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17
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eTsD+ : 19.12.1983
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n<| \T> |#d, C+ X\qT+& #sT\T>, 1976 <> $seTD #XsT.
>+s<T (e+), |+<yvjT $d+, (d<+ yd+), #Tse#~ ($eTs),
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19
1. \T>T y
=*& Ld+~
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i #d+~.
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*++~.
II
4. \Te qTeTd+~
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eT> b&+~.
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X\eTT #|+~
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|*++~.
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>+&TsTT\ eT<T s
>e TT $|+~.
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20
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22
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23
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24
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26
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#| e\dq <eTTq~.
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28
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29
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44
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46
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& #| +& (w$T+#TqT)
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*+>sE: MT {#s { yT y<+eTT\T L&" C|

#THsT> ds , sTT H$T #<T e d+> # >H
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n\TbqT MT< n{ bT |e +fqT |qT >& qy ]q& |#T=qe#TqT. >
+&y< #| |+|yj
T T&T.
desE : n~ eeTT He\<T! (n w$T+#TqT.)
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{#s T iy+&qT b&T#jT T #THsT! |sTT> \eTT +<qT, eTT\ +<qT sT |&T #Tq
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VDT& jT jTT+&TqT. eTT, >~ \T| eTd jT$TjTT H =b+& +\ >T"&">
|f< q T. (n #T qT)
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du, s dMT|, ds < ~jTeTdT!
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|sjT : |uT e\ e< |H s>\e?
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|sjT : (LsT+& q) M& <>Zi eTT d{> b>&<T. eTT+B<] =qT. (|sTT)
#|
eTT+~? |dT dT qT |<T MT< <T\T e\d e#qT.
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|sjT : jTe] s #| qT, <T\T e\d+~ by\ T.
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T T, d {j
T T, nedse TTqT {j
T T qT+&TqT. &T,
sbjT =$T<D\ #=|
q qH eTT|~ y*#qT.
|sjT : nsTT <s< T . eTTbe n+f eTT<T |T= #ysTHsT. d\e! (n eueqT)
52
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
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L& <T.
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q |sTTd\T #jT TeTT.
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|sjT : \+? s |b{ # s| kqT. (n eusTT eTs\" \&) nqT n&>& +
eTs#qT. nusTT + $yVeTT #XsT sT. deTjTeTT H? d++<\T sH?
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jTsT d++<y T <sTTH qTq<?
|sjT : # +< +< H *jT<T. MT kqTL\ |&T T+< < n++ f *jT<T. |&
e+ +>s T s TTq d++<+ H={ ds d<+ > +~.
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|sjT : |DeTsT\ |sTce Tse |+T\T>] <s T es\ THsT. |< es |<e T&e
jT&T. eTTK+ eTT<Ts &T+T+~. #d &T | +& e\d+<. # > #<T eT+~.
*+>sE: ds q >e\dq$ #<T e, # <qeTT >e.
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
53
^. +& jTT | y*>" ~q" >e\jTT,

#| jT sTT+{|q T\ CjT e\jTT
}] ={q qT |& jTT+&e\jTT,
{ qqT y >V +|e\jTT.
|sjT : n> MTsT #| q \D
\ n#+> |\ e<H HsTT. eT&T yTT\+f eTT<T .
+~ yTT<\T |sT +& esL & |\ >T |#dT + ~.
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|sjT : n~> n& +~ +{! |\* <] e+{ yjT d sbjT\T u\ =&T>T\THsTT. nsTT<d
e+<\T e# eeTVQ&q eH\THsTT. n+<Te\ + +& #dT+{eT
e\dq+eT+~ & e ] bTHsT.
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>seeTT sTy" &e "&q " >+ d++<e TT\ w| & T H?
|sjT : n> , >syse T yT&\T $]# k Lk #>T #&*, @ e+ nqeT+{sT.
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T y #| He e.
|sjT : jTqq dj
T $T{ n+sT . eT< HqT|s c q$T e<> L& Vk< *
VsTT> s+ eTT+<T |T= LsTH&T. nsTT |rjT+ u|T |~jTs\ u eTT+~.
|qT\T b> |~jTs\ e |~|<T \T qsTk\T eksTT. ysT |s+ eq yT&e+~.
*+>sE: nsTTq#, qTe+{ |< eTqTw\qT eTqeT+ sTT+~ |T HjTeTT <T.
yT&ysT+#T= |~ jTse TT\ b\eTTqT eTq yd sTT n+<eTT =i ysTTq
|<V sT s=eTT, y+& #+T, y+& +#eTT, y+& be, <T~qeTT\T H< T |T_\T
Te+{$ e$TeTqTeTT. H uqeTT u>T> qTq<?
|sjT : u>$T{ +>s+ Tq >T+~! b seTsTTq eTs{ qT+ ysT nqy seT#+<jT
M~, sT M~ n&Tqe\d e+ e+T+~! u! MT use TT ~s use TT <T.
d\e |#T+{ (n eueqT).
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|sjT : ysTTq |<V s sTT y+H <TsTkqT. n+ |sTTH d++<+ MT < <T.
*+>sE: d] |\y +< H+ keTsTT+< jTiT">T<Ty! |> y]e\ s"{ Dy
Dy H e\ ~qeH > kyT bsTTqT >&<y $ T? |sTce Tse >sT H+f
s|"Ee jT$T{ !
|sjT : n>HsT >qT nd\T d+> eTq$ #kqT. $q+&. jTq + d++<+ UjT+
#j \ dTH sT. H \e++ MT< eTV|& s +&T y\ +f |sT . n+<T# eTq+
54
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
=+#+ eiT e =*. jTq + ef$T eTT> #| eT+sE # e{&

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H $Tks d\$e+&!
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n<e T|y T < T y\sTTH H eTq d++< eTi<T .
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n+<T, nsTT<Te+<\T H$, $T>$ MT$, wy T H?
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sT=qe\dq<.
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q" eT+ Te#T
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55
$ #jT +&
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&\T Ty| | `"!` + <T{ }|THy? =eTT\T H jT+f #dT! d]>Z
+# eP... <\ ... zd|t e{&q e | { qH nse TjT~. nsTT uw
<+> q#~ <T. nd\T &> & + n+fH < nsTTw+ . zd|t MT< q |eT=B |k
+bjT~. V<jT + |eqTs>* m{ y&Ty *jT s T \T @ yTT+& m<TH H rdTbsTT
k] zd|t n|C| +&. k] q #T \ |+#&+f, |X e = s|yT T T +~, nHy
. m<T\ zd|t dV +> e{&y &T. s+ zd|t q m<T yT b>dH >& |y&T. |X e\ |
Ls eH\ |Hk\T $+f zd|t s~ . |X e* s+ #*, |X e* s+ #* n |y&
|Hd$T#y&. @ }HH |uT + e]bqsTTH |X e\ d+ e~d+ <? @+? >&+ |+
sk s |X e*?
qH yT ydq sH zd|t q * rsTHy&T. <=& |X e\T yT e&, +{
n]w+ <|]dT+ < zd|t qeT+. <, nHd \T qH H{ n+~dTH &+f, eTT ] +,
\T eTT\T #d #&qef.
86
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
qH b ] +{y{ n&T>T |>H, VjYT qH, n d y&T zd|.t >=+T

$q>H m<T bjT~. ys | zd|t q <>]Z =#esL #d \&~. #+& >&| s \ H,
d ns{ =\H, @< q qT |T bjTy&T zd|.t qH n{ #T +# Hd~. zd|t
|eT> <TeT+&>, qH nD HT+&~. zd|t m+&bsTTq #eT |q qH # w+ >
+&~.
II
m+ >T+|qT+ nsTTH qH zd|t >=+T >TsT| f d~. yT|T >sq $ |] $|q HeT* n~
q+~+#~. b\+ zd|t H>* |{\ L& < |T<\ > +&~. H>* +esT |{H n~ q
=+fq + #|f~ . n~ |& eT zd|t C+ #dT e\d e#~. qH ` e<T. eTq | H < ,
*< @+? nHy&T. n{ zd|t X+ ~sy&T. b s T \ |q +T+~. n+<T
|<\, y\ @MT +&e. zd|t L& n >=+ n+<+> |q #dy&T. { s +&T
$Tc\ bT e<T s+ n dw+ > * +&~. d+^+ |eT^\qT, +<>H\qT
$|+# eT<T s ds\ >MTD uD +&~. VQX < |$^+>H, |X e\ eT++>H
e]+#&+ d]> +T+<y . zd|t ^+ mT H&+f, qH \dq, u<q , | L&
eTsbsTT d+^+ eTTbjT~.
yT& >+\T, H\ ~>TTq \T ^ + yd$. z sE yT q d+> ]+~.
T+& \H =&T |#H H>* {&T . dq> H=| e zd|t sE +{H |&T H&T. zd|t
m<T\ T +& \H b\+| sE |P]<T. qT qHqT, < m<Tq rdTbeT zd|t
#b&T. $T> m<T\ bT s +& L& b\+ |y +#sTT. eT& k] <Tq&+ nsTTbsTT+~.
s +& <T yTT<\T|{ |#H b mT y\|++~. qH yqqT+ |#H |q bs+_+#&T.
||+ #+ d+^ sV T&q eTw m+<T b&\qTH&T?
b&\|+~, b&&T ` n+. <sTDyTq d+^+ yTT<\T>H
qH nd+| *+~. \ y>+ > n }| q sdq
|{ + +~. |#H <MT m<T . qT u> b&TTHH
nqT+TH&T. eT b m+ |T s+>
q<
>j T \T > T ] + # b e& + d + ^ +
dV yTq <. d|{ qH q nd+|
d w + >H
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
87
|{ + +~. H |#H b |< T . |#H dVT\ ||+ #+ @ s>yT H f. qH y

&fMT <=s < T . |#H d+^ nee+#&, qH &\T MT< \+> +~. eT&T sE\bT
d+^sT&T +{ +& |&+ |{+ #Te\d e+~.
zd|t <>sZ qH |H +& bT $X+ +& |#d+ ~. eT< mH ed+ s
|+\T +{=#sTT. #, <TT\ mH o, m+ eT+#Tq #XsTT, b*T\ eTT+<T
|uT e\T #|q nH d+VdH\, s<+&\ L*bjsTT. V+&yT q esT\T ]bTHsTT.
eTw eTw <|& #jT & M\T =s + b\q +{ d+ws y T q e\T $q&sTT. zd|t
q + wy T q m<T* nyTjTe\de+~. n|{ nqT +>sTuT +{ e]b T |fX &T.
w| P s+> @MT <T. n+q > +s+ <T . n |&T <TTq eTT<T\ LTsT +~.
|[=&T T++ |d ]D < nsTTH, eT&Ty\ sbjT\ + n&>& + zd|t > +s+
b sTT+~. b |~VqTe+<\ sbjT\ T |fX &T. { n~ d]bsTT+~. |[ KsT\
+ &T y*e+~. n+<T, m<T\ +f m+ |eT H, y{ nyTjT | <T .
sy d+es\bT nqT s+eS w| & |#X&T. nqT n+<] *dq s T . e]
|* + @$T{? n \ H]dbsTT+~. #| eT+<k+~. + eTT&\ T |&+ ~. H=| \T
yTT<\jsTT. | n #T { jT>XjT+f, L & ~>~<T. @+ #k& q T eT]? <Ty\
@ +<{ k<H \ | #dT + &y&T. H\ kseT+ bsTT+~. yjT { msTeMT e. q J$
k<q eT yk <q eT nsTTq u $T |]s+ #eT nqT esTD <eqT, yT| \qT, |s \qT, yjTT<eqT
b]+#&T. @=B kq bsq \ w\ + qT+ n+ #sT <T . , <TD\ |]>sTT,
<|& |< T \ |]>sTT. nqT neeq|& $wj \ |s>& + yTT<\sTT+~.
qHqT n$Tq| &T zd|t n&& T . jT |+ $wjT + n sbsTT sTdTeTT sy*
+&+~. m sbsTT\sTTH | nqT n&+ y[bj&T. esD e~*by\+f
qH w+ *+~. \ | , q jTe, q bD bD+ n& H&y q #T #d+~.
m& @< bsbT ]+<qT+TqT> { s +&T ksT bsTT+~. deTj <D
+ y|
|qd#
T +< \& zd|t eTq+> T&T#T+TH&T.
|eT m| & e\, |<s q\ neds+ <T . |eT+f <T'K+ *dq s +&T V<j \ kVyT
nsTT, zd|,t qH\ H ]=sT <>sZ s TTqy eTses +&sT . y eT c* ]=sT
#| <T . n+<Te\ s +&T V<j \ eT]+ me u<q T nqTu$ #sTT.
III
B~H\T eTTdbsTT ds Y |+&> e+~. m+ |<ysTTH ds , d e \ ~ q+<V\

~q+. sEq | e+>~+N |T TeT|T TeT&T e+d+ ydqksTT. eT nb\T dTsTTeT
#| &T #d eT + # ydq* y< \TT +{sTT. y& e+d+ Ls, =] eTT\T, nT, = | \T
n& +{sTT. n& mT #dH d+wyT . n<Ty T q sEq q+<+ +&H +&e.
zd|t <dy m<TsT#d LsTH&T. <>sZ mes b\+ <TqTTHsT. H>*y& eT<T sd s+
zd|t $q&T+~. b n s T V<j <V +yk+~. <=& k> +&, mT>
\& q H>* #d n V<jT + u< sT k+~. eT q J$+ m| &H qH+{
88
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
z m<T\ T, z H\T>< s \ eT+ u $T e H>* |j +#>\ T>T&? nTe+{ sEqT

#d n<w+ q+< n zd|t dVjT+> +#&T.
@eTjy m+d| n{ L#T+{y? ]+<< ]bsTT+~. ={jT + y y @$T{? <
s | n]+{ |+|#y @+? eTTue+> L#Tq zd|qt T us eT]j eT+<*++~.
LT] eTs& n]+{ |+|+#*. + |{*q \T |H <T . zd|t w+ <T >
# &T\T e. eT]j sy sbjT\ N{ &T +~. <Tss y T q sEL & &T | T , |
yTTL C>> #dT+ y N{ &T THsT.
zd|t + <TD y< eT \&&T . HH, s$\ >T& d eT+<+ +&T #&T, n
#| +~ {.
u $T dT < T >< , n~L& {s , n+~ eT]j.
zd|t #+ >=&T>T |T , uT +MT< z T+&T ydT , u& z bH <| jTs &T.
ds Y d+<&, q+<V\T ={jT + @MT ee. d e \ <TD\T { L& rde .
\ <TD\T #H HsTT. zd|t { s +&T <TD\ y[ ss \ \ <s \ T, HD+
qTH&T.
nu ` m+ <s ! \ <s $|+> q< n n_bjT+. @<yT H H+ s +&T eT&T
<TD qTy*. m& nD e <=sTT+< me] \TdT nqTH&T. n{ <TD\
]>&T. n{ q&Td q&Td eTTd| ue q+ eTT<T #sT H&T. n&, >& u
H, #\ m<T*
esTd> \u{sT . ne m+ HjT+f y{ | feTT\T |{#T . meTT\MT< | q
#s + | eTsMT <T . y{ = e] sE =q eTTd* m<T\ T. ={ \T bjsTT.
={ @ s & q >TsT> yT&\T jT>d HsTT. ={ =eTT\T m<T>T<\ bsTT
# sE\sTTqTHsTT. = eTw u <j
T $T |{ d T H sTT. m<T nTe+{ d+>T H
q&sTT. y{MT< eTTdb*{ q\ eTTeTT< yd+ ~. y{ + @eTH $T* +f ds Y
|s ~Hq e+d+> esu+~. n{ eTT<yj
T |X e* d nyT { y MT< eTTdb*{ ]q
#s \T rdT+{+~. |\ s> n{q $Tq> u$+# eTTdb*{ |q T m| & d&* +#< T .
zd|t n& \& d| ]bs pX&T. n <j V<jT + ~*bsTT+~. n|{ n& yTT+
<<| q\u m<T\ THsTT. + eTT< yjT & s T \T |X e* rdT=dH HsT. zd|t y{e+
eTsD |&q $TT\y| #dqT #d s + y| q& k+#&T.
VsT> nqT eDb j&T. qeTX + d+>. eT+<dTq +{# | yd+ #jT &+ <T
>< nqTH&T. n& meTT\T *q z |X eqT #d, e<T& V<jT + +bsTT+~. NT
esTT. \<]+| *+~. WqT, n~ qH.
qH n+ >T+& T+ yX &T. >+T |X eqT #sT H&T. q kU,
Xq *+q >=+T $, |X e yTT<Tu ]bsTT+~. qH n| &T V+&yT q ue q+ eTT+<s
\~+#T +~. eT k] < #e J$+ |< ++~. \ | #T #d+~.
_&, qqT >TsT| { y? d #&e\d e+<? |eT d+~dTq >T+&\ nqT |X eqT
VT H&T. < \MT< $Ts&T. #T \ ds >T]+#>H n~ +~. n~ q H{<T,
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
89
V<jT + @&+~. qH MT< L& eTT< +<y q #X&T zd|.t WqT, eTT+<]MT< eTT<
dw+ > +~. < #]|jT& |jT +#&T. eTTdb*{ ydq q\eTT<qT #s| & + n+
dT\u+ <T.
IV
qH &T |+< sd sTTq |+&T +~. < #T >\T eTTdTsTTHsTT.

~es m<T <? n n&>&T { y &T.
B & rdT=+~ qTyH? n nD n&>&T zd|.t
WqT nH&T { y &T.
qH q |jT yTq jTe #eTu]q +{ H&+ yTT<\T|{+ ~. #eTqT #\ s#&
n~ q J$+ n~+ y++~. q J$ #se T<X L& #eTf H+~. #eT sT
T+T+~, n~ < J$+ u>+. eTTd*s T y# qH eTTK+MT< ssTT.
y , |{ \dyT+ ~. eT<V+| e+d+ <TD #s* ] sT e{&T +Tq
< < + nH&T <TD<sT. s +&T eT&T m<T* rdT y[bTq ybsT sT qHqT
L& rdTsy\ d> # X &T. n+ , z s +&T eT&T >+ qH ds Y $+<T e+kVs
deTLsTdT+ ~.
N{ |&T+~. Bb\T |f| nsT>T }&jTe zd|td+
m<TsT#dTq eT]j LT] #| +~.
Hq+ \deTsTT<$Te? n&+~ .
|MT< y&T>, s n eT]j d]# | +~.
={jT + y[ +f, m| & sy*+~ q
\d+ m<TsT#dTq ndV q+> n+~.
yT <]MT<H HsTT. eT]j L&
m<TsT#dH +~. zd|t C&< T . B|+
y*+#sT.
90
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
+< yT \ s #d+~. ne, Hq e#&T. WHqT, HH q+<+> \T

yd+~. HqqT H yTTyTT< #Xq d+s+> +~. LT[<s #q #d
\&bjsT.
\d+ X> m<TsT#dTq jTTe eTT+<s zd|t qH *d |* e#&T.
zjYT, ~ qH, Xs+ n+~.
$ ? qTe B =qT=#y? n&+~ eT]j. qH q b <=& |y + d+w+
H\MT< ]+~.
y nD ysTT |X \ y~+ #sT. >=+ n]#sT. zd|t e e{& < T . n +
#eT &d eTT<s TTbsTT+~.
HH, qTe H+ | #ke m| & nqT<T +& n+~ .
_&, +& &>T Z y_#&T H qTy+ qH n+. ksTTy... T+&T T H&T.
nqT y+ |P]#j
T bj&T.
$ #jT +&
I.
<q
ne>V q ` | d +
1. +~ n+X\ >T]+ \|+&.

n) <q T k+e #| +&.
) e{& H>* nH |sT < ds + <H? m+<T?
2. +~ y\T bs+ @ |s Hj >T]+#+&. y\ +< ^ ^jT+&.
k] < #e J$+ |< ++~.
n~ q H{ <T V<jT + @&+~.
3. +~ |s #<e +&. U\T |P]+#+&.

|+&T>sE XeT+ de#dT q eTTd\eT V\T m<TsT> q >&| \ +<
q H\MT< eTT>T\Z T yk+~. n~ seTDeTV]>] + |&+ ~. b{! n u> y H |\Te>
m+ d+w+> u> y H <>sZ e+<yT. ~> ny! w| & eTT>T\Z T |&TTHe > n~
_jT||+&H? nHsT u> y H. <T! s eTT>Z n+~ ne. nj! NeT\H |j >+
+&<. eTT>T\Z T |&+ n+f NeT\ Vs+ yjT &eTqe. <s + $&|{ n#+>
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
91
seTT>Z |& NeT\T | se. y eH | T #bsTT L&. m+<T~?

=+#yT H _jT| |+& #sT +& ` n d\$#sT u> y H. e\T $qys=s+ <T=
<q Tsd+ eTT>T\Z T n~+ > |&+ NeT\ Vs+ yjT &+ dyT H! nHsT. ! b
eT]jT$T? = <q+ eq d+s+ s+>e\T\T r] NeT\ Vs+ yksq e. |<\ T
ss TT+q #s\ JesTD+ L&qy! | &$ b{+#<e sT? n\+s @< #ks+
nHsT u> y H.
n) JesTD+ n+f
) eTT>T\Z T |&+ n+ss+
) |Ps#s\qT b{+#* m+<Tq>
) | |s o]
) | |s 5 eTTKyTq |<\T
4. bs+ <s+> |X \ yT\T sjT+&.
n) zd|t qH m e{&y &T?
)
)
)
)
y{ = b&T#jT &+ |T syT q | n qH nqT+~?

|X e\ $wjT + zd|t q qeT+ @$T{?
|#H bb&TT+f @+ ]+~?
sy d+es\T eekjT+ #dq zd|t \_+q |* + @$T{?
` d H
II. e s D
1. +~ |X \ <d y de<H\T sjT+&.
n)
)
)
)
qH kq+ qTe+f @+ #d +&y&$?

|X e\ | Ls eH\ |Hk\T $+f zd|t s~ m+<T?
jT |+ n+f @$T{? @ d+<s B |j ksT ?
qH ]eq +& #d HH! n+~. n nq&+ nesTT <X +
@$T{?
) <q T =qk+ MT q eTT+|e+&.
2. +~ |X \ |<d y de<H\T sjT+&.
n) qLT] deq+> zd|t qHqT #&{ sD+ @$T{?
) eT> Jy\ MT< m+<T |eT #|+#*?
3. dH+> / |X+ k+> sjT+&.
eT>Je\ Hs=d. .... }V+> < sjT+&.
92
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
III.
uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. ^^dq |<\ ns\T sd |<\qT k+y\ sjT+&.

<:ewu+ |sy T XsT& yVq+.
eekjT s+>+ | &T m<T \b bw++~.
n) |\\ eTqdT @eTT+T+< * |d & T T+~.
) <=& |X e\T yT e& +{ n]w+ <|]dT+ < eekjT<sT\ qeT+.
) es\+ s>H s T \T eekjT |qT eTTbsT.
) b\\T |u e+ b*T\ d+d | +T+~.
) dyT \+ > +s+ |\T |y
T yVH |j D+ #XsT.
2. +~ |<\ ns\qT sjT+&.. M{ k+y\T sjT+&.
n) eT&/eT&#
) |q
) +<>q+
) ]D
ysD+X\T
1. +~ dek\ <VsDqT, $>V y sjT+&.
ded+|sT
<VsD
n) nesTue ded+
) <+< ded+
2. +~ |< b<\qT >D$u q#d jT bd\qT >T]+#+&.
=+y"&<, $TeTT">=* u +qy"&b s
+ eTqdT&"q>qT <XsB sT D |j B.
$>V y+
ucsb\T / bC |
|+|&T +Te\T jTeqT\ s+<+ |& u<* d+uwD s|+ sd, j +Te\
edt\ =]j>| sb+~+ |<] +#+&.
| eqe|eTH
\w+ eT>Je\ nqT+<+ $Tq
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
93
1. m+.mdt.dT\
CrjT || >\ =~eT+~ s d+^ $<+dT\ sT > |s=+~, CrjT, n+srjT ksTT
| q T d+]+#Tq m+.mdt.dT\ n ejTdT\ X\qT ]+# >q e<T s+ \~. #k sTT
med| s>|q #jT &+ yT eT+ ~. kV+ n+ss yT q >q e<T s+ s
{+ #~. eTVuT <j n$X+ bs{ ]|, d+^ ||+ #+ $w kH d+b~+, u$ wYs \
>jTeTDT\ es<Z s s\sTT+~. m+ m~H $qjT+ =Dd & yT d+|<jT >VD>, >]>
+ m+<] n_eq bTs\sTT+~.
1916 d|+ sT 16q $TH&T eT<T s dT\ ++~. yT |P]|sT wDTKe&e dTT\ .
yT +& dTVD njTsY d+^ |jT T&T. * e&| MD $<+dTs\T. dTT\ q =*>TsTesTT+~.
* <>sZ > d+^, MDqT HsT +~. neTeT ne ej*H $<+dTs\T k<sT &T Xy eT<+>
y<sT&T. $<H eT<Ts lydt njT+>sY e< dTT\ u\+ =+\+ d+^+ nu d++~. jTq
n\ eTsD+ sD+> yT djT+> u ^ \qT >+\=\B, q<q $\D
X* k<q #d~.
eT<Ts |[ seT+ dTT\ q =*d+^ # |<e @H #d+ ~. yT =+\+
es k<sT & y<dV s+ n+~+#y&T. +& qT+& m+ eTD
qT eTH<s H]q yT u\+H
+& b>=T= m+ $#]++~. eT<dT eT+ es&+ q* dVTs\T $<TweTD yT
*d+~. dTT\ > |u $Xc\qT $<TweTD >T]+ eT]+ |<TqT |{+~. q |<e @H
dTT\ =* >eTbH ]sTq T +~. s V#Y.myT.$ +| >qs> sb+~+~.
eT n&MT y] s+>d\ +| =*k]> 1932 qe] 1e Bq dTT\ #] #d+ ~. s yT
#dq q #\T n_eqT\qT eT+eTT>T* #d+~. |sTc~ d+^ ||+#+ q kH
\T|H+<T q m<Tsq mH &<T&T\qT q |u m<Ts= q bs{ $jT |<+
q&|+ ~. q <s kVk\ n|{ d+^ |eTTKT\qT nTs|s # yT $eTs\# d + |X+ d\+<T+~.
94
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
q d+^ |u e\q eTV>+B, d.s>b#] e+{ CrjTHjT\ yT |]#jT u>+ *+~.

k] dTT\ eTT+u #] #jT e\d e+~. #] b+ y & yT sT \ dV s
sT+Tq deTjT+ {.d<eH eTT+<T e dV jT|&&T . n&T k+ deTsj <T &T. eT]jTT
eT+ ue&T. sE |]#jT + e\q dTT\ CrjT ksTT # \ n+ssD #jT >*+~. J$
u>k$T> d<eHqT mqT=+~. n& s +&e es s< dTT\ #] \ =+\+ es dV s
>q+ #d+ ~. w\d+ @e+ +# yT @ ws\T s< nsTT+~.
1940 sTs M] $yV+ ]> d<eH q+<$H | n<sYsTTCyT +{ yTHsT>
#dT q <> $s$T+#&T. dTT\ d+^ ] k< sDH q J$ < jT+> ss TT+#TH&T. yT
d+^ # \qT m+ |D[<+ > @sT #dy&T.
n+<+, |uH| D\T *q dTT\ dyd<q +, X +, k$, MTs nH H\T>T q{++~.
* $T ys| ] dV jT+ d+ yT k$ de Hs<T & b bw++~. |qT d<e+
bs+_+#&T. d<eH sD+ MTs + |< V{ nsTT+~. s V+B |q]]yT CrjTksTT
|X+ d\ b+~+~. MTs + yT |<] +q k+<s +, |u, wu deTb $w yT m+<s
|eTTKT\ |X+ d\ H#T+~. +H dTT\ HVA, ds HjTT&T e+{ CrjT HjT\ <w
]++~. MTs + s yT q qq dd #| u ^|q n+e TsTT+~.
eTV>+B ]| yT s+<T H yw e q, VTyT Vsu q b\qT b& ]sT# d >+B
|+|+~. 1947 nsT 2 >+B jT+ d+<s + > d<+ #dq ]sTq T 1948 qe] 30 >+B Vq+s+
XyD +<\T |ks+ #dq |&T dTT\ q >=+TqT yTT<{k ]> XyD $+~. >+B V
$wjT yT u< |&q yT s # \+ es >+B =s b&q u q b\qT \|+# b sTT+~.
dTT\ q ejTdTH q d+^ u n++ #d+ ~. MTs, Ts+, ds<dt, ;sY,
T\dsyT yTT<\>T u e\ u q ^\ bT +&, s , nejsY yTT<\>T $T k< \ T\qT
L& b&+~. ~X+sT s#q \ d+^+ | ]T s $wd V dHeT+ e+{ eT+X\qT |]+ +~.
u+> sM+< d+^ L& # > b&~. b:q $H l y+fX s dT|u + >q+ #d+ ~. d+d +
=+ |]Cq+ +&&+ e\ X\qT # > #] +#~. eTT|jTe d+es+ n&T>T|fd ] , yT
qXD H| D eT]+ yTsT>T|s# T +~. qT b+~q |sT |UT\ sDyTq y] yT s# T
>TsT# d T HysT. nsT<q b\T H]q XeT+>T& lydjT sY, eTTd* dTeTDjTsY yTT<\>TysT yT>H,
> yTsT>T |s# s yT #|~.
<D
eT] s| ek >q+ yT q # jTeTTH D s>+ bs+_+#~. $$< esZ\
X\ d+ Xdj
T uD\qT, \* d+^ *| >q+ #d~. + |se #s $s X+ ^|q yT
# DeTT+. s d+^ yT #dq $w de nqe#s T\qT |qsT<] +#&y T yT >
]sT #jT &+ e\q $$< |ks k<H \ <s ||+ # y|+ > {~eT+~ yT u d+^ $q>\T>TTHsT.
d+^+ nH~ dyT +< s>eT yT qyT~.
||+ #y|+ > nH <X\ y\ d+<s + > # \T #d juj
T e <X + yT ||+ #y|
]e T+Ts\sTT+~. 1963 m&H sYZ n+srjT y yT Vq+ n+<T=+~. 1966 sd$T
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
95
qs nd+; # XeTXd yTq ds<H

||+ #X+| s>b#] +^w ydq ^ n<T+ >
b& X* eTT>T\ qT #d+ ~. yT] V+< <y\j\
sD+ d+ $d |s q ]|+~. $<X ]q +&j
eTVAy bZ # \T #d+ ~.
1968 eT n&MT y] deyX n<
eV+q yT +s X ds *| q&|
+ >jT
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<s $|+|Cj
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eT >=+T n|X T\qT >V +#& MD |* n|X T\qT
>T]+ eTT+<T> \TdTy\ d++~.
yT q e< q y+&+ +s X *| k<q #d~. d+^ k<q d+ J$eT+ o\
|<s\qT $d]+ >=+T, s> b&TH~. yT eTD
eT]jTT eTu$ +q nsT<q H| D\T
m+<] <s bjT+> +&~. l d ksTTuu u s q yT |X+ eTTKesdT b{ >|s q T ]+#~.
eTTT #{j
sY |T\ +|ysT Hd | yT q + #H |TNs\H yT <] +#~. yT <] +# *s+>T
Ns\ myT.mdt. nH |sT e+~. >E\T, eT| P #+&T\+f eTe *q yT e| eTT|&\ T |
K<q @ s q>\qT <] +#~ <T.
d ksTTuu u q\qT =$T~ uw\ >q+ #d dTds\ n ]+ #&+~. dTesT e+< |>
dV jTse\qT q # \ <s \\ sbjT\T d]+ +~.
eT n&MT # yT mq& <H d]+#< T . 1962 #H | +&j jTT< deTjT+
jTT< ~ # sVDbT q +>sT >E\q $s+> deT]++~. seTHyT >dd nysT \_+q
yTT s +&Tu>\T #d #H usrjT $<ue H #+~q dT|, +u D+ y<<jTq
+< $s+> +~.
d+^ ||+ # yT #dq $w de\ >qT yT b+~q ds\T mH HsTT. 1954 d+
|d| nysT, 1975 |< $u wD,Y 1998 us< X | nTq |sks+ uss
b+~+~. jTTHk @ssq n+srjT d+^ eT+&* 1981 >se duT s*> mqT&+~. +< |<X
|uT +# kq $<TweTD> jT$T+#&+~. XyD myT]wH b&ds>Y jT$T++~.
ejTdT | &+ bT 1997us ]X w \e&+ yT # \T $s$T++~. 2002 eT n&MT
b{q yT y\ VsT b sTT+~. n|{ sh| nT yT yT +{ y[ >se | |<q+
#ksT. #H =s T |s+ |X+ Jeq+ >&T |Tq yT 2004 &X+ sT 11q n+eTXdrdT=
eTq* <T:Kk>s+ eTT++~.
m+.mdt.dT\ eTq eT< H <Xy |+ > $$< <y\j b:deTj, Xu s yT
>e<T s #+< sseTT $+H +{eTT.
96
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
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><e] ` u <#\+ :
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eqe\ d\ ku>\T \T>Cj
T &yT > y >& |k~dT+ < #| &+~. ><e] <D
us< X + q<T b&y+ ~. ~ eTVsh Hd++e< |{ mq =+&\ eT< sT q esZ\>T+&

q q q<T* \T|+ 900 yT |j D+ +<r s+ +>U+ \TdT+ ~.
><e] s b &Tq |{ \+>D+ <y T q n&e\ eT s|~<T +~. u <#H u <~
u <] n L& n+{sT.
u <#\+ rjTT\ |]b\H \+ y] nBq+ e+~. 15e X+ & dTqT #
C^sT> nq| nH y e&+~. .X.1860 C+ |uT e _{w |uT B <+ #X&T. n|{
qT+ eTq k++ e#es u <#\+ _{w +&j u>+> +&bsTT+~.
>+& s+ ` c :
VeT sC >+& s+ L& {. 16`17e Xu >+& s+ <<|> H{ +<
sheT+ $ds + *Z +~. >+&qT b*+q sE\T |\ VeT+<T, X< *Z <s <+ > b*+ y]
j> e \=s bT|&sT . sE\ euw \T>T <T. nsTTH y] =+<sT \T>T HsT = \T>T
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T~ b*+ |\# Hc nH _sT<TqT b+<&T. Hc n+f eT+ sE n ns+ . Hc
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nq ` e<q\T :
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nq<eTT*<s T Ws+>C T <&T\qT+ >+& sC b&+ |< qb eV+#sT. eTVsh HjT&T
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c y] e<T\T<T . nq e<q\ c>\ nqT+<+ +<< X + H{ V+<, eTTde TT\
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<+|T \T+&ysT. +{|sT +#sy sT. <+|T *<s T m+ nHq+> nqTs>+ \+ >&T |THsT.
=H n+f wesT 1620 b+ y eT>_& |{&T .
ii) u\+ :
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sejTD s dV +> #| &+ ]+~. n+<Te\q qq+ qT+# >|q eTqdT lseTT& eTVeT\T
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seT{ sdysT. < ejTdTH >|q m+ seTu n+f qT >& seTT&Tq \+H |{ +f
VsTT> u dTê&T, +HjT T&T > seTTD d$+# u>+ \_+#~ >< n u<| & y &T. $<+ >
m+ seTu |sjTDT&H >|q ds Xksk s $kse TT H\ HsT = *< + &T\qT | |]#&T.
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#bjsT.
s eT+|<X + :
+{ useT+ >|qMT< |&+ ~. +<T $TT\ d\VMT< >|q |[ #dT H&T. us eT\eT k+<s e.
d\ d<T D
Z \T >\ e T \T. d+ks us m+ C>> yd us eTqdT nqTL\+> q&T#T+
98
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>|H! X+, keTqd+ +{ d<T D
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|sT &y seTTD <+#T. s <e&T | e Te&T n ;sT s eT+|<X + #X&T >|q.
;sT e\q se T+|<X + b+~q >|q lseT HeT+ eTsTy+ eTsTy+. d<e TT jTeTT ysT y+
ysT y+ n sq \T b&&+ bs+_+#&T.
=+ >|q _& |{&T . *< + &T\T _& seTT&T s|T TseTT&T nH |sT |{sT .
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|+#TTH&T. H{ s \ >|q seTT&T + s e u <# V d\T<sT> eke
n nH&T.
u <# V d\T<s>T :
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n |PsT\T d+b~+ q d bZ sTT+~. B&T 17e X+ <D us< X + @s& sT e\T
>|qqT u> +>BXsTT. |* +> @<H <>+ #j *q neds+ | <T . yTqeeT\T >TsT =#sT.
y dV jT+ c =\T @<H H d+b~+#\qTH&T.
H&T >+& jT\T<] y[ nqe<q\ q |]d #| H&T. y >|qqT c
e< rdT sT. >|q @<H eT+ <>+ y\ c nqTH&T. nq e<q\ d#qyTs
>|qqT u <#\+ T& (\) V d\T<sT> jT$T+#&T c.
<> jeT s T \qT rdT= yTqeeT\, c \ T #| = >|q sT>TeTTK+
|{&T .
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>|q nq e<q\ dV jT+ c # u <# V d\T<sT> jT$T+#&&T . s
s T \ \T|\T>+ >|q q u< \qT # > sV+#T+TH&T. n> u <#\ seT#+<Tq
y | de\T >& #d H&T. seT{ eq<T .
k] seT{ |P]#d q Xu deTjT+ nq des<q seT+ @sT #X&T. e+y me]
|qT y eT>yT HsT.
+ e+ +{ +T\d+ e+&q nq+ \ >+ e+#& $q >+>T+ qT+ eq
$++~. >|q us $|+q y| |sT > #+~. n|{ >+>T+|& _& u <~seTT&
k< + y&T.
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
99
>|q |* e#&T. n+{ seTT& eH&T nqTH&T. seTTD b]+ _&qT

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b<\ e< |&T u{&T . HH+ n|s<+ #XqT. y | qT d$dTH H: @H& *d @
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seT<d |\e&+ bs+_+#sT.
+~UH seT<dT :
u <#\+ q lseT#+<TD #& q+ +&|+ &\T> se&+ yTT<\sTT+~. n+<Te\ jr\
ks\T \T> Cj *q u< V d\T<sT> qMT< +~. n> u qUeTD> seTT& \j
>|s+, bs+ eT+&|+ >& {+ \j u>T #j *q neds+ >& @s&+~. Bd+
H&T >|q } s T \qT |*|+ $wjT + yeTT+<T +#&T. eT+| #<+. MTsT H
dV ]+#+&. n+ >|q |u~+#&T. e\T$q }]q+ n> n n+^]+#sT. me] X =B
ysT dV jT+ #jT & d<e TjsT.
6 \\ esV \T KsT|{ <e $>V \ us D
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seT+
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100
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e+ uj
T |& < T . q CT, +{, |uT + keTT KsT |< T >< qT. u> e +T& dyT <
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<e<e& <jT +f u MTX keTT |d \ dV #*k qT n sj
T +> <dq+> de<q+ |+b&T.
>|q |+|q de<q+ nqe<q\T Xw\ jsT. c >|q MT< |+ mesTT+~.
D
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seT<dT c w |T :
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s : seTb >=TqqH<Ts: n <eD b]+#y&T. n+{ =s& <\ u< *d~ <T
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k] #s +&> seT<dT q =s #<T &T yd|&T &TH s# T = q
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102
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108
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110
+<|< X |u T + y]# |+|D
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eTVyT<$jT H&T.
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112
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80 d+es\ ejTdT .|P.483 dHs eq+
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