CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 1-4

2. TRANSFORMER BASIC THEORY 5-28

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Indution law 5

2.3 Practical considerations 6

2.4 universal EMF equation 7

2.5 Losses 8

2.6 The Ideal Transformer 10

2.7 Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformers 12

2.8 equivalent circuit of a transformer 16

2.9 Open-circuit Test 19

2.10 Short circuit Test 20

2.11 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency 21

2.12 Three phase Transformers 25

2.13 Construction 26

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3. TRANSFORMER FAILURE 29-41

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Winding Polarity 30

3.3 Neutral Earthing 31

3.4 Mismatch of current transformers 32

3.5 Types of Faults 32

3.6 HV over current 38

3.7 Buchholz protection 38
3.8 Overloading 40
3.9 Conclusion 41

4. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TECHNIQUES 42-63

4.1 Introduction 42

4.2 Factors to be considered 42

4.3 Over current protection 43

4.4 Earth fault protection 43

4.5 Winding and Interturn Protection 46

4.6 Overload protection 46

4.7 Hotspot Temperature Protection 48

4.8 Inrush Current 51

4.9 Over Excitation 54

4.10 Over flux Protection 56

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 4.11 Differential protection 57

4.12 Effect of Voltage Changing Taps 62

4.13 Current transformer saturation 62

4.14 Vector group compensation 63

4.15 Conclusion 63

5. APPLICATIONS 64-67

5.1 Introduction 64

5.2 Small Power Transformer Applications 63

5.3 Large Power Transformer Applications 65

5.4 Toroidal Transformer Applications 65

5.5 Small Choke Applications 66

5.6 Conclusion 67

6. CASE STUDY 68-72

7. CONCLUSION
73

BIBLIOGRAPHY 77

APPENDIX 78