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^SSPSKMGI, ME TEVXI PE QEM QYPXI I\TIHM'MM #M HI 3IGEVI HEX RXSGQI#XI LV'M
MRIHMXI EWYTVE GIPSV Z^YXI GY TVI'YP EXXSV IJSVXYVM. 9VG QYR'MM /MVKLM^ #M
/EVEXEY #M IWXI GIP HMRXM GIVGIXXSV GEVI WXEFMPI#XI G IM JEG TEVXI HMR
WMWXIQYP QYRXSW 8MER#ER (1864).
R WITXIQFVMI 1867, 7IZIVXSZ TSVRI#XI MEV WTVI QYR'M, HI EWX HEX GY
S QEVI I\TIHM'MI EP GVIM 'IP IVE 8YVOIWXERYP. 2MQIRM TR PE IP RY HIWGVMI
EXX HI EQRYR'MX #M TPEWXMG REPXIPI TPEXSYVM HMR 8MER#ER. (YT GI XVIGI TVMR
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/SO#EPXEY #M IWXI TVMQYP IYVSTIER GEVI EXMRKI 41s PEXMXYHMRI RSVHMG, HI
GIEPEPX TEVXI E 8MER#ERYPYM GIRXVEP.
2YQIPI PYM *IHGIROS RI IWXI GYRSWGYX #M HMR LV'M. 1EVIPI KLI'EV HMR
4EQMV GEVI M TSEVX RYQIPI, PYRK HI 77 OQ #M GY S WYTVEJE' HI 1 350 OQ2,
IWXI YRYP HMR GIM QEM QEVM KLI'EVM EM PYQMM, RXMYP GE PYRKMQI. *IHGIROS RY E
XVMX HIGX 29 HI ERM #M E QYVMX XVEKMG R XMQTYP YRIM EWGIRWMYRM TI 1SRX &PERG
(WITXIQFVMI 1873). (EV XMRIVI'IE PYM, HSVRMG W GYRSEWG XSXYP #M W EHYG S
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WGYVX.
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RIGYRSWGY'M, TI GEVI M HIRYQI#XI >EPEMWO, QYR'MM HI HMRGSPS HI %PXEM #M EPI
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JEYRIM #M 4SVIM HMR WMWXIQYP 4EQMV-%PXEM, %WME 'IRXVEP #M QYR'MM ,MQEPE]E.
'IVGIXVMPI HMR 8MER#ER #M 4EQMV EY JSWX GSRXMRYEXI #M HI SEQIRMM HI
#XMMR' WSZMIXMGM. 7EZERXYP #M EPTMRMWXYP WSZMIXMG %YKYWX %RHVIIZMGM 0IXEZIX E
SVKERM^EX I\TIHM'MM HI EQTPSEVI, GY WTIGMEPM#XM R KISHI^MI #M 3PQVM HMR EZMSR.
R ERMM 1938 #M 1943 EGIWXI I\TIHM'MM EY WXVRW RSM HEXI KISKVE3GI, RXVI EPXIPI
HIWGSTIVMVIE PE 20 OQ WYH HI /LER 8IRKVM E 4MWGYPYM 4SFIHE (:MGXSVME) HI 7
439 Q, GIP QEM REPX ZVJ HMR 8MER#ER #M EP HSMPIE HMR 9. 6. 7. 7.
9R EPX QEVI I\TPSVEXSV #M SQ HI #XMMR' VYW IWXI 2MOSPEM 1MLEMPSZMH
4VNIZEPWOM. R ETVSETI HSY^IGM HI ERM HI I\TIHM'MM IP E TEVGYVW R %WME
'IRXVEP QEM QYPX HI 30 000 HI OQ. % JGYX S WIVMI HI MQTSVXERXI HIWGSTIVMVM
TVMZMRH VIPMIJYP #M ETIPI, GPMQE #M 4SVE %WMIM 'IRXVEPI, QTVIYR GY
GSPEFSVEXSVYP WY 6SFSVSZWOM, IM EY WXVRW ETVSETI 16 000 I\IQTPEVI HI
TPERXI HMR 1 700 WTIGMM, HMRXVI GEVI HSY WYXI HI WTIGMM #M #ETXI KIRYVM XSXEP
RIGYRSWGYXI TR EXYRGM; XSXSHEX EY EHYREX 7600 ZIVXIFVEXI, RXVI GEVI #M
GXIZE ^IGM HI WTIGMM RSM.
R GIPI TEXVY GPXSVMM GIPIFVI EPI PYM 4VNIZEPWOM, IP EXMRKI R TVMQE
GPXSVMI TIWXI TSHM#YP +SFM 1SRKSPME #M 4IOMRYP, HIWGSTIVMRH PER'YVM RSM HI
QYR'M, GY RP'MQM HI TIWXI GMRGM QMM HI QIXVM: /YOYRSV #M /YOY#MPM. )VE RXMYP
IYVSTIER GEVI WI EZRXE TI RP'MQMPI RIGYRSWGYXI EPI 8MFIXYPYM HI RSVH, WTVI
M^ZSEVIPI 4YZMMPSV ,[ERKLS #M =ERKX^I. 4IRXVY TVMQE SEV ETEV EGYQ TI LEVXE
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HSY ZSPYQI P JEGI GYRSWGYX R RXVIEKE PYQI, 3MRH XVEHYW R QEM QYPXI 'VM
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RXMRHIVIE PEGYPYM 0SFRSV. R WJV#MX, YPXMQIPI HSY GPXSVMM RHV^RI'I #M KVIPI
4VNIZEPWOM PI-E JGYX R 8MFIX. %GYQ IP XVEZIVWIE^ XVIGXSVM PE TIWXI 4000 Q,
XVIGI TVMR ZIGMRXEXIE QYR'MPSV /YRPYR #M 1EVGS 4SPS #M ENYRKI TR PE XVIM
WYXI HI OMPSQIXVM HI 0LEWWE, YRHI MRXVEVIE WXVMRMPSV IVE MRXIV^MW. R EQMRXMVIE
GIVGIXXSVYPYM #M I\TPSVEXSVYPYM 4VNIZEPWOM, PER'YP HI QYR'M, PYRK HI 700 OQ (GY
YR ZVJ HI 7 720 Q #M XVIGXSVM PE 5800 Q), HMR RSVHYP 8MFIXYPYM, M TSEVX
TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE RYQIPI.
'PXSVMM XIQIVEVI, GE #M 4VNIZEPWOM, ZE JEGI #M I\TPSVEXSVYP WYIHI^ 7ZIR
,IHMR R 4EQMV (1893-1894) #M R 8MFIX. )P ENYRKI TR PE 4IOMR #M YVG GIP
HMRXM, R 1894, 1YWXEKL %'E HMR 4EQMV, TR PE TIWXI 6000 Q. 7I #XMI G
EGIWX QYRXI HM3GMP (7 546 Q) ZE 3 QEM XV^MY EWEPXEX JV WYGGIW HI S
I\TIHM'MI GSRHYW HI IRKPI^YP 7LMTXSR. %GIWXE E ENYRW HSEV TR PE 6 800 Q,
GIIE GI EVEX HISWIFMXE TIVJSVQER' E I\TPSVEXSVYPYM WYIHI^ 7ZIR ,IHMR
VIY#MX GY NYQXEXI HI WIGSP REMRXI, JV QEXIVMEPI WTIGMEPI #M JV S XILRMG
EPTMR QSHIVR. 4IRXVY RXME HEX QYRXIPI 1YWXEKL %'E ZE 3 GYGIVMX R MYPMI
1956 HI S I\TIHM'MI GLMRS-WSZMIXMG.
*VMHXNSJ 2ERWIR, HYT GI JYWIWI R XMRIVI'I GEQTMSR HI WGLM JSRH EP 'VMM
WEPI #M GEQTMSR EP PYQMM PE TEXMREN ZMXI^, HEV #M WXYHIRX JSEVXI FYR #M WXYHMSW,
PE 27 ERM, RIWSGSXMRH WJEXYVMPI TVMIXIRMPSV, TPIEG RXV-S I\TIHM'MI GEVI-P ZE
GSRWEGVE: +VSIRPERHE (2 QEM 1888).
1EM REMRXI, PE 21 HI ERM, TEVXMGMTEWI PE I\TIHM'ME HI TI ZEWYP :MOMRK #M-
#M HIWGSTIVMWI RXME TEWMYRI #XMMR'M3G, FMSPSKME JSGMM. 2IFYRIEWGE XVEZIVWEVI
E +VSIRPERHIM, R GEVI P-EY RWS'MX EP'M GMRGM RHV^RI'M (HSM RSVZIKMIRM #M XVIM
PETSRM) WI HIWJ#SEV R 65 HI ^MPI #M RST'M HI KLIE' #M RIGYRSWGYX. )\TIHM'ME
EGIEWXE IVSMG TEVGYVKI 560 OQ, RJVYRXRH GVIZEWI, QYR'M REP'M HI 2 700 Q,
KIV HI 50s.
(EV RYQEM E#E E JSWX TSWMFMP GE, QEM XV^MY, EGIPE#M RIRJVMGEX SQ HI
#XMMR', PEYVIEX EP 4VIQMYPYM 2SFIP TIRXVY TEGI R 1922, W TSVRIEWG GY
*VEQ WTVI 4SPYP 2SVH #M W ENYRK PE GIE QEM RSVHMG PEXMXYHMRI EXMRW
ZVISHEX HI SQ TR EXYRGM 86s15.
8SX 2ERWIR IWXI EYXSVYP YRIM GV'M QEM TY'MR GYRSWGYXI HIGX 7TVI
TSP, HEV RY QEM TY'MR MRXIVIWERX, 4VMR 'EYGE^ WTVI :SPKE (1929).
9R GIVGIXXSV GSRWEGVEX XSX HI S I\TIHM'MI TSPEV (ZEWYP &IPKMGE,
1897), HEV VQEW R #XMMR'E PYQMM GE RXIQIMIXSV EP FMSWTISPSKMIM, IWXI VSQERYP
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400 HI TI#XIVM HMR *VER'E, %PKIVME, -XEPME, -YKSWPEZME EY JSWX GIVGIXEXI GY KVMN
HI )QMP 6EGSZM'E.
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EWSGME'MM XYVMWXMGI VSQERI#XM HMR 8VERWMPZERME, *V'ME QYRXIER (1921), R
GEVI ZSV QEM EGXMZE, HI EWIQIRIE #M EP'M SEQIRM HI #XMMR' EVHIPIRM.
4VI^IR'E GSQYR E SEQIRMPSV HI #XMMR' #M E EPTMRM#XMPSV R QYR'MM RS#XVM
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JSPSWIWG EHIWIE WGVM, GSV^M, TMXSERI, EPXYVM HI FVGM TRIYQEXMGI, W-E TYXYX
TXVYRHI R EHRGYVMPI TQRXYPYM, TIRXVY GIVGIXVM.
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3NSW HIP 7EPEHS HMR %R^M, JV E QEM WSGSXM #M ZYPGERMM WYFQEVMRM RIGIVGIXE'M
RW HI GYVMS^MXEXIE SQIRIEWG, RHV^RIEPE, ZIGMR EHIWIE GY RIFYRME, E
GIPSV GEVI GIVGIXIE^ ZYPGERMM, HI#M RY WI #XMI RMGMSHEX GRH IVYT, GIVI RY
RYQEM TVIKXMVI #XMMR'M3G, GM #M VI^MWXIR' EPTMR. 'Y ETEVEXYP HI 3PQEX, GY
QEWGE QTSXVMZE KE^IPSV, GY GSEVHE HI REMPSR TI YQV, ZYPGERSPSKMM T#IWG R
QTV'ME PYM :YPGER #M E -RJIVRYPYM TIRXVY E WQYPKI REXYVMM XEMRIPI IM #M E
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HEV GSRWMHIVRH G EPTMRMWQYP RGITI GY GYGIVMVIE 1SRX &PERG-YPYM (1787),
EWGIRWMYRIE ,IRVMIXXIM H%RKIZMPPI TI 1SRX &PERG R 1838, GY JVEXIPI IM, TSEXI
3 GSRWMHIVEX RXME QEVI ZMGXSVMI E YRIM JIQIM EWYTVE QYR'MPSV.
(VITX QYP'YQMVI TIRXVY G S GSRHYWIWI #M S ENYXEWI R EWGIRWMYRI, IE M
HVYMI#XI JVEXIPYM WY %HSPTLI H%RKIZMPPI HVITX EQMRXMVI YR JSEVXI JVYQSW
EPFYQ GY HIWIRI #M WXEQTI RJ'M#RH %PTMM. (IWTVI EGIEWX EWGIRWMYRI
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HSY, GMRGM WEY #ETXI QMM HI QIXVM. 4R R 1933, VIGSVHYP HI EPXMXYHMRI EPTMR
IVE HI'MRYX HI EPTMRMWXE &YPPSGO-;SVOQER (6 930 Q). 0E EWEPXYP TMWGYVMPSV HMR
/EVE-OSVYQ (HMR ERYP 1933) TEVXMGMT #M WS'ME TVSJIWSVYPYM (]LVIRJYVXL, HEV RY
GE EPTMRMWXE, GM GE RWS'MXSEVI. )\TIHM'ME GYGIVI#XI HM3GMPYP 5YIIR 1EV] 4IEO
(7420 Q).
(EV HVEKSWXIE TIRXVY QYRXI RY WX RYQEM R EWEPXYP #M GYGIVMVIE GIPSV
QEM REPXI TMWGYVM. +ISVKIW 7ERH (1804-1878) E MYFMX QYR'MM, PI-E GYXEX
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QYR'MM, HITEVXI HI TVINYHIG'MPI ZIEGYPYM #M WEPSERIPSV, QFVGEX FVFXI#XI
#M XVKRH HMR PYPIE. (I PE IE RI-EY VQEW, R EJEVE VSQERIPSV #M WGVMWSVMPSV,
HSY GV'M PIKEXI HI TEWMYRIE IM TIRXVY REXYV, 0I GSQTEKRSR HY 8SYV HI
*VERGI (1840) #M PYGVEVIE R GEVI I HIWGVMW VIKMYRIE %YZIVKRI #M &IVV] GY
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3MGE FERYPYM +LMGE, )PIRE, TI RYQIPI PMXIVEV (SVE H-WXVME, YVG R 1856 R
QYR'MM )PZI'MIM TI 13RGL (4105 Q), YRHI, GY KRHYP PE TEXVME WE RHITVXEX,
QTPRX TI ZVJ XVMGSPSVYP VSQERIWG. 'EVXIE IM, )PZI'ME KIVQER #M YVGY#YP
TI 1SRGL, E ETVYX R PMQFE JVERGI^ R EGIPE#M ER (1856) #M MWXSVMWI#XI
XIQIVEVE EWGIRWMYRI TI EGIWX QYRXI HI TIWXI TEXVY QMM HI QIXVM.
'PEMVI-)PMERI )RKIP VQRI QEVIE RHVKSWXMX #M TSIX E 1SRX &PERG-
YPYM #M E EPTMRMWQYPYM, GVSVE PI HIHMG TEKMRM ZEPSVSEWI. (MRXVI PYGVVMPI IM QEM
EQMRXMQ 0YTXE TIRXVY ,MQEPE]E (1936) #M MRIHMXE, FSKEXE 0MXIVEXYVE EPTMR
E WIGSPIPSV 18 #M 19 R *VER'E #M %RKPME.
4SZIWXIWG EWGIRWMYRM EPTMRI R %PTM, 'SVHMPMIVM #M ,MQEPE]E, 7]PZME
H%PFIVXEW, 2MGSPI 0IMRMRKIV, 1MGLIPMRI 1SVMR. 'V'M ZMM, HMREQMGI, RY
PMXIVEXYVM^EXI, GM ZMFVRH HI RGSVHEVIE PYTXIM GY WXRGE #M RP'MQMPI, RXME
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)RKPI^SEMGE -WEFIPPE 7XVEXSR, GSRHYW HI KLM^M HMR 'LEQSRM\, E YVGEX R 30
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TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E HIZIRM EZMEXSEVI, TEVE#YXMWX, EPTMRMWX. "M EWX^M 3IGEVI
'EV #M EVI XIQIVEVIPI #M TVMGITYXIPI GYGIVMXSEVI EPI ZVJYVMPSV HI KVERMX #M
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HI EPTMRMWQ TI WXRG. 4VMQE RSEWXV GEQTMSER E JSWX MRKMRIVE WMPZMG 2MRE
:EWMPMY (6EVY, 1955). (SY GYVENSEWI IGLMTI JIQMRMRI ("XMMR'E #M 4VSKVIWYP),
GSQTYWI HMR GXI TEXVY JIXI, EY VIY#MX R HSY ^MPI KVIPI XVEZIVWEVIE HI MEVR,
GY WGLMYVMPI, E 4MIXVIM 1MGM HMR QEWMZYP 4MEXVE 'VEMYPYM.
R EYKYWX 1961, 3^MGMER #M EPTMRMWXE -SERE :PHIWGY, R GSQTERME PYM
7SVMR 'MYPMM #M E YRSV EPTMRM#XM GILM #M WSZMIXMGM, E YVGEX R 4EQMV, ZVJYP 0IRMR,
REPX HI 7134 Q. )WXI TVMQE VSQRG RZMRKXSEVI E YRYM TMWG HI TIWXI 7000
Q #M EGIEWXE RI JEGI W GVIHIQ G RY ZE XVIGI QYPX #M ZSQ ZIHIE #M S
GYGIVMXSEVI E TMWGYVMPSV HI TIWXI 8000 Q.
(MRXVI EPTMRMWXIPI HI JVYRXI EPI PYQMM QIVMX HIWMKYV EQMRXMX KISVKMERE
%PIOWERHVE (NETEVMH^I. )E EVI RY QEM TY'MR HI HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI ERM HI
EPTMRMWQ #M JEGI TEVXI HMR GIM XVIM (NETEVMH^I GEVI EY EWEPXEX #M RZMRW 9WLFE,
/E^FIO, 7LOEVE, TVIGYQ #M GVIEWXE TPMR HI HM3GYPX'M #M VMWGYVM E 'EYGE^YPYM.
% JGYX ETVSETI S WYX HI EWGIRWMYRM, ENYXRH KISPSPSKM, FSXERM#XM #M ^SSPSKM R
GIVGIXVMPI PSV, GEVI JV ENYXSVYP IM HI EPTMRM#XM, RMGM RY W-EV 3 TYXYX JEGI.
(NETEVMH^I RXVYGLMTIE^ GYVENYP #M XILRMGE KIRIVE'MMPSV HI EPTMRMWXI WSZMIXMGI.
RXVI EPXIPI IE E WGVMW S GEVXI HIWTVI KVSXIPI HMR QYR'M, GY XMXPYP WYKIWXMZ 4I
YVQIPI PIKIRHIPSV.
R EGIPE#M ER (1953), R GEVI, HYT XIRXEXMZI HI HIGIRMM, GY KVIYX'M #M
NIVXJI HI RIRGLMTYMX, E JSWX GYGIVMX )ZIVIWXYP, S I\TIHM'MI JVERGI^, GSRHYW
HI 4MIVVI &IVREVH, EWEPXIE^ RIGYGIVMXYP 2YR /YR (7135 Q), RZMRKXSVMM HYT
S HVEQEXMG IWGEPEH, TVIGIHEX HI S EZEPER# GEVI ^HVSFI#XI IGLMTE HI ZVJ
#M-P JEGI ETVSETI W VIRYR'I WYRX IPZI'MERYP 4MIVVI :MXS^ #M JVER'Y^SEMGE 'PEYHI
/SKER, YRE HMR GIPI QEM QEVM EPTMRMWXI HMR PYQI (HI#M RYQEM HI 1,50 Q
RP'MQI #M 45 OK KVIYXEXI). R ERYP 1959, PE 35 HI ERM, EGIEWX ETVMK #M
RHIQREXMG GYGIVMXSEVI E QYR'MPSV IWXI EGSTIVMX HI S EZEPER# R
,MQEPE]E, YRHI GSRHYGIE S IGLMT JSVQEX RYQEM HMR JIQIM. 1SEVXIE IM R
PSG W RJVMGS#I^I, RHIEQR PE PYTX. 2SM I\TIHM'MM JIQMRMRI EXEG R YPXMQMM
ERM TMWGYVMPI TI GEVI TR EGYQ R-EY YVGEX HIGX FVFE'MM. )\TIHM'ME JIQMRMR
IRKPI^, GSRHYW HI (SVSXL] +VEZMRE R 2ITEPYP HI ZIWX, GYGIVI#XI R 1962
YR ZVJ HI 6553 Q.
R .ETSRME, GLMEV #M EWX^M, JIQIMPI RY EY ZSMI W YVGI TI ERYQM'M QYR'M,
WSGSXM'M WEGVM; E#E GYQ, GY ERM R YVQ, JIQIMPI RY EZIEY ZSMI W NSEGI XIEXVY,
VSPYVMPI JIQMRMRI 3MRH MRXIVTVIXEXI HI FVFE'M, R XVEZIWXM. R ERYP 1957, YR
KVYT HI EPTMRMWXI NETSRI^I EY RGIVGEX W YVGI HIKLM^EXI R FVFE'M, HYFP
GYXI^ER' TI QYRXIPI 3GLMQE. (EV FVFE'MM, EPEVQE'M, EY TVMRW HI ZIWXI, EY
YVGEX R KVEF QYRXIPI #M EY QTMIHMGEX QEVIPI WEGVMPIKMY. *IQIMPI EY
XVIFYMX W WI RXSEVG HMR HVYQ, W GSFSEVI, HEV TSEXI G S ZMMXSEVI RGIVGEVI
WI ZE WSPHE GY S ZMGXSVMI.
1YRXIPI GIP QEM REPX EP %JVMGMM (/MPMQERNEVS, 6010 Q HYT YPXMQIPI
QWYVXSVM) JYWIWI YVGEX HI QYPXI SVM, HEV RMQIRM RY E VQEW RMGMSHEX TI
ZVJ QEM QYPX HI GXIZE SVI. -EX RW G, R ERYP 1963, TIRXVY RXME HEX, S
I\TIHM'MI MRXIVRE'MSREP GSQTYW HMR #EWI FVFE'M (XVIM JVERGI^M, HSM
QEYVMXERM, YR EQIVMGER) #M. HSY JIQIM E IWGEPEHEX TMWGYP, VQRRH TI IP
XMQT HI ^IGI ^MPI.
4R EWX^M, HMR GIPI TEXVYWTVI^IGI TMWGYVM HI TIWXI 8000 Q HMR
,MQEPE]E #M /EVEOSVYQ, RMGMYRYP R-E JSWX GYGIVMX HI ZVIS JIQIMI. 3 WMRKYV
I\TIHM'MI JIQMRMR WGS'MER, YRE HMR TVMQIPI HI QEVI EPXMXYHMRI, E VIY#MX W
YVGI R 1955 YR ZVJ HI 6 700 Q R ,MQEPE]E, HIWGLM^RH HVYQ #M EPXSV
I\TIHM'MM JIQMRMRI.
1YWXEKL %'E, TVMRXIPI QYR'MPSV HI KLIE', REPX HI 7545 Q HMR 4EQMV,
EWEPXEX #M RIRZMRW HI 7ZIR ,IVMR #M )VMG 7LMTXSR, E JSWX TIRXVY E HSYE SEV
YVGEX R ERYP 1959 (RXME HEX R 1956), HI S I\TIHM'MI GLMRI^, HMR GEVI
JGIEY TEVXI #M. STX JIQIM.
% JSWX S PYTX KVIE, HI WTXQRM, GY TIVI'MM HI 45s, GY ^TEHE,
KLI'EVMM, EPXMXYHMRIE. (EV TR PE YVQ QYRXIPI, HIWTVI GEVI S PIKIRH WTYRI
G EWGYRHI R ZVJ YR PEG EPFEWXVY, RGSRNYVEX HI S TENM#XI ZIVHI TI GEVI S
GQMP TE#XI HMRXV-S MEVF GI GVI#XI RIRGIXEX WIQR EP ZI#RMGMIM, QYRXIPI
EGIWXE W-E HEX RZMRW. (MR GIM XVIM^IGM #M XVIM HI RZMRKXSVM, STX WYRX JIQIM #M
ERYQI: HSY QYRGMXSEVI HI JIVQ, TEXVY WXYHIRXI R KISPSKMI, S 3^MGMER, S
GIVGIXXSEVI KISPSK.
'IP QEM VIGIRX VIGSVH QSRHMEP JIQMRMR HI EPXMXYHMRI E JSWX WXEFMPMX R
ERYP 1962 HI GXVI HSY EPTMRMWXI GLMRI^I. )PI EY RP'EX WXIEKYP 6ITYFPMGMM
4STYPEVI 'LMRI^I TI ZVJYP 1MR]EK /ERKOEV (7587 Q) HMR QYR'MM 7GMYER.
%GIPE#M TMWG JYWIWI GYGIVMX GY #ETXI ERM R YVQ, R 1957, HI GXVI S I\TIHM'MI
GLMRI^ GSQTYW HMR #ETXIWTVI^IGI EPTMRM#XM, HMRXVI GEVI TEXVY EY TMIVMX R
RGIVGVMPI 3REPI HI EWEPX EP TMWGYPYM.
1MR]EK /ERKOEV IWXI YR QYRXI HI S VEV JVYQYWI'I. 2Y I\MWX TI
TQRX PSG QEM JVYQSW HIGX 1MR]EK /ERKOEV, I\GPEQ PSGEPRMGMM. 0IKIRHIPI
WTYR G S RSETXI TIXVIGYX TI EGIWX QYRXI IGLMZEPIE^ GY ^IGI ERM HI
QIHMXE'MI #M VYKGMYRM RIRXVIVYTXI.
*IQIMPI HI XSEXI GYPSVMPI #M XSEXI RE'MSREPMX'MPI EWEPXIE^ TE#RMG
RP'MQMPI TR QEM MIVM EPI WTMVMXIPSV VIPI #M ^IMPSV RIQFPR^M'M. 'YVRH TE#MM
PSV ZSV GPGE TI YVQIPI GIPSV GEVI, RJVYRXRH QTV'ME VIGI E ^TI^MM #M E
QSV'MM, EY ENYRW TR TI EGSTIVM#YVMPI PYQMM, PE ^IM'E QEQ E TQRXYPYM. R
GYVRH ZSQ EY^M HI RSM M^FR^M EPI RHV^RIPMM #M ZSMR'IM JIQMRMRI!
9VME#YP TQRXYPYM E JSWX RZMRW. )ZIVIWXYP E JSWX EWEPXEX #M GYGIVMX R
1953 HI ,MPPEV] #M 8IRWMRK.
(EV QEM TY'MR GIVGIXE'M, HI#M QEM TY'MR REP'M, EY QEM VQEW RG YR ER,
HSM WEY XVIM, 'LSKSVM (/2) (8611 Q), EP HSMPIE QYRXI EP PYQMM GYGIVMX R 1954
HI MXEPMIRMM 'SQTEKRSRM #M 0EGIHIPPM, /ERKGLIRH^SRKE (8597 Q), EP XVIMPIE
QYRXI EP PYQMM, RZMRW HI S I\TIHM'MI FVMXERMG R 1955, 1EOEPY (8 481 Q), EP
GMRGMPIE QYRXI EP PYQMM, IWGEPEHEX HI JVERGI^MM 8IVVE] #M 'SY^].
R ERYP 1955 VQWIWIV RG RIGYGIVM'M 0LSXWI (8501 Q) #M (LEYPEKMVM
(8172 Q), EWEPXE'M HI I\TIHM'MM IPZI'MIRI #M 1EREWPY (8 125 Q), 'MRXE YRIM
I\TIHM'MM NETSRI^I.
%WX^M XS'M YVME#MM EY JSWX GYGIVMVM. 2-E QEM VQEW QYRXI HI TIWXI 8 000
Q RIRZMRW HI RHV^RIEPE #M ZSMR'E SQIRIEWG. (EV MEX G R 1957, ERYP
KIS3^MG MRXIVRE'MSREP, RGITI GYGIVMVIE YRYM RSY XVQ RIGYRSWGYX, GIP HI EP
#EWIPIE GSRXMRIRX: %RXEVGXMGE!
(IWGSTIVMX R ERYP 1820 HI REZMKEXSVMM VY#M 0E^EVIZ #M &IPPMRKLEYWIR,
EGIWX RSY GSRXMRIRX ZEWX #M EPF, GY S WYTVEJE' HI 14 QMPMSERI OQ2, GY YR
WXVEX HI KLIE' R QIHMI HI 2 500 Q #M GY S XIQTIVEXYV GEVI R-E QEM JSWX
RVIKMWXVEX QIHMIVM TI TQRX 88,3s PE WXE'MYRIE WSZMIXMG :SWXSO, WMXYEX
PE 3 420 Q EPXMXYHMRI, HIWGLMHI #M IP HVYQYP I\TIHM'MMPSV TSPEVI #M. EPTMRI.
(YT I\TIHM'MMPI GY REZI EPI PYM %QYRHWIR #M 7LEOPIXSR, GY GMRM #M
WGLMYVM, EPI PYM %QYRHWIR #M 7GSXX, GY EZMSRYP, EPI PYM &]VH #M )PPW[SVXL, RGIT
EGYQ PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP <<-PIE I\TIHM'MMPI TI QYR'MM %RXEVGXMGMM.
'IP QEM REPX QYRXI EP RSYPYM GSRXMRIRX IWXI )\IGYXMZI 'SQQMXXII
6ERKI (6 096 Q), QEM REPX HIGM GE GIP QEM QEVI QYRXI HMR %JVMGE WEY
%YWXVEPME #M ETVSETI IKEP GY 1G/MRPI] HMR %QIVMGE HI 2SVH (6193 Q).
4MWGYVMPI E XVIM QYR'M WI REP' EMGM PE TIWXI TEXVY QMM HI QIXVM
(1EVOLEQ, 4602, )VIFYW, 4023, 2ERWIR, 4010). 9PQIV EVI 3 810 Q, MEV 4SPYP
7YH, 2 804 Q. 8SX R %RXEVGXMGE WI E4 QEWMZYP GEVI TSEVX RYQIPI EZMEXSVYPYM
WSZMIXMG 4IVSZ, GEVI E WEPZEX R 1958 S I\TIHM'MI FIPKMER EQIRMR'EX W TMEV
R KLI'YVMPI ZI#RMGI EPI 7YHYPYM.
8S'M EGI#XM QYR'M EY JSWX HIWGSTIVM'M #M QWYVE'M HI I\TIHM'MMPI #XMMR'M3GI
MRXIVRE'MSREPI, GEVI EY HIGVIXEX %RXEVGXMGE HVITX YR XIVMXSVMY TE#RMG, R GEVI
WI TSX IJIGXYE RYQEM WXYHMM #M GIVGIXVM TSPEVI.
(EV QYR'MM WYRX QYR'M #M MWTMXIWG JV ZSME PSV. "M MEX-P TI )HQYRH
,MPPEV], FMRIGYRSWGYXYP GYGIVMXSV EP )ZIVIWXYPYM, WXVFXRH R JVYRXIE YRIM
I\TIHM'MM RIS^IIPERHI^I HI EWX HEX PER'YVMPI HI QYR'M KPEGMEVM EM %RXEVGXMGMM.
R 78 HI ^MPI HI ZEV TSPEV, PE FPRH XIQTIVEXYV HI 25s, I\TIHM'ME,
GSRHYW GY HV^IRMI #M TVMGITIVI HI ,MPPEV], TEVGYVKI TIWXI 2000 OQ,
IWGEPEHIE^ QYR'MM HI ETVSETI GMRGM QMM HI QIXVM 1EVOLEQ #M /MVTEXVMGO #M,
RJVYRXRH KLI'YVMPI WJVQMGMSEWI EPI GVIWXIPSV, EXMRKI PE 3 MERYEVMI 1958
4SPYP 7YH. 4VMR VEHMS FE^E 7GSXX TVMQI#XI YVQXSVYP QIWEN: 'PY^MRHY-RI
HYT WSEVI, EQ ENYRW PE 'MRX. 7YRXIQ JSEVXI SFSWM'M, HEV #M JSEVXI QYP'YQM'M
GE RI-EQ EXMRW SFMIGXMZYP, RG S HEX, ,MPPEV] MRXVE R MWXSVME GYGIVMVMPSV
KISKVE3GI.
(EV HYT QYR'MM GSRXMRIRXIPSV #M EM 4SPYPYM, ZE ZIRM VRHYP GIPSV HMR
EHRGYP QVMPSV #M SGIERIPSV. 3QYP, R RIEWXQTVEXE PYM GYVMS^MXEXI, E #M
TXVYRW R PYQIE TPMR HI XEMRI E EHRGYVMPSV, R E#E-RYQMXE PYQI E XGIVMM.
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#M WRKI R MWXSVME QS'MPSV HMR QYR'MM HI EYV EM %TYWIRMPSV.
1S'MM WI EWIEQR QYR'MPSV. 7YRX RGVYRXE'M #M HVNM GE IM. (EV E#E GYQ
GVIWXIPI QYR'MPSV EY RJVYRXEX JYVXYRE, XSX E#E EY FMVYMX YVKME XMQTYVMPSV
SEQIRMM, QS'MM. ,SVME VQRI WMQFSPYP, SQYP HI TMEXV R GEVI W-E GSRGIRXVEX
XVME QYR'MPSV EWTVM #M WXRGS#M.
(EG R &EVE HI TMEXV QYR'MM RY ETEV YRMXEV, IM 3MRH EMGM GEHVY, WIRW
MWXSVMG, TIMWEN, R WGLMQF R 'EVXIE 3PXYPYM (1945) QYR'MM WYRX ETVSETI XSX
XMQTYP HSQMREXSVM #M WXTRM.
%GIWX TSIQ R TVS^ EP QEVIPYM RSWXVY 4YZMY, GEVI-#M TSEVX ^ZIPX #M
HEVRMG ETIPI TI 700 HI OQ HI TQRX TMXSVIWG, E JSWX WGVMW R YVQE YRIM
XMRIVI#XM I\GYVWMM TI FMGMGPIX, R ERYP 1939.
"ETXI WYRX XVITXIPI I\MWXIR'IM 3PXYPYM: XVIETXE QMRIVEP M^ZSVVIE HMR
,#QE#YP 1EVI, XVIETXE ZIKIXEP 3PXYP WI RHVIETX WTVI QME^^M, XVIETXE
QYPXMTPIM JIGYRHMX'M RXSEVGIVIE WTVI QME^RSETXI, XVIETXE WTMVMXYEP 3PXYP
WXVFEXI %VHIEPYP, XVIETXE QEVMM MWXSVMM WXVTYRKIVIE 'EVTE'MPSV, XVIETXE
HITPMRIM FMVYMR'I 3PXYP XVEZIVWIE^ RXMRWE GQTMI #M XVIETXE VIRXSEVGIVMM R
'SWQSW ZVWEVIE R (YRVI.
)WXI ETVSETI MQTSWMFMP W EPIKM GMXEXI HMR GEVXIE PYM +IS &SK^E. %V
XVIFYM W S VIXVERWGVMM TI NYQXEXI. 2Y WI TSEXI GSRGITI EWX^M S ERXSPSKMI E
QYRXIPYM JV +IS &SK^E.
4SZIWXIE 3PXYPYM RY IWXI YR FEWQ. :ME'E PYM IWXI RGIVGEVI KVIE #M PYTX.
4I GRH 1YVI#YP WXVFEXI PMRM#XMX %VHIEPYP, GYVKRH XSX XMQTYP WTVI ETYW, 3PXYP
WI JVQRX #M QIVIY WI RXSEVGI HMR HVYQ, GLMRYMX HI EWTVE GEPI TI GEVI #M-E
EPIW-S #M HI TVSTVME-P GSR#XMMR'.
1YRXIPI ,#QE#YP 1EVI HMR GEVI M^ZSV#XI 3PXYP I YR TSIQ WMQJSRMG EP
TQRXYPYM. 'RHZE, S QEVI JYVXYR M-E RWGYX RP'MQMPI. R ZIGMRXEXIE PYM,
XVERWEXPERXMG KVISM TPYXMRH R RIKYVM WEY TI ZEPYVM EPFEWXVI, 'IELPYP #M,
FM^EV, PEGYP +LMPGS#, MQEKMRIE VWXYVREX, YR QYRXI PMGLMH GY ZVJYP R NSW.
(I EMGM HMR ,#QE#, HI WYF YR FVEH WMRKYVEXMG, HMR EGIWX PSG TPMR HI TSI^MI #M
QMWXIV ZMRI TI PYQI 3PXYP.
*YVXYR TI ,#QE#. *SV'E MQIRW GEVI ^ZVPI R TVTWXMM, RXV-S WMRKYV
^M HI QRMI, GMRGM^IGM HI QMM HI FVE^M. 2SVMM, TPSEME, WXRGMPI #M QYR'MM. 3
GYQTPMX JVIQXEVI, LEPYGMRERX: QMM HI XSVIRXI, RTVEWRMG HI^PR'YMXI. S
TY^HIVMI HI ZMTIVI PMGLMHI EPIEVK TVMRXVI WXRGM, QY#GRHY-PI GY JYVMI. %TSM
HISHEX, HI PE S ^EVI PE EPXE, XSXYP HIZMRI EPFEWXVY #M TYV.
1YR'MM PYM +IS &SK^E WYRX 3MR'I SQIRI#XM. "M 3PXYP HI EWIQIRIE.
,#QE#YP VIWTMV GY TPQRMM PYM HI TMEXV. 3PXYP T#I#XI GEPQ R GQTME
PMRM#XMX E 'MYGYPYM, RIPMRM#XMX #M HV^ R QYR'MM ZYPGERMGM. %MGM #M EHYR IP RXME
SEV ZMSVM #M 4EYXI GE W GRXI 9RMZIVWYPYM FYGYVME WE YVME#.
3PXYP HIZMRI TVMIXIRYP SEQIRMPSV. 8VMI#XI RXQTPVM RIRYQVEXI R
&EVE &VWIM. 7XVRKI PIKIRHIPI QYR'MPSV 4IV#ERM. R RST'MPI WIRMRI, R RST'MPI
WMQJSRMGI EPI 'EVTE'MPSV, QYR'MM HIZMR GYQ RY WI TSEXI QEM WSPIQRM,
VIKWMRHY-#M KVEZMXEXIE HMR 3IGEVI RSETXI #M GIPI QEM TVSJYRHI WIRWYVM EPI
I\MWXIR'IM.
3PXYP XVIGI R'IPITX TI PRK GIX'M #M SVE#I. 1IHMXIE^ EWYTVE WTE'MYPYM,
QYRGMM, ZMI'MM. 4YRI R JE' SEQIRMM HI PE QYRXI GY GIM HI PE GQTMI. "M RXV-YR
XV^MY, TPMR HI EQMRXMVM, FYGYVSW HI YVME#E PYM RXPRMVI GY SEQIRMM, SWXIRMX HI
^FYGMYQYP WY GVIEXSV, 3PXYP RXPRI#XI (YRVIE #M WI TMIVHI R ETIPI IM
EHRGM, WYF WXIPIPI PYQMM, HMR RSY R 'SWQSW.
%PI\ERHVY :PELY', TEWMSREX #M MKIRMSW, RI-E HEX RXME 6SQRMI
TMXSVIEWG, MEV 1MLEMP 7EHSZIERY GY &EPXEKYP VSQERYP SEQIRMPSV HI PE
QYRXI. 'EVXIE 3PXYPYM IWXI TSIQYP ETIPSV, EP 4YZMYPYM GEVI TEVGYVKI WTE'MM #M
XMQT. -EV %GGMHIRXYP PYM 1MLEMP 7IFEWXMER, GIP HMRXM VSQER EP WGLMYPYM #M
QYR'MPSV (1941).
RXVIFEVIE PE GEVI GMXMXSVYP XVIFYMI W VWTYRH IWXI HEG WGLMYP, EGIWX
WTSVX EP PYRIGVMM, EP ZMWYPYM #M QYRXIPYM, EGIWX JVEXI FYR EP RSWXVY, RIR'IPIW #M
EHIWIE RIMYFMX, TSEXI WEPZE YR SQ, YR SQ FPE^EX, HI^EQKMX HI ZME' #M
HVEKSWXI#
(EV RY RYQEM R EGIWX STXMQMWX VWTYRW WX ZEPSEVIE GV'MM, GM R TSI^ME,
R JVYQYWI'IE GY XSXYP RISFM#RYMX E QIXEJSVIPSV #M R TPEWXMGE TIMWENYPYM.
%ZIRXYVE, RISFM#RYMXE RXQTPEVI GEVI-P JEGI TI 4EYP, IVSYP VSQERYPYM,
W ENYRK R QYR'M #M W RHVKIEWG WGLMYP, RGITI TI WXV^MPI 'ETMXEPIM, HEV
YVG VITIHI R RP'MQM, WTVI GVIWXI.
(MR GLMEV TVMQIPI GPMTI XSXYP IWXI GYQ R-E QEM JSWX ZVISHEX: EGIWXI
HSY PSTI'M QEVM, RIKVI, GY GEXEVEQI #M PIKXYVM QIXEPMGI GEVI HIZMR EVMTM HI
^FSV, XVIRYP XMRIVI'MM, EP ZEGER'IM, TSVRMRH R RSETXI #M R GRXIG, GSWXYQIPI
QYPXMGSPSVI, GY SGLIPEVM R PSG HI QEWG, TEVG ERYQI TIRXVY YR GEVREZEP EP
MIVRMM, EP ^TI^MM.
(VYQYP TR PE 4SMERE &VE#SZYPYM I YR TVIPYHMY EP QMRYRMPSV GEVI EZIEY
W ZMR. -EV RXMIPI PIG'MM S PYTX GVRGIR GY KVEZMXEXIE #M ZSPYTXEXIE
QM#GVMM, RG ZEK XVMX. ) JVYQSW# RXVIEF 2SVE, TEVXIRIVE HI WGLM E PYM
4EYP, EGIIE GEVI P GSRZMRWIWI W ZMR EMGM, R QYR'M. ) TVIE JVYQSW. 4Y'MR
TVIE JVYQSW. 4EVG E JSWX JGYX RXV-EHMRW, TVIKXMX HMREMRXI; FVE^MM WYRX TVIE
QYP'M, ^TEHE TVIE QEVI. "M XGIVIE EWXE GSPSWEP.
>MPI WIRMRI, GY WSEVI QEVMR, ^MPI HI GIE' #M ZMWGSP, ^MPI #M RST'M YRMGI, HI
JIIVMI #M FEWQ. 'YPSEVI #M QY^MG. 0ER'YVM HI QYR'M GVI#XIEY #M WI TVFY#IEY
RXV-S PYQMR QEKMG. RXVIK QYRXIPI IVE S GYXMI HI VI^SRER', GE S ZMSEV.
&YGIKMM TVIEY RM#XI QYR'M HI GVIX, WGYPTXE'M QMRY'MSW, GY ZVJYVMPI HIPMGEXI
#M I\EGXI. &EVE &VWIM WI HIWJ#YVE GE S QEGLIX R VIPMIJ. >TEHE TVIE G-#M
WGLMQFE R WSEVI HIRWMXEXIE.
9RISVM R RSETXI XSXYP IVE EPFEWXVY: FVE^MM, ^TEHE, WXRGMPI. (SEV QYR'MM
TVIEY JSWJSVIWGIR'M GY ZVJYVMPI PSV WXVPYGMXSV EPFI. 'EFERE, WGLMSVMM, TERXIPI,
XSEXI IVEY GYTVMRWI HI S JVIQXEVI XRV, HI S I\EPXEVI GEVI RY #XMEM HI
YRHI ZMRI, HEV GEVI XI GYTVMRHIE EQI'MXSV.
'Y XS'MM WI RETSMEY PE GEFER SWXIRM'M HI TVIE QYPX WSEVI, QFXE'M HI
RIWJV#MXE PIKREVI TI WGLMYVM. 1EM EPIW WSEVIPI M GSTPI#IE. "IHIEY TI
^TEH, R #I^PSRKYVM HI WGLM WEY TI XVITXIPI GEFERIM. 4EYP #M EY^IE
XQTPIPI ^ZGRMRH #M YVIGLMPI M IVEY EWYV^MXI HI YR XYQYPX GSRJY^ HI KLMSG.
9MXE YRHI WI E4 #M HI GRH. - WI TVIE G IWXI R EGIEWX XSVSTIEP
PYQMRSEW HI XSXHIEYRE #M TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE. 2Y EZIE EQMRXMVM, RY EZIE
KRHYVM. 2MGM S MQEKMRI RY XVIGIE TVMR SGLMM PYM RGLM#M, RMGM TVSTVME PYM
MQEKMRI.
9R GSRGYVW HI WGLM XYPFYV PMRM#XIE QYRXIPYM, HEV M H S RSY RJ'M#EVI.
1YRXIPI ZMFVIE^ EGYQ HI WXVMKXI, HI PYRIGVM TI WGLM, HI GRXIGI. 7GLMSVMM#
7XIPI RIKVI, G^XSEVI, TI YR GIV HI ^TEH. %FME R RSETXI, XSXYP VIZMRI PE
XGIVI #M GEPQ. 2SETXIE WXIPIPSV REPXI, E ^VMPSV EPFEWXVI #M E QYR'MPSV
JSWJSVIWGIR'M.
1YR'M, ^TI^M, WGLM.
"M GHIVIE. >FSVYP. "SGYP. ) S WMRKYV WIGYRH. (EG EV 3 HSY, TSEXI
EQ QYVM. ) EQI'MXSV. 2MQMG R PYQI, RMGM ZMRYP, RMGM QY^MGE, RMGM MYFMVIE. RY,
RMGM MYFMVIE, RMQMG, RMQMG RY EHYGI EXXE PYQMR.
0E EGIEWX R'IPIKIVI JIVMGMX E QYRXIPYM RY ENYRKM Y#SV. (EV XSXYP RY I
W ENYRKM PE IE, GM ENYRW PE IE W-S TS'M TWXVE QIVIY, RXVIEKE ZME'!
(MRXVI WGVMMXSVMM GSRXIQTSVERM, YRYP HMRXVI GIM XMRIVM, WY4IXI#XI #M GE
ZVWX, IWXI #M )YKIR &EVFY. "M RY I KVIY HI I\TPMGEX HI GI. *MMRHG MYFI#XI GY
ERMM EHSPIWGIR'IM REXYVE, QM#GEVIE, XMRIVI'IE.
R VITSVXENIPI WEPI, TPEWXMGI, SRSQEXSTIMGI, TYPWRH HI ZMXEPMXEXI, 4I-YR
TMGMSV HI TPEM (1957), WXVFEX GQTMMPI, QYR'MM, QEVIE, ^VMPI. &EVE RSEWXV
RXVIEK, FSKEX #M TPMR HI JVYQYWI'M, WI RXPRI#XI R TEKMRMPI EGIWXYM
RIEWXQTVEX LSMREV.
'ETMXSPYP GEVI RSY RI VQRI GIP QEM HVEK IWXI HIWMKYV EGIPE EP
QYR'MPSV, 1YR'MM PMRM#XM'M, GYQ P-E MRXMXYPEX EYXSVYP. %MGM, R GXIZE TEKMRM
RHV^RI'I #M QTPMRMXI, )YKIR &EVFY TVMZI#XI EHRG, QIHMXEXMZ, QYR'MM #M TEVI
W-P GSRXMRYI R VI4IG'MM TI +IS &SK^E.
%GIEWX QVXYVMWMVI E PYM )YKIR &EVFY P EHYGI IRXY^MEWQEX R JEQMPME
GIPSV GEVI MYFIWG QYRXIPI, RXV-EHIZV, ). &EVFY IWXI TVMIXIRYP FYR,
GSR3HIRXYP PYM 4YG, WTMVMXYP KLMHY#, RIEWXQTVEX, EP MIVRMM WTSVXMZI. "M HI
EWIQIRIE, SQYP GEVI PYRIG GY ZMXI^ EQI'MXSEVI TI WGLMYVM TPGIVI E
^FSVYPYM, E HIWTVMRHIVMPSV HI TQRX, WEPX R EFMWYVM.
). &EVFY MYFI#XI MEVRE, E#E GYQ TEVI W MYFIEWG XSEXI ERSXMQTYVMPI.
%#E GYQ MYFI#XI QYRXIPI, QEVIE, THYVIE. (EV MEVRE TEVG RHISWIFM. -EVRE,
QYRXIPI, ^TI^MPI, WGLMYP.
7YRX QYRXIPI!
7YRX SQYP GEVI MYFI#XI QYRXIPI!
7YRX QYRXIPI, TVMIXIRYP SQYPYM GEVI MYFI#XI QYRXIPI!
7YRX SQYP RHV^RI', WYRX EPTMRMWXYP!
*MM FMRI ZIRMX PE QMRI, XI WEPYX, WGLMSVYPI!
%Q PWEX YRIPXIPI W WI SHMLRIEWG, TIRXVY G E PYEX WJV#MX S
WTXQR #M MEX-Q EMGM.
8I GYRSWG. :EVE #M MEVRE QM EPYRKM WMRKYVXEXIE #M TWVMPI, HEV QM TPEGI
W-'M EYH KPEWYP #M VWYP.
'M TPEGI FYGYVME GE #M QMI. &YGYVME I GVIEXSEVI. 9RHI 'M-I JE'E#
%GYQ QM-EY GVIWGYX TPIXI HI ^TEH #M Q EGSTV GY JYPEVI HI GIE'.
8I-EYH HI HITEVXI. :EVE EM YR TV IPIGXVMG HI JYPKIVI, HEV EGYQ QM TEVM
SVF #M QRMSW.
2Y WYRX RMGM SVF, RMGM QRMSW. :SVFIWG. +YVE QIE I )GSYP. 8YRIXYP
JYVXYRMPSV I HITEVXI, ZMRS!
"M EGIWX HMEPSK RXVI QYRXI #M SQ, TEVG HME! 3KYP ZRXYPYM GY QEVIE HMR
(IFYWW], GSRXMRY XEMRMG #M R3SVEX.
:MRS, SQYPI, XI MYFIWG TIRXVY RHV^RIEPE XE!
8I MYFIWG TIRXVY JVYQYWI'IE XE VIGI, TIRXVY GIPI RIKVMXI.
8I MYFIWG, SQYPI, TIRXVY XVYHE XE TI GEVI S TVMZIWG HI-EMGM!
8I MYFIWG TIRXVY PMRM#XIE #M WIQI'ME XE.
7YRX TVMQE MQEKMRI E PYQMM. (I GRH WJIVE RSEWXV HI PYX GRXE WMRKYV
R 9RMZIVW, E#XITXRH :ME'E, TVMZIWG PYQIE!
8I MYFIWG TIRXVY R'IPITGMYRIE XE!
8Y YVGM TSXIGMPI QIPI, TIRXVY G ZVIM W EYH MYFMVIE #M HSVMR'E HI E
HIWGSTIVM GX QEM ETVSETI HI GIV!
(I EGIIE EQ GSPMRHEX SGIERIPI, HI EGIIE EQ WXVFXYX THYVMPI
RZIV#YREXI R XEMRE PSV, HI EGIIE EQ GSFSVX R JYRHYP TQRXYPYM!
8I MYFIWG, SQYPI, TIRXVY RIPMRM#XIE XE! 8I MYFIWG, SQYPI, TIRXVY G
XVMI#XM! 8I MYFIWG, SQYPI, TIRXVY G HSVI#XM XSXHIEYRE QEM QYPX.
1YRXIPI RY IWXI S TEVXI HMR 9RMZIVW, GM YR 9RMZIVW IP RWY#M. *VYQYWI'M
WMQJSRMGI #M TPEWXMGI. 1VI'MM HI XMXERM. 4VMZIPM#XM TEVG HMR EPXI TPERIXI. 2EXYVE
HI^PR'YMX, GSWQMG, R HI^EKVIKVM GVIEXSEVI HI EXSQM. "M PYTX GY SQYP
TIRXVY E-P JEGI QEM RHV^RI', QEM R'IPITX, QEM FYR, QEM WXTR TI WMRI #M TI
XSX GI-P RGSRNYV. %#E HIWTVMRHIQ QYRXIPI HMR WGVMWYP PYM )YKIR &EVFY.
-EVRE, QYRXIPI #M TVMZIE VSGLME HI QMVIEW E#XIVRYX TI YQIVMM E #ETXI
QYR'M; #M GYQ M WGPMTIE FIXIEPE TI HVYQYVMPI HI HMEQERX TI GEVI GPGE.
7XRGMPI, ZEVE, HE, WXRGMPI TVIEY MQIRWI HSEQRI HI KVE3X, QFVGEXI R
QEPE-GSZYVM GIRY#MM HI JYQ, TPYXMRH GY KVE'MI HIEWYTVE TPERIXIM.
R QYRXI, PE FEPYVMPI EIVMIRI, WXVERMM GXISHEX, GRX QY^MGE MRJIVREP
E ZRXYPYM #M ZMSPSRGIPIPI GSRMJIVIPSV. 'RH I JVMK, TI KIEQYVMPI QMGM EPI
GEFERIM TYRMM KIVYPYM HI HMQMRIE' #M HIWJEG GS^MPI QMVM3GI.
1YRXIPI I GYPSEVI, QIVIY EPX GYPSEVI: 2Y #XMY GXI RYER'I EVI
KEPFIRYP, HEV QYR'MM EY XVIGYX HI PE GYPSEVIE #STVPIM PE EGIIE E ZMSVIPIM, ETSM
YQIVMM PSV HI TMEXV EY HIZIRMX WYVM #M E G^YX ETSM TI IM S TIGMRKMRI, S VYKMR
VIGI, FXRH R GEJIRMY; EZIEY EXYRGM, RYQEM GXIZE GPMTI, GIZE YVX TI IM, S
FSEP WXMRW #M GVIH G IVE RYQEM ZIRMRYP PYRMM, FPIWXIQYP IM RITYXMRGMSW.
(I PE GSRXIQTPEVIE TWVMPSV, SQYP E TVMRW KYWXYP ^FSVYPYM. 2Y IWXI
ZSVFE RYQEM HI EZME'MI, GM #M HI WGLM, WGLMYP, WTSVX QSHIVR, I\IVGM'MY EP KVE'MIM
#M GYVENYPYM. 'MRI P-E JGYX QGEV S WMRKYV HEX, #XMI G TPYXMVIE R MR3RMX
TSEVXE R WMRI HIPMGMM HI RIRPSGYMX.
*YVXYR. 1YRXI. 4HYVIE I S GEXIHVEP R GEVI FYFYMI SVKE ZRXYPYM.
>TEHE EVI 4GVM EVKMRXMM. 0E GVIEWX EPIEVK YR TMXSR HI KIV GEVI RI
TPIWRI#XI GY GSEHE. R THYVI IWXI S TVMQINHMI WSRSV, EQI'MXSEVI.
8VYRGLMYVMPI MQIRWI EY VI^SRER'I EXSREPI. 9RHIZE, IGLMPMFVYP REXYVMM E JSWX
WJVQEX, TSEXI TPXMQ EHRGE TPGIVI HI E 3 WYVTVMRW QYR'MM R GPMTE PSV
YRMG HI RGRXEVI HI WMRI.
%QYVK. % XVIGYX JYVXYRE. >MYE #M 4YXYV ^HVIR'IPI R GEXEVKIPI FVE^MPSV.
(IEWYTVE 'EVEMQERYPYM W-E MZMX S XYVQ HI GE#EPS'M RIKVM GY TRXIGIPI
RWRKIVEXI R GSP'MM EWGY'M'M EM 1SVEVYPYM. (ITEVXI, TI EPX QYRXI, WI ETVMRH
PYQMRMPI R JIVIWXVI GLIQXSEVI.
"M SEQIRMM. 2Y, RY I RMGM S RHSMEP. 1YRXIPI #M QIVMX SEQIRMM TI
GEVI-P EVI. %GI#XM SEQIRM RY WI WMQX RMGMSHEX WPEFM, WMRKYVM WEY XVM#XM. %Y
HVITXEXI: RY WYRX WMRKYVM, #M EY QYRXIPI.
(EV RSM# 7YRXIQ RSM SEQIRM EM QYRXIPYM, GLMEV HEG RY WYRXIQ HI PE
QYRXI# 'I-EQ RZ'EX RSM TR EGYQ R ZME' HMR REPXE PIG'MI HI TSI^MI #M
JETX E QYRXIPYM#
R PMXIVEXYVE QYRXIPYM, EWX^M, HSM WGVMMXSVM #M YR XRV XYVMWX TEWMSREX #M
GEYX HVYQ WTVI RP'MQM. 'IP HMRXM, ETVIGMEX #M TIRXVY PYGVVMPI WEPI MWXSVMGI,
IWXI (YQMXVY %PQE#. 6SQERYP WY, R TEVXI HIT#MX R GSRGIT'MI, WI RYQI#XI
1I#XIVYP 1ERSPI #M IP WXVRKI TEKMRM QMRYREXI HIWTVI HVEKSWXI #M HVEKSWXIE
QYR'MPSV.
(VYQI'ME GIVI VFHEVI, GSRZMRKIVI, LSXVVI, TEWMYRI, TEVI W
ZSVFIEWG GY KRHYVMPI RSEWXVI (. %PQE#. 1YR'MM RS#XVM RY WYRX REP'M GE EP'M
QYR'M EM PYQMM. (EV WYRX EM RS#XVM #M WYRX FYRM #M GEPQM. 'EVTE'MM WYRX MRMQE
'VMM RSEWXVI. 'E W RI MYFMQ 'EVE, XVIFYMI W-P GYRSE#XIQ MRMQE. 1YRXIPI RI
H JVYQYWI'I, PMFIVXEXI #M PYQMR. "M GRH ZE 3 W QYVMQ, W QYVMQ #M W
R4SVMQ HMR RSY #M HSVI#XI VSQERGMIVYP R WQMVHEVMM QYR'MPSV, W 3Q VSY TI
GIV. W Q TVIJEG R HYL EP M^ZSEVIPSV.
%P HSMPIE WGVMMXSV IWXI %PI\ERHVY &EPEGM, SQ HI GYPXYV #M RHV^RI'
EPTMRMWX. R GSQTERME EPTMRM#XMPSV RS#XVM, IP E JGYX RXVI EPXI GYVENSEWI
EWGIRWMYRM %GIPI 1SVEVYPYM, EWGIRWMYRI HI KVEHYP -:, GIIE GI TIRXVY YR SQ HI
WXYHMY #M FMFPMSXIG IWXI WY3GMIRX HI QYPX TIRXVY E R'IPIKI QYRXIPI EPXJIP
HIGX HMR GV'M #M HMR JSXSKVE3M.
4IRXVY TEWMSREXYP HI HVYQI'MI %PI\. &EPEGM QYRXIPI IWXI EGIE TEVXI E
TPERIXIM RSEWXVI GEVI WI RZIGMRIE^ GIP QEM QYPX GY GIVYP, S WIZIV #GSEP
E HV^IRMIM #M E TVMIXIRMIM, FYGYVME HI E XI WGPHE R PYQMR #M E EWGYPXE ETIPI
GEVI GEH, QEVMPI JVIEQXI EPI THYVMPSV HI FVEH R EGSVHYVM HI SVK.
4VSJIWSVYP #M EPTMRMWXYP &EPEGM GSRWMHIV PYTXE EWTV #M RHV^RIE' TI
ZIVXMGEPE TIVI'MPSV YR PYGVY LSXVXSV R I\MWXIR'E RSEWXV. %GIEWX PYTX RI
ZIVM3G, RI JSVQIE^, RI TWXVIE^ EKIVM #M RIRJVMGE'M. %PTMRMWXYP RY IWXI YR
RIFYR WEY YR WMRYGMKE#: %PTMRMWXYP RY QIVKI RIFYRI#XI R QYR'M TIRXVY E WI
WMRYGMHI, GM, HMQTSXVMZ, TIRXVY E WI FYGYVE R QMNPSGYP PYQMRMM, EP GIPSV QEM
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EHIWISVM GY ZSPYTXEXI TI QYR'M TSIXYP REXYVMM, EP HVEKSWXIM, EP ZMI'MM RY TYXIE
YMXE QYRXIPI. : EQMRXM'M HIWMKYV XYPFYVXSEVIE HSVMR':
2YQEM TI XMRI XI EQ, XVIGXSVYP QIY XVYT,
(E'M-QM YR XVYT, ZSM, QYR'MPSV, QEVMPSV,
(E'M-QM EPX XVYT W-QM HIWGEVG RIFYRME R TPMR.
(E'M-QM YR XVYT, ZSM, QYR'MPSV)
'E #M %PIGWERHVM, &PEKE WGVMI 'RXIGYP FVEHYPYM. )WXI S EPX MQEKMRI, S
EPX HIRWMXEXI, HI#M R XMQT #M TIWXI XMQT, FVEHYP #M-E TWXVEX JSV'E #M ZI#RMGME.
7YFX YVWE QEVI, WYVTEX HI FYVI'M, RIEXMRW HI SQ, RIENYRW HI IVI'M,
FXVR, FXVR, R MQTIVMYP QIY FVEHYP FVFSW WXVNYMI#XI QIVIY.
R THYVI XMRHY-#M HVYQ TR EGSPS HITEVXI, YRHI WI-RGLMH XSEQRE
#IVTMM WYF WXRG, YMXRH HI PYQI #M PYQIE HI IP, XVMI#XI ,EMHYGYP.
-I^IVYP. 7YF YR GIV ZRX, ETEVM'MI EPFEWXV, GE YR SGLM EP PYQMM:
R TPRME QYRXIPYM MI^IVYP RIXYPFYVEX,
'E YR SGLM EP PYQMM, EWGYRW, W-E HIWGLMW.
'XE PYRK 3GLMYP WTVI RSVH #M WTVI ZVWXI.
"M QSPGSQ ETSM WTVI ZREXYP GIV.
9RHI, HEG RY R QYR'M, HVEKSWXIE IWXI QEM TYV #M QEM VYTX HMR WXIPI#
4I-YR TMWG.
7YW. 2YQEM RSM HSM.
%#E: GRH WYRX GY XMRI.
1 WMQX RIWTYW HI ETVSETI HI GIV.
%#E HI-ETVSETI HI-QM TEVI G HI 'M-E# WXVMKE.
R ^EVI RYQIPI M-E# EY^M IGSYP.
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7YW.
7YW)
4IRXVY 0YGMER &PEKE QYRXIPI IWXI R'IPITGMYRI #M HSV. )P IWXI 1YRXI
ZVNMX. 'Y XSEXI XEMRIPI, GLIQVMPI #M HI^PIKVMPI PYM.
-RXVY R QYRXI. 3 TSEVX HI TMEXVE.
RGIX W-E RGLMW. +RH, ZMW #M TYRXI Q WPXE.
'I ZMRIXI PEGYVM! 'I ZVIQI REPX.
"M YRHI, HEG RY R QYR'M, 4VMRXVI PEGYVMPI HI QYRXI, XSXYP R NYV ETEVI
XVERWTEVIRX HI GPEV: WXRGMPI, FVE^MM, QYR'MM, PEGYVMPI XSEXI. (EV HEG EQ ZIHIE
GY PEGYVMPI#
(EG EQ ZIHIE GY PEGYVMPI, WXIPIPI W-EV ETVSTME RXQTMRRHY-RI PE
HVYQYP NYQXEXI.
3 RXVIFEVI E JVQRXEX GVIMIVYP SQIRIWG QMPIRMM HI-E VRHYP: GYQ W-EY
RWGYX QYR'MM# 0E IE EY VWTYRW KISKVE3M, KISPSKMM, REXYVEPM#XMM. "M TSI'MM.
%WGYPXE'M #M VWTYRWYP PYM 0YGMER &PEKE:
1YR'MM W-EY JGYX GRH.
2SVMM HI PE RGITYX W-EY HI^FVGEX HI KVIYP TPYQF, HI KVIYP PYX.
1YR'MM W-EY JGYX GRH 2SVMM,
(SVMRH W 3I GPXSVM #M Y#SVM,
"M-EY PITHEX WYF IM, R ZRX, TSZEV TI TQRX.
(I-EXYRGM 1YR'MM WXEY,
+VQI^M HI TPYQF, KVQI^M HI PYX.
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1YR'M #M 2SVM)
R 3H TQRXYPYM QIY, TSIQ HI 1MLY (VEKSQMV, TYFPMGEX R 1957,
GYQ EV 3 TYXYX PMTWM QYR'MM#
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WXVJYRHYVM. 7EXYP HI-EXXE YQFV TVMR GSHVMM-RXYRIGE'M WI QEM RXMRH PE WSEVI,
GY ETIPI, TI TVYRHYVM.
*VEXI GY TSIXYP #M GY XS'M GIM GEVI ZMR PE IM W KWIEWG PMRM#XI #M
R'IPITGMYRI, QYR'MM, HI#M YVWY^M #M RXYRIGE'M, WXEY HI ZSVF GY ETIPI. 1YR'MM
RGLMH R IM GSQSVM: MWXSVMI MIVM FSK'MM EWX^M.
4SHMXI GY YVERMY QM-W TI#XIVMPI-EHRGM, TYXIVM GI HYG R WTEXI REZEPE
QIE ZSMSEW #M GIQ RIQVKMRMVIE HMR RKLI'EXI WXRGM #M-R ZIEGYP RSY,
EXSQMG, Q WMQX PE QMRI-EGEW.
%PI\ERHVY %RHVM'SMY, TSIX EVHIPIER, MYFI#XI SQYP, REXYVE, QYRXIPI. "M,
3VI#XI, %TYWIRMM. (MR ETVSETI RMGM YR ZSPYQ EP WY HI TSI^MM ((VEKSWXI #M YV,
'EVXIE HI PRK MRMQ) RY PMTWIWG TSI^MMPI HI QYRXI: RXSEVGIVIE PE QYR'M,
1SRXER, *YRMGYPEVYP, 1YR'MM. 2SY, GIPI QEM M^FYXMXI RM WI TEV E 3 TSI^MMPI H:
R ZSPYQY! R &EVE 1S'MPSV WI JEGI ^MY (1953): 4EWXIP QS'IWG, 8VK HI JIXI
TI 1YRXIPI +MRE, R EHRGYVM #M 1SGRM'E, HMR GEVI HIWTVMRHIQ ZIVWYVMPI:
>M HI ZEV QYX #M EPFEWXV, RMGM YR ^KSQSX TEGIE R-S EHWXE.
2YQEM %VMI#Y-RGVYR'MX GRX-RGIX GY LEVJI HI KVERMX,
2YQEM 1SGRM'IM, XVIR TMXMG, XVIGI GE YR #IVTI YR GSPRMG.
"M JYQRHY-#M TMTE IM HI 3IV HIWTPIXI#XI JYQ YWGEX WTVI GIV.
1SGRM'E)
4SIX EP QYR'MPSV %TYWIRM IWXI #M :PEMGY &VRE, GEVI E WGVMW YR RXVIK
TSIQ TIRXVY TVI^IRXEVIE QY^MGEP-PMXIVEV E WYMXIM WMQJSRMGI GY EGIPE#M RYQI
HI 1EV'MER 2IKVIE, WYMX TVIQMEX, GYQ WI #XMI, PE *IWXMZEPYP HI PE &YGYVI#XM,
HMR 1953.
7YMQ GY %VMI#YP WTVI 1YR'MM %TYWIRM,
0WQ GQTME-R YVQ GY PERYVM HI WIGEVE;
2I-ENYRK GY WXVEM'M TI YQV, 'VERM EVMI#IRM,
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4SRSVYPYM, EHIZVEXI FMNYXIVMM EPI REXYVMM, WI GSFSEV R EHRGYVMPI GSPSVEXI EPI
TI#XIVMM 7GVM#SEVE #M ETSM WI MIWI PE WSEVI, TI YVQE M^FYGYVMPSV.
4SI'MM XMRIVM MYFIWG QYRXIPI. )M GRX REXYVE PYM QVIE', WPFEXMG WEY
PYQMRSEW, TVIGYQ #M XVERWJSVQVMPI JGYXI HI QRE SQIRIEWG TIRXVY YR
QMRI JIVMGMX. 4SI'MM GPYNIRM %YVIP 6Y #M %YVIP +YVKLMERY PI HIHMG HSY GMGPYVM
MRIHMXI. %YVIP 6Y, GMGPYP (MRXV-S RSY GPXSVMI R QYR'MM 2IEQ'YPYM, R
ZSPYQYP *SGYVMPI WEGVI (1956). %YVIP +YVKLMERY, GMGPYP 'RXIGIPI QYR'MPSV,
R ZSPYQYP >MPIPI GEVI GRX (1957).
3 RSY TSI^MI E QYRXIPYM M^ZSV#XI HMR ZIVWYVMPI PYM %YVIP +YVKLMERY:
*VYQYWI'M IXIVRI #M JVYQYWI'M HI E^M. 9R GRXIG HI EWX^M EP FVE^MPSV, R
TPMR ^M XSEXI GY EGIPE#M PEMXQSXMZ RWIRMREX.
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7RKIPI GSTEGMPSV I TVSEWTX GE TVMQZEVE. GMGPYP 'RXIGIPI QYR'MPSV)
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2IEQ'YPYM TWXVIE^ TSI^ME RP'MQMPSV, HEV S REP' RG #M QEM WYW, R ZMMXSV.
4VIZIWXMVIE LMHVSGIRXVEPIM, 7SWMVIE GSRWXVYGXSVMPSV, 1YRGE HI RSETXI,
RXME XVIETX HI PE FEVEN MEX XSX EXXIE GYPQM GX EPI QYR'MPSV. 1YRXIPI
RWIEQR YVGY#, EG'MYRI, JETX. 1YRGE M IWXI JVEXI FYR.
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'MRI #XMI.
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HI KVERMX ('EVMIVE HI TMEXV). 3 TSI^MI ZMKYVSEW, STXMQMWX, R GEVI SQYP
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'Y XVRGSETI EPFI #M FVE' FVSR^EX HI WSEVI.
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) QYRXIPI GI XEGI KVIY GYJYRHEX R WMRI, TYVXRH TI YQIVM JYPKIVI HI
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PMRM#XIE QYR'MPSV >ELEVME 7XRGY (1 ZVIEY R QYR'M). (ERXIPE RWTYQEX #M R
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GEWGEHE "IVFSXIM ("IVFSXE). 4I QYR'MM PYQMM, SEQIRMM HI WYF XSEXI WXIPIPI,
QIVMHMERIPI #M TEVEPIPIPI WYRX GLIQE'M HI 1EKHE -WERSW PE ^MYE ETVSTMEXIM
FMVYMR'M, WYF WXMRHEVHIPI VS#MM (1YR'MM PYQMM TI MRMQE QIE).
%TI, THYVM, ^TI^M XVERHE3VMM GLIQEVI XVIE^ TIRXVY GIP GYJYRHEX R
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#ERXMIV EP WSGMEPMWQYPYM (-SR &VEH, 8YPRMGI).
'Y EGIWX TSTEW R GEVI M-EQ WXVRW PRK JSG, W RI GMXIEWG GLMEV
WMRKYVE PSV TSI^MI HIWTVI QYRXI, YVGQ HMR RSY R QYR'M, QEM REPX. 2Y RYQEM
GSQTS^MXSVYP (EVMY 4ST E JSWX RGRXEX HI JVYQYWI'IE QYR'MPSV 6SHRIM GVSVE
PI-E HIHMGEX S WYMX GSQTYW HMR #EWI XEFPSYVM, GM HISTSXVMZ TSIXYP %. ).
&EGSRWOM. R ZSPYQYP WY HI TSI^MM, ETVYX R ERYP 1967, *PY\YP QIQSVMIM,
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9R 4VIPYHMY EPTMR, S 1SMR, YR 0MIH HI MEVR, S 8VIGIVI PMR RI
TSEVX R QTV'ME PMRM#XMM #M E WIRWYVMPSV TVSJYRHI HI ZME'. %TIPI, WXRGMPI #M
EY GRXIGYP PSV. %#E GYQ P EY #M FVE^MM ('RXIGYP FVE^MPSV). (MRGSPS HI JSV'E PYM
HI ZME', QYRXIPI #M EVI #M QIPERGSPMMPI PYM ()PIKME QYR'MPSV). 'LIQEVIE GIE
QEM WXVYMXSEVI, YR HSV HI XMQT, P TSEVX TI TSIX TI GYPQM #M TVMR ZM.
'Y QMM HI ERM R YVQE,
4I-EGIPIE#M HVYQYVM #IVTYMRH HI-E PYRKYP ETIPSV.
8YVQIPI XSEQRE GSFSVEY WTVI #IW.
"M RIEQYVMPI QIPI HI TWXSVM.
+LMGIEY TVMR RIKYVM EPFWXVYM #MVIXYP.
) XSEQR. 'I'YVM TPYXIWG HMR QME^RSETXI. %QMRXMVIE XVIGYXYPYM WXVYMI
R RSM. 'YVENYP #M FYRXEXIE WXVFYRMPSV XVMI#XI RG R RSM. "M GRXIGYP.
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'E #STSXYP THYVMPSV HI XIM.
2SETXI. 8V^MY. R WEX GSFSEV XYVQIPI. 7I EYH XPRKM. %#E I HI QMM HI
ERM. "M TSIXYP RY-P HIGX S GPMT R EGIEWX XVIGIVI HI ERM. (I EGIIE R
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QM WTVMNMR JVYRXIE R TEPMMIPI QMRMPSV,
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9R HSV HI XMQT R QYR'MM 6SHRIM)
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3 4SEVI,
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RY M-E JSWX %W-1IM W EPIEK.
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*V %W-1 THYVMPI RY QEM TYXIEY RJVYR^M,
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(EV GY KPEWYVM WXMRWI, HI QVKVMXEVI;
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2Y QEM ^FYVEY R RSYVM, GE QEM REMRXI.
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TI %W-1 #M TI %-,E. (EV 7GEXYPEQE, IGSYP QYR'MPSV, E RHVKMX-S #M RXVMWXEX
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7GEXYPEQE #M-E TVWMX EWTVIPI WXRGM,
% TSVYRGMX ETIPSV W WXIPI.
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4YR'M WXVPYGMXSEVI HI GYVGYFIMI.
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4I WXVPYGMXSEVIPI TYR'M,
RXMRWI TR HIEWYTVE KIRYRMPSV.
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0E ZRXSEVI,
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7XVMK-Q, GGM IY 'M-SM VWTYRHI.,
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%W-1 JEXE IGSYPYM)
'IE QEM QEVI TSIX E .ETSRMIM, -^YQI 7MOMFY, IZSG #M IE R ZIVWYVMPI
WEPI QYRXIPI #M PYRE:
R EJEVE PYQMM TI YR HVYQ RXYRIGEX SVMYRHI XVIFYMI W QIVK QE
ZIKLIE^ R HITVXEVI PYRE QYR'MPSV.
RXMYP TSIX EP QYR'MPSV HMR PMXIVEXYVE YRMZIVWEP IWXI, WTVI QMVEVIE #M
FYGYVME RSEWXV, YR QEVI TSIX: *VERGIWGS 4IXVEVGE. (I EPXJIP IP IWXI #M GIP
HMRXM SQ HI GYPXYV GEVI YVG TI YR QYRXI, TI :IRXSY\.
%WGIRWMYRIE EGIEWXE, XIQIVEV TIRXVY ERYP 1335, 4IXVEVGE S JEGI
QTVIYR GY JVEXIPI WY QEM QMG, +LIVEVHS, MEV RWIQRVMPI WEPI HIWTVI
YVGY#YP QYRXIPYM #M JVYQYWI'IE RP'MQMPSV WYRX TVMRXVI GIPI HMRXM TEKMRM EPI
PMXIVEXYVMM EPTMRI. 4SI^ME WE HIHMGEX QYRXIPYM, HMR ZSPYQYP GY TIWXI XVIM WYXI
HI WSRIXI #M HSY^IGM #M RSY HI GER'SRI, -P GER^SRMIVI, HIWGLMHI PMVMG,
QIHMXEXMZ, ERXSPSKME RSEWXV.
R QYR'MM REP'M #M R THYVM WPFEXMGI KWIWG TY'MRE SHMLR.
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9RHI RY-RXPRI#XM YQFVE, TI REPXYP QYRXIPYM,
7TVI GIE QEM QEVI #M QEM EFVYTX GYPQI,
1 GLIEQ EHIWIE S HSVMR'E ZMI.
(EV 4IXVEVGE RY IWXI WMRKYVYP QEVI TSIX EP PYQMM GEVI R RGITYXYVMPI
EGIWXIE HI RIEWXQTV EPI 6IRE#XIVMM GEYX PMRM#XIE #M QVI'ME QYR'MPSV. 7YRX
MWXSVMGM PMXIVEVM GEVI E3VQ G #M (ERXI E YVGEX R QYR'M, I HVITX RYQEM PE 1547
Q, PE 'EQEPHSPM, TI 4VEXS EP 7SKPMS, HEV E YVGEX!
% HSYE TVI^IR' PMVMG IWXI #M IE S WYVSVM^. 4SIXYP PMFIVX'MM, TSIXYP GIPSV
YQMPM #M RIHVITX'M'M, 6SFIVX &YQW, TSIX WGS'MER QSVX TVIQEXYV R 1796, PE
RYQEM 37 HI ERM, MYFI#XI QYR'MM EXX HI QYPX, RGX SVMYRHI QIVKI, KRHYVMPI
PYM, XSEXI, WYRX XSX PE IM.
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R QYR'M, HYT GIVFM, TI REPXI GVVM,
(YT GIVFM, HYT GMYXI, TI ZVJYVM HI WXIM,
1M-I MRMQE-R MRMQE QYR'MPSV QIM.
6QRI'M GY FMRI, ZSM, QYR'M WGS'MIRM,
1IPIEKYVM GY ZENRMGM #M ZVIHRMGM QYRXIRM;
3VMYRHI Q ZRXYV TVMR PYQI TVMFIEK,
4QRXYP EGIWXE QM-P TYVYVIE HVEK.
'Y FMRI, GYPQM EPFI, GYPQM RITVMLRMXI,
'Y FMRI, ZPGIPI #M ZM RZIV^MXI,
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ZE VQRI XSEX ZME'E.
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RXMYP QYRXI HI TIWXI 8000 Q GYGIVMX HI SQ, PE ZIVWERXYP IWXMG EP QYRXIPYM
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8IVVE] GVIHI R TVIKXMVI, R RHV^RIEP, R TVMIXIRMI. 4EKMRMPI HMR GEVXI
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TR PE IM XVEZIVWEVI E &I^MRKM.
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PI-E VQEW RXVIEK #M M-E TWXVEX EPXYVM. )ZKLIRM, ZMWXSV, EVXMWX, E HIZIRMX
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MEX EWEPXYP HV^ #M ZMGXSVMSW EP ZVJYPYM 0IRMR (7134 Q). 6WTPEXE GYVENYPYM #M
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RG QYPXI MWTVZM IVSMGI EY YVQEX HI EXYRGM. %RMM XVIGIEY #M EPTMRMWXYP,
GVYME QIHMGMM M VIGSQERHEWIV HYT /ER 8S GYQMR'IRMI #M GIP QYPX #EL WEY
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HI )ZKLIRM 7MQSRSZ ZE KWM XSEXI KRHYVMPI #M XSEXI JETXIPI PYM :MXEPM
%FEPEOSZ. R 3IGEVI TEKMR WGVMW WMQ'M TMSPIXYP #M GSP'EVMM PYM :MXEPM JVQRXRH
QYRXIPI. 'Y YR WXMPSY MRWTMVEX :MXEPM WGVMI TI EPFYP ^TI^MM TSZIWXIE GYGIVMVMM
QEVIPYM TMWG, R GEVI TYRGXIPI. 7YRX SEQIRMM, EGIWXI JYVRMGM GYXI^XSEVI TI
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%FEPEOSZ WMQXI ZVIQIE VIE, GIE'E WEY JYVXYRE. )P TVIJIV W GSFSEVI
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HVYQYVM EWIQIRIE PYM, WI ZE WMQ'M #M IP EYXSV EP GV'MM. 8SXYP IWXI WGVMW E#E GYQ
SVMGI TEWMSREX HI QYRXI EV JEGI-S, HEG EV EZIE RHIQR #M QI#XI#YK PE WGVMW.
'MRI RY E QIVW QYPX TI QYRXI, HEV WMQXI G #M-EV HSVM-S, ZE TSVRM WMKYV TI
GVIWXI, GMXMRH EGIEWX GEVXI.
1YRXIPI GIP QEM HVEK PYM -SR 'SQER VQRI 4MEXVE 'VEMYPYM. %MGM IWXI
QMRYREXE 'EFER %WGYRW, 4EHMRE PYM 'PMRIX, 1EVIE 3VK. %MGM E JSWX RZMRW
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GSEVH, STX SVI HI PYGVY #M KVEHYP : & HM3GYPXEXI).
2MQMG RY IWXI QEM JVYQSW, QEM HITPMR GE EPTMRMWQYP, RI RGVIHMR'IE^
-SR 'SQER. %PTMRMWQYP IWXI PYQIE RP'MQMPSV, S PYQI EWTV #M JVYQSEW,
RWGYX HMR ^FYGMYQYP TPERIXIM, QRKMEX HI RSVM #M VYHMQIRXEV GMSTPMX HI
QRE WGYPTXSVMPSV GY TYXIVI RIQWYVEX: WSEVIPI, ETE #M ZRXYP. 1YR'MM RI
TWXVIE^ HVNM, XMRIVM, STXMQM#XM. 8SX GIIE GI TYXIQ GIVI ZMI'MM RI H QYRXIPI,
WTE'MY, QVI'MI, EWTVMQI, JVYQYWI'I, TVMIXIRMI. 7 3Q ZVIHRMGM HI IP.
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G IPI RGET XSEXI JSEVXI FMRI #M R VYGWEG #M R GSVXYP M^SXIVQMG. "M EWXJIP EQ
JEGI #M RSM R PMXIVEXYVE EPTMR RXMM TE#M, TVIQMIVIPI HI RHV^RIEP EPI
ZMMXSVMPSV WGVMMXSVM EPTMRM.
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2Y JERXI^MI, RY TIVWSRENI #M RXQTPVM MRZIRXEXI, GM ZME', RHV^RIEP,
RGSVHEVI WYTVESQIRIEWG. )E WIEQR TVMR QVI'MI #M NIVXJ HSEV GIPIMPEPXI
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0E 0SW %RKIPIW, PE 3PMQTMEHE HMR 1932, KIVQERYP 4EYP &EYIV TVMQIE
QIHEPME HI EYV E PMXIVEXYVMM SPMQTMGI TIRXVY GEVXIE WE GEVI TSZIWXIE I\TIHM'ME
HI TI /ERKGLIRH^SRKE (8 597 Q).
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'V'MPI WGVMWI HI &VYGI, *MRGL, ,S[EVH, &YVV], 7Q]XLI WYRX GV'MPI
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,MQEPE]E HI *V]X^ 6YHSPTL IWXI VIGYRSE#XIVIE MWXSVMG E ETSVXYPYM EHYW HI
MRHMKIRM PE ZMGXSVMMPI EPTMRM#XMPSV WXVMRM R QYR'MM GIM QEM REP'M EM PYQMM HMR
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PI TR PE TIWXI 8000 Q. )M W-EY HSZIHMX XSXHIEYRE HVNM, GMRWXM'M, GYVENS#M
TR R GPMTE HMR YVQ, GRH RJVYRXEY QYWSRYP #M EZEPER#IPI. (EV PYGVYP
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8IRWMRK, QSHIWXYP #M RGIVGEXYP RITEPI^, VWTPXI#XI QYRGE #M ^IGMPI HI NIVXJI
EPI #IVTE#MPSV.
8 000 HI QIXVM HIEWYTVE #M HIHIWYFX WI MRXMXYPIE^ GEVXIE RHV^RIPMPSV
#M RIFYRMMPSV PYM ,IVQERR &YLP, EPTMRMWXYP GEVI E GYGIVMX WMRKYV, HYT 16 SVI HI
YVGY#, TMWGYP RIGYGIVMX EP PYM 2ERKE 4EVFEX. -EV %RRETYQE, TVMQYP 8000
QIXVM IWXI ITSTIIE I\TIHM'MIM JVERGI^I R GEVI 1EYVMGI ,IV^SK E WGVMW EGIWXI
TEKMRM GY HIKIXIPI RWRKIVEXI.
'EVXIE TI GEVI E WGVMW-S 8IRWMRK HIWTVI GYGIVMVIE 'LSQSPYRKQIM, 8MKVMM
^TI^MPSV GEVXI RG RIGYRSWGYX PE RSM RGLIMI KPSVMSW HVYQYP HI IJSVX #M
WRKI TI GEVI W-E YVGEX TR PE GEWE ^TI^MPSV.
(EV GEVXIE GEVI RY TSEXI VQRI RIGMXMX, RIEHQMVEX, IWXI GEVXIE GIPYM
QEM RHV^RI' HMRXVI RHV^RI'M, E GYGIVMXSVYPYM RIGYGIVMXYPYM TMWG EP
,MQEPE]IM, )ZIVIWXYP, REPXE EZIRXYV E PYM )HQYRH ,MPPEV]. %GIWX REPX #M
TE#RMG ETMGYPXSV RIS^IIPERHI^ YVG TIRXVY RXME HEX R QYR'M PE #EMWTVI^IGI
ERM. 4R PE 16 ERM RY Z^YWIQ RG QYRXIPI, WGVMI R TVMQIPI TEKMRM EPI
GV'MM QEVIPI GYGIVMXSV EP 'LSQSPYRKQIM.
)P RZE' HI QMG QIWIVME XEXPYM WY #M HIZMRI PE XVIMWTVI^IGI ERM YR FYR
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>IIPERHI.
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4VMQE ^TEH Z^YX R ZME', GIPI ^IGI ^MPI HI WGLM TIXVIGYXI R
EGIEWX ZEGER' #M ETSM PE HSY^IGM HI ERM TVMQE PYM QEVI I\GYVWMI TI MRWYPE
HI WYH E 2SMM >IIPERHI #M EWGIRWMYRIE TMWGYPYM 3PMZMIV HI TI QYRXIPI 7IEP], P
LSXVWG W HIZMR EPTMRMWX.
>TEHE IVE TPGYX #M XEVI, E#E RGX TYXIEQ WTE XVITXI WSPMHI, PSZMRH
HSEV GY TMGMSVYP. 7YW, TI GVIEWXE QYRXIPYM, EQ KWMX S TVMZIPM#XI RGRXXSEVI:
S ZEPI RXMRW GE YR KLI'EV QEWMZ, RGSRNYVEX HI TMWGYVM HI S VEV JVYQYWI'I.
'YGIVIEQ TIRXVY TVMQE SEV YR ZVJ HI QYRXI. % JSWX GIE QEM JIVMGMX ^M HMR
ZME'E QIE.
R ,MPPEV] WI HI#XITXEWI QEVIE TEWMYRI TIRXVY QYRXI #M EPTMRMWQ,
TEWMYRI GEVI HEG XI GYGIVI#XI S HEX, XI RWS'I#XI R ZME' TR PE QSEVXI,
RGIT #M PIGXYVMPI. 'MXIEQ GY RIWE' WGVMI ,MPPEV] XSX GIIE GI WI TYXIE WGVMI
HIWTVI QYR'M. (SY GV'M RW P-EY JGYX W RHVKIEWG #M QEM QYPX QYR'MM:
8EFVE #EWI HI *VERO 7Q]XLI #M 2ERHE (IZM HI )VMG 7LMTXSR. 'EVXIE PYM
7Q]XLI, GEVI-P TYVXE TI ,MPPEV] TVMR GIE', KIV #M ZRX TI GVIEWXE RSVHMG E
)ZIVIWXYPYM, P-E MQTVIWMSREX GIP QEM QYPX. 2Y-QM EQMRXIWG W 3 XVMX ZVISHEX
EXX HI MRXIRW S GEVXI.
,MPPEV] TPIEG R I\GYVWMM HI YRYP WMRKYV, RGVGEX GY TSZIVM, R VIKMYRM
EGGMHIRXEXI. 'YRS#XMR'E GY KLMHYP ,EVV] %]VIW, GIP QEM FYR EPTMRMWX EP 2SMM
>IIPERHI, M HIWGLMHI R'IPIKIVM RSM EWYTVE EPTMRMWQYPYM, RHISWIFM EWYTVE
XILRMGMM IWGEPEHIPSV TI KLIE'. -EV TVMIXIRME PYM +ISVKI 0S[I M WXVIGSEV R
WY4IX HSVMR'E QEVMPSV GYGIVMVM, E QEVMPSV RIGYRSWGYXI: TMWGYVMPI ,MQEPE]IM.
,MPPEV] QTPMRMWI XVIM^IGM #M YRY HI ERM!
R EPTMRMWQ WI TEVI G S XVEHM'MI GIVI GE REMRXI HI ,MQEPE]E W YVGM
%PTMM. -EX-P TI ,MPPEV] R %YWXVME #M )PZI'ME RJVYRXRH %PTMM #M-ETSM, R KVYT,
VIY#MRH HISWIFMXE TIVJSVQER' HI E YVGE R GMRGM ^MPI, R 3FIVPERHYP FIQI^,
GMRGM ZVJYVM HI TIWXI TEXVY QMM HI QIXVM.
3 XIPIKVEQ P E#XITXE PE GSFSVVI, PE TS#XE HMR .YRKJVEYNSGL. +ISVKI
0S[I P GLIQE W TEVXMGMTI PE S I\TIHM'MI TI 1YOYX 4EVFEX (7 242 Q) R
+EVL[EP. % JSWX RXME I\TIHM'MI HMR ,MQEPE]E PE GEVI E PYEX TEVXI, ZMGXSVMSW,
)HQYRH ,MPPEV], GYGIVMXSVYP HI QEM XV^MY EP )ZIVIWXYPYM.
4R PE NYQXEXIE WIGSPYPYM EP <<-PIE RMQIRM RY YVGEWI TI ,MQEPE]E
HMRGSPS HI 8000 Q. R ERYP 1922 S I\TIHM'MI IRKPI^ ENYRKI TI ZIVWERXYP
RSVHMG, TVMR 8MFIX, PE 8326 Q, MEV R 1924 S EPX I\TIHM'MI, YVQRH EGIPE#M
HVYQ, TVMR RSVH, EXMRKI RP'MQIE HI 8572 Q. 'YQ TMWGYP QYRXIPYM IWXI HI 8
848 Q, RWIEQR G TIRXVY E 3 RZMR#M EGI#XM YPXMQM, RHVXRMGM #M V^FYRXSVM
276 Q EY XVIFYMX RY QEM TY'MR HI. 29 ERM!
)\TIHM'ME KIRIVEPYPYM ,YRX, R GEVI E JSWX WIPIGXEX HYT GVMXIVMM WIZIVI #M
,MPPEV], XVIFYME GY SVMGI TVI' W RZMRK, QEM EPIW HYT I#IGYP IPZI'MIRMPSV, GY
YR ER REMRXI, R 1952, PE QEM TY'MR HI XVIM WYXI HI QIXVM HI ZVJ. 7I QTPMRIEY
R EGIWX ER, 1953, XVIM^IGM #M HSM HI ERM HI PE RXME I\TIHM'MI TIRXVY GYGIVMVIE
)ZIVIWXYPYM. 'MRI VIY#IE EGYQ, MRXVE TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE R MWXSVMI.
,MPPEV] IVE YRYP HMR GIM XVIMWTVI^IGI JSEVXI FYRM EPTMRM#XM EM I\TIHM'MIM,
HEV RY SQYP TI GEVI WI GSRXE TIRXVY EWEPXYP 3REP. %GIWXE XVIFYMI HEX HI
)ZERW-&SYVHMPPSR, GEVI RXV-EHIZV R ^MYE HI 25 QEM YVGEWIV TR PE 8 748
Q, HIGM PE S WYX HI QIXVM HI ZVJ. RP'MQI PE GEVI RMQIRM RY QEM ENYRWIWI
ZVISHEX #M GEVI WTYRIE XYXYVSV G ZMGXSVME IWXI ETVSETI. (EV E HSYE ^M, HYT
WYTVESQIRI#XMPI IJSVXYVM JGYXI, )ZERW #M &SYVHMPPSR R-EY QEM JSWX GETEFMPM W
YVGI HMR RSY. 2MGM IM, RMGM GIMPEP'M. 7I TYRIE RXVIFEVIE: WI ZE VEXE #M HI EWX
HEX GYGIVMVIE TMWGYPYM#
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QMWMYRIE GYGIVMVMM GIPYM QEM REPX TMWG HMR PYQI, 'LSQSPYRKQE, FSXI^EX
IRKPI^I#XI )ZIVIWX, E VIZIRMX YRYM MRHMKIR RITEPI^, 2SVOI 8IRWMRK #M YRYM
EPTMRMWX HMR HSQMRMSERI, )HQYRH ,MPPEV]. %QSVYP TVSTVMY EP IRKPI^MPSV E GIHEX
HSVMR'IM HI ZMGXSVMI, HI WYTIVMSVMXEXI EWYTVE XYXYVSV GIPSVPEPXI I\TIHM'MM #M QEM
EPIW EWYTVE GIPIM IPZI'MIRI.
%WEPXYP E JSWX IVSMG. 2SVOI #M )HQYRH, RJV'M'M HI IJSVX #M RHV^RIEP, EY
XVMX GPMTI RIYMXEXI, KVSE^RMGI EHIWISVM, GYQ WGVMI ,MPPEV]: 0E NYQXEXIE
YVGY#YPYM Q-EQ STVMX ITYM^EX. (EG TVMZIEQ R NSW TVMRXVI KPI^RI, TVMZIEQ
RXV-YR EFMW HI 3 000 Q. 2MGMSHEX RY Q-EQ WMQ'MX R QEM QEVI TVMQINHMI GE
EXYRGM, RKVMNSVEX, M-EQ JGYX WIQR PYM 8IRWMRK W YVGI TR PE QMRI.
'I ^MGM HI EWXE, 8IRWMRK# 6WTYRWYP ZIRM TVSQTX:
*SEVXI VY, JSEVXI TVMQINHMSW.
'I GVI^M, QIVKIQ QEM HITEVXI# 0E GEVI QM VWTYRWI R JIPYP PYM
SFM#RYMX:
'YQ ZVI'M!
(EV RG RY IVE XSXYP. %TVSETI HI ZVJ M E#XITXE GEPQ GIP QEM
JSVQMHEFMP SFWXEGSP HI GVIEWX S XVIETX QEVI HI WXRG. ,MPPEV] S GYRS#XIE
HMR JSXSKVE3MPI PYEXI HMR EZMSR #M S GSRWMHIVE YR SFWXEGSP GEVI TYXIE JSEVXI
FMRI W RWIQRI RJVRKIVIE YRIM I\TIHM'MM.
)VEY PE 8 833 Q, HEV RG RY TI ZVJ. 2I3MRH WMKYV G ZSV XVIGI EGIWX
SFWXEGSP, ,MPPEV] GY EGIP WIRXMQIRX HI QRHVMI TI GEVI-P XVMI#XM EXYRGM GRH
I#XM WMKYV G EM VIEPM^EX YR JETX YRMG, JGY GXIZE JSXSKVE3M EPI EGIWXYM GIP QEM
REPX PSG EXMRW TR EXYRGM HI ZVIYR TMGMSV SQIRIWG.
'Y YR YPXMQ IJSVX, GYXRH TVM^I, R3KRH TMSPIXYP R 3WYVMPI HI KLIE',
RXMR^RH PE QE\MQYQ GIM HSMWTVI^IGI QIXVM EM GSEVHIM, ,MPPEV] HIWGLMWI
HVYQYP #M 8IRWMRK P YVQ.
(YT HSY SVI HI XMEX XVITXI R ^TEH, WPIM'M HI TYXIVM, GRH XSGQEM WI
RXVIFEY GI PI QEM VI^IVZ YVGY#YP, GRH PM WI TVIE G QIVK HI-S ZI#RMGMI, #M
HHYV WIEQE HISHEX G IVE YPXMQE XVIETX. R JE'E QIE WTYRI ,MPPEV]
GVIEWXE GSFSVE EFVYTX WTVI S GSVRM#, HIWGVMMRH S GYVF QEVI, MEV HITEVXI, R
^EVI, TYXIEQ ZIHIE GYPSVMPI HI TEWXIP #M PR EPFE EPI RSVMPSV HMR 'MRYXYVMPI
QYRXSEWI EPI 8MFIXYPYM.
)VE SVE 11,30, 29 QEM 1953. %GSPS WYW, TI ZVJ, HIEWYTVE RXVIKYPYM
TQRX, TI GIP QEM REPX TMWG EP XYXYVSV QYR'MPSV PYQMM 8 848 Q GPHYVE
HSQSEP E FYGYVMIM, WGVMI IQS'MSREX ,MPPEV], QM RTHIE XSEX 3MR'E, S
FYGYVMI QEM TY'MR ^KSQSXSEW, HEV QEM TYXIVRMG HIGX SVMGEVI EPXE TI GEVI S
WMQ'MWIQ ZVISHEX QEM REMRXI TI YR ZVJ HI QYRXI.
,MPPEV] TVMZM GLMTYP VEHMMRH HI JIVMGMVI EP PYM 8IRWMRK. 7YVHIE PYQMRSW WYF
QEWGE HI S\MKIR #M WYF 'YV'YVMM HI KLIE' HI TI FEVF #M QYWX'M. --EQ RXMRW
QRE #M RI-EQ JIPMGMXEX R XGIVI WTYRI ,MPPEV] HEV TIRXVY 8IRWMRK #M TIRXVY
GPMTIPI XVMXI WXVRKIVIE QMRMM RWIQRE TVIE TY'MR #M, GYTVMRW HI IPER, Q-E
TVMRW GY XSEX GPHYVE R FVE'I #M RI-EQ FXYX TI YQIVM VIGMTVSG, R WIQR HI
JIPMGMXEVI.
%#E E JSWX RXME HEX TI TMWGYP ZMGXSVMIM ZSMR'IM SQIRI#XM R QEM 1953.
4SEXI G TIWXI ERM EPXI ZMGXSVMM, QYPX QEM KVIPI, ZSV HSZIHM SQYPYM TYXIVIE PYM
EWYTVE 9RMZIVWYPYM. (EV ZMGXSVME EWYTVE )ZIVIWXYPYM ZE VQRI YRMG, E#E GYQ
YRMG IWXI R PER'YP QYR'MPSV PYQMM ZVJYP 'LSQSPYRKQE, ^IM'E QEQ E
TQRXYPYM!
1Y^MG.
) KVIY HI WTYW GI I QEM QYPX QYRXIPI: GYPSEVI WEY QY^MG# :IVHI HI
MR3RMXI GYPSVM, EPFEWXVY #M ZMSPIX, EPF TYV #M GYVGYFIMI. >SVM, EQYVKYVM, RWIVVM,
ERSXMQTYVM. 3 TEPIX HEVRMG #M RITVIZ^YX TIRXVY SVMGI MYFMXSV EP TMGXYVMM.
(EV QYRXIPI, TVMR I\GIPIR', IWXI HMREQMWQ, QM#GEVI, QY^MG. 9RHI W-E
RWGYX IGSYP HEG RY R QYR'M# (I YRHI EY ETVYX MSHPIVIPI #M ZEPWYVMPI
XMVSPI^I# 9RHI W-EY RWGYX HSMRIPI#
9RHI HEG RY R QYR'M M^ZSEVIPI, ETIPI, ZRXYP, TPSEME, JYVXYRE WI REWG,
GVIWG, GSTPI#IWG XSXYP #M EHYG ETSM GEPQYP #M WIRMRYP YRIM PYQM QEM HSVRMGI HI
ZME'. %TI GEVI GYVK HSQSP WEY JYVXYRSW ZMSVM GY WYVHMR WEY R TM^^MGEXS;
YVGY# R QYRXI EGSVHYVM HI SVK; GEWGEHI LEVT #M GPSTS'IM; ZRX HI XSEQR
R JVYR^I GEVI GEH WIVIREH HI GIPS; TPSEMI #M JYVXYR MRWXVYQIRXI
HI^PR'YMXI, HSQMREXI HI \MPSJSR, XSFI #M XEPKIVI; RMRWSEVI #M ^TI^M TSIQ
WMQJSRMG GY PYRIGVM TI GPETI.
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GSQTYRI #M GRXE.
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ZIVHIPI THYVMM, 3I WYV^RH EPF HMRXVI FVE^M #M TVXMM HI WGLM.
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4SEXI 'MXIVE, LEVTE, LEZEMERE. R WGLMQF 4YMIVYP, GSVRYP, FYGMYQYP, GEZEPYP
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TIWXI QYR'MM REP'M #M RMR#M, GY YR WGYVX TSTEW R )PZI'ME, 2MGSPS 4EKERMRM I
MQTVIWMSREX HI XSX GI ZIHI #M, TVIGSGI, VIH TI GSEVHI, R KEQE PYM QM,
TYVMXEXIE ^TI^MM, EPFYP RIWJV#MX, WGRXIMIVMPI VIGM #M EPFEWXVI EPI KLI'EVMPSV,
GPMRGLIXYP EVKMRXMY EP HMPMKIR'IM GEVI WXVFEXI XVIGXSVM #M GYPQM EPFI.
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HI PE QYRXI, PE :VJYP GY (SV, 1YR'MM 8EXVE #M 7MQJSRME %PTMPSV.
9R HVYQ HI QMRYREXI #M RITVIZ^YXI TSTEWYVM, HI WYVTVMR^XSEVI #M
TMXSVI#XM TVMZIPM#XM. 3 I\GYVWMI QY^MGEP R GEVI REXYVE E GLIQEX EVXMWXYP WTVI
XEMRMGIPI #M QVI'IPI IM JVYQYWI'M. 7 TSVRMQ HIGM GY VYGWEGYP TPMR HI HEVRMGI
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GRXI QYRXIPI. 2IKVMM #M GLMRI^MM, MRHMIRMM #M XMFIXERMM, IPZI'MIRMM #M KISVKMIRMM,
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T^IWG GRXRH HMR 4YMIV.
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EQMRXM'M HIWMKYV HMR PYGVVMPI PYM: 'MSFRE#MM, (VYQI'YP #M QEM EPIW 'LIMPI
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(QFSZMGMSEVIM, 2MGSPEI +VMKSVIWGY R-E JSWX RGRXEX RYQEM HI JVYQYWI'MPI
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EQ 3 HSVMX, S TMGXYV EPTMR. (EV IWXI E YRYM SVE# HVEK RSY #M E YRYME HMR
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WIQREXI HI &IGOIV, EQRHSY TIMWENI HI QYRXI HEV RY HI PE RSM, RY WI QEM
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QYR'MPSV RS#XVM EXX HI HVEKM.
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PYGVVM VSQERI#XM, YR 8VK HI QYRXI, WIQREX HI 7^EXQEV], XSEXI GIPIPEPXI
PYGVVM WYRX WXVMRI: 4IMWEN WXRGSW QMRMEXYV HI *VERW &SIPW, HMR WIGSPYP EP
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HI TVIXYXMRHIRM HMR PYQI XSX GI IWXI PIKEX HI STIVE PYM *EYWX, HEG 7EP^FYVKYP
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WXVMRXEXI I\MWX QY^II GY WGLMYVMPI PYM 2ERWIR, GV'MPI HIWTVI QYR'MM %PTM,
WEY I\TIHM'MMPI HMR ,MQEPE]E, HI GI W RY EZIQ #M RSM, YRHIZE RXV-YR SVE# R
'EV, W WTYRIQ PE &VE#SZ, YR QY^IY #M S FMFPMSXIG E QYRXIPYM#
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1MVSR 'SRWXERXMRIWGY, +LISVKLI 0S[IRHEP #M 7IGS#ERY.
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EQ RYQMX-S 4SZIWXIE &YGIKMPSV. 'GM IWXI RXV-EHIZV TSZIWXI WEY PIKIRH,
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&EFIPI, 4SZIWXIE HIWTVI &EFIPI, 'EVEMQERYP GY GEFERE &VEZ, &EPEYVYP, :EPIE
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TPEWXMGE VSQRIEWG TVMR TMGXYVE PYM )YKIR +WG, E#E GYQ E T#MX R
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PE TIMWENYP EXX HI GEVEGXIVMWXMG EP &VMM 1S'MPSV; HEV RY TIMWEN WMQTPY, GM
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TVMIXIR GY 3HSFIWGY, QEVI RHVKSWXMX HI TIMWENI VSQERI#XM #M GPXSV
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'Y EHIZVEX WXEXSVRMG, WMRGIV PIKEX HI QYRXI IWXI TPEWXMGE
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MEV TIWXI YR ZIEG #M QEM QYPX, R 1932, XSX YR 3^MGMER, IPZI'MERYP 4MGGEVH, ZE
JEGI TVMQYP ^FSV R WXVEXSWJIVE, GY FEPSRYP, PE 16 940 Q, RP'MQI GEVI ZE 3 #M
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FXPMI GY YVME#MM TQRXYPYM, EQMRXM'M-Z RYQEM G TVMQYP QEVI TMWG HI TIWXI
8 000 Q (%RRETYQE, 8 078 Q), EWEPXEX HI JVERGI^M GY TVI'YP QYPXSV NIVXJI,
RXVI GEVI #M HIKIXIPI QMRMPSV #M TMGMSEVIPSV RZMRKXSVMPSV, 1EYVMGI ,IV^SK #M
0SYMW 0EGLIREP E JSWX GYGIVMX EFME R 1950.
(YT XVIM^IGM HI ERM HI I\TIHM'MM #M RGIVGVM ETVSETI XSXHIEYRE IVSMGI,
E G^YX #M 'LSQSPYRKQE >IM'E QEQ E TQRXYPYM, GIP QEM REPX #M
MREGGIWMFMP TMWG EP PYQMM: 8 848 Q. (EV RY QEM TY'MR IVSMGI EY JSWX RGIVGVMPI
HI E GYGIVM 2ERKE 4EVFEX (8 125 Q), QYRXIPI KVSE^IM, QYRXIPI GIPSV 31 HI
NIVXJI, RZMRW R 1953, WEY GIP HI-EP HSMPIE QYRXI REPX EP PYQMM: /2 ('LSKSVM)
(8611 Q), GYGIVMX R 1954.
"M EGIWXIE RY WYRX HIGX TEXVY HMR QEVMPI FXPMM EPI QYR'MPSV. %HYKE'M
XSEXI GIPIPEPXI ^IGM #M WYXI HI FXPMM TIRXVY ,MQEPE]E, /EVEOSVYQ, 8MER#ER,
4EQMV, XVIGI'M ETSM R %R^M #M 'SVHMPMIVM, YVGE'M TI /MPMQERNEVS, 'EYGE^, %PTM #M RY
YMXE'M RMGM 'EVTE'MM RS#XVM GY REMRXE#MM PSV VSQERXMGM #M XIQIVEVMM G'VXSVM HI
E^M.
1YR'MM PYQMM! 1MM HI QIXVM RP'MQI, ^IGM HI QMM HI OMPSQIXVM PYRKMQI. 8S'M
WIQRRH TEVG RXVI IM, HEV RMGMYRYP EWIQIRIE GIPYMPEPX. >MHYVM QVI'I #M
WPFEXMGI HI 8 000 OQ GE %R^MM 'SVHMPMIVM WEY HI 2500 OQ GE PER'YP ,MQEPE]IM,
ZYPGERM GEVI QEM EQIRMR' #M EGYQ ZME'E SEQIRMPSV #M E TQRXYPYM 'SXSTE\M-
)GYEHSV (5897 Q), 4STSGEXITIXP-1I\MG (5 452 Q), GEWGEHI GY GHIVM HI ET
HI WYXI HI QIXVM (%RKIP-:IRI^YIPE, 979 Q), KLI'EVM PYRKM HI 60-80 OQ WEY GY
MQIRWI WYTVEJI'I (:EXRE .SOYPP-0WPERHE, 8 800 OQ2), 3SVHYVM HI 240 OQ GE
,EQMPXSR -RPIX HMR 0EFVEHSV #M XVIGXSVM PE 5 580 Q R /EVEOSVYQ.
"M XSXY#M, RJVYRXRH #M WYTYRRH REXYVE, TVIXYXMRHIRM, EGIEWX
RGT'REX JYVRMG E 9RMZIVWYPYM, EGIWX YVME# EP IM, SQYP #M-E JGYX E#I^VM PE
TIWXI 3 500 Q (0E 4E^-&SPMZME, 3 694 Q, 0LEWWE-8MFIX, 3 600 Q #M GLMEV 1MRE
'LYTMUYMRE R 'LMPI, GIE QEM REPX E#I^EVI SQIRIEWG HI TI KPSF, 5 600 Q),
XYRIPYVM PYRKM HI 20 OQ, GYQ IWXI 7MQTPSRYP R %PTM, RXVI )PZI'ME #M -XEPME,
GSRWXVYMX R ^IGI ERM (1896-1906) GY RIRYQVEXI NIVXJI QEXIVMEPI #M SQIRI#XM,
GM JIVEXI PE QEVI EPXMXYHMRI, GE GIE HMR 4IVY PE 4 816 Q HIEWYTVE SGIERYPYM,
WEY GIE IPZI'MER, GSRWXVYMX R 16 ERM (1896-1912), GEVI YVG HI PE
PSGEPMXEXIE 7GLIMHIKK (2 064 Q) TR PE 3 457 Q, RY HITEVXI HI TMWGYP GIPYM
HI-EP GMRGMPIE QYRXI EP )YVSTIM, .YRKJVEY (4 159 Q).
1YR'MM PYQMM WYRX TVIWVE'M EWX^M GY QEVGENI #M GEFERI, SFWIVZEXSEVI #M
WXE'MYRM QIXISVSPSKMGI, XIPIJIVMGI #M XVIRYVM IPIGXVMGI. 'IP HMRXM GPYF EPTMR HMR
PYQI E JSWX GIP IRKPI^, GVIEX R 1857. )P RYQVE EXYRGM, PE R3MR'EVI, 480 HI
QIQFVM. --EY YVQEX GPYFYVMPI KIVQER, IPZI'MER, RSVZIKMER.
%WX^M, RYQVYP TEWMSRE'MPSV #M GYGIVMXSVMPSV HI QYR'M GVI#XI GY 3IGEVI ^M
#M RHV^RI'IPI PSV JETXI ETVSETI G RY QEM QMV TI RMQIRM, HI#M WYRX EHIWIE
YMQMXSEVI. 4IWXI S WYX HI QMM HI GV'M, R XSEXI PMQFMPI #M R XSEXI KIRYVMPI,
ZSVFIWG SEQIRMPSV HIWTVI HVEKSWXIE #M FMVYMR'E PSV, KVIE R XMQT, EWYTVE
QYR'MPSV.
1YR'MM PYQMM EY JSWX R RXVIKMQI GYGIVM'M. (EV QEM VQR QYR'MM
GIPSVPEPXI TPERIXI #M QYR'MM, GEVI EY #M TVMQMX RYQI, EM PYRMM. 9R RSY EPTMRMWQ M
E#XIETX TI GYGIVMXSVMM QYR'MPSV: GYGIVMVIE QYR'MPSV TPERIXIPSV, GYGIVMVIE
QYR'MPSV 9RMZIVWYPYM.
&YGIKMM.
2Y WYRX R 'EVE RSEWXV QYR'M QEM GYRSWGY'M, QEM MYFM'M #M QEM GRXE'M
HIGX &YGIKMM. -RMQE QYR'MPSV RS#XVM #M MRMQE RSEWXV WYRX &YGIKMM. (I
XSXHIEYRE #M TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE &YGIKMM ZSV RWIQRE TSEXI, TI RIHVITX, JE'
HI GIMPEP'M QYR'M QMRYRE'M EM RS#XVM, GLIQEVIE QYRXIPYM.
%MGM W-E RWGYX HVYQI'ME #M XSX EMGM GIPI HMRXM MRWTMVE'MM TSIXMGI HIWTVI
QYRXI. 4I WXRGMPI &YGIKMPSV W-EY G'VEX TIRXVY TVMQE SEV EPTMRM#XMM #M XSX R
&YGIKM W-EY MZMX, W3SEWI, GIPI HMRXM GEFERI. 7TVI &YGIKM #M-EY RHVITXEX TE#MM
WGVMMXSVMM #M TI &YGIKM LSMRVIWG EWX^M TEWMSRE'MM HI XYVMWQ, MRHMJIVIRX HI
ZVIQI #M ERSXMQTYVM.
4VMQMM XYVM#XM EM &YGIKMPSV EY JSWX TWXSVMM, MEV TVMQYP FYGIKMWX VSQER,
GYQ P RYQI#XI 2IWXSV 9VIGLME, E JSWX. JVERGI^YP :EMPPERX. 7-E RXQTPEX HI
QYPX, RXV-YR GETVMGMSW MYPMI EP ERYPYM 1839 #M RI-S EQMRXI#XI GY JVEKQIRXI HMR
RWIQRVMPI PYM :EMPPERX GLMEV 2IWXSV 9VIGLME, R GEVXIE W (VEKM W RI 3I
QYR'MM (1916).
:EMPPERX IVE YR SQ HI GYPXYV GY MHIM TVSKVIWMWXI #M, TVIGYQ W-E HSZIHMX,
YR TEWMSREX HI REXYV #M HVYQI'MI. )P E WXEX PE RSM R 'EV XVIM^IGM #M TEXVY HI
ERM #M E TYFPMGEX PE 4EVMW, R 1844 (HYT EP'MM R 1849), XVIM ZSPYQI
HSGYQIRXEXI 0E 6SYQEMRI (LMWXSMVI, PERKYI, PMXXIVEXYVI, SVXSKVETLMI,
WXEXMWXMUYI), R GEVI, HI#M IVEQ R ERMM TVIQIVKXSVM 9RMVMM, M TVI^IRXE XSXY#M
PESPEPX TI EVHIPIRM, ZEPELM, QSPHSZIRM.
)\GYVWME PYM #M E WPYKIVYPYM %RKIPIWGY GEVI-P RWS'IE, QTVIYR GY HSY
GPY^I, 7XSMGE :SH #M -SR 4YMY (MEX HIGM #M EMGM, GE-R SVMGI RGITYX, TVI^IR'E
KLM^MPSV), IWXI RXME EWGIRWMYRI TI &YGIKM #M VIEQMRXI#XI, TEVG TVMR
TEXVMEVLEPMXEXI #M TSI^MI, TI EGIIE HI TI 1SRX &PERG.
(YT LYVHYGXYVMPI HVYQYPYM GY GVY'E TR PE 7MREME RGITI YVGY#YP TI
PRK QRWXMVIE VMHMGEX R 1695 HI 1MLEM 'ERXEGY^MRS #M ETSM, GPEVI, WTVI
ZVJYP QYRXIPYM (SVYP, GEVI WI REP' QVI' R JE'E RSEWXV. 7YRX PWE'M R
YVQ 4HYGLMSWYP #M *YVRMGE, QSZMPE -ITYVIPYM (S WXR EGYQ FSXI^EX),
GYPQIE 'VYGIE :SMRMGYPYM, E GVYM TSZIWXI, HI ETVSETI S WYX HI ERM, S WTYRI
WJXSW 7XSMGE.
9R TSTEW #M S QIVMXEX SHMLR WYF S GMYTIVG QEVI HI TMEXV, GEVI QEM
I\MWX #M E^M PE TSEPIPI (SVYPYM, EPI :VJYPYM GY (SV, YR ZRX RTVEWRMG HI GEVI
WGET GE TVMR QMRYRI #M MEX-P GSFSVRH TI NSW HI EWX HEX, TIWXI FVE^MM
HSFSV'M HI JYVXYRM GY ^IGI ERM R YVQ, WTVI QYR'MM -EPSQM'IM. 8V^MY, WTVI
WIEV, JVR'M HI SFSWIEP, HEV RGRXE'M HI GIPI Z^YXI, ENYRK PE 4I#XIV.
4VMQMVI JV'IEWG #M S RSETXI JV ZMWI.
% HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'E, QEM HITEVXI. R GEPI, WXRGM, NRITIRM. 4I NSW #M
GPEVI, GIM TEXVY #M JEG HVYQ GY KVIY WTVI &EFIPI. (I#M ZEV, WYW TI ZVJ I
JVMK, I EXX HI JVMK, RGX #M TYR QERXEPIPI, M RGSRNYV HI TVIXYXMRHIRM GIE'E.
2MRKI, ETSM TPSYE, MIWI WSEVIPI, GEHI KVMRHMRE., 8MQT HI HSY^IGM HI QMRYXI
WI TIVMRH XSEXI ERSXMQTYVMPI.
(EV ZVIQIE RY-P WTIVMI. 7-E JGYX JVYQSW #M, YVGRH GPEVI 3FV#ME
-EPSQM'IM, HVYQI'MM RS#XVM ENYRK HYT HSY SVI HI YVGY# TI GYPQIE
'EVEMQERYPYM, WYW HI XSX, TI 3QYP, YRHI :EMPPERX, GY KRHYP PE ZMMXSEVIE 9RMVI
E 4VMRGMTEXIPSV R GEVI GVIHIE, ZVIE W R3K HVETIPYP XVMGSPSV, HEV HMR GEY^E
ZRXYPYM TYXIVRMG RY S ZE TYXIE JEGI.
4VMZIPM#XIE QYR'MPSV HI EMGM HI TI 3QYP, Z^Y'M RXME HEX HI EGIWX
JVERGI^ IRXY^MEWX #M HI RWS'MXSVMM PYM, I QVIE' #M :EMPPERX WI WXVHYMI W-S
HIWGVMI GX QEM TPEWXMG. >VMQ PE WXRKE GSWXM#IPI VITI^M #M EYVMXI EPI
%VHIEPYPYM, WTVI QME^^M WI VSXYRNIWG GSGSE#IPI VS#GEXI EPI +VFSZIM; PE
HVIETXE, TMWGYVM WXIVTI WXVTYRK RSVMM, MEV PE TMGMSEVIPI RSEWXVI WI GEWG
TVTWXMM R3SVXSEVI, HMR GEVI M^ZSVWG QMM HI GSP'M, QEM TY'MR WYF'MVIM #M
RHIWE'M GE WYPM'IPI YRIM JEPERKI, QEM TY'MR KVISM #M V^PI'M'M GE QSVQMRXIPI
JEVESRMPSV, HEV XSX EXX HI ^ZIP'M #M RYQIVS#M GE WKI'MPI VITI^MXI EPI XYXYVSV
GEXIHVEPIPSV KSXMGI HMR )YVSTE.
&YGYVME EGIWXSV TVMZIPM#XM RY 'MRI RW QYPX. 3 GIE' KVSEW, HI RY ZI^M
PE XVIM TE#M GEPYP GEVI QIVKI REMRXI #M YR ZRX GI XI HSFSEV, M LSXVWG W
GSFSEVI TVYHIRX #M VITIHI. 'Y YR SGSP JV ZSMI, TR PE TSEPIPI
4HYGLMSWYPYM, S FEMI VIGI PE TMGMSEVI #M S RXPRMVI, GY WXVE#RMGM GMRM
GMSFRI#XM, MEX-P ENYR#M PE WXRE HI TI *YVRMGE #M-ETSM WIEVE PE STX, PE
QRWXMVIE 7MREME. %#E E JSWX TI &YGIKM, R GXIZE ^MPI GETVMGMSEWI HI MYPMI,
EGYQ S WYX HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI ERM.
(EV :EMPPERX RY ZE 3 WMRKYVYP WXVMR GEVI ZE YVGE R EGIPI ZVIQM
RHITVXEXI TI &YGIKM. 'IPIFVYP EPTMRMWX IRKPI^ 0IWPMI 7XITLIR, YRYP HMR
RXIQIMIXSVMM 'PYFYPYM EPTMR IRKPI^ (1857) #M GYGIVMXSV EP %PTMPSV, RWS'MX HI
&V]GI, YVG R 1866 R 'EVTE'M, TI &YGIKM #M 'IELPY, HIWGVMMRHY-P R 8LI
4PE]KVSYRH SJ )YVSTI (1871).
RXVI XMQT RW, GIM HMR %VHIEP RGITYWIV YVGY#YVMPI TI QYR'M, GIE QEM
FYR HSZEH 3MRH GEVXIE TVSJIWSVYPYM #M TEVSLYPYM =SLERR 1MGLEIP 7EP^IV HMR
1IHME#, GEVI XMTVI#XI R 1860, PE 7MFMY, 6IMWIFMPHIV EYW 7MIFIRFYVKIR,
MQTVIWMM HMR &YGIKM #M 'IELPY, HYT :EPIVMY 4Y#GEVMY GIE HMRXM GEVXI
HSGYQIRXEX HIWTVI QYR'MM RS#XVM.
'YVRH ZSV RGITI #M VSQERMM W YVGI GVIWXIPI &YGIKMPSV. (MRXVI EGIWXI
VSQERXMGI EWGIRWMYRM EPI RGITYXYPYM, MWXSVME HVYQI'MIM RSEWXVI E TWXVEX, RXVI
EPXIPI, TY'MRI, IZSGEVIE I\GYVWMIM TI 3QYP R 1886, HIGM EGYQ STX^IGM HI ERM,
JGYX HI -SR 8YVGY HMR >QI#XM, RWS'MX HI YR TVSJIWSV FVE#SZIER #M YR XRV
HMR 8SLER, WXYHIRX PE 4SPMXILRMGE HMR :MIRE.
-QTVIWMMPI EGIWXIM I\GYVWMM #M EPI EPXSVE JGYXI RXVI ERMM 1885-1892, -SR
8YVGY PI TYFPMG R ZSPYQYP, TY'MR GYRSWGYX, HEV HISWIFMX HI TMXSVIWG #M TVI'MSW
TIRXVY RGITYXYVMPI XYVMWQYPYM RSWXVY, )\GYVWMYRM TI QYR'MM &VMM &VWIM #M EM
*KVE#YPYM (&VE#SZ, 1896).
RG GY YR ER REMRXI, R 1885, -SR 8YVGY, ENYRW PE 4I#XIV, ZVIE W YVGI
PE 3Q, HEV S TPSEMI VIGI #M JV WJV#MX P QTMIHMGE. R EYKYWX 1886, XMQTYP
TEVI QEM FMRIZSMXSV. 'IM XVIM I\GYVWMSRM#XM TPIEG HMR &VER, TVMR 7XVYRK, PE
WGLMXYP -EPSQMGMSEVE. (YT S RSETXI HI SHMLR YVG TI 'SGSVE #M HYT GI XVIG
#M HI 7XRE HMR 3FV#MI TIXVIG S RSETXI WYF GIV, PE JSG HI NRITIRM, S RSETXI
VIGI TI GEVI RY S ZSV YMXE RMGMSHEX.
% HSYE ^M, R ^SVM, PE GMRGM HMQMRIE'E, TSVRIWG QEM HITEVXI, HMRGSPS HI
M^ZSEVIPI -EPSQM'IM. 0I MIWI R RXQTMREVI GY WXIPY'I HI QYRXI (4SVM-HI-GSP')
YR GMSFER HMR TV'MPI PSGYPYM.
0WRH PE HVIETXE 'EVEMQERYP, 'S#XMPE #M :EPIE 'IVFYPYM, IM ENYRK HYT
HSY SVI HI QIVW TI 3Q (2 507 Q), GIP QEM REPX ZVJ EP &YGIKMYPYM, GYQ
WTYRI 8YVGY, JSPSWMRH ZIGLIE HIRYQMVI #M RY TI GIE KISKVE3G.
1SQIRX HI PEVK #M GEPQ GSRXIQTPEVI. R NYV #M HITEVXI, QYR'M. 'Y
SGLIERYP HI TIWXI YR QIXVY, EHYW EMGM HI G'MZE QIQFVM FVE#SZIRM EM
7SGMIX'MM 'EVTEXMGI 8VERWMPZERI, IM TVMZIWG R ^EVI TR R &EVE &VWIM, R GEVI
WI ZH SEQIRMM TI GQT PE WIGIVM# #M TR WTVI >QI#XM, YRHI HMWXMRK GEWIPI.
(VYQI'MM HMR 7MREME PI HEY W GMXIEWG ^MEVI VSQERI#XM. 'MRIZE
TSZIWXI#XI PIKIRHE QYRXIPYM 3QYP. ) WMQTP #M TPMR HI EHIZV, GE SVMGI
EHRG R'IPITGMYRI. 1YRXIPI RY TSEVX RYQIPI PYM 1ERYMP WEY 1ERIE, GEVI WI
RKVMNIE HI XS'M, HI SEQIRM #M ERMQEPI, HI WYTVVMPI #M FSPMPI EGIWXSVE, GM EPI
3QYPYM, EPI 3QIRMIM PYM.
>MYE HI EYKYWX I WIRMR #M TVMZIPM#XMPI EGIWXIE HI PE HSY QMM GMRGM WYXI
HI QIXVM ZSV VQRI TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE HVEKM #M RIYMXEXI. %#E GYQ ZSV HIZIRM
TIRXVY SVMGI XYVMWX GEVI ZE YVGE ZVJYP 3QYP #M GVIWXIPI HEVRMGI R TVMZIPM#XM EPI
&YGIKMPSV.
RXVI TVMQMM GYGIVMXSVM EM &YGIKMPSV WI GYZMRI W EQMRXMQ #M SEQIRMM HI
#XMMR' GEVI, EPXYVM HI HVYQI'MM ZMWXSVM, EY WXVRW HEXI #M EY WGVMW GIPI HMRXM
TEKMRM HIWTVI &YGIKM; KISPSKYP 1YVKSGM, JVERGI^YP 1EVXSRRI, HI PE GEVI E
VQEW HIRYQMVIE HI %PTMM 8VERWMPZERMIM HEX *KVE#MPSV, REXYVEPM#XMM
7MQMSRIWGY #M &SV^E.
(EV QEM TVIWYW HI XS'M, PIKE'M TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE HI &YGIKM, TVMR QEVIE
#M WXEXSVRMGE PSV HVEKSWXI, VQR GIM XVIM REMRXE#M EM XYVMWQYPYM RSWXVY: S
WGVMMXSEVI, &YGYVE (YQFVEZ, YR MRKMRIV, 2IWXSV 9VIGLME #M YR TEWMSREX HI
HSGYQIRXI 1MLEM ,EVIX. *MVI#XI, IM RY EY JSWX WMRKYVMM RMGMSHEX RY I#XM WMRKYV
R QYRXI HEV WYRX GIM QEM TXMQE#M #M 3HIPM.
'Y EXX QEM JVYQSEW, QEM WMRGIV IWXI HVEKSWXIE &YGYVIM (YQFVEZ
TIRXVY QYR'MM RS#XVM, GY GX IE RMGM R-E JSWX VSQRGE. (VYQYVMPI JGYXI RXME
SEV HI IE R &YGIKM, RIYMXEXE 'EVXIE QYR'MPSV, TR #M EWX^M YRE HMR GIPI
QEM WMRGIVI GLIQVM WTVI REXYV #M HVYQI'MI, MHIIE ,ERYPYM
(VYQI'MPSV (EWSGME'MI XYVMWXMG), R TEVXI R'IPIEW R EGIE ZVIQI, VSQERYP
,EMHYGMM, MRWTMVEX HMR ZME'E GSHVYPYM #M E PYTXIM TIRXVY PMFIVXEXI E PYM -ERGY
.MERY XSEXI EGIWXIE JEG HMR &YGYVE (YQFVEZ S REMRXE# RY RYQEM
VSQERXMG, GM #M S HV^ GSQFEXERX TIRXVY ZMGXSVME HVYQI'MIM VSQERI#XM. )E
E YVGEX %PTMM, HEV REXYVE VSQRIEWG E &YGIKMPSV #M E 6IXI^EXYPYM PEGYP &YGYVE
M TSEVX GY RSWXEPKMI RYQIPI QYR'MM RS#XVM M-EY VQEW QEM HVEKM #M PSV PI-E
HVYMX XSEXI KRHYVMPI #M HSVYVMPI IM.
%PXYVM HI IE, R HVYQYVM #M R^YMR'M, E JSWX 2IWXSV 9VIGLME. RG HMR
GSTMPVMI &YGIKMM P ZSV MWTMXM GY JSVQIPI #M GYPSVMPI, GY TEVJYQYVMPI #M QY^MGE PSV
#M GRH R 1889 IWXI RYQMX MRKMRIV EP #SWIPIM 'QTMRE-4VIHIEP, IP #M RGITI
MRM'MIVIE HI FYGIKMWX, HI RISFSWMX #M RGIVGEX XYVMWX, HEV XSXSHEX HI WMRGIV #M
MRWTMVEX WGVMMXSV EP QYR'MPSV, .EZIPPI EP RSWXVY. (IWTVI 2IWXSV 9VIGLME EQ
EQMRXMX, GY TVI'YMVI, PE PMXIVEXYVE QYR'MPSV, HEV IP #M EVI PSG #M EMGM, R MWXSVMGYP
HVYQI'MIM VSQERI#XM. )P JEGI TVMQIPI XVEWII QEM KVIPI #M RIGYRSWGYXI HMR
&YGIKM #M XSX HI PE IP, MRKMRIVYP, RI-EY VQEW RY RYQEM GV'MPI HIWTVI :VENE #M
6SFMRWSRMM &YGIKMPSV, GM #M QMRY'MSEWI WGLM'I, E#E GYQ ETEV &YGIKMM, QEM EPIW
HI NSW HMR &Y#XIRM.
'IP HI-EP XVIMPIE RHVKSWXMX EP &YGIKMPSV ZE 3 1MLEM ,EVIX, QIQFVY EP
7SGMIX'MM HI KISKVE3I HMR 4EVMW, EP 'PYFYPYM %PTMR JVERGI^ #M MXEPMER,
SVKERM^EXSVYP #M ERMQEXSVYP 8YVMRK 'PYFYPYM 6SQER, HI GEVI WI PIEK RXVIK
XYVMWQYP RSWXVY QSHIVR. )P ZE RZ'E HVYQI'ME #M HVEKSWXIE HI QYRXI HI PE
TVSJIWSVYP 2MGSPEI &SKHER, YR EPX REMRXE# EP &YGIKMPSV GEVI RY XVIFYMI YMXEX.
1. ,EVIX WI ZE PIKE TIRXVY XSEX ZME'E HI &YGIKM #M PSV PI ZE HVYM GIPI QEM
QYPXI #M QEM JVYQSEWI HMR PYGVVMPI PYM: 1EWMZYP &YGIKM, 4IPI#YP, 4I#XIVE
-EPSQMGMSEVE, 'EWE 4I#XIVE. 4EWMYRIE #M QYRGE WE GVIEXSEVI ZSV 3 GSRXMRYEXI,
HYT TVIE XMQTYVME WE QSEVXI, HI :EPIVMY 4Y#GEVMY, GEVI RW VQRI PIKEX HI
QYR'MM %TYWIRM, TIRXVY GEVI EVI S PIKMXMQ TEWMYRI.
:MGXSVME &YGIKMPSV RY EV 3 JSWX RW TSWMFMP RYQEM GY EGI#XM RHV^RI'M #M
TEWMSRE'M SEQIRM HI QYRXI. 1EM IVEY RIGIWEVI GEFERIPI, GEWIPI HI EHTSWX
GYQ PM WI WTYRIEY PE RGITYX #M EWSGME'MMPI XYVMWXMGI, GGM JV IPI QYRXIPI
VQRI RYQEM EP GXSVZE, RYQEM EP GIPSV GEVI ZSVFIWG RXVI IM HIWTVI IP.
'IE QEM ZIGLI EWSGME'MI GEVTEXMG HMR 'EVE RSEWXV HEXIE^ HMR 1873.
)E JYRG'MSRE PE &VE#SZ, EZIE 1600 QIQFVM #M ZSME W 3I YR VWTYRW HEX ZVIQMM
GRH R )YVSTE WI R3MR'EY ER HI ER, R XSEXI 'VMPI GY QYR'M, GPYFYVM EPTMRI.
%GYQ WI QEVGLIE^ PE RSM RXMPI HVYQYVM HI QYRXI #M WI GSRWXVYMIWG TVMQIPI
GEFERI: 2IKSMYP (1881), 1PI#XM (1882), 'EWE 3QYP (1888).
R TVIENQE ERYPYM 1900 ETEV GXIZE EWSGME'MM XYVMWXMGI QEM FMRI
SVKERM^EXI: 7SGMIXEXIE 'EVTEXMG HMR 7MREME (1895) #M 7SGMIXEXIE 8YVM#XMPSV
6SQERM (1903), GEVI EZIE RXVI MRM'MEXSVM YR GIVG QEM PEVK HI MYFMXSVM EM REXYVMM:
HSGXSVYP -. 'ERXEGY^MRS, GLMQMWXYP '. -WXVEXM, KISPSKYP 1YRXIERY 1YVKSGM,
QEXIQEXMGMERYP 8VEMER 0EPIWGY.
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WGYVX: TR R 1910 7SGMIXEXIE 'EVTEXMG #M TR R 1915 7SGMIXEXIE
8YVM#XMPSV 6SQERM. %#E GYQ R-E JSWX PYRK RMGM I\MWXIR'E ,ERYPYM
(VYQI'MPSV (1921-1926), TIRXVY GEVI E PYTXEX EXX HI QYPX &YGYVE (YQFVEZ
#M GIM TI GEVI IE EZYWIWI TYXIVIE W-P GSRZMRK #M W-P IRXY^MEWQI^I.
-RXIVIWERX IWXI G R EGIME#M ERM, PE 'PYN, )QMP 6EGSZM'E, GVIEXSVYP
FMSWTISPSKMIM, TYRI FE^IPI TVMQIM WSGMIX'M VSQERI#XM HI XYVMWQ HMR %VHIEP
*V'ME 1YRXIER (1921).
R3MR'EVIE 8YVMRK 'PYFYPYM 6SQER (1926) HIWGLMHI ITSGE XYVMWQYPYM
SVKERM^EX. 7I ZSV RE#XI ETSM QYPXI WSGMIX'M XYVMWXMGI, YRIPI GY RYQI
WYKIWXMZI (,EM PE HVYQ, (SV HIHYG, 6SQERME TMXSVIEWG, %. (. 1. -. 6.),
HEV QIVMXI HISWIFMXI #M S RSY SVMIRXEVI WTVI EPTMRMWQ VIZMRI 'PYFYPYM %PTMR
6SQER (1934). (YT EP ---PIE V^FSM QSRHMEP, XYVMWQYP #M EPTMRMWQYP EY GTXEX
TIRXVY RXME HEX PE RSM R 'EV YR GEVEGXIV TSTYPEV HI QEW: WIG'MM XYVMWXMGI
#M EPTMRI, GEFERI RSM, GYVWYVM HI EPTMRMWQ, GSRGYVWYVM, I\GYVWMM R 'EV #M R
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"M EWXJIP, GPGRH TI YVQIPI REMRXE#MPSV, TYXIQ JEGI EWX^M EWGIRWMYRIE
MWXSVMG E &YGIKMPSV, R E#XITXEVIE GVSRMGEVYPYM GEVI ZE WGVMI GY R'IPIKIVI #M
TEWMYRI RXVIEKE PSV ZME' XYVMWXMG HI TIWXI S WYX HI ERM.
)\GYVWMMPSV TEXVMEVLEPI HI PE RGITYXYP #M NYQXEXIE WIGSPYPYM EP 19-PIE
(:EMPPERX, 7EP^IV, 8YVGY), PI-E YVQEX ITSGE HVYQI'MIM GSRXIQTPEXMZI (&YGYVE,
9VIGLME), ETSM E XYVMWQYPYM HI QYRXI SVKERM^EX (,EVIX) #M, R WJV#MX, EGIIE E
EPTMRMWQYPYM, E EHIZVE'MPSV G'VXSVM #M GYGIVMXSVM EM QYRXIPYM: 2. (MQMXVMY, 2.
'SQRIWGY, ). 'VMWXIE, -. 'SQER, %. -VMQME.
%PTMRMWQYP, PE VRHYP WY, E EZYX #M IP HSY ITSGM: TVMQE, E REMRXE#MPSV,
E HIWGLM^XSVMPSV HI HVYQ #M E HSYE, E QEVMPSV TIVJSVQER'I #M RZMRKXSVM.
2Y TYXIQ RYQM TVIQMIVE XYVMWXMG E &YGYVIM (YQFVEZ TI :EPIE
1PMRYPYM TVIQMIV EPTMR. %#E GYQ RY JGIE EPTMRMWQ 2IWXSV 9VIGLME GEVI,
RG REMRXI HI 1907, XVEZIVWE GY RHV^RIEP :EPIE 7IEG, HIWMKYV JV GSV^M,
TMXSERI #M XILRMG EPTMR. R XSZV#ME ZRXSVMPSV HI GETVI +IPITIERY #M
&YXQPSMY, 9VIGLME E YVGEX #M EPXI ZM R &YGIKM, RXVI GEVI #M QEMIWXYSEWE :EPI
%PF, TEVEHMWYP HI QEM XV^MY E EPTMRM#XMPSV RS#XVM.
REMRXI HI 1914, WMRKYVIPI EWGIRWMYRM GEVI EV TYXIE 3 RYQMXI EPTMRMWQ
EY JSWX GIPI JGYXI HI 6SWIXXM 7SPIWGY (RXVI GEVI #M %GIPI 1SVEVYPYM), XSXSHEX
YR REMRXE# EP WGLMYPYM #M EYXSVYP TVMQYPYM QERYEP VSQERIWG HI WGLM, TYFPMGEX
R 1921.
(YT XIRXEXMZIPI RHV^RI'I HEV RIWIQRM3GEXMZI HMRXVI ERMM 1920-1930,
EPTMRMWQYP HI WXRG, EWGIRWMYRMPI HI MEVR #M QEVMPI XVEZIVWVM MEY EZRX HYT
1930. RXME IWGEPEHEVI E TIVIXYPYM RSVH-IWXMG HMR 2IKSMYP WI JEGI R 1938. (EV
RG QEM REMRXI JYWIWI EWEPXEX TIVIXIPI HI WYXI HI QIXVM EP +PFIRIPIPSV, R
'S#XMPE.
R 1933 ETEVI VIZMWXE EPTMR &YPIXMRYP %PTMR 6SQER #M TI 'S#XMPE #M
4MEXVE 'VEMYPYM WI 'MR TVMQIPI GYVWYVM HI EPTMRMWQ (1938, 1939), EPTMRM#XMM RS#XVM
VIEPM^RH R EGI#XM ERM YRWTVI^IGI TVIQMIVI HI KVEHYP :.
RXME QEVI XVEZIVWEVI HI MEVR E *KVE#MPSV IWXI MWTVEZE E HSM
GEQTMSRM HI WGLM #M E YRYM RGIVGEX EPTMRMWX: -SR 'SNSGEVY, +]YVM 'SZEGM, (ER
4STIWGY. )M WXVFEX GY GYVEN GIM 10 OQ EM GVIWXIPSV EQIRMR'EXI HI GSVRM# #M
EZEPER#, R ETVMPMI 1939, HI PE 7QFXE PE :M#XIE.
*MVI#XI, TR PE XVEZIVWVMPI HI MEVR HI 80-100 OQ EPI 6IXI^EXYPYM,
*KVE#MPSV #M &YGIKMPSV, VIEPM^EXI HI EPTMRM#XMM HI PE %VQEXE #M (MREQS ()QMPMER
'VMWXIE, %YVIP -VMQME, 8ISHSV ,YVFIER, 2MGSPEI .MXEVY) R 25-30 HI ^MPI HI QEVM
IJSVXYVM #M VMWGYVM I HVYQ PYRK, HEV EPTMRMWQYP RSWXVY P-E JGYX TIVWIZIVIRX #M
HV^.
%Y XVIFYMX W XVIEG TEXVY HIGIRMM HI EPTMRMWQ VSQERIWG #M ETVSETI
HSY WIGSPI HI PE EWGIRWMYRIE PYM .EGUYIW &EPQEX, TIRXVY GE XVIM EPTMRM#XM
VSQERM +L. 9HVIE, -SR (SFVI, %PI\. 7XRIWGY W YVGI PE 4180 Q, TI GIP QEM
REPX QYRXI EP )YVSTIM, 1SRX &PERG (EYKYWX 1957) #M HSM WS'M, 3^MGMIRM EXSQM#XM,
PYGVRH R 9RMYRIE 7SZMIXMG, PE (YFRE, WS'MM 'MYPMM, W IWGEPEHI^I YRYP HMR
GIPI QEM REPXI TMWGYVM HMR 4EQMV, :VJYP 0IRMR, REPX HI 7 134 Q (EYKYWX 1961).
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TEVEHMWYP EPTMRM#XMPSV IYVSTIRM, MEV 'EYGE^YP EP G'VXSVMPSV WSZMIXMGM, XSX EWXJIP
&YGIKMM RWIEQR TIRXVY RSM EPTMRMWQ #M QEVM XVEWII EPTMRI.
(I GI RY *KVE#MM, 6IXI^EXYP, 4MEXVE 'VEMYPYM# 1EM RXM 3MRHG &YGIKMM
WYRX QEM ETVSETI, QEM EGGIWMFMPM, QEM GYRSWGY'M; HEV R EGIPE#M XMQT, KVIY HI
IWGEPEHEX, FSKE'M R TIVI'M.
9VQVM'M RYQEM GY SGLMM HIWGLM#M WEY GY YR FMRSGPY TIVIXIPI HI XVIM WYXI
HI QIXVM HMR QYRXIPI 'S#XMPIM. %MGM WYRX QEVMPI MWTMXI, GY RYQI PE JIP HI
QFMIXSEVI: *MWYVE +VSXIPSV, 8VEWIYP GIPSV XVIM WYVTPSQFI, *YVGMPI, ,SVRYP
'SEQIM. %MGM RYQIPI G'VXSVMPSV W-E PIKEX TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE HI WXRG #M HI
ZMGXSVME EWYTVE IM: 9QVYP PYM 'SQER, 9QVYP PYM 6S#GYPI'.
%#E GYQ EQ RZ'EX PE #GSEP #M TSEXI W Z-S WTYR SVMGI #GSPEV WMPMXSV,
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(2 535 Q). (EV GIE QEM KVIE RGIVGEVI #M GIE QEM JVYQSEW M^FRH EWYTVE
QYRXIPYM, PE RSM, VQRI TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE *MWYVE %PFEWXV.
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*MKIVYP, +VERHIW .SVEWWIW, (SPSQM'MM 'MQE +VERHI HM 0EZEVIHS, 'EYGE^YP
)PFVYWYP, 'SVHMPMIVMM %GSRGEKYE, ,MQEPE]E )ZIVIWXYP. -EV &YGIKMM EGIWX XVEWIY
HI S HMEFSPMG HM3GYPXEXI *MWYVE %PFEWXV.
(MR XVIR, HMR KEVE &Y#XIRM, *MWYVE %PFEWXV TEVI YR NKLIEF RIKVY R
WXRGE RY XSXHIEYRE WGPHEX R WSEVI. %M WTYRI, PSG TIRXVY ZYPXYVM WEY ^TI^M
HI TVMQZEV, TIRXVY TPSM #M ZRX, TIRXVY RST'M RXYRIGSEWI #M VIGM.
(EV SQYP MWGSHMXSV #M RIRJVMGEX E KRHMX G EGIEWX XVIGIVI WTVI GIV TVMR
MQTSWMFMP M I WSVXMX PYM. "M MEX-P PYTXRH ^MPI #M RST'M GY WXRGE #M GY KVEZMXE'ME,
GY XMQTYP #M GY IP RWY#M. 2Y QYPXI WYRX, R MWXSVME GYGIVMVMPSV EPTMRI VSQERI#XM,
TSZI#XM EXX HI TEWMSRERXI GE EGIEWXE E *MWYVMM %PFEWXVI. 7-S EWGYPXQ.
8VEWIYP E JSWX HIWGSTIVMX HI SGLMYP RGIVGEX #M RISFSWMX EP GIPYM QEM
ZVWXRMG HMRXVI EPTMRM#XMM RS#XVM, +YMHS 6I] EP RSWXVY, )QMPMER 'VMWXIE. %GIEWXE
R ZEVE ERYPYM 1945.
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HI RIRZMRW. *MVI#XI, YR XVEWIY KVIY, HEV RY MQTSWMFMP. %#E TEV HI EPXJIP XSEXI
PYGVYVMPI KVIPI R ZME': WMQTPI, GY EXX QEM WMQTPI, GY GX WI HSZIHIWG QEM
XV^MY HI GSQTPMGEXI #M HI RIHI^PIKEX.
'MRI EV 3 KRHMX EXYRGM, R TVMQIPI XIRXEXMZI HI GYRSE#XIVI #M
TEVGYVKIVI E EGIWXYM XVEWIY GEVI ZE HIZIRM VIHYXEFMPE #M ZIWXMXE *MWYV
%PFEWXV, G ZSV XVIFYM TIRXVY GYGIVMVIE IM 44 HI IWGEPEHI, 100 HI ^MPI, HMR
GEVI 23 HI RST'M R TIVIXI, 300 HI TMXSERI #M 300 Q HI GSEVH# -EV R ERM, RY
QEM TY'MR HI #ETXI, #ETXI ERM HI RGIVGVM #M WTIVER'I.
(I GI IWXI EXX HI MRSWTMXEPMIV #M MREGGIWMFMP *MWYVE %PFEWXV# 4IRXVY
G IWGEPEHEVIE TI TIVI'M RY WI TSEXI JEGI, HMR PMTWE 3WYVMPSV, HIGX GY HM3GMPI
XVEZIVWVM. 7YRX ETSM TSV'MYRM RXVIKM HI KVIWMI WJVQMGMSEW R GEVI GMSGERYP
GEYX ^EHEVRMG PSG TMXSERIPSV. R WJV#MX, TIRXVY WYVTPSQFIPI EHIWIE TEVG HI
RIXVIGYX EPI TV'MM WYTIVMSEVI E XVEWIYPYM #M TIRXVY RXVIEKE PYRKMQI, ZEVMIXEXI
#M HM3GYPXEXI E *MWYVMM, GEVI GIVI HISTSXVMZ #M R XSX XMQTYP XILRMG, RGSVHEVI,
GYVEN.
2YQEM S RHV^RIEP ZIGMR GY YMXEVIE HI WMRI, S RHIQREVI R GEVI
TR #M ZVJYP HIKIXIPSV #M TMGMSEVIPSV WYRX LSXVXSEVI #M S VI^MWXIR' ETVSETI
RISQIRIEWG TSX RZMRKI EGIWX GYPSEV RVYHMX TVMR RGT'REVI #M VYXEXI GY
GIPI HMR 1SRX &PERG, (SPSQM'M WEY 'EYGE^.
8SX RGIVGRH QIVIY, TI ZVIQI FYR #M VIE, R ^MPI PYRKM HI ZEV #M
RWIVVM VITI^M HI XSEQR, EY XVIGYX PYRMPI, ERMM. 'E YR QIPG GEVI #M TSEVX
RGIX HEV WMKYV GSGLMPME #M JVYR^E HI HYH KWMX R HVYQ, EPTMRMWXYP E G#XMKEX
QIXVY GY QIXVY ^MHYP VIGI, RITVMQMXSV, JV RMGM YR WTVMNMR HI GEVI EGYQ P
PIEK, QEM TVIWYW HI ZME'E, HSVMR'E HI E-P WXTRM.
%Y JSWX GPMTI R3SVXSV HI KVIPI, EGSPS WYW, R ZIGMRXEXIE RSVMPSV #M E
JYVXYRMM. 9VGY#YVM GEVI-'M JYV VIWTMVE'ME, LSVRYVM TVMR GEVI XI WXVIGSVM LS'I#XI,
ETVSETI WYKVYQRHY-XI, IGLMPMFVY MQTSRHIVEFMP R 4I\SVMM HIKIXIPSV.
>MPI GRH YR WIQR EP GSV^MM, HYT QMRYXI RIWJV#MXI HI E#XITXEVI,
RWIQRE RG YR TEW REMRXI. 3 PYTX HI GIRXMQIXVM, HI TMERNIR GEVI-#M 'IWI
TR^E, WEY HI JYVRMG TYVXRHY-#M WXSMG 3VYP HI KVY WEY JVQMXYVE HI TMRI.
>MPI R GEVI HI WYW GEH TIWXI XMRI TMIXVI RIZ^YXI, R GEVI KYVE YWGEX
HI WIXI HI TIWXI HSYWTVI^IGI SVI E#XIETX YR TMGYV HI ET WEY HMQTSXVMZ
^MPI R GEVI TPSEME WXVIGYVEX TVMR LSVR WI GIVRI PE RIWJV#MX TI PRK XMRI, TI
XMRI, TVMR XMRI, RGX EM WIR^E'ME YRIM TPERXI EGZEXMGI WEY E YRYM HY#.
"M RST'MPI. RST'MPI EGIPIE HI ZIKLI, HI JVMK WEY HYV XVI^MVI, ERGSVEX TI
NYQXEXI HI QIXVY TXVEX, WYWTIRHEX PE WYXI HI QIXVM HIEWYTVE TVTWXMMPSV,
GY WXIPIPI GIVYPYM WGPMTMRH HIEWYTVE XE #M GY WXIPIPI GEWIPSV HI TI :EPIE
4VELSZIM WYF TMGMSEVIPI XEPI, WXMRKRHY-WI R ^SVM YRE GXI YRE, EWIQIRIE
SVIPSV HI E#XITXEVI REMRXIE YRYM EXEG TI JVSRX. 3QYP #M QYRXIPI, SQYP #M
REXYVE. 0YTX HI WIGSPI TIRXVY S QTVMIXIRMVI HI SVI #M ^MPI!
"M MEX G RXV-YR EYKYWX 1952, R EP #ETXIPIE ER HI RGIVGVM #M WTIVER'I,
*MWYVE %PFEWXV E JSWX RZMRW #M SQYP E YVGEX FMVYMXSV TVMR IE, TR TI GVIEWXE
QYRXIPYM 'S#XMPE, PE GIVYP EPFEWXVY, GEVI HMR GRH R GRH WI ^VIE R TSTEWYVM
#M GEVI, 'IP #M WTIVER', E HEX RYQIPI EGIWXIM RGIVGVM HI ERM HI ^MPI: *MWYVE
%PFEWXV!
% JSWX GIE HMR YVQ RJVYRXEVI E QYRXIPYM. 'MRGM ^MPI HI EXEG HI^PR'YMX
#M HSVRMG HI ZMGXSVMI, R GEVI GSEVHE #M TVMIXIRME EY RZMRW MQTSWMFMPYP. 'E SVMGI
WXVHERMI RHIPYRK #M EGIEWX R^YMR' #M PYTX W-EY WSPHEX GY ZMGXSVMI. "M
SQYP W-E HSZIHMX RG S HEX QEM XEVI GE REXYVE #M GE IP RWY#M!
:E XVIFYM RIETVEX TSZIWXMX RXV-S ^M EGIEWX GYGIVMVI HI 1EXXIVLSQ E
*MWYVMM %PFEWXVI. 7JXSWYP )QMPMER 'VMWXIE #M XMRIVMM PYM RWS'MXSVM ZSV MRXVE EWXJIP,
JV TMXSERI #M GEVEFMRMIVI, R PMXIVEXYVE #M MWXSVME QYRXIPYM.
4IWXI YR ER, R 1953 #M ETSM TR R 1955, HIGM XMQT HI XVIM ERM, EP'M
EPTMRM#XM, HMR RSYE KIRIVE'MI, TVMIXIRM HI WGLM TI :EPIE %PF %PI\. *PSVMGMSMY
GET HI GSEVH, 2SVFIVX ,MIQIWGL #M 6SPERH :IPOIRW WIGYR^M EWEPXIE^ HMR RSY
*MWYVE %PFEWXV, HI EWX HEX TI HMVIGXMWMQ. % JSWX S RSY PYTX EGIVF GY
WXRGE #M ZMGPI#YKYVMPI IM. 4IRXVY E S RZMRKI EY XVIFYMX 80 HI SVI HI PYGVY
IJIVXMZ, GMRGM RST'M HSVQMXI R TIVIXI, XVIGIVIE I\XVIQ HI HM3GMP E GIPSV XVIM
WYVTPSQFI #M, EQ WTYRI, JV I\EKIVEVI, IVSMGE XVEZIVWEVI R WGVM'I E
XEZERYPYM HI ^IGI QIXVM, EHIZVEX TYRXI HI XVIGIVI E HMEZSPYPYM.
7-EY JSPSWMX TI XVEWIY TEXVY FMZYEGVM, RMGMYRE TVIE TPGYX, GSV^M HI
TEXVY^IGM HI QIXVM, PYGVY EGVSFEXMG HI QEVI RHIQREVI, 3RI'I #M GYVEN PE
#ETXI WYXI HI QIXVM HIEWYTVE 3VYPYM ZMM, YR GYVEN GEVI EV WTIVME TR #M TI
EZMEXSVMM WEY TEVE#YXM#XMM GIM QEM RHV^RI'M.
%WXJIP E JSWX RZMRW TIRXVY E HSYE SEV, R MYPMI 1955, *MWYVE %PFEWXV,
GIE QEM HM3GMP IWGEPEH E QYR'MPSV RS#XVM.
(I EXYRGM TY'MRM, JSEVXI TY'MRM RXVI EP'MM ,YVFIER #M .MXEVY R 1957 EY QEM
RHV^RMX W MEW WTVI GVIEWX #M GIV TVMR *MWYVE %PFEWXV.
4IRXVY XS'M RHVKSWXM'MM HI EPTMRMWQ *MWYVE %PFEWXV VQRI YR WMQFSP,
S MRZMXE'MI PE RHV^RIEP #M ZMVXYS^MXEXI EPTMR. 4IRXVY RSM GIMPEP'M, RHVKSWXM'M
HSEV VSQERXMG HI QYRXI, HSZEHE MWGYWMR'IM SQIRI#XM #M E ZMGXSVMIM SQYPYM
EWYTVE REXYVMM.
%PTMM.
R ERXMGLMXEXI, QYR'MM IVEY WXTRM'M HI PIKIRHI #M HYLYVM, HI GMGPSTM,
GIVFIVM #M WXTRMXSV EM MEHYPYM. 2MQIRM RY HSVIE RMGM W-P GYRSEWG, RMGM W-P
YVGI WEY W-P GIVGIXI^I.
4I EXYRGM, %PTMM EY JSWX, GE #M EWX^M, GIM QEM REP'M QYR'M EM )YVSTIM, R
WXTRMVIE VSQERMPSV. (EV RMGM KVIGMM, GIM QEM RIEWXQTVE'M #M GYVMS#M HMRXVI
ERXMGM, RY EY #XMYX QYPX ZVIQI GIZE HIWTVI IM.
,IVSHSX (WIG. : .I.R.) M MKRSV, MEV EXYRGM GRH RXQTPXSV EQMRXI#XI
HI RYQIPI PSV, M GSRJYRH GY YR SEVIGEVI E4YIRX HYRVIER. 7I #XME XSXY#M ZEK
HI YR PER' HI QYR'M R RSVHYP 1IHMXIVERIM, HEV RMQIRM RY-P Z^YWI #M RY
WGVMWIWI HIWTVI IM.
-EX RW G HYT GYGIVMVIE R ERYP 222 .I.R. HI GXVI VSQERM E SVE#YPYM
GIPXMG 'SQS #M E ,IPZI'MIM, YVQIE^ RIFYRIEWGE #M MRKIRMSEWE XVIGIVI E
%PTMPSV HI GXVI ,ERMFEP, GY XEYVM TYVXRH R GSEVRI #SQSMSEKI ETVMRWI HI
TEMI, GE W RWTMQRXI TI HY#QER (132 .I.R.).
4VMQYP MWXSVMG #M KISKVEJ GEVI WGVMI HIWTVI %PTM HMR Z^YXI IWXI KVIGYP
4SPMFMY (130 .I.R.). 4IRXVY RXME HEX R MWXSVME %PTMPSV GMRIZE #M H WIEQE HI
QVI'ME PSV, HI RP'MQIE #M HI ZEWXE PSV RXMRHIVI, HI PE 1EVWMPME PE %HVMEXMG.
(EG QYR'MM +VIGMIM TSX 3 YVGE'M RXV-S ^M, WGVMI 4SPMFMY, EXYRGM TIRXVY %PTM
WYRX RIGIWEVI GIP TY'MR GMRGM. 8SX IP IWXI TVMQYP GEVI MRHMG TEXVY HMR
HVYQYVMPI %PTMPSV.
7 PI YVQVMQ TI LEVX:
(MR 6MZMIVE TVMR 0MKYVME TIWXI PEGYVMPI %PTMPSV R LSVRYP 8IYHE WEY 'SP
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(VYQYP QEVIPYM 7X. &IVREVH;
8VIGXSEVIE 6LEIXME.
(MRXVI PEGYVMPI %PTMPSV, 4SPMFMY GYRSE#XI +EVHE, 'SQS #M 1EKMSVI, HMRXVI
ETI EQMRXI#XI 6SRYP, HEV HIWTVI JVYQYWI'IE #M QVI'ME TMWGYVMPSV RY WTYRI
RMQMG. *MVI#XI, IPI EV 3 XVIFYMX YVGEXI, SVM EGYQ HSY QMM HI ERM EGIEWXE EV 3
RWIQREX, WTYRIEY XS'M, RIFYRMI #M QSEVXI.
2YQIPI HI %PTM ZMRI HI PE GYZRXYP GIPXMG EPT, GEVI RWIEQR RP'MQI.
4SEXI G XSX HMR IP W-E JSVQEX #M GYZRXYP PEXMR EPF, EPFMI, GY R'IPIWYP HI EPF,
GVIWXI, TMWGYVM EPFI.
'RH W-EY RWGYX %PTMM #M GYQ EVEX IM, GI PYRKMQI #M RP'MQI EY, WYRX
HIWMKYV RXVIFVM TIRXVY KISKVE3 #M KISPSKM; HEV TIRXVY RSM, HSVRMGM W #XMQ GX
QEM QYPX, Z 3 MRXIVIWERX W E4Q GXI GIZE.
%PTMM ETEV'MR WMWXIQYPYM GEVI M TSEVX RYQIPI WMWXIQYP EPTMR GEVI
GYTVMRHI HI EWIQIRIE QYR'MM 4MVMRIM, 'EVTE'M, &EPGERM, 'EYGE^ #M GLMEV
RHITVXE'MM QYR'M EM ,MQEPE]IM. %GXYP PSV HI RE#XIVI TSEVX EGIIE#M HEX: IVE
XIV'MEV, 19 QMPMSERI HI ERM! 0I-EQ YVE ERM QYP'M, ZME' PYRK, HEG R-EQ #XM
G QYR'MM, EWIQIRIE SEQIRMPSV, GY GX T#IWG R XMQT, GY EXX WI ETVSTMI QEM
QYPX HI QSEVXI.
%PTMM, QSHI#XM, RY EY RMGM PYRKMQIE 'SVHMPMIVMPSV. (8000 OQ), RMGM
RP'MQIE ,MQEPE]IM (8848 Q). )M WI RXMRH TI S HMWXERX HI 1100 OQ PYRKMQI
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XSXHIEYRE GY NYHIGEX, HEV HMR XSEX MRMQE #M HVEKSWXIE HI QYRXI HI GEVI
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EPTMRM#XMM WYRX PIKE'M EHIWIE RY RYQEM HI GSEVHE EPTMR, GM #M HI VYHIRMI, JVE'M
HI WRKI #M JVE'M R HVEKSWXIE HI QYRXI.
'MRI GVIHI'M G WYRX GVIEXSVMM TVMQYPYM GPYF EPTMR HMR PYQI# 'YVMSW, HI#M
IM RY EY QYR'M QEVM, MEV 0SRHVE HI GRH WI #XMI WI TMIVHI R GI'YVM, IRKPI^MM,
GLIQE'M HI RSYE TEWMYRI E WIGSPYPYM, R3MR'IE^ R 1857 'PYFYP %PTMR )RKPI^.
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;L]QTIV. 4MWGYP IWXI GYGIVMX, HEV, PE RETSMIVI, YRYP HMR GIM #EWI QIQFVM EM
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R3MR'EVIE TVMQYPYM GPYF EPTMR WXVRI#XI S EZEPER# HI MRM'MEXMZI,
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TEVI TEWMYRIE IRKPI^MPSV, GEVI HIZMRI #M ZE VQRI TIWXI ERM TEVEHMWYP
IYVSTIER EP QEVMPSV EPTMRM#XM: 1878, %MKYMPPI HI (VY ('. 8. (IRX), 1881, %MKYMPPI
HI +VITSR (1YQQIV]), 1882, (IRX HY +IERX (7IPPE. ;. ;. +VELEQ), 1885,
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^TI^M, GY WGLMYVMPI #M IWGEPEHEVIE TIVI'MPSV HI KLIE' GY TMSPIXI WTIGMEPI #M
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HMRXM EWGIRWMYRM HI MEVR, TI NSW WEY GY WGLMYVMPI. 'MRI E YVGEX MEVRE RYQEM GE
W WI TPMQFI WEY W TVMZIEWG HMR RP'MQM HITVXVMPI, YRHIZE PE HSY QMM HI
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^MPI, TI GVIEWXE EQIRMR'EX PE 3IGEVI TEW HI GSVRM#I GEVI WI HIWTVMRH, HI
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HI ERM HI PE RXME EWGIRWMYRI GIPIFV, E GIPYMPEPX &EPQEX. %GIEWXE W-E
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*MRWXIVEVLSQ 4275 Q 1887 1901
3 XVEZIVWEVI HI MEVR ETVSETI RIFYRIEWG E QEWMZYPYM 1SRX &PERG W-E
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#M R TEWMYRIE TIRXVY XILRMG #M #XMMR', EPTMRMWQYP XI GIVI RXVIK #M XI
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QYRXIPI, ERSXMQTYVMPI #M RITVIZ^YXYP. )P VQRI TIRXVY GIM GEVI-P MYFIWG #M
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#GSEP QEM GYVENSEW HIGX GIE QEM HV^ #GSEP E ZMI'MM, YR WIRW #M S QIRMVI
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EVI GXIZE TVIQMIVI HM3GMPI #M WI TSEXI QRHVM GY YR 6 000 Q #M QEM QYP'M 5
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IVE YR JSEVXI TVMGITYX EPTMRMWX #M QIHMG #M XSEXI KRHYVMPI PYM IVEY RGLMREXI
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KLI'EVM R 1834, HYT GI, GY TY'MR REMRXI, R 1820, JEQMPME &EPQEX E QEM TPXMX
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QEM TIVJIG'MSREXI )ZIVIWXYP #M GIPIPEPXI RIGYGIVMXI TMWGYVM HI 7-8 000 Q HMR
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QYR'M REP'M GEVI-P HIWTEVX GE KVERM', HEV M YRIWG R TEWMYRI #M R PYTXE GY
RP'MQMPI. 1EVGIP /YV^, 6E]QSRH 0EQFIVX HMRXVI IPZI'MIRM #M 1EYVMGI ,IV^SK,
0SYMW 0EGLIREP, +EWXSR 6IFY2EX, 0MSRIP 8IVVE] HMRXVI JVERGI^M, MEX RYQEM
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GIPIM QEVM.
7 QEM VQRIQ S GPMT TI QYR'MM GEVI EY RWGYX EPTMRMWQYP, TI QYR'MM
%PTM. 7-P YVGQ HMR GIPI TEXVY 'VM GEVI-P GEYX RP'MQMPI, W IWGEPEHQ GIM
QEM REP'M TIVI'M #M W YVGQ TI ZVJYVMPI PSV GIP QEM KVIY HI GYGIVMX. 7
RZMRKIQ HMR RSY %PTMM, TIRXVY E XVIME SEV. RXME HEX EY JGYX-S 6LM^MM #M
ZMWXSVMM, E HSYE SEV EPTMRM#XMM HI QEVI RHV^RIEP #M XILRMG, MEV EGYQ GIM
GEVI PI HIWGSTIV HM3GYPX'M MREGGIWMFMPI, HEV GEVI #M IPI TSX 3 RZMRWI.
+VERHIW .SVEWWIW (4 208 Q) EVI TIVI'M HI 1 200 #M 1 800 Q, GIM QEM
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HI SVM.
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EWGIRWMYRIE ZIVWERXYPYM RSVHMG +VERHIW .SVEWWIW TVMR TMRXIRYP ;EPOIV, TI
XMQT HI MEVR. )M EY TIXVIGYX #EWI ^MPI #M #EWI RST'M R TIVIXI, TI YR ZRX GI
EXMRKIE S WYX HI OMPSQIXVM #M PE S XIQTIVEXYV HI 30s. RXVIEKE PYQI E
YVQVMX WTIVMEX, TVMR TVIW #M VEHMS, EGIEWX EZIRXYV R MRJIVR. (EV TR PE
YVQ ZSMR'E #M RHV^RIEPE SQIRIEWG EY RZMRW HMR RSY, GE R EXXIE VRHYVM
#M MQTSWMFMPYP E HIZIRMX TSWMFMP. %WGIRWMYRIE W-E XIVQMREX, HI#M HIWJ#YVEX R
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+VERHIW .SVEWWIW E JSWX RZMRW. )P E XVIFYMX W WI TPIGI RG S HEX R JE'E
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'SRWMHIVEX R TVI^IRX GE GIP QEM HM3GMP XVEWIY RHMRE'ME QIHMI E TIVIXYPYM
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RXME HEX EFME R 1952 HI S IGLMT HI EPTMRM#XM JVERGI^M GSRHYW HI
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;L]QTIV #M %RXSMRI 'EVVIP, E WXVRMX #M R XMQTYVMPI RSEWXVI MWTMXI. 4IVIXIPI
RSVHMG EP EGIWXYM QYRXI, TIVIXI HI 1100 Q, IWXI YRYP HMR GIPI QEM HM3GMPI
XVEWII HMR %PTM, ETVIGMEX GE EZRH KVEHYP : & #M QEM QYPX (:- &). )P E JSWX YVGEX
PE 1 EYKYWX 1931 HI KIVQERMM 8SRM #M *VER^ 7GLQMHX.
8VEZIVWEVIE ZVJYPYM +VITSR, REPX HI 3 489 Q, IWXI HI EWIQIRIE YRYP
HMR XVEWIIPI HI QEVI HM3GYPXEXI. 7YMXE HI SFWXEGSPI RITVIZ^YXI, KVIY HI
XVIGYX JV S XILRMG HIWZV#MX #M GYVEN, JEG HMR +VITSR S TVSF E QEI#XVMPSV.
)WGEPEHEVIE WI JEGI TI RXVIK TEVGYVWYP PE ZIVXMGEP EFWSPYX WEY
WYVTPSQFERX. %WGIRWMYRIE I #M QEM HM3GMP GRH WI JEGI TI TIVIXIPI HMRWTVI
1EVIE HI +LIE'. 'LMEV QEV#YP HI ETVSTMIVI IWXI JSEVXI TVIXIR'MSW, JGRHY-
WI TI S TERX HI KLIE' I\XVIQ HI EFVYTX. (YT YR YVGY# HI WXRG WI
RGITI IWGEPEHEVIE TVSTVMY-^MW: YR LSVR WYWTIRHEX HI XVIM^IGM #M GMRGM HI
QIXVM, QEM QYPXI WYVTPSQFI #M XIVEWI, MEV R 3REP, WTVI ZVJ, S YPXMQ #M HI PSG
Y#SEV 3WYV WYVTPSQFERX.
'IP QEM JVYQSW #M QEM HM3GMP ZVJ HMR (SPSQM'M IWXI 'MZIXXE (3 210 Q),
HYT GIP HI-EP HSMPIE RYQI EP WY, QIXEJSVMG 4IVIXIPI TIVI'MPSV, REPX HI S
QMI HI QIXVM, HIEWYTVE PEGYVMPSV %PPIKLI, 'MZIXXE WIEQR GY S SVK
KMKERXMG EHYW EMGM HI YR YVME# MYFMXSV HI QY^MG. 'VIWXI, XYVRYVM,
GSRXVEJSVXYVM JEG HMR EGIWX TIVIXI GY STXWTVI^IGI XVEWII, XSEXI HI YR REPX
KVEH HI HM3GYPXEXI, YR TEVEHMW EP EPTMRM#XMPSV. 4IVIXIPI 'MZIXXIM, R RXVIKYP PYM,
IWXI GSRWMHIVEX HI XS'M WTIGMEPM#XMM GE YRYP HMR GIM QEM HM3GMPM HMR PYQI.
%PTMM WYRX TIRXVY XS'M EPTMRM#XMM QYR'MM GIM QEM HVEKM, TI GEVI SVMGMRI ZVIE
W-P GYRSEWG #M W-P YVGI. *EMQE PSV E GVIWGYX QIVIY #M PYTXE TIRXVY GYGIVMVIE
PSV, HYW HI ETVSETI HSY WIGSPI, PI-E HEX S QVI'MI YRMG. 2Y RYQEM
RP'MQIE QYR'MPSV EXVEKI MRXIVIWYP EPTMRM#XMPSV, GM #M JSVQE #M WXVYGXYVE PSV,
RYQVYP HI XVEWII #M HM3GYPXEXIE EGIWXSVE.
(VYQYP WTVI 1SRX &PERG, R 1786 YRYP WMRKYV, EVI EWX^M HSY^IGM HI
XVEWII. (MR XSXEPYP HI 77 ZVJYVM HI 4000 Q EM %PTMPSV %TYWIRM, 66 WI E4 R
VIKMYRIE ;EPPMW #M E QEWMZYPYM 1SRX &PERG. 'IM QEM QEVM G'VXSVM EM PYQMM #M
GIM QEM RHV^RI'M GYGIVMXSVM EM ,MQEPE]IM EMGM #M-EY JGYX YGIRMGME, EMGM EY
RHVKMX TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE QYRXIPI.
(I EGIIE EPTMRM#XMPSV VSQERM +L. 9HVIE, %PI\. 7XXIWGY #M -SR (SFVI PM W-
E TVYX YR ZMW ^MYE R GEVI, TIRXVY TVMQE HEX R MWXSVME EPTMRMWQYPYM RSWXVY, EY
YVGEX TI 1SRX &PERG, TI QMRYREXIPI #M KPSVMSEWIPI PYM TMWGYVM (EYKYWX 1957).
(SVMR'E PSV MRM'MEP E JSWX W YVGI TI 1SRX &PERG GLMEV R ^MYE HI 23
%YKYWX. 4IRXVY EGIEWXE EY TPIGEX HMR XEFVE MRXIVRE'MSREP SVKERM^EX HI *. 7.
+. 8. TI ^MYE HI 22 EYKYWX, ENYRKRH R WIEVE EGIPIME#M ^MPI PE GSXE 3 800, PE
VIJYKMYP %MKYMPPI HI +SYXIV, YRHI EY VQEW TIWXI RSETXI. % HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'E
XVIFYMEY W-#M GSRXMRYI HVYQYP WTVI ZVJ, HEV GIE'E #M ZMWGSPYP M JEG W
VIRYR'I. 1EM XVIGI S ^M. 8MQTYP WI GYQMR'I#XI #M, RIVFHXSVM, GIM XVIM EPTMRM#XM
VSQERM, RWS'M'M HI YR JVERGI^ #M HI YR KIVQER, XSX EPTMRM#XM HMR XEFV,
TSVRIWG LSXVX PE YVGY#.
25 EYKYWX. (MR RSY EGIPE#M HVYQ HMR 1SRXVSG, WIHMYP XEFIVIM, WTVI
VIJYKMYP +SYXIV. "M RG S RSETXI HI E#XITXEVI GY IQS'MM TIRXVY GETVMGMMPI
ZVIQMM. R ^SVM, PE XVIM HMQMRIE'E, SVE WXEFMPMX TIRXVY TPIGEVI, XMQTYP RY-P HI
PSG TVMIXIRSW. 'IE'E HIEW #M ZRX, YR ZRX TYXIVRMG #M GSRXMRYY. (MR SV R
SV, EKMXE'M HI EGIWX RITVIZ^YX, GIM GEVI E#XIETX HI TEXVY ^MPI W EWEPXI^I
1SRX &PERG-YP MIW EJEV W ZEH GYQ IWXI ZVIQIE. 0E #EWI HMQMRIE'E GIE'E WI
VMWMTI#XI #M EPTMRM#XMM TPIEG PE HVYQ. 4VMQE IGLMT: +L. 9HVIE GET HI GSEVH,
-SR (SFVI #M JVERGI^YP 1. 'PEYHI WIGYR^M. % HSYE IGLMT: %PI\. 7XXIWGY
GSRHYGXSV #M KIVQERYP ,ERW .SEGLMQ. 0IKE'M HI GSV^M, IM YVG HIWXYP HI KVIY
TR PE VIJYKMYP :EPPSX (4 347 Q). 7GYVX TSTEW R GEVI WI QRRG #M WI PEW
VYGWEGYVMPI. 7I TSVRI#XI PE EWEPXYP 3REP. :RXYP WI RXI'I#XI. 4MSPIXYP RY TSEXI
3 R3TX HSEV GY S WMRKYV QR. 'SEVHE ^KP'MX QIVIY HI ZRX M JEGI W RY-
#M HIE WIEQE TVIGMW HI WIQRIPI GSIGLMTMIVMPSV. *VERGI^YP 'PEYHI WYJIV S
HIKIVXYV #M I JVIGEX GY ^TEH. 'VIEWXE RY I EGYQ QEM PEX HI XVIM^IGM HI
GIRXMQIXVM. :RXYP WY4 EQIRMR'XSV. 9PXMQMM GMRGM^IGM HI QIXVM TEV RIWJV#M'M.
(EV ETVSETI, EMGM, WYF TMGMSEVIPI PSV, IWXI 1SRX &PERG-YP. 7I ZIHI QEKRM3G
1SRXI 6SWE #M R ^EVI ZVJYVMPI GIPI QEM REPXI EPI %PTMPSV IPZI'MIRM. 1SRX &PERG
E JSWX YVGEX TIRXVY RXME HEX #M HI VSQERM! 7YRXIQ R 26 EYKYWX 1957.
REMRXI HI E RI HIWTV'M HI %PTM #M HI GIM GEVI P-EY EWEPXEX WEY GYGIVMX,
QEM WYRXIQ HEXSVM GXIZE IZSGVM. 6IEQMRXM-'M-Z RIPMRM#XIE, HEV #M FYGYVME
HI^PR'YMX R MYPMI 1938 HI GYGIVMVIE RXV-EHIZV IVSMG E TIVIXYPYM HI RSVH,
ZIVXMGEP, HI 1 600 Q, HMR )MKIV, HYT 61 HI SVI TIXVIGYXI R TIVIXI HI IGLMTE
:SVK-,IGOQEMV #M 68 SVI HI ,EVVIV #M *VMX^ /EWTEVIO.
%WIQIRIE PYM +VERHIW PSVEWWIW, RZMRW #M MEVRE, EPTMRM#XMM /MRWLSJIV #M
1SRRLEVHX, GEVI R 1962 ZSV EXEGE #M GYGIVM TI ZIVWERXYP ZIWXMG RG RIYMXEXYP
2ERKE 4EVFEX, VIEPM^IE^ REMRXI HI EGIEWXE RXME IWGEPEH HI MEVR E
TIVIXYPYM RSVHMG EP )MKIVYPYM, TIVJSVQER' YMQMXSEVI, KVIY HI IKEPEX.
(EV R QYRXI, FYGYVME WI QTPIXI#XI GY QLRMVIE, QEVMPI M^FR^M GY
HYVIVSEWIPI #M XVEKMGIPI MRWYGGIWI. 7 TWXVQ S GPMT HI XVMWXI'I TIRXVY
MXEPMIRMM 1SPXIRS #M :EPWIGLM, QSV'M TI ZVJ R I\TIHM'ME RZMRKXSEVI HI TI 4MG
&EHMPIHMR MYPMI1937. "M RG YRE TIRXVY ;MPP] ;IP^IRFEGL, ;MPP] 1IVOP #M %PJVIH
(VI\IP, TVMIXIRM RIHIWTV'M'M R EWGIRWMYRMPI HMR %PTM, TI GEVI YR HIWXMR
RIGYRSWGYX M E#XITXE PE QMM HI OMPSQIXVM HMWXER' HI QYR'MM PSV HVEKM, R GIE
HI-E HSYE I\TIHM'MI TI 2ERKE 4EVFEX, QYRXIPI KVSE^IM (1934). %GSPS HI YRHI
RY W-E QEM RETSMEX RMGM %HSPJ +SXXRIV, GEVI HYT GXIZE XVEWII I\XVIQ HI
HM3GMPI R %PTM VIEPM^EWI R TVIQMIV TIVIXIPI HI RSVH, HI RIRZMRW, EP 'MZIXXIM
HMR (SPSQM'M.
2Y-P TYXIQ YMXE TI 4EYP &EYIV, ERMQEXSVYP GIPSV HSY I\TIHM'MM TI
/ERKGLIRH^SRKE (8 597 Q) #M GEVI TVMRXVI TVMQMM R PYQI E JSWX EXX HI
ETVSETI HI KVERM'E QYPX ZMWEX E GIPSV 8 000 Q. "M RMGM TI )V[MR 7GLRIMHIV #M
4IXIV %WGLIRFVIRRIV, WYTVEZMI'YMXSVM RSVSGS#M EM HVEQIM HI TI 2ERKE 4EVFEX.
REMRXI HI E TPIGE R ,MQEPE]E, IM EY JGYX R %PTM XSEXI RHV^RIPMPI TSWMFMPI #M
MQTSWMFMPI. )V[MR IVE YR G'VXSV RISFSWMX, TIRXVY GEVI RY I\MWXEY SFWXEGSPI.
(YT GI E YVGEX, GSFSVX #M YVGEX HMR RSY XS'M %PTMM, E TPIGEX R ,MQEPE]E W WI
QWSEVI GY XMXERMM #M RXVI TVMQIPI PYM ZMGXSVMM EY JSWX GMRGM TMWGYVM TIWXI 7000
Q. )P VQRI YRYP HMR GIM QEM QEVM EPTMRM#XM EYWXVMIGM. 4MIXIV, HV^, GY S
RGVIHIVI HI KVERMX R JSV'IPI #M GEPQYP WY, HYT GI E WXVFXYX MRJIVREPYP
GYPSEV RSVH-IWXMG EP 1SRX &PERG-YPYM, E TVWMX #M IP %PTMM TIRXVY RP'MQM QEM
MREGGIWMFMPI #M QEM MWTMXMXSEVI.
'IP QEM RHV^RI' #M XILRMG EPTMRMWX EYWXVMEG E JSWX GSRWMHIVEX, HYT
ZMGXSVME WE I\GIT'MSREP, HI YRYP WMRKYV, EWYTVE PYM 2ERKE 4EVFEX, HMR 1953,
,IVQERR &YLP. &MVYMR'E WE EWYTVE EGIWXYM YVME# (8 125 Q), EWYTVE EGIWXYM
QYRXI FPIWXIQEX, PEGSQ HI ZMI'M, S HEXSVIE^ #M %PTMPSV. 4VMQE WE QEVI
MWTVEZ E JSWX EWGIRWMYRIE HI MEVR, R TVIQMIV, GY /YRS 6EMRIV, E TIVIXIPYM
HI WYH-ZIWX EP QYRXIPYM 1EVQIPEHE. % YVGEX ETSM R XVIM ^MPI HI JYVXYR, R
XSZV#ME EGIPYME#M /YRS, EGIPI EWGY'MXI EPI PYM %MKYMPPI HI 'LEQSRM\ #M E
M^FYXMX TIRXVY E HSYE SEV R MWXSVME 1SRX &PERG-YPYM W WXVFEX HVYQYP HI
WXRGM GEVI HYGI PE +VERHIW .SVEWWIW #M W-P YVGI TI PE RSVH, TR R ZVJ. (EV
GIE QEM RWXVY#RMG, GIE QEM EZIRXYVSEW EWGIRWMYRI E PYM &YLP, RXVITVMRW
R E#XITXEVIE TPIGVMM R ,MQEPE]E, E JSWX EWGIRWMYRIE HI MEVR R GEVI E
TPIGEX WMRKYV W RJVYRXI GIP QEM PYRK TIVIXI HMR %PTMM HI IWX, EP QYRXIPYM
;EX^QERR. (SY QMM HI QIXVM HI WXRG, YVGE'M PE PYQMRE PYRMM, RXV-S ^TEH
TR PE #SPH, TI LSVRYVM RKLI'EXI #M PYRIGSEWI. 7MRKYV, RSETXIE, MEVRE.
'YZMRXIPI PYM, VSWXMXI HYT EGIEWX EWGIRWMYRI HI RIGVI^YX, YRMG R MWXSVME
EXX HI GYVMSEW #M HVEQEXMG E %PTMPSV, EGYQ RY QEM QM-I XIEQ HI 2ERKE,
W-EY HSZIHMX TVSJIXMGI. 'IIE GI RWIEQR G SQYP, GE R 7MQJSRME E GMRGIE
HI &IIXLSZIR, TSEXI PYTXE GY TVSTVMYP WY HIWXMR #M-P TSEXI RZMRKI.
(EV W RY RGLIMIQ MWXSVME GYGIVMVMPSV HMR %PTM, JV E HIHMGE QGEV YR
GETMXSP KLM^MPSV, GPY^IPSV HI QYRXI. *V IPI, JV .EGUYIW &EPQEX #M YVQE#MM
WM HMR XSEXI XMQTYVMPI 1MGLIP 'VS^, 1EXLMEW >YVFVMKKIR, .IER %RXSMRI 'EVVIP,
&WIYKRIV, 6. *VMWSR-6SGLI, +EWXSR 6IFY2EX EGIEWX MWXSVMI R-EV 3 TYXYX
RGITI, RMGM GSRXMRYE. %#E GYQ RY W-EV 3 TYXYX WGVMI ITSTIIE )ZIVIWXYPYM JV
XMKVMM HMR ,MQEPE]E.
4SZIWXIE %PTMPSV IWXI S TSZIWXI EHIZVEX. R IE 3QYP #M 2EXYVE WI MEY
PE PYTX ETVMK, TI ZME' #M TI QSEVXI, HEV WJV#IWG TVMR E HIZIRM TVMIXIRM
TIRXVY XSX VIWXYP ZMI'MM, TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE.
4EQMVYP.
:EWX PER' QYRXSW, 4EQMVYP E JSWX HIRYQMX HI KISKVE3 #M TSI'M
%GSTIVM#YP PYQMM. 2WGYX HMR JVQRXEVIE TQRXYPYM, EMGM PE KVERM'E 9RMYRMM
7SZMIXMGI, %JKERMWXERYPYM #M E 'LMRIM, 4EQMVYP #M REP' WTVI GIV TMWGYVMPI WEPI
REPXI #M EWGY'MXI, RXVIGYXI R RP'MQI TI KPSF HSEV HI ZVJYVMPI RMRWI WEY
GI'SEWI EPI QYR'MPSV ,MQEPE]E #M /EVEOSVYQ.
%WME, EGIWX RXMRW GSRXMRIRX EP PYQMM, EVI HSY RSHYVM SVSKVE3GI: QEWMZYP
%VQIRMIM #M 4EQMVYP. 4EQMVYP WI GEVEGXIVM^IE^ TVMR PER'YVMPI HI QYR'M GEVI WI
HIWTVMRH HMR IP 8MER#ERYP, TVMRXV-YRYP HMR GIPI QEM REPXI PEGYVM HMR PYQI, /EVE-
/YP (3 900 Q), TVMR GIE QEM REPX WXE'MYRI QIXISVSPSKMG (4000 Q), TVMR
KLI'EVM PYRKM HI 70-80 OQ (*IHGIROS, 76 OQ) #M TVMR RP'MQM GEVI HIT#IWG
7000 Q.
R 4EQMVYP HI WYH-ZIWX, R PER'YP QYRXSW "ELHEVMR WI REP' GVIWXIPI GY
RYQI KPSVMSEWI, 1EV\ (6 726 Q), )RKIPW (6510 Q), TVIGYQ #M EPXI XVIM TMWGYVM
TIWXI #EWI QMM HI QIXVM, RXVI GEVI #M 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR 8FMPMWM (6127 Q).
8SEXI EGIWXI ZVJYVM EY JSWX EWEPXEXI #M YVGEXI HI IGLMTI HI EPTMRM#XM HMR
+VY^ME.
'YGIVMXSVMM 4EQMVYPYM EY EZYX R SEQIRMM HI #XMMR' VY#M ZVIHRMGM REMRXE#M.
4MSXV 7IQMSRSZ, RYQMX #M 8MER#ERWOM, IWXI GIP HMRXM IYVSTIER RHV^RI' #M
HSVRMG HI E TXVYRHI R PYQIE RIGYRSWGYX E 4EQMVYPYM. )P TEVGYVKI GPEVI
'MRYXYVM RXMRWI, WXVFEXI XVIGXSVM REPXI #M YVG GIP HMRXM TI TSZVRM#YVMPI
QYR'MPSV /LER 8IRKVM (1857).
P YVQIE^ 7IZIVJSZ, GEVI EXMRKI GIE QEM RSVHMG PEXMXYHMRI E
8MER#ERYPYM (1867) #M FMRIGYRSWGYXYP *IHGIROS, GVYME M WI HEXSVIE^ WXYHMYP
KLI'EVMPSV HMR 8YVOIWXER #M EP QYR'MPSV %PEM #M 8VERWEPEM (1871).
8VEHM'ME EGIEWXE E GIVGIXXSVMPSV #M E I\TIHM'MMPSV R 4EQMV #M 8MER#ER IWXI
GSRXMRYEX #M VIRRSMX HI EPTMRM#XMM WSZMIXMGM R WIGSPYP RSWXVY.
1EM RXM IWXI GYGIVMX /LER 8IRKVM (6 995 Q) R ERYP 1931. %GIWX QYRXI,
RYQMX #M /ER 8S, 1YRXIPI HI WRKI, TIRXVY WIXIE PYM HI NIVXJI SQIRI#XM, IWXI
QFPR^MX HI S I\TIHM'MI HV^E EZRH R JVYRXI TI 1MLEMP 4SKVIFI'OM. 4IWXI
GMRGM ERM, R 1936, :MXEPM %FEPEOSZ, GY TVI'YP E QEM QYPXSV HIKIXI #M E PEFIM
TMGMSVYPYM (EQTYXEX), H S RSY PIG'MI HI ZSMR' SQIRIEWG QYRXIPYM
V^ZVXMX. 8MQT HI ETVSETI HSY^IGM HI ERM QYRXIPI IWXI PWEX R TEGI. "M
TEVG TIRXVY E-P RJVRKI HI3RMXMZ, S E XVIME I\TIHM'MI P YVG #M-P TYRI HMR RSY
TMSPI'MM R GVI#XIX (1954).
8SX :MXEPM %FEPEOSZ ZE 3 #M GYGIVMXSVYP :VJYPYM 0IRMR, R 8VERWEPEM, ZVJ
REPX HI 7134 Q. R YVQE EGIWXIM ZMGXSVMM :MXEPM ZE TVMQM 3VHMRYP 0IRMR #M XMXPYP
HI QEIWXVY IQIVMX EP WTSVXYPYM.
% XVIME QEVI ZMGXSVMI E PYM :MXEPM %FEPEOSZ, HI HEXE EGIEWXE GY 2. +Y#EO
#M EP'M RSY EPTMRM#XM, IWXI GYGIVMVIE :VJYPYM 4SFIHE (:MGXSVME). %GIEWXE W-E
RXQTPEX R ERYP 1956, GRH :MXEPM %FEPEOSZ QTPMRIE. 50 HI ERM, S ZVWX RY
TVIE TSXVMZMX, ZI'M WTYRI, TIRXVY EWXJIP HI MWTVZM. (EG ZVI'M W #XM'M GYQ E
PYTXEX EGIEWX I\TIHM'MI GE W GYGIVIEWG ZVJYP, GEVI VI^MWXEWI QEM QYPXSV
EWEPXYVM XMQT HI HSY HIGIRMM, GMXM'M GEVXIE PYM )ZKLIRM 7MQSRSZ 3EQIRM #M
QYR'M, HEV #M RWIQRVMPI PYM :MXEPM %FEPEOSZ, HMR GEVI ZI'M KWM YR JVEKQIRX R
PYGVEVIE 'YGIVMRH RP'MQMPI.
:SQ GSRWEGVE S TSZIWXMVI QEM EQTP GYGIVMVMM GIPYM QEM REPX ZVJ HMR 9.
6. 7. 7. (:VJYP 'SQYRMWQYPYM, 7 495 Q), ZMGXSVMI VITYVXEX HI GIPPEPX
%FEPEOSZ, )ZKLIRM, HI YRYP WMRKYV, E#E GYQ E RZMRW ,IVQERR &YLP 2ERKE
4EVFEX "M ZSQ YVGE QYR'MM HI TIWXI 7500 Q EM /E#KEVYPYM, PE KVERM'E EGIWXSV
HSY QEVM 'VM, 9RMYRIE 7SZMIXMG #M 'LMRE, TI WYTVEJE'E GVSVE XVMI#XI S
XVIMQI HMR TSTYPE'ME KPSFYPYM.
7-E ZSVFMX, W-E WGVMW QYPX #M JVYQSW HIWTVI 1YWXEKL %'E (7546 Q) #M
I\TIHM'ME GLMRS-WSZMIXMG RZMRKXSEVI R MYPMI 1956. : EQMRXM'M TSEXI #M HI
JSXSKVE3E GIPSV HSM EPTMRM#XM GEVI 3\IE^ TI GVIEWX, WYF S KVQEH HI TMIXVI,
WXIEKYVMPI GIPSV HSY TSTSEVI. 0E EGIEWX EWGIRWMYRI EY TEVXMGMTEX 31 HI
EPTMRM#XM, MEV TI ZVJ EY YVGEX HI EWX HEX GLMEV G'MZE STIVEXSVM
GMRIQEXSKVE3GM. %WGIRWMYRIE TI 1YWXEKL %'E E I\TIVMQIRXEX EGPMQEXM^VMPI
WYGGIWMZI #M E XVMEX PSXYP EPTMRM#XMPSV TIRXVY YVQXSEVIE TVIXIR'MSEW XIRXEXMZ:
/YRKYVXMYFI-XEK WEY /YRKYV --, XSX R /E#KEV, REPX HI 7595 Q. %GIEWXE E JSWX
S EWGIRWMYRI GY EHIZVEX KVIE, R GEVI VI^MWXIR'E #M XILRMGE EPTMR, PE S
EPXMXYHMRI HI 7 600 Q, E TYW PE RGIVGEVI PE 3IGEVI TEW I\TIHM'ME HMR 1956.
2I-S TSZIWXI#XI /. /Y^QMR, YRYP HMR GIM #ETXI EPTMRM#XM WSZMIXMGM GEVI EY
EWEPXEX #M RZMRW /YRKYV --.
4MWGYP WI KWI#XI R QEWMZYP /E#KEV, TI XIVMXSVMYP 'LMRIM, HEV TEWMYRIE
TIRXVY EPTMRMWQ RY GYRSE#XI KVERM'I. (I EWX HEX RY QEM IVE ZSVFE HI S
EWGIRWMYRI R QEW, GYQ E JSWX EGIIE TI 1YWXEKL %'E, GM HI S ZIVM3GEVI #M HI
YR VIGSVH: GIE QEM QEVI EPXMXYHMRI GYGIVMX ZVISHEX HI EPTMRM#XMM WSZMIXMGM.
%RXVIREQIRXIPI W-EY JGYX MEVRE, R 'EYGE^ #M R QYR'MM 'LMRIM 'IRXVEPI. 3
RSY QIXSH E JSWX I\TIVMQIRXEX #M E HEX VI^YPXEXI HI RIGSRXIWXEX: QIXSHE
EGPMQEXM^VMM XVITXEXI (EWGIRWMYRM PE 6 200 Q #M 6 800 Q #M GSFSVVI YPXIVMSEV
R XEFVE HI FE^). )E TIVQMXIE EGYQ EWGIRWMYRIE R VMXQ VETMH, ETPMGEVIE
XEGXMGMM EWEPXYPYM HMR QIVW.
'IM #ETXI EWIHMEXSVM EM PYM 7 590 Q IVEY: 4. 7OSVSFSKEXSZ, &. (MQMXVMIZ,
:. 4SXETSZ, :. 7MFMVMEOSZ, &. 6YOSHIPRMOSZ, +. 7IREGIZ #M /. /Y^QMR, EYXSVYP
RSXIPSV HI HVYQ. 0E 5 EYKYWX RGITI VIGYRSE#XIVIE QEWMZYPYM. 'YQ RMGM YR
KLI'EV WYHMG RY TIVQMXI EWEPXYP PYM /YRKYV - (7719 Q), GIP QEM REPX TYRGX EP
GVIWXIM /E#KEV #M EP RXVIKYPYM WMWXIQ QYRXSW HMR 4EQMV, WI VIRYR' PE IP #M
IWXI TVIJIVEX /YRKYV --, HI EPXJIP WYTIVMSV, RY TVMR RP'MQI, GM TVMR RGPMRE'ME
TERXIPSV #M GSQTPI\MXEXIE XILRMG E MXMRIVEVYPYM.
12 EYKYWX. )GLMTIPI HI ENYXSV, JSVQE'ME HI EWEPX #M HSM STIVEXSVM
GMRIQEXSKVE3GM TSVRIWG GPVM TI GEM #M MEGM WTVI KLI'EVYP HI PE FE^E TMWGYPYM
/YRKYV --. 3FWXEGSPI RITVIZ^YXI WI MZIWG GLMEV TI TVMQMM 30 OQ HI HVYQ.
(SY XSVIRXI ZMNIPMSEWI STVIWG REMRXEVIE. 7I RRSTXIE^ RXVI QSVIRI PE
4600 Q.
4VMQE XEFV WI 3\IE^ PE 5 500 Q, PE XVIM WYXI HI QIXVM HIEWYTVE
KLI'EVYPYM /YRKYV. 2MRKI. %TEVI S WVMXSEVI HI S WYX HI QIXVM. :MWGSPI#XI. 0E
6200 Q IGLMTE HI EWEPX WI HIWTEVXI HI GIE HI ENYXSV. "M-EGYQ RGITI PYTXE TI
ZME' #M TI QSEVXI GY EPXMXYHMRIE, GY FPSGYVMPI TVZPMXI, REPXI HI 120 Q, GY
TIVI'MM HI KLIE' RGPMRE'M PE 55s.
RGPMRE'ME TIVI'MPSV GSRXMRY W GVIEWG. >TEHE TVJYMX EWGYRHI
KLIE'E PYRIGSEW. 'MRI GEHI EGYQ, GEHI HI PE 6 900 Q, R EFMW, R RIERX.
:MWGSPI#XI #M I KIV. 1MRMPI RKLIE' TI TMSPIX. (EV PE 7 000 Q XVIFYMI WTEX
S TPEXJSVQ #M R-EM ZVIQI W XI QEM KRHI#XM PE RMQMG.
16 EYKYWX. 7I PYTX PE KVERM'E RIGVY'XSVYPYM 7 500 Q. 'IP GEVI
HIWGLMHI HVYQ, PE 3IGEVI HSY^IGM HI QIXVM WI SHMLRI#XI XSX EXXIE QMRYXI.
'RH WMQ'M #M ZI^M, ETVSETI HI XSX, ZVJYP, RGITI KLIE'E, RZMRW #M IE, R-EY
QEM VQEW HIGX HSY, XVIM WYXI HI QIXVM HI GVIEWX. 0RK XMRI GSVRM#I
EQIRMR'XSEVI XI TSX XV R EHRG. (EV RMQMG RY XI QEM TSEXI WTIVME WEY STVM.
-EX ZVJYP. 7595 Q. /YRKYV -- E JSWX GYGIVMX! )WXI GIE QEM QEVI EPXMXYHMRI PE
GEVI EY YVGEX ZVISHEX EPTMRM#XMM WSZMIXMGM.
"M EGYQ TSZIWXIE YRIM EPXI GYGIVMVM, KPSVMSEW GLMEV HYT XVIGIVIE ERMPSV
WEY RZMRKIVIE YRSV TMWGYVM #M QEM REPXI. 4SZIWXIE TI GEVI EQ JKHYMX W Z-
S WTYRIQ QEM TI-RHIPIXI: GYGIVMVIE GIPYM QEM REPX TMWG HMR 9RMYRIE
7SZMIXMG. 4MWGYP 'SQYRMWQYPYM.
1MM HI ERM, QYR'MM 4EQMVYPYM EY VQEW MREGGIWMFMPM #M RIGYRSWGY'M, MEV
LEVXE PYQMM PI-E HEX YR RYQI. JV RYQI 4EXE EPF, GGM TI LV'MPI
KISKVE3PSV #M KISPSKMPSV RY IVE RWIQREX RMGM S HIRYQMVI, RMGM S RP'MQI. 0E
KVERM'E 9. 6. 7. 7., R QEWMZYP 4EQMVYPYM, WI REP' EPF #M WXRGSW TMWGYP HI 7495
Q.
R 1931, R GIE HMRXM EWGIRWMYRI HI QEVI EPXMXYHMRI E JSWX EXMRW TMWGYP
/LER 8IRKVM (WXTRYP HYLYVMPSV). (EV XSEXI KRHYVMPI #M XSEXI TVIKXMVMPI IVEY
TIRXVY GIP QEM REPX ZVJ HMR 9RMYRIE 7SZMIXMG, GEVI ZE 3 GYGIVMX R 1933 HI
)ZKLIRM %FEPEOSZ.
0E RGITYXYP ERYPYM 1933 WI XIVQMR TI MQIRWYP KLI'EV *IHGIROS
GSRWXVYMVIE SFWIVZEXSVYPYM QIXISVSPSKMG (YRYP HMR GIPI QEM REPXI HMR PYQI,
WMXYEX PE 4 300 Q), EP GVYM XIPIKVE3WX EZIE W VIGIT'MSRI^I HEXIPI HI
XIQTIVEXYV, ZRX, JYVXYR, TI GEVI TSWXYP HI VEHMS HI TI ZVJYP GIP QEM REPX
HMR 4EQMV, GEVI YVQE W 3I GYGIVMX GLMEV R EGIP ER, XVIFYME W PI XVERWQMX
EYXSQEX. +ISKVE3M, KISPSKMM #M EPTMRM#XMM YVQEY W GYPIEK R EGIEWX KVIE
RGIVGEVI, GY HM3GYPX'M Y#SV HI TVIZ^YX, S QEVI #M RHIPYRK E#XITXEX
ZMGXSVMI.
RG REMRXI HI E WI JEGI TPERYP KIRIVEP EP I\TIHM'MIM RGITYV HMWGY'MM
ETVMRWI EWYTVE IGLMTEQIRXYPYM, QEXIVMEPYPYM #M HIXE#EQIRXYPYM HI EWEPX.
8VIFYME TIRXVY QFVGQMRXI S WXSJ KVSEW, HEV Y#SEV, WEGM HI HSVQMX
WTIGMEPM HI QXEWI GY TYJ HI KWGE #M IMHIV (GIM HMR I\TIHM'MMPI TSPEVI IVEY
TVIE KVIM), JVRKLMM, GSP'EVM, TMSPIXI #M TMXSERI HMR QEXIVMEPYP GIP QEM FYR, R
WJV#MX GSVXYVM NSEWI, HI GIP QYPX XVIM, TEXVY OMPSKVEQI #M GEVI TYXIEY EHTSWXM
#M ETVE HI JVMK #M ZRX GXI XVIM-TEXVY EPTMRM#XM.
)\TIHM'ME RGITI R MYRMI 1933 #M HMR IE JEG TEVXI GIM QEM RGIVGE'M
EPTMRM#XM WSZMIXMGM, R JVYRXI GY HV^YP #M TVMGITYXYP )ZKLIRM %FEPEOSZ. 'MRI IWXI
EGIWX %FEPEOSZ HIWTVI GEVI EQ EY^MX HI EXXIE SVM, HEV HIWTVI GEVI #XMQ
XSXY#M EXX HI TY'MR#
)P IWXI YRYP HMR GIM HSM JVE'M %FEPEOSZ, RIRJVMGE'MM WMFIVMIRM GYQ PM WI
QEM WTYRI #M HI QMG W-E HITVMRW W WI GE'IVI TI WXRGM #M GVIWXI. 2Y HITEVXI
HI /VEWRSMEVWO, SVE#YP WY REXEP, WYRX TSZVRM#YVMPI 7EMERYPYM #M HI EMGM, HI
WYW, HYT PYTXE GY RP'MQMPI, ZE TVMZM RXME SEV )ZKLIRM PEVK, HITEVXI,
RITXVYRWIPI #M RIWJV#MXIPI THYVM HMR XEMKE. %RMM EY XVIGYX, EGYQ I WXYHIRX PE
-RWXMXYXYP HI %VXI #M GYVRH ZE 3 WGYPTXSV (MEV JVEXIPI WY :MXEPM, MRKMRIV), HEV
TEWMYRMPI XMRIVI'MM EY VQEW EGIPIE#M, FE TEVG QEM ETVMKI, QEM RHV^RI'I.
*VE'MM %FEPEOSZ WYRX TVMRXVI GIM QEM HVNM GYGIVMXSVM EM 'EYGE^YPYM. R
1931 IM EY YVGEX GVIEWXE RSVHMG E ZVJYPYM (L-8EY, EP HSMPIE TMWG HMR 'EYGE^,
HI TIWXI 5 000 Q, GIP QEM REPX 3MRH )PFVYWYP. %GYQ HIWGSTIV JVE'MM %FEPEOSZ
#M YR TMWG RSY, GVYME M HEY RYQIPI PYM 4Y#OMR, MEV YR ER QEM XV^MY
XVEZIVWIE^ YRYP HMR ^MHYVMPI GIPYM QEM QEVI KLI'EV HMR 'EYGE^, KLI'EVYP
&I^MRKE. 8SX QTVIYR EY YVGEX, HYT RST'M TIXVIGYXI R TI#XIVM TPMRI HI
^TEH, WXRGM RGPMREXI PE #EM^IGM HI KVEHI #M KVSXE HI KLIE' (NERKLM-8EY (5
051 Q).
R GSRGIT'ME PSV, EPTMRMWQYP RY IWXI S PSXIVMI, S PYTX R GEVI QEM
HIZVIQI WEY QEM XV^MY XI E#XIETX EGIPE#M WJV#MX: GHIVIE R EFMWYVM. 4IRXVY
IM, E#E GYQ WTYRIE GSRZMRW :MXEPM #M ETVSFE GEPQ, WIRMR, )ZKLIRM, XSXYP XVIFYMI
W 3I XILRMG #M TVIKXMVI; RSM RY WYRXIQ TVM^SRMIVM QYRXIPYM EPF, GM
GYGIVMXSVMM PYM.
2Y #XMQ HI GI PE GYGIVMVIE GIPYM QEM REPX HMRXVI ZVJYVM (7 495 Q),
)ZKLIRM R-E TSVRMX EPXYVM HI JVEXIPI WY :MXEPM.
4EKMRE EGIEWXE ITSTIMG EV 3 JSWX TEVG #M QEM JVYQSEW HEXSVMX JV'MIM
HI WRKI, EWIQIRIE JV'MIM GIPIMPEPXI, E IGLMTIM, E GETYPYM HI GSEVH #M E
WIGYR^MPSV, E GPMTIPSV KVIPI #M RITVIZ^YXI R GEVI 3IGEVI KIWX, 3IGEVI QM#GEVI
HI HIKIX TSEXI EHYGI ZMGXSVME WEY QSEVXIE. 4SEXI G :MXEPM IVE EXYRGM R
'EYGE^, TVIKXMRH XVEZIVWEVIE QEWMZYPYM 7IPHE WEY GYGIVMRH RG YRYP HMR
TMWGYVMPI RIGYGIVMXI EPI KLI'EVYPYM &I^MRKE.
(EV RMGM XSZEV#MM HI EGYQ RY WYRX QEM TVINSW HI RHV^RIEPE #M
TVMGITIVIE PYM )ZKLIRM. +YWGMR, HI TVSJIWMYRI MRWXEPEXSV IPIGXVMGMER, IWXI YR
JSEVXI FYR WGLMSV #M EPTMRMWX. (I#M QEM ZVWXRMG, IWXI JSEVXI FMRI TVIKXMX,
VI^MWXIRX #M HI S HV^IRMI RISFM#RYMX. "MERSZ, QYRGMXSV PE S Y^MR HMR
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"M )ZKLIRM, RGIVGVMPI HI TR EXYRGM P GPMWIV #M P RZ'EWIV QYPXI.
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7YRXIQ R 20 MYRMI #M R ZEPIE %PXE, YRHI GIM XVIM EPTMRM#XM, RWS'M'M HI
XSTSKVEJYP :SPOSZ, EY ENYRW HI PE 3\ GY EYXSQSFMPYP, HYT S ^M HI HVYQ,
RGITI TVMQZEVE. (YT S WTXQR (28 MYRMI), YVGRH TI KLI'EVYP
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HITPEWVMM KLI'EVYPYM, WI WXVMGEWI. %RMQEPIPI REMRXIE^ KVIY #M YR GEP RGVGEX
GY ^ELV PYRIG RXV-YR PEG KPEGMEV.
3 RSETXI HI TSTEW, RG S ^M HI HVYQ #M WI ENYRKI PE 7MGVMYP (VEGYPYM.
(EV, ^MG EPTMRM#XMM, HVEGYP RY IWXI RMGMSHEX EXX HI RIKVY GYQ WI WTYRI, GGM
EMGM, PRK WMGVMYP PYM, I #M MEVFE TVSEWTX #M ETE FYR, MEV WXRGMPI XI JIVIWG HI
ZRXYVM #M VSWXSKSPMVM HI TMIXVI.
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WXEFMPI#XI E HSYE XEFV, XEFVE HI WYF QYRXI (3 900 Q), TVMQE 3MRH GIE HI
PE RGITYXYP KLI'EVYPYM *IHGIROS, XEFVE HI FE^.
3 WMRKYV ^M HI HVYQ M HIWTEVXI TI EPTMRM#XM HI TSEPIPI ZVJYPYM RG
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KLI'EVYPYM WYF GEVI GYVK XSVIR'M. 2Y S HEX XVIFYMI W XI JSPSWI#XM HI TMSPIX GY
XSEX IRIVKME #M W XI GE'IVM TI TIVI'MM REP'M #M VIGM.
%GSPS YRHI WJV#I#XI HVYQYP WI HIWGLMHI TIRXVY RXME SEV TIVWTIGXMZE
RIE#XITXEX, GSTPI#MXSEVI E TMWGYPYM. 2SVM EPFM RZPYMI ZVJYP. (I TI
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HYT YR YVGY# HI ^IGI SVI, EXMRK GIM HMRXM YQVYP TVMQIM TERXI. %PXMQIXVYP
EVEX 5 600 Q. R 'EYGE^ EV 3 JSWX RP'MQIE QE\MQ, EMGM IE IWXI GY ETVSETI
HSY QMM HI QIXVM QEM NSW HI ZVJ.
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TSEXI JEGI YR WMRKYV TEW. 7I GSFSEV HIGM, QEM EPIW G #M EPMQIRXIPI WI
XIVQMREWIV, PE XEFVE HI WYF QYRXI (12 MYPMI).
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GSRGITI YR RSY TPER: VIJEGIVIE TSXIGMM KLI'EVYPYM *IHGIROS TIRXVY GEVEZERI,
ETVSZM^MSREVIE RHIWXYPXSEVI GY IGLMTEQIRX, EPMQIRXI, GSQFYWXMFMP, HYGIVIE
GX QEM WYW TSWMFMP E WXE'MYRMM QIXISVSPSKMGI EYXSQEXI #M GVIEVIE E RG XVIM
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% HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'E, 30 MYPMI, RGITI EWEPXYP XVITXIPSV. 'Y GSV^M EPTMRI
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TVMQIPI HSY XVITXI.
R XMQT GI WI TVIKXIEY TIRXVY EXEGYP GIPIM HI E XVIME, HMR YVQ, HI PE 5
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ITSTIMPSV LMQEPE]IRI #M XMXPYP YPXMQIM WEPI GV'M :VJYVM JV ^IM.
2SY WYXI HI OMPSQIXVM HMR KVERM'E 2ITEPYPYM WI RZIGMRIE^ GY 8MFIXYP
#M QYR'MM ,MQEPE]IM. 8MKVMM WYRX PSGYMXSVM EM 'MRYXYVMPSV REPXI EPI 2ITEPYPYM,
EGIEWX 'EV HI QYR'M, ETVSETI JV GM JIVEXI; R RXVIK 2ITEPYP, PE S
WYTVEJE' HI 140000 OQ2 #M ^IGI QMPMSERI HI PSGYMXSVM, WYRX 103 OQ HI GEPI
JIVEX.
3 'EV GY XIQTPI HI EYV #M EREPJEFI'M. (I SEQIRM WVEGM, GMRWXM'M #M HVNM,
GEVI MEY PE RE#XIVI, EHIWISVM, RYQIPI ^MPIM R GEVI W-EY RWGYX. 4EWERK, HI
TMPH, RWIEQR ZMRIVM. : EQMRXM'M HI TVMIXIRYP PYM 6SFMRWSR 'VYWSI, KWMX TI
MRWYP XSX RXV-S ^M HI ZMRIVM#
'RH WYRX HMR ZEPIE 7SPE /LYQFY PM WI QEM WTYRI #IVTE# EHMG FVFEX
HMR VWVMX. )M YVG PE RP'MQM HI #ETXI, STX QMV HI QIXVM R EIVYP VEVI3EX, R
GIE' WEY R PYGMYP SVFMXSV EP ^TI^MM, ^IGM HI OMPSKVEQI HI QEXIVMEPI. )M
GSFSEV TI WELMFMM (WXTRMM) FSPREZM WEY ITYM^E'M HI JSV'I, R XEFIVIPI
MRXIVQIHMEVI. "M, HEG I RIZSMI, XSX IM VQR HIZSXE'M PRK IM, R ^TI^M,
TR R YPXMQE GPMT, HI#M W-EV TYXIE WEPZE HI PE QSEVXI.
2YQEM GIP QEM ZVIHRMG HMRXVI IM ENYRKI WVHEV, #IJYP LEQEPMPSV. "M RYQEM
GIM QEM VI^MWXIR'M #M GYVENS#M ENYRK XMKVM, RZMRKXSVM EM RP'MQMPSV HI TIWXI
#ETXI QMM HI QIXVM.
%WX^M R MWXSVME GYGIVMVMPSV QYR'MPSV ,MQEPE]E RYQIPI PYM 2SVOI 8IRWMRK,
4EWERK (E[E 0EQE, +]EPXWIR 2SVFY WYRX TVI^IRXI EPXYVM, GY GMRWXI, HI
EGIPIE EPI EPTMRM#XMPSV HMR RXVIEKE PYQI. 1MRI, TSTSEVIPI HMR NYVYP QYR'MPSV
HI TIWXI STX QMV HI QIXVM ZSV WGVMI, JV RHSMEP, S RSY GYGIVMVI E QYR'MPSV
,MQEPE]E!
(MR GIM TEXVYWTVI^IGI YVME#M EM TQRXYPYM, /EVEOSVYQ EVI HSEV TEXVY
QYR'M TIWXI 8 000 Q: /2 ('LSKSVM), EWEPXEX #M GYGIVMX HI MXEPMIRM R 1954 #M XVIM
QYR'M E GVSV RP'MQI HMJIV R ^IGM HI QIXVM: ,MHHIR 4IEO (8068 Q), &VSEH
4IEO (8 047 Q), +EWLIVFVYQ -- (8 035 Q).
RXM E G^YX +EWLIVFVYQ --, R ERYP 1956. :MGXSVMI E YRIM I\TIHM'MM
EYWXVMIGI, GSRHYW HI *V. 1SVEZIG. &VSEH 4IEO IWXI EWEPXEX #M GYGIVMX HI S
I\TIHM'MI EYWXVMEG GSRHYW HI 1. 7GLQQYGO, PE GEVI E TEVXMGMTEX #M ,. &YLP,
MEV ,MHHIR 4IEO HI S I\TIHM'MI EQIVMGER, R JVYRXI GY 2. 'PMRGMM.
-EX GYQ E JSWX GYGIVMX +EWLIVFVYQ --. )\TIHM'ME EYWXVMEG E PYM *VMX^
1SVEZIG, HMR GEVI JGIEY TEVXI #EWI EPTMRM#XM, RIPMTWMXYP HSGXSV #M KISPSKYP,
ENYXEX HI S WYX #EM^IGM #M STX HI LEQEPM, E EWIHMEX #M EGIWX QYRXI GEVI #M
TWXVEWI RITVMLRMVIE. R ^MYE HI 7 MYPMI 1956 7. 0EVGL #M ,. ;MPPIRTEVX
TSVRIWG HMR XEFVE HI PE 7 500 Q #M HYT STX SVI HI YVGY# IVSMG GYGIVIWG
TMWGYP.
%GIWX ER 1956 QEVGLIE^, HI JETX, R EWEPXYP QEVMPSV TMWGYVM, YRYP HMR
ERMM GIPSV QEM HITPMRI FMVYMR'M: R PYRE QV GEH HSM QEVM QYR'M EM PYQMM,
1EREWPY (8125 Q) #M 0LSXWI (8501 Q), MEV R MYPMI +EWLIVFVYQ -- (8035 Q).
7LMWE 4ERKQE (8 013 Q)
'IP QEM QMG HMRXVI GIM QEVM, QYRXIPI EGIWXE, WMXYEX PE KVERM'E 2ITEPYPYM
#M 'LMRIM, E JSWX GIP HMR YVQ GYGIVMX, R QEM 1964. %GIEWX XV^MI GYGIVMVI WI
I\TPMG #M TVMR TS^M'ME PYM, TVMR EQFM'ME EPTMRM#XMPSV HI E GYGIVM QEM RXM
TMWGYVMPI GIPI QEM REPXI HMR ,MQEPE]E #M XSXSHEX TVMR VIWXVMG'MMPI TVMZMRH
EGGIWYP TI EGIWX QYRXI. >MEVIPI EY ERYR'EX PE RGITYXYP PYRMM QEM 1964 G
^IGI EPTMRM#XM GLMRI^M, TSVRMRH HMR XEFVE HI PE 6 800 Q, EY IWGEPEHEX
QYRXIPI. )M EY JSWX ENYXE'M HI 4 #IVTE#M #M 40 HI LEQEPM.
'YGIVMVIE TMWGYPYM E JSWX RXV^MEX GY S WTXQR, HMR GEY^E ZMWGSPYPYM
#M E RMRWSVMM. 8VIM IGLMTI HI EWEPX, TI KIV #M ZRX, EWIHME^ TERXE HI TIWXI 50s
HI PE 7800 Q #M TR PE YVQ, HIT#MRH KVIYP, MIW RZMRKXSEVI.
R JIPYP EGIWXE #M 'LMRE MRXV R TEPQEVIWYP GYGIVMVMPSV LMQEPE]IRI EPI
QYR'MPSV HI TIWXI 8 000 Q.
%RRETYQE (8 078 Q)
1YR'MM #M-EY E#XITXEX HI QMPIRMM RHV^RI'MM GYGIVMXSVM. 1EM RXM EY QIVW
WTVI IM I\TPSVEXSVMM, SEQIRMM HI #XMMR': 1EVGS 4SPS, GIM XVIM JVE'M 7GLPEKMRX[IMX,
4VNIZEPWOM, 7ZIR ,I-HMR. (EV RY EY TYXYX ENYRKI HIGX R TVIENQE PSV.
"M-EXYRGM EY WSWMX TI YVQIPI PSV EPTMRM#XMM, EGI#XM RIFYRM, GEVI
RJVYRXRH MQTSWMFMPYP HIWGSTIV KISKVE3E #M RZMRK REXYVE RHVXRMG. (I
RIGVI^YX, HI#M ,MQEPEZE IWXI 'MRXE I\TPSVEXSVMPSV RG HI PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM
EP <-<-PIE, EFME R ERYP 1950 IWXI GYGIVMX GIP HMRXM TMWG HI STX QMM QIXVM. "M RY
HI IRKPI^M #M RMGM HI PSGEPRMGM, GEVI EFME QEM XV^MY ZSV PYTXE TIRXVY GYGIVMVIE
QYR'MPSV PSV, GM HI JVERGI^M.
7 RY RI QMVQ RW. *VER'E E JSWX XSXHIEYRE 'EVE MHIMPSV RHV^RI'I, E
MHIMPSV KIRIVSEWI. 'IM GEVI YVGEWIV GIM HMRXM TI 1SRX &PERG #M HHYWIV
SQIRMVMM S RSY TEWMYRI, S RSY R^YMR' EPTMRMWQYP, RY TYXIEY W RY 3I R
TVMQIPI VRHYVM #M R GYGIVMVIE ,MQEPE]IM.
1YRXIPI EPIW E JSWX %RRETYQE. RP'MQIE: 8 078 Q. 'YGIVMXSVMM# 2YQI
GYRSWGYXI #M TVI'YMXI HI EPTMRMWQYP PYQMM: 0SYMW 0EGLIREP #M 1EYVMGI ,IV^SK.
(EXE MWXSVMG E GYGIVMVMM: 3 MYRMI 1950.
0YTXE E JSWX ETVMK. (EV 0EGLIREP #M ,IV^SK RY IVEY SEQIRMM GEVI W
GIHI^I. 'Y TVI'YP ZMI'MM, EP HIKIXIPSV PWEXI EGSPS, R3TXI R KVERMXYP QYRXIPYM,
ZMGXSVME XVIFYME GYGIVMX #M E JSWX GYGIVMX RXV-EHIZV.
'MRI GMXI#XI MWXSVME EGIWXIM ITSTIM E QYRXIPYM, WI R3SEV HI GPMTIPI
KVIPI TVMR GEVI EY TYXYX XVIGI SEQIRMM, HEV VQRI #M GSTPI#MX HI EHQMVE'MI R
JE'E ZSMR'IM PSV. *VERGI^MM RY W-EY QYP'YQMX RYQEM GY EGIEWX ZMGXSVMI MWXSVMG
#M HI TVIWXMKMY. )M ZSV QEM MRXVE S HEX R MWXSVME ,MQEPE]IM TVMR GYGIVMVIE
ZVJYPYM 1EOEPY (8481 Q).
%RYP 1962 RI-E EHYW S RSY ZIWXI! )\TIHM'ME GSRHYW HI 0MSRIP 8IVVE],
GEVI TEVXMGMTEWI GY ERM R YVQ #M PE EWGIRWMYRIE TI %RRETYQE, E IWGEPEHEX
QYRXIPI .ERRY (7 710 Q), R 2ITEP, EWEPXEX GY XVIM ERM REMRXI HI JVERGI^M,
QYRXI I\XVIQ HI HM3GMP, GY TEWENI HI KVEHYP GMRGM #M #EWI PE RP'MQIE HI 7400
Q. 1EVMPI RP'MQM VQR E#EHEV S TIVQERIRX MRZMXE'MI, YR RIWIGEX M^ZSV HI
TEWMYRM EPTMRI #M HI IVSMWQ.
2ERKE 4EVFEX (8125 Q)
)WXI QYRXIPI GEVI E GIVYX GIPI QEM QYPXI #M KVIPI NIVXJI, HEV GEVI,
GMYHEX, E JSWX RZMRW HI YR WMRKYV SQ: ,IVQERR &YLP. 'IIE GI RY W-E QEM
RXQTPEX GY RMGM YR EPX QYRXI HMR ,MQEPE]E.
2ERKE 4EVFEX IWXI GEVEGXIVMWXMG TVMR GIE QEM QEVI HMJIVIR' HI
EPXMXYHMRI HI TI RXVIK KPSFYP TQRXIWG.
'X XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX HI IQS'MSRERX TIRXVY 4IXIV %WGLIRFVIRRIV, YRYP
HMR WYTVEZMI'YMXSVMM I\TIHM'MMPSV XVEKMGI HMR 1934, GE HYT HSY^IGM HI ERM W
VIZMR EGM, GE W V^FYRI QSEVXIE XSZEV#MPSV WM #M GVY^MQIE WRKIVSEW E
QYRXIPYM.
,IVQERR &YLP E TSVRMX QEM QYPX R RSETXI HIGX R ^SVM (PE HSY
HMQMRIE'E) #M TR WIEVE PE #EWI HIGM HYT 16 SVI HI EWGIRWMYRI E ENYRW PE
TMWG! RETSMIVIE W-E JGYX EFME E HSYE ^M. ,. &YLP, VIEQMRXMRHY-#M HI RSETXIE
HMR %PTM, TI ;EX^QERR, E QEM TIXVIGYX YRE EMGM, PE STX QMM HI QIXVM.
*PQRH, RKLI'EX, JV QGEV YR WEG HI HSVQMX, HEV RZMRKXSV EP GIPYM
QEM GVYH QYRXI HMR ,MQEPE]E.
R ERYP 1962 S RSY I\TIHM'MI KIVQER, GSRHYW HI HV. /. ,IVVPMKOS2IV,
EGIPE#M GEVI E GSRHYW #M I\TIHM'ME HMR 1953, E EWEPXEX TMWGYP TI ZIVWERXYP
ZIWXMG. )GLMTE HI EWEPX GSRWXMXYMX HI 0S[ /MRWLSJIV #M 1ERRLEVHX YPXMQMM HSM,
IVSMM TVMQIM IWGEPEHI HI MEVR E TIVIXIPYM RSVHMG EP )MKIVYPYM GYGIVI#XI TMWGYP
PE 22 MYRMI 1962. (EV PE GSFSVVI IM TPXIWG KVIY EGIEWX ZMGXSVMI. /MRWLSJIV #M
1ERRLEVHX WI EPIK GY HIKIVXYVM KVEZI PE JE' #M TMGMSEVI, MEV 0S[ EPYRIG TI
S TERX HI ^TEHE GY KLIE', EGGMHIRXRHY-WI QSVXEP, RG S HEX 2ERKE
4EVFEX, 1YRXIPI KVSE^IM, RY #M-E HI^QMR'MX RYQIPI.
1EREWPY (8 125 Q)
% WYVTVMRW HIWMKYV ETEVM'ME, HEV RY #M ZMGXSVME I\TIHM'MIM NETSRI^I R
,MQEPE]E. (I EPXJIP, RG GY ERM REMRXI, NETSRI^MM EWEPXEWIV QEM QYPXI TMWGYVM
HI TIWXI #ETXI QMM HI QIXVM #M GYGIVMWIV S TEVXI HMR IPI.
(I EWX HEX, R 1956, 'MRXE PSV IWXI 1EREWPY. 3 VJYMEP QEM ZIGLI, GY
TEXVY ERM R YVQ, RY HHYWI RMGM YR VI^YPXEX. (EV HV^IRME, TIVWIZIVIR'E #M
QSHIWXME NETSRI^MPSV WYRX GSRWMHIVEXI GE YRMGI R PYQI.
4IWXI YR ER, R 1953, IM WYRX HMR RSY PE HEXSVMI. (EV QYRXIPI RY WI ZVIE
RZMRW. %WEPXYP I TVWMX PE 7750 Q, HIGM PE QEM TY'MR HI TEXVY WYXI HI QIXVM HI
ZVJ. R ERYP 1954 RGIVGEVIE NETSRI^MPSV HI E YVGE HMR RSY TI 1EREWPY IWXI
STVMX HI TVSXIWXIPI #M GVIHMR'IPI PSGEPRMGMPSV G I\TIHM'MMPI ERXIVMSEVI EY
HI^PR'YMX JYVME ^IMPSV EWYTVE WEXIPSV PSV.
R ERYP 1956, HYT GI NETSRI^MM TPXIWG GIPI ^IGI QMM HI VYTMM GIVYXI
TIRXVY XIQTPYP HMWXVYW HI ^IMM QYRXIPYM, WYTVE'M TI EPTMRM#XM, I\TIHM'ME PYM
=YOS 1EOM, YR GSRHYGXSV GY XSXYP RISFM#RYMX TIRXVY I\TIHM'MMPI LMQEPE]IRI
(63 HI ERM), TSVRI#XI MEV PE HVYQ. )\TIHM'ME IWXI GSQTYW HMR HSMWTVI^IGI
EPTMRM#XM, HSY^IGM HI #IVTE#M #M RSY XSRI HI QEXIVMEP. "M MEX, HYT GMRGM ERM
HI WXVYMXSEVI #M VITIXEXI RGIVGVM, ^MYE ZMGXSVMIM: 9 QEM 1956. RZMRKXSVMM:
EPTMRMWXYP NETSRI^ 8. -QERMWOM #M WMVHEVYP +]EPXWIR 2SVFY.
%GIEWX I\TIHM'MI E WXVRMX EXX HI QYPX IRXY^MEWQ TIRXVY ,MQEPE]E,
RGX HI EXYRGM I\TIHM'MMPI NETSRI^I WYRX JSEVXI HIW RXPRMXI R PYTXE TIRXVY
GYGIVMVIE GIPSV QEM REP'M QYR'M EM PYQMM. R 1960, TVMR HSY JSVQE'MM HI EWEPX,
IM EY GYGIVMX ,MQEP 'LYPM (7864 Q). 8SXSHEX, R ,MRHYOY#, EY YVGEX 2SWLEU
(7492 Q), MEV #M QEM VIGIRX, R ETVMPMI 1964, S RSY I\TIHM'MI NETSRI^ E
EWEPXEX #M GYGIVMX TIRXVY RXME HEX ZVJYP +]ERGLYROERK (7 922 Q), PE 30 OQ
IWX HI )ZIVIWX, PE JVSRXMIVE 8MFIXYPYM.
'LS 3]Y (8 153 Q)
R ERYP 1953 IRKPI^MM EY TSVRMX TVMR 2ITEP, GSRZMR#M G HI EWX HEX
)ZIVIWXYP RY ZE QEM VI^MWXE. (EV, WYVTVM^, IPZI'MIRMM SF'MRYWIV QEM REMRXI
ETVSFEVIE KYZIVRYPYM PSGEP #M EGYQ IVEY HMRGSPS HI "EYE HI 7YH. 'E W WI
GSRWSPI^I, I\TIHM'ME, HMR GEVI JGIE TEVXI 7LMTXSR, ,MPPEV], 6MHHMJSVX, )ZERW,
&SYVHMPPSR, +VIKSV], 0S[I #M WMVHEVYP %RK 8EVOI, EWEPXIE^ YR EPX QYRXI HI
TIWXI STX QMM HI QIXVM, HEV TR PE YVQ RMGM EGIWXE RY ZE 3 GYGIVMX.
%GIEWXE E JSWX GIE HMRXM SJIRWMZ E QYRXIPYM 'LS 3]Y. 4MWGYP IWXI
E#I^EX GLMEV TI KVERM'E HMRXVI 2ITEP #M 8MFIX #M E JSWX ^VMX RXME HEX R 1951,
HI 7LMTXSR #M &SYVHMPPSR, HI PE RP'MQIE TEWYPYM 2ERKTE 0E, JV W-P
MWTMXIEWG TVIE QYPX. (EV YR QYRXI HI TIWXI STX QMM HI QIXVM, QEM EPIW EGYQ,
GRH EWEPXYP GIPSV TEXVYWTVI^IGI HIZMRI RITVIZ^YX #M JIFVMP, IWXI XSXY#M S
ZMGXSVMI #M IE RY XVIFYMI WGTEX. %GIWX PYGVY P ZE R'IPIKI QEM FMRI I\TIHM'ME
EYWXVMEG HMR 1954.
R 19 SGXSQFVMI 1954 (GYVMSEW PYR TIRXVY S GYGIVMVI LMQEPE]ER)
QYRXIPI IWXI GYGIVMX HI HSY JSVQE'MM HI EWEPX, TVMQE 3MRH EPGXYMX HMR ,.
8MGL] #M 7. .SGLPIV, MEV E HSYE HMR ,. ,IYFIVKIV #M 4EWERK: (E[E 0EQE. % JSWX
I\TIHM'ME GY GIE QEM QMG KVIYXEXI HI FEKENI (900 OK) #M GY GIP QEM QMG
RYQV HI EPTMRM#XM. )E HSVIE W HIQSRWXVI^I TSWMFMPMXEXIE GYGIVMVMM YRYM TMWG
REPX R KVYT VIWXVRW, Y#SV IGLMTEX.
3 RXQTPEVI RITVIZ^YX IVE W VEXI^I RW GYGIVMVIE QYRXIPYM. R
XMQTYP YRYM ZMWGSP TYXIVRMG, 8MGL] #M-E TMIVHYX QRY#MPI, MEV QMRMPI EY RGITYX
W-P HIKIVI. %WEPXYP E JSWX EQREX. %Y XVIFYMX W GSFSEVI PE XEFVE HI FE^.
RXVI XMQT S I\TIHM'MI JVERGS-IPZI'MER E ZIRMX #M IE TI 'LS 3]Y,
TVSTYRRH YRMVIE GIPSV HSY I\TIHM'MM. 8MGL] R-E ZVYX W EGGITXI. 4EWERK
(E[E, WYVTVMRW HI EGIEWX MRXIVZIR'MI, JIVQ #M GMRWXMX, E LSXVX WSEVXE
ZMGXSVMIM EYWXVMIGI. )P E YVGEX GY #IVTE#MM WM, RXV-S WMRKYV ^M, RP'MQIE HI
3000 Q, HYGRH R XEFV RGVGXYVE RIGIWEV. %TSM P-E GSRZMRW TI 8MGL] W
WI GSRXMRYI EWGIRWMYRIE. &E QEM QYPX, R TSV'MYRMPI KVIPI, 8MGL], EZRH
QMRMPI HIKIVEXI, P-E ENYXEX W YVGI GY JVRKLME. %#E EY GYGIVMX EYWXVMIGMM,
HEXSVMX GMRWXIM #M HV^IRMIM PYM 4EWERK (E[E, QYRXIPI 'LS 3]Y.
)PZI'MIRMM EY TSVRMX QEM ETSM #M IM -E EWEPXYP QYRXIPYM, HEV ZVIQIE VIE M-
E JGYX W VIRYR'I.
(LEYPEKMVM (8172 Q)
% JSWX EWEPXEX TR R 1956 HI TEXVY SVM, S I\TIHM'MI EVKIRXMRMER
ENYRKRH TR PE 7 800 Q, HI YRHI QYWSRYP E EPYRKEX-S GY ZMSPIR',
GSRHYGXSVYP I\TIHM'MIM *. -FERI^ QYVMRH R YVQE HIKIVXYVMPSV.
4R R ERYP 1960 QYRXIPI E QEM JSWX EWEPXEX HI RG XVIM I\TIHM'MM. )WXI
EHIZVEX G QYRXIPI TVIE HI RIGYGIVMX. 3 MQIRW TMVEQMH GY TIVI'M
TYXIVRMGM HI WXRG, RP'EX R ZIGMRXEXIE GIVYPYM #M ETVEX HI ^TI^M, GI'YVM
#M JYVXYRM, RG R 1960, HIGM PE ^IGI ERM HI PE GYGIVMVIE %RRETYQIM #M #ETXI HI
PE GHIVIE )ZIVIWXYPYM, (LEYPEKMVM RG RY JYWIWI GYGIVMX. 4I VRH, I\TIHM'MM
JVERGI^I, EVKIRXMRMIRI, IPZI'MIRI, KIVQERI WI VIGYRSWG RZMRWI.
)PZI'MIRMM RW RY ZSV W GIHI^I. "ETXI I\TIHM'MM TIRXVY YR QYRXI HI
8172 Q! 4EVG QYPX TVIE QYPX, GLMEV TIRXVY ,MQEPE]E. R ERYP 1960 E TEXVE
I\TIHM'MI IPZI'MER TI EGIWX QYRXI #M JKHYMI#XI W RY QEM GSFSEVI HIGX
RZMRKXSEVI.
1E\ )MWIPMR GSRHYGI EGIEWX SJIRWMZ LSXVX, TI ZME' #M TI QSEVXI.
%PXYVM HI GIM #EWI EPTMRM#XM IPZI'MIRM QEM JEG TEVXI HMR I\TIHM'MI HSM TSPSRI^M,
YR KIVQER, YR EYWXVMEG #M #ETXI #IVTE#M. 9R EZMSR GY RYQIPI HI :I'M, RYQI
MRWTMVEX HI QMWXIVMSWYP SQ EP ^TI^MPSV, WX PE HMWTS^M'ME I\TIHM'MIM.
1YRXIPI IWXI EWEPXEX TI GVIEWXE HI RSVH-IWX, TI EGSPS TI YRHI, GY YR ER
REMRXI, EYWXVMIGMM, GY S NIVXJ KVIE SQIRIEWG, ENYRWIWIV PE 7 800 Q.
RXME XEFV I GSRWXMXYMX PE 5100 Q. 9VQXSEVIPI PE 5 700, 6 600, 7
050, 7 400 #M 7 800. R TEXVY QEM RGITI EWEPXYP. :I'M WTVMNMR ETVSZM^MSREVIE,
HEV, IXIVRYP RITVIZ^YX, EVI S HIJIG'MYRI #M WI TVFY#I#XI TI KLI'EV. (MR
JIVMGMVI GIM HSM EZMEXSVM VQR R ZME'. %QREVI. %#XITXEVIE KVIE, GE SVMGI
E#XITXEVI REMRXIE YRIM PYTXI HIGMWMZI. 4IWXI 8 ^MPI, R 12 QEM, HMR RSY EWEPXYP
ZVJYPYM. "EWI SEQIRM HSVQ RKLIWYM'M, RIVFHXSVM, RXV-YR WMRKYV GSVX, PE
7800 Q. % HSYE ^M, PE 13 QEM, PIKE'M R XVIM GSV^M, /YVX (MIQFIVKIV #M 2E ;ERK
(SVNI, ). *SVVIV #M 2]MQE (SVNI, %. 7GLIPFIVX #M 4. (MIRIV YVG QYRXIPI. %#E WI
RGLIMI PYTXE TIRXVY GIE HI E XVIMWTVI^IGIE GYGIVMVI E YRYM QYRXI HI TIWXI
STX QMM HI QIXVM, R QEM 1960, TI TMWGYP (LEYPEKMVM.
1EOEPY (8 481 Q)
7MXYEX PE RYQEM 20 OQ WYH-ZIWX HI )ZIVIWX #M GSRJYRHEX EHIWISVM GY IP,
1EOEPY IWXI GIE HI E HSYE GYGIVMVI JVERGI^ R ,MQEPE]E. )E E JSWX VIEPM^EX
PE HSM ERM HYT GHIVIE )ZIVIWXYPYM, R 15 QEM 1955, HEXSVMX YRSV EPTMRM#XM GY
TIVJSVQER'I QSRHMEPI: 0MSRIP 8IVVE], .IER 'SY^], .IER *VERGS, +YMHS
1EKRSRI, HEV #M VI^MWXIR'IM #M TVMGITIVMM PYM +]EPXWIR 2SVFY, EHIZVEX XMKVY EP
,MQEPE]IM, HI HSY SVM RZMRKXSV EP TMWGYVMPSV HI 8000 Q, WMVHEVYP TI GEVI
NETSRI^MM P-EY GMRWXMX GE TI YR IVSY HYT GYGIVMVIE QYRXIPYM 1EREWPY.
RXVIEKE I\TIHM'MI, HMR GEVI QEM JGIEY TEVXI RG TEXVY RGIVGE'M
EPTMRM#XM 4. 0IVSY\, 7. 'SYTI, .. &SYZMIV, %. :MEPEXI E YVGEX R YVQXSEVIPI HSY
^MPI QYRXIPI, MREYKYVRH EWXJIP R ,MQEPE]E EWGIRWMYRIE R KVYT E YRYM
QYRXI HI QEVI RP'MQI.
1EOEPY E MWTMXMX R 1961 #M S TYXIVRMG I\TIHM'MI ERKPS-EQIVMGER R
JVYRXI GY QIVIY RISFSWMXYP ,MPPEV], RZMRKXSVYP )ZIVIWXYPYM #M EP QYR'MPSV
%RXEVGXMHIM. (EV RY HITEVXI HI ZVJ, EPTMRM#XMM EY XVIFYMX W VIRYR'I. 8VIM
QIQFVM EM I\TIHM'MIM, GEVI EY RGIVGEX W JSV'I^I VIY#MXE, EWEPXRH TMWGYP JV
FEPSERI HI S\MKIR, W-EY QFSPRZMX, RXV-EHIZV, ZMGXSVME YRIM EWGIRWMYRM R
,MQEPE]E RY I YR PYGVY Y#SV #M WMKYV. )E I GSRHM'MSREX HI QYP'M JEGXSVM #M HI
JSEVXI QYPXI RITVIZ^YXI: GIE', RMRWSEVI, EZEPER#I, TIVI'M HI KLIE' WEY GE
EGYQ. FEPSERI HI S\MKIR.
0LSXWI (8 501 Q)
0LSXWI, WYTVERYQMX HI EWEPXEXSVM #M YPXMQYP HMR GIM TEXVY QEVM, E JSWX
GYGIVMX HI I\TIHM'ME IPZI'MER GSRHYW HI %PFIVX )KKPIV, R ZVWX HI 43 HI
ERM, R 18 QEM 1956.
)\TIHM'ME E JSWX JSEVXI TYXIVRMG, XIREGI #M. MRWTMVEX. 'SQTYW HMR STX
EPTMRM#XM HI VIRYQI, YR QIHMG #M YR KISPSK, XVIM WYXI GMRGM^IGM HI LEQEPM HMR
ZEPIE 7SP /LYQFY #M HSM #IVTE#M HI EPXMXYHMRI HMR (EVNIIPMRK S EHIZVEX
EVQEX TSVRMX W HIE S QEVI FXPMI EGIEWX I\TIHM'MI GEVI PYTXE GY YRE HMR
YPXMQIPI VIHYXI EPI ,MQEPE]IM #M R3KI TMRXIRMM, HI HSY SVM R XMQT HI GMRGM
^MPI, R GVI#XIXYP QYRXIPYM.
%Y JSWX RIGIWEVI #EWI XEFIVI. 7-E JSPSWMX S\MKIR GLMEV R XMQTYP
WSQRYPYM. 9PXMQE XEFV E JSWX 3\EX HI 7 900 Q. %WEPXYP P-EY HEX QEM RXM
)QWX 6IMWW (36 ERM) #M *VMX^ 0YGLWMRKIV (32 ERM) R ^MYE HI 18 QEM. -EV R 22 QEM
VITIX EGIIE#M EWGIRWMYRI, VQRRH S SV TI ZVJ, GIPPEPX GYTPY )QWX
7GLQMIH (32 ERM) #M .YV] 1EVQIX (28 ERM).
%GIEWX KPSVMSEW #M QIVMXEX ZMGXSVMI WMXYIE^ EPTMRMWQYP IPZI'MER, GY
NYWXM3GEXIPI PYM ZIPIMX'M #M XVEHM'MSREPIPI PYM ZMGXSVMM TI RXVIK KPSFYP, RXVI
TVMQIPI TEXVY RE'MYRM GEVI EY RZMRW GIM QEM REP'M QYR'M EM ,MQEPE]IM: %RKPME,
-XEPME, *VER'E, )PZI'ME.
+PSVME PYM 1EXLMEW >YVFVMKKIR, RZMRKXSVYP %R^MPSV, GIP GEVI GIP HMRXM E
YVGEX %GSRGEKYE R 1897, VIR#XIE EGYQ TIWXI #EWI HIGIRMM, R 1956, R XSX
EXX HI RHITVXEXE %WMI, TI 0LSXWI.
/ERKGLIRH^SRKE (8 597 Q)
9R QYRXI GEVI E MWTMXMX TI SEQIRM RG GY QYP'M ERM R YVQ, 3MRH GIP HI
EP XVIMPIE YVME# EP TQRXYPYM. R ERYP 1899, KISKVEJYP #M EPTMRMWXYP IRKPI^
(SYKPEW ;. *VIWL3IPH M GIVGIXIE^ VIPMIJYP #M GMPI HI EGGIW.
RXME HEX KIVQERMM P-EY EWEPXEX R 1931, GRH I\TIHM'ME PYM 4EYP &EYIV
E ENYRW TR ETVSETI HI GIIE GI RWIQRE RI EXYRGM VIGSVHYP HI EPXMXYHMRI EP
PYQMM. (I EPXJIP, R 1932, PE 3PMQTMEHE HI PE 0SW %RKIPIW, 4. &EYIV TVMQI#XI
QIHEPME HI EYV E PMXIVEXYVMM WTSVXMZI TIRXVY GEVXIE W HIWTVI
/ERKGLIRH^SRKE.
1YRXIPI E JSWX RZMRW EFME R 1955 HI S I\TIHM'MI IRKPI^, GRH R HSY
EWEPXYVM WYGGIWMZI (26 #M 27 QEM), QEM RXM +. &ERH #M .. &VS[R #M ETSM 2.
,EVHMI #M 8. 7XVIEXLIV M YVG ZVJYP QVI' HMRXVI 2ITEP #M 8MFIX.
%GIEWX ZMGXSVMI IWXI VSHYP GIPSV HSY I\TIHM'MM, HMR 1953 #M 1955, GRH
WYF GSRHYGIVIE PYM 'L. )ZERW WI PYTX TIRXVY KWMVIE EHIZVEXYPYM HVYQ,
TVIGYQ #M E GIPSV QEM FYRM LEQEPM GSRHY#M HI 8IRWMRK (E[E #M %RK 8EVOI. R
1955 EWEPXYP 3REP W-E HEX HI PE 8200 Q #M E HYVEX #EWI SVI. 'SRJSVQ
R'IPIKIVMM, I\TIHM'ME RY E YVGEX YPXMQMM HSM QIXVM EM ZVJYPYM, TIRXVY E VIWTIGXE
GVIHMR'IPI PSGEPRMGMPSV R PGE#YP ^IMPSV. (EV EPTMRM#XMM VQR #M JV EGI#XM HSM
QIXVM EM QTV'MIM WTMVMXIPSV, GYGIVMXSVMM QYRXIPYM /ERKGLIRH^SRKE, QYRXIPI
GY GIPI GMRGM WMTIXI HI GSQSVM EPI ^TI^MPSV.
/2('LSKSVM) (8 611 Q)
'IE HMRXM I\TIHM'MI R EGIWX QEWMZ HMR /EVEOSVYQ S JEGI HI XMQTYVMY,
HMR 1892, GYRSWGYXYP GIVGIXXSV #M EPTMRMWX IRKPI^ 1. 'SR[E]. (EV RG REMRXI
GY XVIM^IGM HI ERM, R 1861, QYRXIPI JYWIWI HIWGSTIVMX HI +SH[MR %YWXIR. (I
EGIIE, QYPX ZVIQI EGIWXE E JSWX #M RYQIPI QYRXIPYM.
/2 RY RWIEQR, GYQ W-EV GVIHI, /EVEOSVYQ EP HSMPIE QYRXI EP PYQMM, GM
TYV #M WMQTPY /EVEOSVYQ MRHMGI 2, HIRYQMVI KISHI^MG. 0SGEPRMGMM M WTYR
'LSKSVM, EHMG 1YRXIPI 1EVI.
2MGM /2 RY W-E PWEX Y#SV GYGIVMX. %Y JSWX RIGIWEVI #EWI I\TIHM'MM. (EV
YPXMQE HMR IPI, GIE HMR 1954, GY RG S NIVXJ, EPTMRMWXYP 1EVMS 4YGLS^, ZE MI#M
RZMRKXSEVI. %GIEWXE W-E HEXSVEX, HYT GYQ WI WTYRI, R QEVI QWYV,
TVIKXMVMM IM QMRY'MSEWI #M FYRIM SVKERM^VM.
6IGYRSE#XIVIE W-E JGYX HMR EZMSR. *MIGEVI GSQTSRIRX EP I\TIHM'MIM
TVMQI#XI YR KLMH GY WGLM'I #M JSXSKVE3M. 4VSJIWSVYP %VHMXS (IWMS, GSRHYGXSVYP
I\TIHM'MIM, I\TPSVEWI KLI'EVYP &EPXSVS RG HMR 1929 #M VIZIRMWI EMGM R 1953
TIRXVY E TVIKXM I\TIHM'ME HMR ERYP 1954. "M RXV-EHIZV, HYT S PYTX ETVMK,
QYRXIPI IWXI RZMRW R ^MYE HI 31 MYPMI 1954.
R EGIEWX I\TIHM'MI, TIRXVY RXME SEV R MWXSVME EWGIRWMYRMPSV QYR'MPSV
HI STX QMM HI QIXVM, MXEPMIRMM EY JSPSWMX S QEGEVE QIGERMG TIRXVY XVERWTSVXYP
FEKENIPSV R XEFIVIPI MRXIVQIHMEVI.
R MWXSVME GYGIVMVMM QYR'MPSV, RZMRKXSVMM PYM /2 ZSV VQRI TIRXVY
XSXHIEYRE %GLMPPI 'SQTEKRSRM #M 0RS 0EGIHIPPM, HSM RIRJVMGE'M EPTMRM#XM EM
PYQMM. (EV ZMGXSVME PSV R-EV 3 JSWX TSWMFMP JV HIZSXEQIRXYP #M GYVENYP PYM
;EPXIV &SREXXM. %NYR#M R TVIENQE ZVJYPYM, PE YR TEW HI ZMGXSVMI, IGLMTE HI
EWEPX E GIPSV HSM VQWIWI 'MRXYMX PSGYPYM HEXSVMX PMTWIM HI S\MKIR. 2Y EV 3
JSWX RXME HEX GRH WI VEXE PE ^IGM HI QIXVM GYGIVMVIE YRYM QYRXI HI STX QMM
HI QIXVM, RWS'MX HSEV HI YR #IVTE#, GY VMWGYP ZMI'MM, TIXVIGRH S RSETXI JV
GSVX #M JV TVSZM^MM PE 8 000 Q, &SREXXM HYGI TR PE GSVXYP GIPSV HSM FYXIPMMPI
HI S\MKIR LSXVXSEVI TIRXVY EWEPX #M ZMGXSVMI. % JSWX S QMRYREX HSZEH E
WTMVMXYPYM HI TVMIXIRMI #M HI PYTX EP SEQIRMPSV QYR'MPSV, R JE'E GVIME TR #M
QYRXIPI W-E HEX RZMRW.
)ZIVIWX-'LSQSPYRKQE (8 848 Q)
7-E WGVMW MQIRW HIWTVI )ZIVIWX. "M ETVSETI XSX GI EM WTYRI HIWTVI IP WI
GYRSE#XI. (EV RMQMG RY IWXI TPMGXMGSW WEY MRYXMP.
(EG PYTXE TIRXVY 4SPM R-E WXVRMX EXXIE HMWGY'MM, EGIEWXE E JSWX TIRXVY
G EY JSWX GYGIVM'M REMRXI (1909 4SPYP 2SVH, 1911 4SPYP 7YH) #M TIRXVY G, R
JSRH, IM WYRX HSM. 4I GRH )ZIVIWXYP IWXI YRMG!
'Y WXEXYVE PYM HI RSY QMM HI QIXVM, GY GIPI HSYWTVI^IGI I\TIHM'MM
IVSMGI #M HVEQEXMGI GEVI EY TSVRMX WTVI IP GY YPXMQYP HI^RSHQRX
RITVIZ^YX, GY ZMGXSVME EPTMRM#XMPSV GLMRI^M TI ZIVWERXYP RSVHMG #M EWEPXYP
I\TIHM'MIM MRHMIRI )ZIVIWXYP GSRWXMXYMI QYRXIPI HIWTVI GEVI WI ZSVFI#XI
QIVIY. 'IP TY'MR S XVIMQI HMR GV'MPI HIHMGEXI ,MQEPE]IM WGVMY HIWTVI IP. -EV
3PQYP GEVI-P TSEVX RYQIPI #M GEVI E IQS'MSREX QMPMSERI HI SEQIRM HI TI
RXVIK KPSFYP, 3PQ TVIQMEX GY QIHEPME HI EYV PE *IWXMZEPYP 1SRHMEP EP
8MRIVIXYPYM #M 7XYHIR'MPSV HI PE :EV#SZME (1955), E HEX )ZIVIWXYPYM S QVI'MI
RISFM#RYMX, HI ITSTII.
2YQIPI IYVSTIER EP QYRXIPYM TVSZMRI HI PE S3'IVYP IRKPI^ GEVI GIP
HMRXM M-E ETVIGMEX RP'MQIE (1843). RXVI TVMQMM GIVGIXXSVM EM )ZIVIWXYPYM EY
JSWX #M GIM XVIM JVE'M 7GLPEKMRX[IMX, I\TPSVEXSVM HI VIRYQI.
4R R WIGSPYP RSWXVY RMQIRM RY YVGEWI R )ZIVIWX HMRGSPS HI 8000 Q.
R ERYP 1921 RGITI EWEPXYP GIPYM QEM REPX QYRXI HMR PYQI. 2ITEPYP 3MRH
XIVMXSVMY XEFY, GIPI #ETXI I\TIHM'MM HMRXVI GIPI HSY V^FSEMI EY XVIFYMX W ME
HVYQYP 8MFIXYPYM #M EP GVIWXIM RSVHMGI.
R TVMQE I\TIHM'MI HMR 1921, TVIKXMX XIQIMRMG #M EYXSVMXEV GSRHYW HI
KIRIVEPYP ,S[EVH &YV], +ISVKI 1EPPSV], YRYP HMR GIM QEM RGIVGE'M EPTMRM#XM EM
PYQMM, KWI#XI HVYQYP WTVI ZVJ #M TIRXVY RXME SEV EXMRKI "EYE HI 2SVH (7
007 Q RP'MQI).
)\TIHM'ME HMR 1922, GSRHYW HI &VYGI, EXMRKI TVMR 2SVXSR, 1EPPSV],
7SQQIV[IPP 8 225 Q, YVGRH JV FEPSERI HI S\MKIR, MEV TVMR *MRGL #M &VYGI,
GY ETEVEXI HI S\MKIRX, 8 326 Q. 3 EZEPER# 9GMKE#, GEVI RKVSET R ^TEH
#ETXI LEQEPM, STVI#XI GIP HI EP XVIMPIE EWEPX, GEVI EV 3 JSWX TSEXI #M QEM VIY#MX.
7YRXIQ R 1924. % XVIME I\TIHM'MI IRKPI^ TIRXVY )ZIVIWX. 7EY, QEM
FMRI-^MW, QTSXVMZE PYM, GGM QYRXIPI EGIWXE, RHVXRMG #M ZMSPIRX, RGITI W 3I
EWEPXEX GE S GIXEXI, GE S MRI\TYKREFMP GIXEXI. (SM SEQIRM QSV HI ZMWGSP.
2SVXSR #M 7SQQIV[IPP, EGYQ GY I\TIVMIR' #M QEM RHVNM'M, ENYRK PE 8 572 Q!
RP'MQIE JERXEWXMG, PE RYQEM 276 Q HI ZVJ, RP'MQI TI GEVI EFME TIWXI XVIM
HIGIRMM, R 1952, S ZSV HIT#M IPZI'MERYP 0EQFIVX #M RWS'MXSVYP WY, XMFIXERYP
8IRWMRK, HEV HI HEXE EGIEWXE TI ZIVWERXYP WYHMG (8600 Q).
(IGM R 1924 VIGSVHYP QSRHMEP HI EPXMXYHMRI EPTMR ETEV'MRI PYM 2SVXSR #M
7SQQIV[IPP 8 572 Q #M IP RY Z 3 HIT#MX HIGX TIWXI HSY^IGM #M STX HI ERM,
TI EGIPE#M QYRXI, HEV TI EPX ZIVWERX. )\TIHM'ME EGIEWXE HMR 1924 E JSWX, TEVI-
WI, GIE QEM TYXIVRMG. 9R EP HSMPIE EWEPX, GY YR EPX GYTPY. 0E JIP HI FYR, HI
GYVENSW: 1EPPSV] #M -VZMRI. (EV IM WI TMIVH YRHIZE R GIE' TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE.
)\TIHM'MMPI HMR 1933, 1936, 1938 EWEPXRH IVSMG, HMWTIVEX, GY LSXVVIE
HI E RGIVGE XSX GI IWXI SQIRI#XI TSWMFMP TIRXVY GYGIVMVIE ZVJYPYM, WI
WSPHIE^ GY MRWYGGIWI, HI#M HMRXVI QIQFVMM I\TIHM'MIM JEG TEVXI KPSVMMPI
XMQTYPYM: 7LMTXSR, 7Q]XLI, 8MPQER, 3HIPP. 6IGSVHYP HI 8 572 Q VQRI
RIEXMRW.
%FME HYT GIP HI-EP HSMPIE V^FSM QSRHMEP, 2ITEPYP TIVQM'RH EGGIWYP
I\TIHM'MMPSV WXVMRI, )ZIVIWXYP E TYXYX 3 EWEPXEX TI ZIVWERXYP WYHMG. %GIEWXE E
#M HYW HI EPXJIP PE ZMGXSVMI. R 1953, ,MPPEV]-8IRWMRK, R 1956 IPZI'MIRMM, GEVI
VEXEWIV GY G'MZE ERM R YVQ GYGIVMVIE TMWGYPYM, HEV HI EWX HEX TVMR
1EVQIX-7GLQMIH, 6IMWX-+YRXIR.
9RE HMRXVI GIPI QEM RHV^RI'I I\TIHM'MM VQRI RW EGIIE GLMRI^, R
GEVI YR KISPSK HI 34 HI ERM, ;ERK *Y-GMY, YR WSPHEX XMFIXER HI 27 HI ERM, /SR
&Y, YR THYVEV HMR TVSZMRGME 7IGMYER, 'MY .MR-LYE HI 32 HI ERM #M ZMVXYSWYP
EPTMRMWX HI 35 ERM 7LM, 'MER-GMYR, RZMRKXSVYP HI TI 1YWXEKL %'E #M 1MR]EK
/ERKOEV, GYGIVIWG 'LSQSPYRKQE, TI HVYQYP EXXSV RGIVGVM #M NIVXJI, TI
ZIVWERXYP RSVHMG, R TVMQZEVE ERYPYM 1960.
4VIKXMVMPI TIRXVY I\TIHM'MI EY RGITYX R YPXMQIPI PYRM EPI ERYPYM 1959,
HEV EFME R ERYP YVQXSV IPI EY JSWX KEXE. 0E 19 QEVXMI 1960, GIM 214 QIQFVM
EM I\TIHM'MIM, EPTMRM#XM #M TYVXXSVM HI FEKENI, EY ENYRW PE XEFVE HI FE^ (5
120 Q).
R YVQXSEVIPI XVIM ^MPI W-E JGYX EGPMQEXM^EVIE #M W-E EXMRW RP'MQIE HI
6 400 Q. 8MQTYP W-E QIR'MRYX JVYQSW. (SEV I\TPS^MMPI HI KLIE' WYF WSEVIPI
HI TVMQZEV M-EY RIPMRM#XMX TY'MR TI GIM GEVI YVGEY. 8MQTYP, WYVTVMR^XSV HI
FYR, R-E 'MRYX QYPX. R 27 QEVXMI S JYVXYR HI ^TEH M-E KSRMX TI XS'M RETSM,
PE XEFVE HI FE^. %TSM E VIRGITYX EWEPXYP. %Y JSWX KWMXI WTVI JEMQSEWE
GVIEWX RSVHMG, HMR KLIE' #M HSEV GY YR Y#SV WXVEX HI ^TEH TI IE, RGPMREX
PE 60s, TEXVY GM HI EGGIW. 8VIGIVIE W-E JGYX RXVI 5 #M 11 ETVMPMI GY QYPX
KVMN #M TVMGITIVI, GY GSV^M, GSP'EVM #M XVITXI WTEXI R KLIE'. 3 RSY XEFV
HI EWEPX IWXI TVIKXMX. 0E 2 QEM, I\TIHM'ME GLMRI^, GSRHYW HI 7LM 'MER-
GMYR, RGITI HI PE 7600 Q IWGEPEHEVIE HVIM KEPFIRI, TSV'MYRI WXRGSEW
HI VSG JVMEFMP. 'Y QEVI KVIYXEXI #M TVIGEY'MI GIM GMRGM EPTMRM#XM GSRHY#M HI
7LM 'MER-GMYR ENYRK PE 8 500 Q!
R FMZYEG WI HMWGYX ETVMRW XSX GI ZE YVQE. (I TI EGYQ, TI ZVJ, WI
MZIEY WIQRIPI QYWSRYPYM ETVSTMEX #M RIGVY'XSV. (IGM RY IVE XMQT HI TMIVHYX.
R 17 QEM HMQMRIE'E, RXVIEKE I\TIHM'MI I PE XEFVE HI FE^ TIRXVY TVIKXMVIE
EWEPXYPYM 3REP.
(MR RSY, R 23 QEM, EPTMRM#XMM WYRX PE 8500 Q. (MR GIM TEXVYWTVI^IGI,
TEXVY ZSV EXEGE ZVJYP GEVI WXVPYGI#XI R PYQMRE EPFYPYM ^TI^MM #M EPFEWXVYP
GIVYPYM.
>MYE EXEGYPYM: 24 QEM. )GLMTE HI EWEPX: ;ERK *Y-GMY, 'MY =MR-LYE, /SR &Y
#M 0MY 0MIR-QER. (YT S XVIGIVI HI TEWEN WXRGSW, S XIVEW HI XVIM QIXVM,
ETVSETI MQTSWMFMP HI XVIGYX PE EGIEWX RP'MQI, M E#XITXE. (YT RGIVGVM
KVIPI, MWXSZMXSEVI, GIM XVIM QIXVM WYRX XVIGY'M TI YQIVMM PYM 0MY 0MIR. %GIEWX
WMQTP RGIVGEVI, EGI#XM XVIM QIXVM HI WXRG, PI-EY VTMX RY QEM TY'MR HI XVIM
SVI!
6QWIWIV XVIM SEQIRM. "M QEM VQWIWIV YPXMQMM ^IGM HI QIXVM. (EV #M
RITVIZ^YXIPI: RXYRIVMGYP RST'MM, ZIRMX R XMQT GI IM PYTXEY GY WXRGE #M
FEPSERIPI HI S\MKIR KSEPI.
4R PE ZVJ QEM WYRX GMRGM^IGM HI QIXVM. 7 XI VIRXSVGM HI PE GMRGM^IGM
HI QIXVM HI ZVJYP 'LSQSPYRKQIM# 2Y, EV 3 S RIFYRMI! (E #M W GSRXMRYM.
>SVMPI PI EHYG HI^PIKEVIE. 'Y IJSVXYVM WYTVESQIRI#XM HI ZSMR', JV FEPSERI
HI S\MKIR, GIM XVIM EPTMRM#XM GLMRI^M, HYT 19 SVI HI IWGEPEHEVI, EXMRK TMWGYP. "M
EWXJIP, HYT 29 HI ERM HI RGIVGVM, HI IVSMWQ EPTMR #M HI NIVXJI SQIRI#XM,
'LSQSPYRKQE IWXI RZMRW #M TI MREGGIWMFMPYP IM ZIVWERX RSVHMG! (25 QEM
1960).
(YT FMVYMR'E XMFIXERYPYM 8IRWMRK #M E I\TIHM'MIM GLMRI^I #M -RHME, 'EVE HI
PE TSEPIPI QYR'MPSV GIM QEM REP'M HMR PYQI, E VZRMX PE EGIEWX GMRWXI. R XMQT
GI I\TIHM'ME GLMRI^ EWEPXE ZMGXSVMSW 'LSQSPYRKQE TI ZIVWERXYP RSVHMG, S
I\TIHM'MI MRHMER, GE S XIVMFMP EVQEHE (20 HI EPTMRM#XM, 50 HI #IV-TE#M, 700 HI
GYPM) T#IE TVMR GVIEWXE HI WYH WTVI ZVJ. 3 IGLMT HI XVIM EPTMRM#XM ENYRKI R
25 QEM TR PE 8626 Q. (EV HI EMGM QEM WYW RY TSX REMRXE. 9R ZMWGSP
RISFM#RYMX HI TYXIVRMG M JEGI W WI VIXVEK.
%GIIE#M ZVIQI MQTSWMFMP, RIGVY'XSEVI, QTSXVMZE GVIME SQYP RG RY
TSEXI PYTXE, VEXIE^ #M EWEPXYP QYRXIPYM HEX R 1962. (EV TR PE YVQ,
'LSQSPYRKQE W-E HSZIHMX R'IPIKXSV #M R 1965 TI TMWGYP >IM'IM QEQI E
TQRXYPYM E 4YXYVEX RZMRKXSV #M WXIEKYP QEQIM -RHME.
2MQMG R ZME' RY WI TSEXI SF'MRI JV RHV^RIEP, PYTX, NIVXJ. R
GMSGRMVIE EGIEWXE HMRXVI SQ #M REXYV, HMRXVI SQ #M QYRXI, PYTXE R-E JSWX
RYQEM RGSVHEX, GM #M HVEQEXMG, MEV YRISVM GLMEV XVEKMG.
RG HI PE RXME W RXPRMVI GY QYRXIPI REPX HI TIWXI STX QMM HI QIXVM
EP %RRETYQIM, SQYP TPXI#XI TVMQYP XVMFYX. 0EGLIREP #M ,IV^SK WYJIV
HIKIVXYVM EXX HI KVEZI, RGX XVIFYMI W PM WI EQTYXI^I HIKIXIPI HI PE QMRM
#M TMGMSEVI. %#E GYQ #M Z TMIVHI GXIZE HIKIXI HI PE QMRM #M PEFE TMGMSVYPYM
:MXEPM %FEPEOSZ R EWGIRWMYRIE QYRXIPYM /LER 8IRKVM.
(EV GY QYPX REMRXI, R ERMM RGITYXYVMPSV EWEPXYPYM ,MQEPE]IM, EPTMRM#XMM
ZSV PYTXE GY QSEVXIE #M RY S ZSV TYXIE RZMRKI XSXHIEYRE. +PSVMSWYP,
RIRJVMGEXYP 1YQQIV], GEVI TGPMWI HI EXXIE SVM QSEVXIE R %PTM #M 'EYGE^,
TMIVI R 1895 PE RXME RGIVGEVI HI EWGIRWMYRI TI 2ERKE 4EVFEX.
4VMQE NIVXJ E GIPIM HMRXM I\TIHM'MM TI ,MQEPE]E (1921) E JSWX HV. ,IPPEW,
FYR EPTMRMWX #M FYR QIHMG, GEVI, TEVEHS\EP, ZIRMWI R EGIEWX EWGIRWMYRI W
WXYHMI^I PMQMXIPI PE IJSVX #M EPXMXYHMRI EPI MRMQMM SQIRI#XM. (EV TVMQE MRMQ
GEVI E GIHEX E JSWX GLMEV MRMQE WE!
-VZMRI #M 1EPPSV] WYRX WTIVER'IPI I\TIHM'MIM IRKPI^I HMR ERYP 1924. (VNM,
FMRI TVIKXM'M, GY I\TIVMIR', IM IVEY WSVXM'M W MRXVI ZMGXSVMS#M R MWXSVME
GYGIVMVMPSV HMR ,MQEPE]E. (EV >IM'E QEQ E TQRXYPYM RY-P MYFI#XI RG TI
TQRXIRM. RXV-S ^M, TPIGRH HI PE XEFVE HI FE^, 1EPPSV] #M -VZMRI WYRX
Z^Y'M, S GPMT, TI GVIEWXE QYRXIPYM, PE 8600 Q. %TSM YR RSV HI ^TEH, GIE'
#M RMQMG. 4R R ERYP 1933, GRH ,EVVMW #M ;EKIV, EPTMRM#XMM YRIM RSM I\TIHM'MM,
ZSV KWM TMSPIXYP PYM 1EPPSV] #M EPXGIZE RMQMG.
*MIGEVI EXEG, 3IGEVI GYGIVMVI #M EVI SEQIRMM WM HI WEGVM3GMY. %PFM WEY
KEPFIRM. 'IPIFVMX'M EPTMRI WEY WMQTPM #IVTE#M. RZMRKXSVM HMR %PTM WEY XMKVM
HMR ,MQEPE]E. %TVSETI RY I QYRXI R ,MQEPE]E, TI HVYQYP GVYME W RY WI 3
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