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(b)
[2]
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(c)
Considering the total flight, complete the graphs below, showing relevant values on the axes.
(i) Speed versus time
(d)
[2]
[2]
(ii)
Now consider only the flight of the ball as it falls. On the axes below
(i)
graph acceleration versus time for the falling ball (with a solid line)
and on the same axes
(ii)
[2]
(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[2]
R2.
(a)
[3]
[2]
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(c)
[2]
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(d)
[2]
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(e)
Another hypothesis is that the horizontal force in (c) consists of two components.
One component is a constant frictional force of 19 kN.
The other component is a resistive force F that varies with speed v where F is proportional to 3 .
(i) State the value of the magnitude of F when the railway engine is travelling at 16 1 .
[1]
(ii) Determine the total horizontal resistive force when the engine travels at 8.0 1.
[3]
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R3.
A ball is suspended from a ceiling by a string of length 7.5 m. The ball is kicked horizontally and
rises to a maximum height of 6.0 m.
(a)
Assuming that the air resistance is negligible, show that the initial speed of the ball is 11 m s1.
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(2)
(b)
The mass of the ball is 0.55 kg and the impact time of the kickers foot with the ball is 150 ms.
Estimate the average force exerted on the ball by the kick.
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(2)
(c)
(i)
Explain why the tension in the string increases immediately after the ball is kicked.
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(ii)
(3)
Calculate the tension in the string immediately after the ball is kicked.
Assume that the string is vertical.
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(3)
R4.
(a)
(b)
(1)
A book is released from rest and falls towards the surface of Earth. Discuss how the
conservation of momentum applies to the Earth-book system.
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(c)
(3)
A large swinging ball is used to drive a horizontal iron spike into a vertical wall.
The centre of the ball falls through a vertical height of 1.6 m before striking the spike in the
position shown.
The mass of the ball is 3.5 kg and the mass of the spike is 0.80 kg. Immediately after striking
the spike, the ball and spike move together. Show that the
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(d)
(4)
As a result of the ball striking the spike, the spike is driven a distance 7.3 102 m into the
wall. Calculate, assuming it to be constant, the friction force F between the spike and wall.
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(e)
(3)
The machine that is used to raise the ball has a useful power output of 18 W. Calculate how
long it takes for the machine to raise the ball through a height of 1.6 m.
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(3)
R5.
(a) A system consists of a bicycle and cyclist travelling at a constant velocity along a horizontal road.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
The total resistive force acting on the system is 40 N and its speed is 8.0 m s1. Calculate the
useful power output of the cyclist.
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(c)
(1)
The cyclist stops pedalling and the system comes to rest. The total mass of the system is 70 kg.
(i)
(ii)
(2)
Estimate the distance taken by the system to come to rest from the time the cyclist stops
pedalling.
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(2)
(iii)
State and explain one reason why your answer to (c)(ii) is only an estimate.
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(2)
R6.
The graph shows the variation with time t of the speed v of a ball of mass 0.50 kg, that has been
released from rest above the Earths surface.
The force of air resistance is not negligible. Assume that the acceleration of free fall is
g = 9.81 m s2.
(a)
State, without any calculations, how the graph could be used to determine the distance fallen.
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(1)
(b)
(i)
In the space below, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball at 2.0 s.
(1)
(ii)
Use the graph opposite to show that the acceleration of the ball at 2.0 s is approximately
4 m s2.
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(2)
(iii)
Calculate the magnitude of the force of air resistance on the ball at 2.0 s.
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(iv)
(2)
State and explain whether the air resistance on the ball at t = 5.0 s is smaller than, equal
to or greater than the air resistance at t = 2.0 s.
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(c)
(2)
Show that the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the ball has decreased by 780 J.
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(ii)
The specific heat capacity of the ball is 480 J kg1 K1. Estimate the increase in the
temperature of the ball.
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(iii)
(2)
(1)
R7.
(a)
Suggest why, in terms of the molecular model, the energy associated with melting is less
than that associated with boiling.
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(b)
Milk in a cup is heated to boiling point by passing steam through it. Whilst cooling
subsequently, some milk evaporates.
(i)
(ii)
(2)
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(iii)
(4)
State two reasons, other than evaporation, why the answer to (b)(ii) is likely to be
different from the actual mass of condensed steam.
1: .......................................................................................................................
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2: .......................................................................................................................
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(2)
R8.
(a) State, in terms of molecular structure and motion, two differences between a liquid and a gas.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
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2. ..................................................................................................................................
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(b)
(i)
(2)
(3)
The piece of copper has mass 0.25 kg. The increase in internal energy of the copper is
1.2 103 J and its increase in temperature is 20 K. Estimate the specific heat capacity of
copper.
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(c)
(2)
An ideal gas is kept in a cylinder by a piston that is free to move. The gas is heated such that
its internal energy increases and the pressure remains constant. Use the molecular model of
ideal gases to explain
(i)
(ii)
R2.
(a) single downward arrow labelled W/weight or mg/gravity force; (do not allow gravity)
Four upward arrows labelled reaction/contact forces;
[3]
(b) horizontal forces have resultant of zero; (must describe or imply horizontal force)
valid statement linked to theory (e.g. Newton 1/Newton 2/conservation of momentum)
explaining why zero force results in constant velocity/zero acceleration;
[2]
[2]
(d) acceleration =
Or
162
2x1100
7.6 104
0.116
1
= 0.116
[2]
use of Fs = 2 2
16
23
57000
=
163
= 7.1 kN
[1]
Total force = 19 + 7.1= 26 kN ;
13.91
8 = 19.91 x 83 =7.1 kN
R3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
[4]
mv
;
t
40 N ;
[4]
F=
(i)
(ii)
mv 2 0.55 112
=
= 8.9 N;
F =
7.5
r
R4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
v = 2 9.8 1.6 ;
= 5.6 m s1
calculation of speed of ball and spike 3.5 5.6 = 4.3V;
3.5 5.6
= 4.6 m s1;
V=
4.3
1
1
KE before = [3.5 5.62] KE after = [4.3 4.562];
2
2
energy dissipated = 54.88 44.70 ;
= 10 J
Accept 9.4 J if 4.6 used for V.
KE
;
s
KE = 0.50 4.3 4.62 = 45 (J);
45
= 6.2 102 N;
F=
2
7.3 10
F=
or
v2
;
2s
a = 1.45 102 m s2;
F = ma = 4.3 1.45 102 = 6.2 102 N;
a=
(e)
R5.
(a)
work
;
power
work = (3.5 1.6 9.8 =) 55(J);
55
= 3.1s;
time =
18
time =
(i)
zero;
320W ;
2
1
(c)
(i)
40
acceleration = = 0.57 m s2;
70
(ii)
use of Fs =
1 2
mv ;
2
56m;
or
v2 = u2 + 2as equivalent seen and substituted correctly;
56m;
(iii)
R6.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
mc = 780 J;
780
=
3K / 3 C;
0.5 480
all the lost energy went into heating just the ball / no energy
transferred to surroundings / the ball was heated uniformly;
R7.
(a)
in boiling, energy is required to break bonds (in vaporization) and
to separate molecules;
in melting, (more) energy available to overcome bond energies
of molecules without large separation;
2
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
R8.
(a)
2 max
(b)
(i)
internal energy:
the total (potential energy and) kinetic energy of the (copper)
molecules/ atoms/particles;
or
amount of stored energy in the copper;
heating:
the (non-mechanical) transfer of energy;
(from the surroundings/source) to the copper;
(ii)
(c)
Q
;
mT
1.2 10 3
1 1
=
= 240 J kg K ;
0
.
25
20
c=
(i)
(ii)