AIRPORT ENGINEERING

RUNWAY
A runway is a strip of land at an airport on
which aircraft can take off and land and forms
part of the maneuvering area.
RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Runway is usually oriented in the direction of
prevailing winds. The head wind i.e the
direction of wind opposite to the direction of
landing & take-off, provides greater lift on the
wings of the aircraft when it is taking off. As
such the aircraft rises above the ground much
earlier & in a shorter length of runway. During
landing the head wind provides a braking
effect & the aircraft comes to a stop in a
smaller length of runway. Landing & take-off
operations, if done along the wind direction
would require longer runway.

RUNWAY ORIENTATION
The orientation of the runway is an important
consideration in airport planning and design
Ideally, all aircraft operations on a runway
should be conducted against the wind
Wind conditions vary from hour to hour thus
requiring a careful examination of prevailing
wind conditions at the airport site

Head Wind
In aerodynamics, a headwind is a wind that
blows against the direction of travel of an
object. A headwind reduces the object's speed
and increases the time required to reach its
destination. The opposite wind is a tailwind.

Cross Wind Operations
Wind conditions vary from hour to hour
If the direction of the wind is at an angle with
the center line of runway, its component
along the direction of runway will be V cos
and that normal to the runway center line will
be V sin
V is wind velocity
All aircraft have maximum demonstrated cross
wind components


Runway

Wind vector

Crosswind Component

Crosswind Component may interrupt in the
safe landing and takeoff of the air crafts
Max. permissible Crosswind Component
depends on
Size of the aircraft
Wing configuration
Wind coverage :- the percentage of time in a
year during which the Crosswind Component
remains within the limits
Wind rose
Wind data:
Direction
Duration
Intensity
Wind Rose is a graphical way of analyzing data
that is related to wind direction.
Type I: direction & duration
Type II: direction, duration & Intensity

Type I
Type I
Change in direction of runway
Obstruction

Excessive grading

Noise nuisance

Basic runway length
Assumed conditions:
Airport altitude is at sea level (7 % per 300m)
Temperature at the airport is standard (15
0
C)
Runway is levelled in the longitudinal direction
No wind is blowing on runway
Aircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity
There is no wind blowing enroute to the
destination.
Enroute temperature is standard
Basic runway length
Normal landing case
Normal take off case
Engine failure care
Jet engine: 3 cases
Piston engine: 2 cases
Correction for elevation,
temperature & gradient
Correction for elevation (increase 7% per
300m)
Correction for temperature(increase 1% per 1
0
C)
Check for the total correction for elevation
plus temperature (max 35
0
C)
Correction for gradient (20% increase for 1 %
effective gradient)
Airport classification
ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization) classification
A to E : based on runway length (A type-
longest-Min 2100 m and E type- shortest
runway- Min 600m)

1 to 7 : based on ESWL (1 to 7, 1 type-
maximum ESWL)