Uni&eA 1H.KKK[ pe "oc
7 \a&ar
7 8a;rein
7 Ara5ia Sa(!i&a

&" %ari mai putin dezoltate
In acea'&a ca&e.orie a( %o'& inc"('e #1 !e &ari .r(pa&e in %(nc&ie !e >
7 3eni& pe "oc(i&or
7 pon!rea pro!('e"or in!('&ria"e in PN8 @'(5 1KQA
7 ra&a a"%a5e&i/arii @'(5 #JQA
E+
In&re 1KK71JJ[ pe "oc(i&or
7 E&iopia, R(an!a,Cia!,8(r(n!i,Tan/ania,Siera Leone, Ma"aTi
In&re #KK7#JJ[ pe "oc(i&or
7 Ni.er, 8(rc;ina *a'o, Ma"i, Ma!aca'car, G(ineea, 8an."a!e';, U.an!a, Vie&na
In&re )KK7)JJ[ pe "oci&or
7 Ta.o, Mai&i, Rep. A%rica Cen&ra"a, 4a5ia, 4air, Ta!DiSi'&an, Mon.o"ia, Lao'.
VI 3. A)%(8(%!%$! )om$")(!+! ! %!"(+o" ( 0$78o+%!"$
7 Pro5"ea e IpXE+p.
7 Ace'&e &ari e+por&a ai ("&e pro!('e priare 'i ipor&a pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e
!e%ici& a" 5a"an&e"or coercia"e
In p"(', e+por&(" !e pro!('e priare e re'&ric&iona& !e (ra&oare"e o5'&aco"e >

'" interentia statului tarilor dezoltate @pen&( a7'i inc(raDa pro!(ca&ori 'i o%er&an&ii
"oca"i, ace'&e &ari "ii&ea/a ipor&(ri"eA
$" fiscalitatea
7 in ace'& ca/ , &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e ip(n, !e a'eenea an(i&e re'&ric&ii %i'ca"e "a
ipor&(ri !in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.
&" instabilitatea preturilor
7 "a ni3e" in&erna&iona", '&a5i"i&a&ea pre&(ri"or pen&r( pro!('e priare 'e %ace ai
a"e' in %(nc&ie !e o%er&a, !eoarece cererea pen&r( ace'& &ip !e pro!('e e'&e oarec( ri.i!a
@ine"a'&icaA
C!6 VII . S*90$78o+%!"$! . E8o+*%(! %!"(+o" '*90$78o+%!%$
VII1. Co)$6%*+ 0$ '*90$78o+%!"$
8anca on!ia"a ara&a ca !e/3o"&area in'eana i5(na&a&irea ca"i&a&ii 3ie&ii, iar in
&ari"e 'arace, ai a"e', o ca"i&a&e ai 5(na a 3ie&ii in'eana ai ("& !eca& 3eni&(ri ari pe
"oc(i&or.
Ace'&a i5(na&a&ire a ca"i&a&ii 3ie&ii pre'(p(ne>
Sa&i'%acerea ne3oi"or a&eria"e@ a"ien&e, "oc(in&a, 'ana&a&e, pro&ec&ie
'ocia"a
E!(ca&ie 'i a%irarea per'ona"i&a&ii (ane, prec( 'i po'i5i"i&a&ea !e a
a"e.e
O5' C In con!i&ii"e in care (n(" !in ace'&e e"een&e "ip'e'&e 'a( 'e carac&eri/ea/a prin&r7(n
ni3e" ai 'ca/(& 'e poa&e 'p(ne ca e+i'&a o '(5!e/3o"&are a5'o"(&a.

S(5!e/3o"&area e'&e re3er'(" !e/3o"&arii. Ea repre/in&a o 'i&(a&ie econoica in care
per'i'&a ni3e"(ri re!('e a"e '&an!ar!("(i !e 3ia&a, per'i'&a 'aracia a5'o"(&a, ra&e !e cre'&ere
econoica 'ca/(&e , ni3e" re!(' a" con'(("(i , ra&e ri!ica&e a"e or&a"i&a&ii 'i na&a"i&a&ii.
Tra'a&(ri"e .enera"e a"e '(5!e/3o"&ari '(n& >

7 'aracie a5'o"(&a
7 !epen!en&a %a&a !e e+&erior
7 cre'&ere econoica '"a5a
7 ra&e ri!ica&e a"e na&a"i&a&ii 'i or&a"i&a&ii
O5' C Na&i(ni"e Uni&e a( !e%ini& ca "ii&a a 'araciei a5'o"(&e ca %iin! ni3e"(" 3eni&(ri"or !e
1[ pe /i aD('&a& (neaori c( pari&a&ea p(&erii !e c(parare. A'&a/i apro+ia&i3 1,) i"iar!e
!e oaeni &raie'c '(5 acea'&a "ii&a a 'araciei..
La in&a"nirea GI@GHWR('iaA !in i("ie #KKK, i!en&i%ican! 'aracia !rep& (na !in ce"e ai
.ra3e pro5"ee a"e oeniei a %o'& e"a5ora& Rapor&(" pri3in! 'aracia ."o5a"a care 3i/ea/a
ca pana in #K11, pop("a&ia care &raie'&e in 'aracie 'a 'ca!a "a ci%ra !e I11 i"ioane .
Ceea ce ne"ini'&e'&e Co(ni&a&ea In&erna&iona"a e'&e a!ancirea !eca"aDe"or !in&re
&ari"e !e/3o"&a&e 'i &ari"e in !e/3o"&are 'i ai a"e' a.ra3area con&ra!ic&ii"or !in&re ce"e !o(a
ca&e.orii !e '&a&e.
VII 2. E8o+*%(( !+$ %!"(+o" '*90$78o+%!%$
Pen&r( a e3i!en&ia 'i&(a&ia &ari"or ne!e/3o"&a&e, a3e in 3e!ere (ra&orii in!ica&ori >
!) 8$(%*+ 6$ +o)*(%o" @ rapor&(" !in&re 3eni&(" &ari"or !e/3o"&a&e 'i 3eni&(" &ari"or
'(5!e/3o"&a&eA
7 "a incep(&(" 'eco"("(i ?B1
7 1J)K H,1B1
7 1J?K 1KB1
7 1JHK 1-B1
7 1JJH 1KB1

9) "$6!"%(7!"$! 6"o0*)%($( (0*'%"(!+$
7 apro+ -B1 !in pro!(c&ia on!ia"a apar&ine &ari"or !e/3o"&a&e
7 apro+ 1B1 !in pro!(c&ia on!ia"a apar&ine &ari"or in !e/3o"&are
7 &ari"e '(5!e/3o"&a&e n( pro!(c aproape !e"oc.
)) 8!+o!"$! !0!*:!%! 6$ +*)"!%o"
e+> in UenDa e'&e !e 1B1KKK %a&a !e SUA.
0) (0()$+$ 0$78o+%!"(( *m!$ (IDU) e'&e (n in!ice a.re.a& care ia in 'eaa @ca"c("A
(ra&orii parae&rii>
"on.e3i&a&ea 'a( 'peran&a !e 3ia&a "a na'&er
.ra!(" !e a"%a5e&i/are a" pop("a&iei
ni3e"(" !e %rec3en&are a c(r'(ri"or priare, 'ec(n!are 'i
'(perioare !e in3a&aan&
PI8 pe "oci&or
or&a"i&a&ea in%an&o"a
!o&area c( ec;ipaen&e e"ec&roca'nice 'i a(&oo5i"e
acce'(" "a in%orare @a''7e!ia, &e"eco(nica&iiA
.ra!(" !e (r5ani/are
e.a"i&a&ea 'e+e"or
S(5!e/3o"&area (n(i n(ar are !e &ari e'&e, ai a"e', e%ec&(" (n(i %ac&or e+&ern 'i
an(e re.i(" co"onia"
*o'&e"e co"onii a( raa' !epen!en&e 'i !(pa pra5('irea co"onia"i'("(i. Are "oc a'&%e"
(n 'c;i5 ine.a" c( &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e, prin 3an/area !e a&erii prie "a pre&(ri re!('e 'i
c(pararea !e pro!('e an(%ac&(ra&e "a pre&(ri ri!ica&e.
O5'&aco"e"e in ca"ea !e/3o"&arii ace'&or &ari '(n& ai a"e' (ra&oare"e >

1) C"$'%$"$! 6o6*+!%($( @re'(r'e"e 'e ipar& "a &o& ai ("&i "oc(i&oriA
e+ 1B- !in pop("a&ia p"ane&ei con'(a apro+ IKQ !in re'(r'e"e Terei.

Un aerican con'(a re'(r'e !e
7 1) ori ai ("& !eca& (n 5ra/i"ian
7 )1 ori ai ("& !eca& (n in!ian
7 #IK ori ai ("& !eca& (n ;ai&ian
De'i in ("&ia 3ree ra&a e!ie an(a"a !e cre'&ere a pop("a&iei a 'ca/(&, in 3a"oare
a5'o"(&a, pop("a&ia Terei con&in(a 'a crea'ca. E'&iari"e ara&a ca in #KK1 pop("a&ia Terei 3a
aD(n.e "a apro+ I,# i"iar!e !e "oc(i&ori, !in care ?,I i"iar!e 3or &rai in &ari c( .ra! !e
!e/3o"&are re!(' !e !e/3o"&are.
2) Som!;*+ > e'&e o pro5"ea 'peci%ica &ari"or '(5!e/3o"&a&e (n!e ra&a e!ie 'e ri!ica "a
apro+ #KQ in e!i(" (r5an 'i a%ec&ea/a )KQ !in &inerii ap&i !e (nca.
SoaD(" a a%ec&a& %oar&e ("& 'i ari"e a."oerari (r5ane (n!e n(ar(" !e "oc(i&ori e'&e
in con&in(a cre'&ere.
E+ > Me+ico Ci&R 1JJK 1J,- i" "oc
#KKK #-,- i" "oc
Sao Pao"o 1JJK 1I,- i" "oc
#KKK #),? i" "oc
3) <"!0*+ ')!7*% 0$ (0*'%"(!+(7!"$ poa&e %i "(a& ca p(nc& !e reper pen&r( aprecierea
%on!("(i !e !e/3o"&are a" (nei &ari.
E+
Sector 1970 1980 2000
Industrie 14,40% 15,50% 18,30%
Agricultura 57,30% 48,40% 41,30%
28,30% 36,10% 40,40%
O5' C A.ric("&(ra raane 'ec&or(" prepon!eren& in ci(!a 'ca!erii pon!erii 'a"e in %a3oarea
in!('&riei 'i 'er3icii"or.
Pen&r( cre'&erea .ra!("(i !e in!('&ria"i/are, &ari"e '(5!e/3o"&a&e a( a!op&a& ai ("&e
&ip(ri !e '&ra&e.ii !in care !o(a &ip(ri '(n& ai ipor&an&e.
aA '&ra&e.ia in!('&ria"i/arii orien&a&e 'pre e+por&
5A '&ra&e.ia in!('&ria"i/arii orien&a&e 'pre pia&a in&erna
Une"e &ari , c( ar %i In!ia , a( op&a& pen&r( co5inarea ce"or !o(a &ip(ri !e '&ra&e.ii,
ea pro!(ce a&a& pen&r( e+por& ca& 'i pen&r( pia&a proprie.
Din p(nc& !e 3e!ere a" IDU @in!ice"e !e !e/3o"&are (anaA, p(5"ica& !e ONU in #KK),
a3e (ra&oarea c"a'i%icare a &ari"ore "(ii >
1. I )!%$:o"(! %!"(+o" 0$78o+%!%$
1. Nor3e.ia PI8B"oc -1.KKK[ H. SUA
#. S(e!ia I. Cana!a
). A('&ra"ia J. Laponia
1K. E"3e&ia

2.I )!%$:o"(! %!"(+o" )* 0$78o+%!"$ m$0($>
7 "oc 1H 8(".aria
7 "oc ?) R('ia
7 "oc H# Roania
7 "oc H) Ara5ia Sa(!i&a
7 "oc H- T;ai"an!a
7 "oc H1 Ucraina, Per(, Li5an, A"5ania, T(rcia, C;ina, Rep Mo"!o3a
3. I )!%$:o"(! %!"(+o" '*90$78o+%!%$
7 "oc 1#1 8o'&Tana
7 "oc 1H- Ni.er
("&ia Siera Leone
C!6 VIII. E)oom(! %!"(+o" ( %"!7(%$. T"!7(%(! %!"(+o" E'%=
E*"o6$$ +! $)oom(! 0$ 6(!%!
VIII 1. Lo)*+ %!"(+o" ( $)oom(! mo0(!+!
Tari"e in &ran/i&ie '(n& &ari"e in care 'i'&e(" econoic 'e 'c;i5a. Trecerea cea ai
%rec3en&a a &ari"or 'e rea"i/ea/a in !irec&ia econoie cen&ra"i/a&a econoie !e pia&a
Tari"e in &ran/i&ie era( .r(pa&e con%or '&a&i'&ici"or ONU pen&r( an(" #KK) a'&%e">
1A Tari cen&ra"e 'i E'& E(ropene > A"5ania, 8(".aria, Ce;ia, Croa&ia, Mace!onia, Po"onia,
S"o3acia, S"o3enia, Roania, Un.aria.
#A Tari 5a"&ice > E'&onia, Le&onia, L&(ania
)A Co(ni&a&ea S&a&e"or In!epen!en&e > Arenia, A/er5aiDian, 8e"ar(', Geor.ia, Ua/aS'&an,
Uir.;i'&an, Rep Mo"!o3a, *e!. R('a, Ta!DiSi'&an, T(rSeni'&an, U/5eSi'&an, Ucraina.
O5' C Din&re ace'&ea , (ne"e &ari '7a( in&e.ra& in UE in #KK-
VIII2. E)oom(! %!"(+o" )$%"!+ '( $'% $*"o6$$
aA Pana in JK ace'&e &ari a( a3(& o po"i&ica econoica cen&ra"i/a&a 'i n( a apar&in(& (nei
pie&e 'peci%ice ace'&ei &ip !e econoie CAER.
Econoii"e ace'&or '&a&e a( %o'& pana in JK econoi !e !e/3o"&are c( (n .ra! ai ic
'a( ai are !e cen&ra"i/are. A'&%e" &ari prec( Po"onia 'i Un.aria, !e'i a3ea( econoii
cen&ra"i/a&e, a( e+perien&a& inain&e !e JK (ne"e incercari !e re%ora. De e+ep"( in
Un.aria a( %(nc&iona&, in ca!r(" 'i'&e("(i 5ancar (ne"e %ore a"e 5anci coercia"e pri3a&e.
Une"e !in ace'&e &ari a3ea( (n .ra! !e in!('&ria"i/are cre'c(& @ Roania 8(".aria a3ea( ?17
H1Q pon!erea pro! in!('&rria"e in PI8A
Po"onia 'i Ce;ia a3ea( o pon!ere in PI8 !e pe'&e HKQ a pro!('e"or in!('&ria"e
5A D(pa 1JJK &ari"e cen&ra" 'i e'& e(ropene '7a( 3a/(& in 'i&(a&ia !e a 'c;i5a 'i'&e("
econoic. Pro5"ea e'en&ia"a a &ari"e cen&ra" 'i e'& e(ropene a repre/en&a&7o o!a"i&a&ea !e
rea"i/are a &ran/i&iei.
In ace'& 'en' ace'&e &ari a( a3(& !e a"e' in&re !o(a 3arian&e principa"e po'i5i"e >
1A %"!7(%(! %(6 'o) repre/en&a &ran/i&a a"e carei o5iec&i3e '(n& in!ep"ini&e in&r7(n &ip
rapi!, !ar care pre'(p(ne co'&(ri 'ocia"e ri!ica&e. O a'eenea re%ora a %o'& po'i5i"a in
Po"onia, !a&ori&a en&inerii p(&ernice a .(3ern("(i !in acea perioa!a .(3ernaen&a"a
repre/en&a&a !e (n par&i! na'c(& !e %o'&(" 'in!ica& So"i!ari&a&ea.
#) %"!7(%($ +$%! pre'(p(nea in!ep"inirea o5iec&i3e"or "e.a&e !e &ran/i&ie, in&r7(n &ip ai
"(n., !ar c( co'&(ri 'ocia"e ai re!('e. @e+ 8(".aria RoaniaA.
O5' C (ne"e &ari a( op&a& c;iar pen&r( co5ina&ii a"e ce"or # 3arian&e.
VIII3. T"!7(%(! %!"(+o" )$%"!+ '( $'%=$*"o6$$ +! $) 0$ 6(!%!
Proce'(" !e &ran/i&ie "a econoia !e pia&a '7a '(5'cri' (ra&oare"or o5iec&i3e >
7 'ci5area 'i'&e("(i !e or.ani/are a ac&i3i&a&ii econoice
7 o5&inerea acro'&a5i"i&a&ii econoice.
Ace'& o5iec&i3 era nece'ar !eoarece co"ap'(" 'i'& cen&ra"i/a& a !e&erina& crearea !e
!e/ec;i"i5re "a ni3e" acroeconoic .
Tran/i&ia &ari"or cen&ra" 'i e'&7e(ropene a pre'(p(' in%ap&i(rea (nor re%ore 'pecia"e
n(i&e re%ore '&r(c&(ra"e.
Ace'&ea 'e re%era "a >
7 re%ora propri&a&ii
7 re%ora 'i'&e("(i 5ancar
7 crearea o!e"("(i conc(ren&ia"
7 "i5era"i/area coer&("(i e+&erior 'i a c(r'("(i !e 'ci5
7 "i5era"i/area %"(+(ri"or in3e'&i&iona"e !e capi&a" '&rain.
1) "$-o"m! 6"o6"($%!%(( a a3(& in &ari"e cen&ra" 'i e'& e(ropene o5iec&3e .enera&e !e
con&e+&(" econoic, 'i po"i&ic an&erior. Ace'&e o5iec&i3e a( %o'& !e &rei &ip(ri >
aA obiectie economice 7 crearea 'ec&or("(i proprie&a&ii pri3a&e
b" obiectie sociale7 repararea (nor ne!rep&a&i coi'e !e re.i(ri"e an&erioare, %ie prin
re&roce!area proprie&a&i"or , %ie prin p"a&a (nor !e'pa.(5iri %inanciare.
c" obiectie politice7 in care proprie&a&ea pri3a&a era cea !e 5a/a.
Re%ora proprie&a&ii a pre'(p(' # e&ape >
1A &ran'%orarea 'ec&or("(i !e '&a& in 'ec&or p(5"ic
#A &ran'%orarea 'ec&or("(i p(5"ic in 'ec&or pri3a&, !eci crearea 'i'&e("(i proprie&a&i
pri3a&e.
2A pen&r( rea"i/area Re%orei '('%$m*+*( 9!)!", &ari"e cen&ra"e 'i e'& e(ropene a( &re5(i&
'a re%or("e/e a&ri5(&ii"e 5ancii cen&ra"e 'i 'a in%iin&e/e 5anci coercia"e.
8anci"e coercia"e !in ace'&e &ari a( "(a& na'&ere %ie prin pri3a&i/area (nor in'&i&(&ii
%inanciare e+i'&en&e, %ie prin in%iin&area (nor %i"ia"e e+&erne a"e (nor 5anci e+&erne.
3) C"$!"$! mo0$+*+*( )o)*"$%(!+ '7a %ac(& prin crearea !e ca&re %o'&e"e e5re CAER
a '&r(c&(rii !e in&e.rare econoica '(5re.iona"a CE*TA.
&) L(9$"!+(7!"$! )om$"%*+*( $>%$"(o" '( ! )*"'*+*( 0$ ')4(m9

Li5era"i/area coer&("(i e+&erior
7 1JJK a repre/en&a& pen&r( ace'&e &ari, a5o"irea onopo"("(i !e
'&a& prin coer&(" e+&erior 'i !eci a.en&ii econoici a( p(&(&
par&icipa "a coer&(" e+&erior %ara a a3ea ne3oi !e "icen&e !e
ipor&Be+!por&.
7 Principa"(" in'&r(en& a" "i5era"i/ari coer&("(i e+&ern a %o'&
&ari%(" 3aa"@ a'&%e" a( 'ca/R& &a+e"e 3aa"e c( 17?QA
7 Principa"a pro5"ea in ace'& ca/ a %o'& con&ra!ic&ia !in&re
ipor& 'i e+por&, !eoarece ace'&e '&a&e e+por&a( pro!('e ai
p(&in cope&i&i3e 'a( pro!('e priare 'i ipor&a( pro!('e c(
.ra! ri!ica& !e pre"(crare
7 De a'eenea acea'&a "i5era"i/are a coer&("(i e+&erior a !('
"a crearea (nei '&r(c&(ri a!ini'&ra&i3e capa5i"e 'a
in!ep"inea'ca o5iec&i3e"e prop('e @ a( 5ene%icia& 'i !e
a'i'&en&a UEA.
Li5era"i/area c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5
7 a a3(& ca pro5"ea principa"a '&a5i"irea (n(i c(r' !e 'c;i5
rea"i'& , "a incep(&(" perioa!ei !e &ran/i&ie
7 po'i5i"i&a&i"e !e '&a5i"i/are a c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5 a( %o'& >
c(r'(" !e 'c;i5 aD('&a5i" care e
'&a5i"i& in rapor& c( o one!a %or&e, !ar
care e a(&ori/a& 'a %"(c&(e/e in&re
an(i&e "ii&e %i+a&e !e a(&ori&a&i"e
one&are.
C(r'(" !e 'c;i5 %"o&an& care e '&a5i"i&
in %(nc&ie !e rapor&(" !in&re cerere 'i
o%er&a.
2) L(9$"!+(7!"$! -+*>*"(+o" (8$'%(%(o!+$ 0$ )!6(%!+ '%"!(
Va"oarea in3e'&i&ii"or '&raine in&re ace'&e &ari a %o'& 'ca/(&a 'i ine.a" !i'&ri5(i&a.
A3an&aDe"e in3e'&i&ii"or '&raine in ace'&e &ari a( %o'& repre/en&a&e !e a3an&aDe"e pe &eren
'c(r& @co'&(" re!(' a" ainii !e "(cr(, re!(cerea co'&(ri"or prin pri'a &ran'por&(ri"or,
a'i.(rari, re!(ceri"e !e pr]& !in e"iinarea &a+e"or 3aa"eA
A3an&aDe"e pe &eren "(n.@ per'pec&i3a (nor pro%i&(ri 3ii&oareA
Tip(ri !e pri3a&i/are
'" priatizarea interna 7 pre'(p(ne in&rarea in proprie&a&e !e ca&re an.aDa&i %irei
re'pec&i3e. Ace'& &ip !e pri3a&i/are 'e con'i!era ca are (n carac&er neD('& !eoarece n(
con%era !rep&(ri e.a"e &(&(ror ce&a&eni"or in 3e!erea ac;i/i&ionarii %irei.
Ace'& &ip !e a3an&aDea/a !oar "(cra&orii !in in&reprin!eri"e pro%i&a5i"e. N( !a re/("&a&e"e
ce"e ai 5(ne, !eoarece an.aDa&ii, in !orin&a "or !e a7'i pro&eDa "oc(ri"e !e (nca, n(
'(5'cri( &o&!ea(na principii"or e%icien&ei
$" priatizarea externa 'e poa&e ap"ica in !o(a o!(ri >
1A prin !i'&ri5(ire .ra&(i&a care are a3an&aD(" (nei !i'per'i cre'c(&e, !ar pre/in&a
!e/a3an&aD(" ca pre'(p(ne (n &ran'%er !e proprie&a&e 'i n( in%(/ie !e capi&a".
#A 3an/area are a3an&aD(" in%(/iei !e capi&a" in %ira, !ar apare !e/a3an&aD(" %ap&("(i ca
in%(/ia !e capi&a" 'e %ace !e ce"e ai ("&e ori in '&raina&a&e.
I,! TENDINTE SI E-OLUTII LA NI-ELUL ECONOMIEI
MONDIALE
IX.1. I0*'%"(! 6$ 6+! mo0(!+
De'pre pro5"ea in!('&ria"a pe p"an ."o5a", p(&e 3or5i a3an! ca p(nc& !e p"ecare
re3o"(&ia in!('&ria"a @ca o con'ecin&a apari&i %enoen("(i !e in!('&ria"i/areA.
In!('&ria"i/area repre/in&a principa"(" e"een& care !e&erina cre'&ere econoica a (nei
&ari. Ro"(" in!('&riei in&r7oo econoie poa&e %i e3i!en&ia& c( aD(&or(" (nor in!ica&ori
prec(>
PI8 in!('&ria" O 3a"oarea 5(n(ri"or in!('&ria"e no( crea&e in !ec(r'(" (n(i an
Va"oare a!a(.a&a an(%ac&(ra&a O 3a"oarea a!a(.a&a in 'ec&or(" in!('&riei.
De a'eenea, ro"(" in!('&riei pe p"an on!ia" 'e e3i!en&ia/a prin propor&ia re/("&a&e"or
econoice !in in!('&rie pe &ari, re.i(ni, e&c. A'&%e", HKQ !in ipor&(ri"e 'i e+por&(ri"e !e
pro!('e in!('&ria"e 'i ipor&(ri !e a&erii prie '(n& rea"i/a&e !e &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e, #1Q !in
e+por&(ri"e !e a&erii prie @ai a"e' a.rico"eA 'i pro!('e !in in!('&ria ('oara @in 'pecia"
&e+&i"eA '(n& rea"i/a&e in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are.
Ten!in&e in e3o"(&ia in!('&riei "a ni3e" on!ia"
AA Tari"e in &ran/i&ie "a econoia !e pia&a a( a3(& o &en!in&a in .enera" !e 'ca!ere a
pro!(c&iei in!('&ria"e @ai a"e' in parioa!a 1JJ#71JJ)A.
8A Tari"e in !e/3o"&are pro!(c&ia in!('&ria"a c(noa'&e o &en!in&a !e cre'&ere, !ar
ace'a&a e'&e ine.a"a 'i p(&in ne'&i(&a.
CA C;ina in perioa!a 1JJ17#KKK a inre.i'&ra& (n recor! !e cre'&ere econoica ace'&
recor! !a&oran!(7'e ai a"e' cre'&erii in!('&riei.
DA In!ia inre.i'&re/a !(pa 1JJK o cre'&ere in!('&ria"a 'eni%ica&i3a.
EA Aerica La&ina a inre.i'&ra& o e3o"(&ie .enera"a !e cre'&ere, !ar a5'o"(&a @peria!a
!e cri/a "a incep(&(" ani"or YJKA a in!('&riei.
*A A%rica repre/in&a con&inen&(" c( ce" ai ic .ra! !e in!('&ra"i/are @ai a"e' A%rica
!e S(!A.
S&ra&e.ii"e 'i po"i&ici"e !e !e/3o"&are a in!('&riei '(n& c(prin'e in&re # "ii&e crea&e !e
li.erali'm @SUA, GeraniaA 'i inter$entioni'm @ *ran&a, LaponiaA.
LI8ERALISMO in&er3en&ie ica a '&a&("(i in econoia &arii
INTREVENTIONISMO .ra! are !e ip"icare a '&a&("(i in econoie
Po"i&ica in!('&ria"aO repre/in&a an'a5"(" !e a'(ri, in'&r(en&e 'i ac&i(nii a"e a(&ori&a&ii
po"i&ice na&iona"e 'i in&erna&iona"e, care a( ca 'cop '('&inerea in!('&riei 'i a e!i("(i 'a(
!irec& !e in%"(en&a in rea"i/area o5iec&i3e"or 'peci%ice in!('&riei.
Acea'&a poo"i&ica e'&e e"a5ora&a 'i ap"ica&a in %(nc&ie !e re'(r'e"e !e care !i'p(ne econoia,
!e ariea 'i cerin&e"e pie&ei, !e !e/3o"&area 'i e%icien&a econoica a &arii.
IX.2. A:"()*+%*"! '( !+(m$%!%(! 6$ :+o9
La '%ar'i&(" ace'&(i 'eco", pro!(c&ia a"ien&ara a cr'c(& in &ari"e in !e/3o"&are !e
apro+ia&i3 &rei ori, iar in &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e !e circa ? ori. To&('i a.ric("&(ra 'i a"ien&a&ia
coon'&i&(ie o pro5"ea on!ia"a, !a&ori&a (rar&oare"or 'i&(a&ii>
aA pop("a&ia cre'&e in &ip ce '(pra%a&a a.rico"a @ara5i"aA pe "oc(i&or 'ca!e @pericoo"("
e+p"o/iei !eo.ra%iceA
5A prac&icarea a.ric("&(rii o!erne c( 'cop(" o5&inerii !e ran!aen&e &o& ai ari
!(ce "a !e&eriorarea paan&("(i, "a a.ra3area cri/ei econoice.
O8SC Se ip(ne &o& ai ("& ca ipre(na c( o in!('&rie eco"o.ica, a.ric("&(ra 'a !(ca "a o
!e/3o"&are !(ra5i"a. De a'eenea, a( apar(& in /i"e"e noa'&re # &en!in&e con&rare 'i an(e>
7 in (ne"e /one @in %oar&e ("&e /oneA e+i'&a %oae&e 'i '(5!e/3o"&are
7 in E(ropa Occi!en&a"a, SUA, Cana!a 'i in a"&e &ari !e/3o"&a&e 'e ani%e'&a '(pra
pro!(c&ia a.roa"ien&ara. Ace'&a '(prapro!(c&ie 'e !a&orea/a pro.re'("(i &e;nic 'i
&e;no"o.ic, !ar 'i po"i&icii !e '(53en&ionare a a.ric("&(rii, ace'& %enoen a" '(pra
pro!(c&iei !e&erin acre'&erea '&oc(ri"or @pri5"ee !e '&ocare, co'&(ri ri!ica&eA
c;iar !i'&r(.erea (nor pro!('e
cA cri/a co(ni&a&i"or r(ra"e7 !aca 'a&e"e !in &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e &in! 'a 'e apropie !e
5ene%icii"e ci3i"i/a&iei ora'e"or, ce"e !in &ari"e in !e/3o"&are '(n& ("& raa'e in
(ra.
Ten!in&e in e3o"(&ia a.ric("&(rii pe p"an on!ia"
1. pon!erea pro!(c&iei a.rico"e in PGM @pro!('(" ."o5a" on!ia"A e'&e in 'ca!ere
#. ace"ea'i&en!in&e !e 'ca!ere 'e ani%e'&a 'i in ceea ce pri3e'&e pop("a&ia ac&i3a !in
a.ric("&(ra.
). in ceea ce pri3e'&e '&r(c&(ra pro!(c&iei a.rico"e, e+i'&a &en!in&a ca pro!(c&ia
a"ianiera 'a crea'ca ai ("& !eca& cea 3e.e&a"a.
-. (&a&ii ipor&an&e 'e !e'%a'oara 'i in '&r(c&(ra proprie&a&ii a'(pra paan&("(i, in
!(5"( 'en'> pe !e o par&e 'ca!e n(ar(" %erieri"or, iar pe !e a"&a par&e cre'&e e!ia
'(pra%e&ei ce re3ine (nei %ere.
Pe ace'&e 5a/e 'e a%ira !e'&(" !e pre.nan& !o(a &en!in&e>
AA !e 'pecia"i/are in !i%eri&e ra(ri 'i c;iar '(5 ra(ri a"e a.ric("&(rii
8A !e %orare !e onopo"(ri 'i 'ocie&a&i &ran'na&iona"e
e+> in SUA are"e co"o' ^Car.i""G !e'%a'oara (ra&oare"e ac&i(ni in #KK)>
7 are pro!(ca&or !e pro!('e a.ro7a"ien&are
7 pro!(ca&or !e a'ini, /a;ar
7 are %"o&a proprie !e pe'c(i& 'i %a5rica !e %aina !e pe'&e
7 c(para 'oia, pr(5 'i pro!(ce ("ei(ri pen&r( ania"e
7 !e&ine )1 !e (/ine in SUA pen&r( %a5ricarea !e pro!('e pen&r( ania"e 'i #K !e
(/ine in a%ara SUA
7 are parc propri( !e caioane !e &ran'por&, 'i"o/(ri 'i ari !epo/i&e p"(' in'&a"a&ii
por&(a"e
7 pro!(ce 'i e+por&a in.ra'ain&e
7 are 'i'&ee proprii !e &e"e.ra%ie in #1K !e ora'e, in SUA 'i in ?K !e ora'e !in )? !e
&ari
7 are e+por&a&or !e pro!('e a"ien&are pe ."o5
7 are "a5ora&oare proprii 'i cap(ri e+perien&a"e pen&r( cerce&ari a.rico"e
Da&ori&a !ien'i(ni"or 'a"e on!ia"e, acea'&a 'oocie&a&e &ran'na&iona"a a prii& !en(irea
!e ^Iperi(" Car.i""G.
1. In ceea ce pri3e'&e pro!(c&i3i&a&ea (ncii a3e (ra&oare"e in%ora&ii>
7 in &ari"e !e/3o"&a&e (n "(cra&or "(crea/a circa 1K ;ec&are
7 in &ari"e in !e/3o"&are (n "(cra&or "(crea/a circa # ;ec&are
Ca(/e"e ar %i (ra&oare"e>
7 '"a5a !o&are &e;ica a&eria"a in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are
7 in (ne"e &ari @ai a"e' in A%ricaA e+i'&a oo concen&rare a paan&("(i in %a3oarea (n(i
.r(p re'&ran' !e proprie&ari
7 a.ric("&(ra e'&e ai a"e' !e &ip onoc("&(ra in &ari"e in c(r' !e !e/3o"&are
7 'i'&e(" coercia" in&erna&iona" e'&e %a3ora5i" &ari"or !e/3o"&a&e @onopo"i/area
ace'&(i coer& ai a"e' !e ca&re STNA
A"ien&a&ia pe ."o5
Pro5"ea a"ien&ara a !e3eni& in&erna&iona"a pen&r( ca '(n& ip"ica&i '(&e !e i"ioane !e
oaeni care &raie'c in a'a n(i&e"e ^/one a"e %oaeiG . In perioa!a 1JJK7#KKK #KQ !in
pop("a&ia &ari"or in !e/3o"&are a3ea( acce' in'(%icien& "a a"ien&a&ie.
S7a aprecia& ca ce" ai 'ca/(& con'( a"ien&ar i" are A%.ani'&an(" c( circa 1-1? !e
Uca"B"oc pe /i %a&a !e e!ia !e con'( a &ari"or in !e/3o"&are !e #HKK Uca"B"ocB/i.
Con'ecin&e"e .enera"e a"e %oaei '(n& n(eroa'e>
7 %ranarea !e/3o"&arii p'i;o7in&e"ec&(a"e
7 5o"i"e pro3oca&e e "ip'a (nor e"een&e n(&ri&i3e> *e, Ca, e&c
7 '&are 'ocia"a e!iocra care !ec"an'ea/a ei.ra&ia 'pre oora'e inc"('i3 pe'&e .rani&e
7 ipor&(ri a"ien&are pen&r( care &ari"e %ac !a&orii %oar&e ari
Conc"(/ie>
Unii '('&in ca 3ino3a&a ar %i ^e+p"o/ia !eo.ra%icaG 'i "ii&e"e %i/ice na&(ra"e a"e
po'i5i"i&a&ii !e cre'&ere a pro!('e"or a.rico"e ca (rare a 'ca!erii '(pra%e&e"or
a.rico"eB"oc(i&or 'i 'eca&(irii &rep&a&e a 'o"("(i !e '(5'&an&e nece'are c("&(ri"or, prec( 'i
!a&ori&a ca"ai&a&i"or na&(ra"e !in ("&ia perioa!a.
,! RELATII MONETARE INTERNATIONALE /RMI0
RMIO repre/in&a rapor&(ri"e 5ane'&i care 'e %orea/a in&re econoii"e na&iona"e, in&re
a.en&ii econoici !in !i%eri&e &ari ca (rare a par&iciparii "or "a circ(i&(" econoic on!ia".
,I! Coo)erarea moonetara inter'tatala )o't.elica
D(pa ce" !e a" !oi"ea ra/5oi on!ia" !a&ori&a '&arii precare a re"a&ii"or one&ar
3a"(&are in&rena&iona"e 'e ip(nea in%ap&(irea (nei "ar.i cooperari a '&a&e"or "(ii, in
3e!erea re."een&arii one&are on!ia"e.
De aceea in 1JJ- '7a !e'%a'(ra& Con%erin&a Mone&ara 'i *inanciara In&erna&iona"a !e "a
8rei&on _oo!' @SUAA c( par&iciparea a -1 !e '&a&e care a( !eci' crearea 'i'&e("(i one&ar
in&erna&iona". Carac&eri'&ici"e %(n!aen&are a"e SMI era(>
1. A!op&area e&a"on("(i a(r !e3i/e @e&a"onO(ni&a&e !e a'(raA .
In ace'& ca/ a"a&(ri !e a(r ca in'&r(en& !e p"a&a 'i re/er3a in rapor&(ri"e econoice
e+&erne 'e (&i"i/ea/a !o"ar(" SUA. Ace'&a a %o'& !e%ini& prin&r7o .re(&a&e in3aria5i"a in a(r
@1[OK.III?H1 .r a(rA.
#. *i+i&a&ea c(r'("(i !e 'c;i5
*iecare &ara 'ena&ara i'i rapor&a one!a "a [ 'a( " a(r.
). Con3er&i5i"i&a&ea one&ara
Se a3ea in 3e!ere # a'pec&e in ace'& ca/ >
7 "i5era con3er&i5i"i&a&e a [ in a(r
7 "i5era con3er&i5i"i&a&e a one!e"or na&iona"e a"e '&a&e"or e5re SMI in&re e"e
O8SC Ace'& 'i'&e a %(nc&iona& aproape #1 ani apoi a in&ra& in&r7o cri/a p(&enica 'i '7a
'('pen!a& con3er&i5i"i&a&ea [ in a(r.
Se pra5('e'&e !e a'eenea 'i 'i'&e(" e&a"on a(r !e3i/e ca (rare a !e3a"ori/arii
%oar&e ari a !o"ar("(i @c( H,I QA.
De3a"ori/area !o"ar("(i a a3(& "oc !a&ori&a i'carii re/er3e"or !e a(r a"e SUA !e&eriorarii
5a"an&ei !e p"a&i. Perioa!a care a (ra& a5an!onarii principi"or !e "a 8rei&on _oo!' '7a
carac&eri/a& prin&r7o %"o&are p(ra, necon&ro"a&a a c(r'(ri"or !e 'c;i5. In acea'&a perioa!a '7
a( "(a& (raroare"e a'(ri>
aA In&er3en&ia repe&a&a a 5anci"or cen&ra"e pe pia&a one&ara pen&r( '('&inerea
c(r'(ri"or !e 'c;i5 coon3eni&e.
5A Core"area a'(ri"or !e po"i&ica one&ara ai a"e' in ceea ce pri3e'&e ni3e"(" ra&ei
!o5an/ii.
cA *"o&area .enera"i/a&a a c(r'(ri"or !e 'c;i5 a %ac(& ca e"e 'a Doace (n ro" %oar&e
ipor&an& in conpe&i&ia !in&re '&a&e. Deci c(r'(ri"e !e 'c;i5 a( !e3eni& %ac&ori !e
a3an&aD copara&i3.
,!"! Lic1i(itatile internationale
I5raca !o(a %ore principa"e >
7Lic;i!i&a&i"e in&erna&iona"e o%icia"e
7Lic;i!i&a&i"e in&erna&iona"e pri3a&e
A) L()4(0(%!%(+$ (%$"!%(o!+$ o-()(!+$
Repre/in&a an'a5"(" re'(r'e"or !e care !i'p(n a(&ori&a&i"e one&are pen&r( a %inan&a
!e%ici&e"e 5a"an&ei "or !e p"a&i. E"e inc"(! > !e3i/e, po/i&i !e re/er3a "a *MI, DST @Drep&(ri
'pecia"e !e &ra.ereA.
In ca!r(" re/er3e"or o%ici"e in !e3i/e, !o"ar(" are .re(&a&ea 'peci%ica cea ai are, !eci e o
one!a !irec&oare pe p"an on!ia" @1KQ !in coer&(" in&erna&iona" 'i pe'&e IKQ !in
!a&oria e+&erna a &ari"or "(ii 'e ca"c("ea/a in !o"arA.
Pe "an.a !o"ar a"&e !o(a one!e, e(ro 'i Ren(" Dapone/ 'e 'i&(ea/a pe po/i&ii"e (ra&oare ca
ipoor&an&a. Ace'&e ) one!e a"ca&(ie'c (n &ri(n.;i 3a"(&ar in in&erior(" carora a( "oc
aDori&a&ea &ran/ac&ii"or 3a"(&are !in "(e.

B) L()4(0(%!%(+$ (%$"!%(o!+$ 6"(8!%$
D(pa 1JI-, ia na'&ere o pia&a one&ara in&erna&iona"a pri3a&a, care 3a %(nc&iona in para"e"
c( cea o%icia"a.
La incep(& "ic;i!i&a&i"e in&erna&iona"e pri3a&e a( i5raca& !oar %ora e(ro7!o"ari"or. E&apa
(ra&oare con!(ce "a con'&i&(irea !e !epo/i&e 'i in a"&e !e3i/e> e(ropenii !e e+ep"(.
Apare !eci pia&a e(ro !e3i/e"or @e(ro7pia&aA.
O8SC D(pa "an'area one!ei e(ro &eren(" !e e(ro7!e3i/a crea/a con%(/ii !e aceea c(
&ip(" e" 3a %i 'c;i5a&. Pre%i+(" e(ro in!ica !oar ca a3e !e a%ace c( o a"&a one!a !eca&
cea a &arii (n!e 'e %orea/a !epo/i&(".
E*"o=0$8(7$+$ O'(n& !epo/i&e in one!e na&iona"e "a 5anci 'i&(a&e in e+&erior(" &arii
care "e7a ei'.
P(!%! $*"o=0$8(7$+o" Oe pia&a in&erna&iona"a o%% ';are a one!e"or ce"or ai
p(&ernice &ari in!('&ria"i/a&e.
Pen&r( ca oo one!a 'a %ie accep&a&a pe acea'i pia&a &re5(ie 'a in!ep"ine'ca (ra&oare"e
con!i&ii>
7 'a %ie one!a "i5er con3er&i5i"a
7 'a !e&ina o pon!ere ipor&an&a in &ran/ac&ii"e in&rena&iona"e
7 'a %ie !eDa accepp&a&a in &ran/ac&i"e in&erna&iona"e o%icia"e
O8SC In pre/en& pe pia&a e(ro7!e3i/e"or !o"arii con&in(a 'a ai5a pon!erea cea ai are.
E(ro7pia&a n( e'&e oo.ena.

E(ro7pia&a c(prin!e (ra&oare"e 'e.en&e>
1. pia&a e(ro7cre!i&e"or O ipr((&(ri in !e3i/e
#. pia&a e(ro7o5"i.a&i(ni"or O 'e ne.ociea/a ipr((&(ri prin in&ere!i(" o5"i.a&i(ni"or
). pia&a e(ro7ac&i(ni"or O'e.en&(" ce" ai recen&, 'e &ran/ac&ionea/a ac&i(ni.
O8SC Tran/ac&i"e pe e(ro7pie&e 'e %ac !oar in&re a.en&ii econoici %oar&e p(&ernici @5anci,
%ire, .(3erneA 'i n(ai c( '(e %oar&e ari @ce" ai ic ipr((& e in pre/en&
1KK.KKK[A.
E(ropa concen&rea/a ce"e ai ari opera&i(ni c( !e3i/e iar Lon!ra repre/in&a cea ai
ipora&n&a pia&a pe p"an on!ia".
O8SC In ca!r(" e(ro7pie&e"or ra&a !o5an/ii !e re%eren&a 'e '&a5i"e'&e /i"nic.