Name: LAU SHIN LING

Matric No.: SEP 060037

Question 28.32 Find two linearly independent solutions for

4 x 2 y ′′ + (4 x + 2 x 2 ) y ′ + (3x − 1) y = 0
1 1 3 1
y ′′ + ( + ) y ′ + ( − 2 ) y = 0
x 2 4 x 4x
2+x
Solution: P( x ) =
2x
3x − 1
Q( x) =
4x 2

Neither of these functions is defined at x = 0 , so this point is a singular

Point.
x
xP( x) = 1 +
2
3x − 1
x 2 Q( x) =
4
Both are analytic everywhere. Both are polynomials.
Therefore, both are analytic at x = 0 and this point is a regular singular
point.
Method of Frobenius is applicable.
∞
y = ∑ an x n+r
n =0
∞
y ′ = ∑ (n + r )a n x n+ r −1
n =0
∞
y ′′ = ∑ (n + r )(n + r − 1)a n x n + r −2
n =0
Substitute into the differential equation,

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 4(n + r )(n + r − 1)a n x n+ r + ∑ 4(n + r )a n x n +r + ∑ 2(n + r )an x n +r +1 + ∑ 3an x n+r +1 − ∑ an x n+r = 0

n= 0 n= 0 n =0 n= 0 n =0
Let k = n + 1
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 4(n + r )(n + r − 1)a n x n+ r + ∑ 4(n + r )an x n +r + ∑ 2(k − 1 + r )ak −1 x k +r + ∑ 3ak −1 x k +r − ∑ a n x n+ r = 0

n= 0 n =0 k =1 k =1 n =0
 ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 4(n + r )(n + r − 1)a

n =1
n x n + r + 4r (r − 1)a 0 x r + ∑ 4(n + r )a n x n+ r + 4ra 0 x r + ∑ 2(n + r − 1)a n −1 x n+ r
n =1 n =1
∞ ∞
+ ∑ 3a n−1 x n + r − ∑ a n x n+ r −a 0 x r = 0
n =1 n =1
Combining the like powers of x,
∞

∑ [4(n + r )(n + r − 1)a

n =1
n + 4(n + r )a n + 2(n + r − 1)a n−1 + 3a n−1 − a n ]x n + r + [4r (r − 1)a0 + 4ra 0 − a 0 ]x r = 0

[4r (r − 1) + 4r − 1]a0 = 0
4r 2 − 4r + 4r − 1 = 0
4r 2 = 1
1 1
r1 = , r2 = −
2 2

[4(n + r )(n + r − 1) + 4(n + r ) − 1]a n + [2(n + r − 1) + 3]a n−1 = 0

[4(n + r ) 2 − 1]a n = −[2(n + r ) + 1]a n −1
− [2(n + r ) + 1]a n−1 −1
an = = a n−1
[2(n + r ) − 1][2(n + r ) + 1] 2(n + r ) − 1
1 a n −1
r1 = , a n = −
2 1
2(n + ) − 1
2
− a0
n = 1, a1 =
2
− a1 a 0
n = 2, a 2 = =
4 8
− a 2 − a0
n = 3, a 3 = =
6 48

∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
y1 = x r ∑ a n x n = x [a0 − a 0 x + a0 x 2 − a0 x 3 + ...] = a 0 x [1 − x + x 2 − x + ...]
n =0 2 8 48 2 8 48
∞ −1
1 1 3 3
y 2 = d −1 y1 ( x) ln x + x r2 ∑ d n (r2 ) x n = y1 ( x ) + a0 x 2 (1 − x 2 + x + ...)
n= 0 2 8 32