[I I T ROORKEE]

Prepared for :
Dr. Pramod Kumar

Prepared by :
Hemant Meena (11410013)
Roopak Malik (11410024)
Deepak Meena (11410009)
Atul Kumar Saran (11410008)
[2011-2012]
HYDRO POWER
GENERATION
CASE STUDY AND MEASURES

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROJECT
REPORT
History Of Hydropower

1086 AD, the Domesday survey found that there were more than 5000 mills.
1400 1500, iron works exploited the power of the water to cool the blast furnace.
In Sheffield and Sussex, England iron works were employed next to the water.
1581, Peter Morise installed a water wheel under the old London Bridge. It worked on
the ebb and flood tides, meaning it was reversible.
1086 AD, the Domesday survey found that there were more than 5000 mills.
1824, the Catrine cotton mill used a water wheel and through gearing shafting and
belting achieved 9000 rev/s.
1838, 28 Tide mills existed in England even though the era of steam engines was
beckoning

1882, the transmission of hydroelectric power was demonstrated at the Exposition in
Munich with direct current of 2400 volts The first central hydroelectric station of a
capacity of 250 lights was installed in Appleton, Wisconsin.
1883, a hydro-electric plant was developed at Portrush in Ireland.
1885, also in Ireland, a 65 horsepower turbine was opened for the Bessbrook and
Newry



Early Irrigation Waterwheel Early Roman Water Mill


1900, Oliver Evans developed a completely water powered mill that handled
everything from unloading sacks of grain to packing flour in turbines.
2000, water power is becoming highly implemented and extremely utilized.
How Hydropower Works

Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine
converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator
converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
Hydroplants range in size from "micro-hydros" that power only a few homes to giant dams
like Hoover Dam that provide electricity for millions of people.







1. Dam. Raises the water level of the
river to create falling water. Also
controls the flow of water. The
reservoir that is formed is, in effect,
stored energy.
2. Turbine. The force of falling water
pushing against the turbine's blades
causes the turbine to spin. A water
turbine is much like a windmill,
except the energy is provided by
falling water instead of wind. The
turbine converts the kinetic energy of
falling water into mechanical energy.
3. Generator. Connected to the turbine
by shafts and possibly gears so
when the turbine spins it causes the
generator to spin also. Converts the
mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy. Generators in hydropower plants work just like the
generators in other types of power plants.
4. Transmission lines. Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes and business
FORMS OF HYDRO POWER

Water wheels- used for hundreds of years to power mills and machinery
Hydro electricity- usually referring to hydroelectric dams, or run-of-the-river setups.
Dam less hydro- which captures the kinetic energy in rivers, streams and oceans
Vortex power- impacts which creates vortices which can then be tapped for energy
An array of VIVACE converters on the ocean floor, pioneered by a
team at the University of Michiganwhich stands for Vortex Induced Vibrations Aquatic Clean Energy.
(vortex power)
Tidal power- which captures energy from the
tides The world's first commercial axial
turbine tidal stream generator SeaGen
in Strangford Lough. The strong wake shows
the power in the tidal current. (tidal power)


Wave power- which uses the energy in waves
Osmotic power- which channels river water into a container separated from sea water
by a semipermeable membrane.
Marine current power- which captures the kinetic energy from marine currents.



Why Hydropower generation
is important ?

Hydropower is an efficient way to generate electricity.
Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the
available energy into electricity. The best fossil fuel plants are
only about 50% efficient
Importance of Hydroelectric Power
Hydroelectric power supplies 20% of the world's electricity. In Norway it accounts for
virtually all electricity production, while Iceland produces 83% of its requirements
(2004), and Austria produces 67% of all electricity generated in the country from hydro
(over 70% of its requirements). Canada is the world's largest producer of hydro power
and produces over 70% of its electricity from hydroelectric sources.
Apart from a few countries with an abundance of flowing water sources, hydroelectric
capacity is normally used to meet peak-load demand because it can be readily stored
during off-peak hours. (In fact, pumped-storage hydroelectric reservoirs are sometimes
used to store electricity produced by thermal plants for use during peak hours). It is not a
major option for the future in developed countries because most sites in these countries
suitable for harnessing gravity in this way are either already being used or are
unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations.
In regions where thermal plants provide the dominant supply of power, hydroelectric
power is utilized for the important functions of load-following and regulation. This
allows thermal plants to be operated closer to thermodynamically optimal points rather
than varied continuously, which reduces efficiency and potentially increases pollutant
emissions. Concurrently, hydro plants then provide for hour-to-hour adjustments (load-
following) and to respond to changes in system frequency and voltage (regulation), with
no additional economic or environmental effect.
Advantages of Hydroelectric Power
A major advantage of hydro systems is the elimination of the cost of fuel. Hydroelectric
plants are mostly unaffected by price fluctuations for fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas
or coal, and do not require imported fuel. Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives
than fuel-fired generators, with some plants remaining in service for 50 to 100 years.
Labor costs are also low because the plants are mostly automated and have few
personnel on site during normal operation.
Pumped storage plants currently provide the most significant means of storage of energy
on a scale useful for a utility, allowing low-value generation in off-peak times (which
occurs because fossil-fuel plants cannot be entirely shut down on a daily basis) to be used
to store water that can be released during high load daily peaks. Operation of pumped-
storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system.
Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide excellent leisure facilities for
water sports and become tourist attractions in themselves. Multi-use dams for irrigation,
flood control, or recreation may host a hydroelectric plant with relatively low
construction cost, providing a revenue stream to offset the cost of dam
Can hydropower play a significant role in
preventing or slowing the pace of climate
change by generating clean energy?
Hydropower plays an important role with about 70 % of EUs renewable energy
being generated by hydroelectric sources, and of this about 90 % is from large-
scale schemes. While large hydro generates 550 TWh per year from about 180
GW of installed capacity; more than 21 000 small hydropower installations
generate over 46 TWh of electricity per year in the EU-27. Small hydro alone is
enough to supply electricity for over 13 million households and contributes to
annual avoidance of CO2 by 29 million tons, which translates into annual
avoided CO2 cost of about 766 million euros. ESHA estimates the growth
potential of SHP at 1.75% per year, which could result in 54.7 TWh of power
produced in 2020.
With the increased global electricity demand, urgent need to cut down
greenhouse gases and fight against climate change and environmental
degradation from fossil fuel use, the only way to move away is to switch from
fossil fuel based energy to renewables together with energy efficiency measures.
This is also enables the use of local energy sources, which means shorter
transport distances and reduced energy transmission losses. It enhances local
and regional energy independence and gives a boost for local economy by
creating new jobs income.





The Indian Scenario
The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load factor spread across six major
basins in the country.
Pumped storage sites have been found recently which leads to a further
addition of a maximum of 94000 MW.
Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units per year though with
seasonal energy the value crosses600 billion mark.
The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW (Based on the report
submitted by CEA to the Ministry of Power) The proportion of hydro power
increased from 35% from the first five year plan to 46% in the third five year
plan but has since then decreased continuously to 25% in 2001.
The theoretical potential of small hydro power is 10071 MW.
Currently about 17% of the potential is being harnessed
About 6.3% is still under construction.











highest dam in India largest dam in India longest dam
TEHRI DAM BHAKRA NANGAL DAM HIRAKUND

Major Hydropower generating units

NAME STATE CAPACITY (MW)
BHAKRA PUNJAB 1100
NAGARJUNA ANDHRA PRADESH 960
KOYNA MAHARASHTRA 920
DEHAR HIMACHAL PRADESH 990
SHARAVATHY KARNATAKA 891
KALINADI KARNATAKA 810
SRISAILAM ANDHRA PRADESH 770
Hydropower Pros and Cons

Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX,
SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates
Frequently involves impoundment of large
amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land
inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion
efficiency to electricity (80+%)
Variable output dependent on rainfall and
snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,
including fish migration and oxygen depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped
storage applications
Social impacts of displacing indigenous people
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams


Environmental impacts

Benefits
1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a
constant rate.
2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping
electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time
when electricity demand is high.
3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to
the generation of electricity for many years / decades.
4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports
and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist
attractions in their own right.
5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.
6. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored
until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity.
7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce
green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere

Environmental Benefits of Hydro
No operational greenhouse gas emissions
Savings (kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity):
Coal 1000 kg
Oil 800 kg
Gas 400 kg
No SO2 or NOX
Non-environmental benefits
flood control, irrigation, transportation, fisheries and
tourism
Disadvantages

1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very
high standard.
2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for
many decades to become profitable.
3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural
environment is destroyed.
4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be
flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and
businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that
hydro-power schemes can go ahead.
5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For
example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a
number of earth quakes and has depressed the earths surface at its
location.
6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past
old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the
weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding.
7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually
means that the water supply from the same river in the following
country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems
between neighbouring countries.
8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level.

For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level
of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient
monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone
work from rising damp caused by the changing water table level.


Loss Of Land -

A large area is taken up in the form of a reservoir in case of large dams.
This leads to inundation of fertile alluvial rich soil in the flood plains,
forests and even mineral deposits and the potential drowning of
archeological sites.
Power per area ratio is evaluated to quantify this impact. Usually ratios
lesser than 5 KW per hectare implies that the plant needs more land area
than competing renewable resources. However this is only an empirical
relation.


Interference with Sediment transport -

Rivers carry a lot of sediments.
Creation of a dam results in the deposition of sediments on the bottom of
the reservoir.
Land erosion on the edges of the reservoir due to deforestation also leads
to deposition of sediments.
Capture of sediment decreases the fertility downstream as a long term
effect.
It also leads to deprivation of sand to beaches in coastal areas.

HYDROPLANT COUNTRY POPULATION
DISPLACED
Danjiangkou China 383000
Aswan Egypt 120000
Narmada Sardar
Sarovar
India 70000
Three Gorges China 2000000
If the water is diverted out of the basin, there might be salt water intrusion
into the inland from the ocean, as the previous balance between this salt
water and upstream fresh water in altered.
It may lead to changes in the ecology of the estuary area and lead to
decrease in agricultural productivity.

Climatic and Seismic effects

It is believed that large reservoirs induce have the potential to induce
earthquakes.
In tropics, existence of man-made lakes decreases the convective activity
and reduces cloud cover. In temperate regions, fog forms over the lake
and along the shores when the temperature falls to zero and thus
increases humidity in the nearby area.



Eutrophication

In tropical regions due to decomposition of the vegetation, there is
increased demand for biological oxygen in the reservoir.
The relatively constant temperatures inhibit the thermally induced mixing
that occurs in temperate latitudes.
In this anaerobic layer, there is formation of methane which is a potential
green house gas.
DAM NAME COUNTRY HEIGHT
(m)
VOLUME
OF
RESERVOIR
(m
3
)
MAGNITUDE
KOYNA INDIA 103 2780 6.5
KREMASTA GREECE 165 4650 6.3
BENMORE NEW
ZEALAND
118 2100 5.0
MONTEYNARD FRANCE 155 240 4.9
This water, when released kills the fishes downstream and creates an
unattractive odor. The only advantage is that all these activities are not
permanent.
Many fishes require flowing water for reproduction and cannot adapt to
stagnant resulting in the reduction in its population.
Heating of the reservoirs may lead to decrease in the dissolved oxygen
levels.
The point of confluence of fresh water with salt water is a breeding
ground for several aquatic life forms. The reduction in run-off to the sea
results in reduction in their life forms.
Other water-borne diseases like malaria, river-blindness become prevalent.














CASE STUDY

TEHRI DAM
Bhaghirathi river , Uttarakhand.


1. INTRODUCTION
Initially taken up by the Irrigation Department of the
UttarPradesh government.
In 1988, was taken over by a joint venture company of the
Government of India and the Uttar Pradesh government, called
the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation(THDC).

Location - On the Bhagirathi River
200 miles north east of Delhi
Height - 855 feet (261 m)
5th tallest dam in the world
Capacity - Power generation capacity of 2400 MW
Provision of irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares
Supply of 270 million gallons of drinking water

1949 Tehri dam conceived
1961 Tehri chosen as a tentative site for the dam
1972 Planning Commission gives its nod to the dam
1978 Actual construction of the dam begins under
police protection
1980 EAC appointed by the government, refuses
environmental clearance
1986 Revival of the Project The then USSR offered
administrative, technical and financial help
1987 GoI announced in the media that the project
has been cleared
1988 Project transferred to THDC from Irrigation
Department of UP
1990 Feb :EAC rejects the dam again
July : Conditional clearance by MoEF



Benefits from the Tehri Hydro Power Complex
Addition to the installed generating capacity in the Northern
Region (1000 MW on completion of Tehri Stage-I)
2400 MW
Annual energy availability (Peaking)
(3568 MU on completion of Tehri Stage-I) 6200 MU
Irrigation (additional) 2.70
Lac.ha.
Stabilisation of existing irrigation
(besides above)
6.04
Lac.ha.
Additional Generation in downstream Projects
200 MU
300 Cusecs (162 million gallons per day) of drinking water for Delhi which
will meet the requirements of about 40 lac people.
In addition, 200 Cusecs (108 million gallons per day) of drinking water for
towns and villages of U.P. which will meet the requirement of 30 Lac
people.
2.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TEHRI DAM

The Project has identified both positive and negative impacts. Efforts were made to get full
advantage of positive impacts by formulating suitable schemes.

As we know that dam is essentially an artificial wall constructed across a river which
converts a running water ecosystem into a lake type ecosystem. This causes some changes
in basic riverine ecosystem. Therefore, thorough studies were got conducted for the likely
negative impacts of dam and its reservoir, through expert agencies. Mitigating measures,
where necessary, were taken on likely negative impacts.

Probable impacts identified for detailed studies were :

a. Likely change in the (i) water chemistry, especially with respect to dissolved oxygen
and (ii) turbidity of water.
b. Likely impact on biodiversity, i.e., flora and fauna of the area.
c. Likely obstruction of movements of migrating fish species during breeding season.
d. Rivers carry a lot of sediment, which on construction of a dam, will be locked up
behind the dam wall. The collected silt in the reservoir eats away the capacity of the
reservoir. This impact of reducing the capacity and life of reservoir was studied.
e. Likely impact of water accumulation on the upstream side of the dam, which causes
inundation of land including forest-land.
f. Since 109 villages (full or partial) and Tehri town (full) were affected and the residents
were to vacate their ancestral homes and agricultural fields, a scheme was prepared, to
resettle these people, with the idea to improve their living standard, keeping their social
bonds intact.
g. Likely problem of water-logging and salinity of the land in the command area.

The studies on all the above likely impacts were got conducted through the expert
organisations. The studies included the parameters as mentioned in para 1 above.

3.MITIGATING MEASURES TAKEN ON ASSESSED IMPACTS

Based on the impact assessment studies, various mitigating measures were
designed. In order to mitigate probable impacts following measures/safeguards
were taken:

A. MEASURES FOR ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS

1. Compensatory Afforestation
Forest land of 4193.813 ha. were diverted for construction of Tehri Dam Project
and Koteshwar Project (in the downstream of Tehri Project). This forest-land
included the land used in construction of Project, Project colonies, resettlement
colonies and filling of reservoir. Against this, Project has completed the
compensatory afforestation in an area of 4586.07 ha. in Lalitpur and Jhansi
District. In addition, for 1358.20 ha. forest-land diverted in second phase for
rural resettlement, the compensatory afforestation has been carried out in
2716.40 ha. of degraded forest-land of Khanpur forest range in Haridwar
District.

2. Catchment Area Treatment
In order to reduce soil erosion (for reducing sedimentation in the reservoir), the
Tehri Project had completed the Cathcment Area Treatment (CAT) in the entire
degraded catchment, in areas of High and Very High erosion class. The total
degraded area treated is 52,204 ha. (including 44,157 ha. of forest land and the
8047 ha. of agricultural land). The CAT works included the works of
afforestation, soil conservation, treatment of agriculture land, farm forestry,
horticulture etc. The main objective of CAT works was to check soil erosion and
resultant siltation in the reservoir.

3. Command Area Development
Command Area Development Plan had been implemented by the Irrigation
Departments of the State Governments of Uttarakhand and U.P. In order to
mitigate the likely problem of water-logging and salinity, the network of field
channels and drains were developed. The canal networks are utilized to irrigate
2.7 lac ha. additional area as well as stabilize existing irrigation area in 6.04 lac
ha.

4. Flora
In CAT works, the species as recommended by Botanical Survey of India (BSI),
based on their flora study of the area, have been planted. A Botanical Garden in
an area of 14.28 ha. has also been established and plantation of special species
coming under submergence has been completed, so as to preserve important
flora of the region.

5. Fauna
Faunal studies were got conducted through Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), for fauna
affected due to formation of reservoir. As per ZSI studies there will be no adverse
impact on mammals, Aves (Birds), Reptiles (Snakes and Lizards), Ambhibia (Frogs &
Toads) and Pisces (Fresh Water Fishes) due to proposed reservoir except on Tor-
Putitora (Mahseer Fish)

As suggested by ZSI, action plan for possible mitigation of Mahseer fish was
framed. The implementation of this action plan was taken up with the National
Research Centre on Cold Water Fisheries (NRCCWF), ICAR, Bhimtal. The
Mahseer Fish Hatchery and fish Farm have been developed and is in operation.

The faunal study have also pointed that the formation of proposed reservoir
with a massive water exposure on about 42 sq. km., a large number of
migratory birds may be attracted to the area, thus adding to the aesthetic and
tourism aspect of the Project. Therefore, as suggested in the study report, the
periphery of the reservoir have been suitably planted by bushes, shrubs and
trees. This will help not only in the rehabilitation of Aves (Birds), but will also
attract other groups of animals. The bushes, shrubs and undergrowth have
therefore been provided as ideal shelter to snakes and lizards also.

6. Water Quality Maintenance
The water quality modeling study had been carried out, which concluded that no
specific measures are required and there would be no adverse effect on the water
quality due to impoundment. However, the work on water quality monitoring on
Tehri Reservoir, both upstream and downstream is being carried out at 5 monitoring
stations.

The water quality study also concluded that Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) and Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD) in whole of reservoir are expected to remain within
permissible limits desired for drinking water resources.

Another mathematical model study on water circulation concluded that water in
reservoir remains under dynamic circulation throughout the year and does not
remain stagnant.

7. Green Belt
A green Belt have been planned to be created along the rim of the reservoir between
850 m above MSL and 1050 m above MSL. The idea for developing the green belt
is to check soil erosion and resultant siltation of the reservoir; to protect and
regenerate the vegetation in the rim area; to increase the natural beauty of the
landscape.

B. IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
A comprehensive study of the potential health impacts of Tehri dam was
conducted. National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) and Malaria
Research Centre (MRC) carried out detailed field investigations of the area.
Action-plan for preventive/mitigation measures is being implemented.

Dust pollution in project area were kept under control by regular sprinkling
of water. Dust pollution levels were also monitored at the project site and
habitat area by conducting the study on the samples so collected.

C. MEASURES FOR SOCIAL IMPACTS

1. Better Quality of Living
In order to achieve the objective of better quality of life following steps were
taken through R&R programme. The idea is to ensure that settlers are provided
opportunities to become established and economically self sustaining in shortest
possible period.

a. Urban

i. Better quality of living. Urban population was provided better facilities like better
and wider road network, sewerage system, hospital with enhanced capacity,
stadium and other amenities, scope for expansion, planned growth.

ii. Larger school buildings with hostel accommodation will enable their management
to enhance their capacities. A larger University campus has been constructed in
addition to a college keeping in view the future needs of the region.

iii. More employment opportunities due to high tourism potential and industries likely
to come up due to excellent infrastructure available in NTT and surrounding areas.

iv. 100 economically backward and houseless persons now have free housing at NTT,
of which they would become owners.

b. Rural
i. The all round development of the area would lead to prosperity, better infrastructure
and better quality of life.

ii. New road network and taped drinking water supply save the time of people which
can be utilized for other works.

iii. Due to the increase in land holding, i.e., against the existing less than 1 acre average
rainfed land holding, to the allotted 2 acres well irrigated and developed land, yield
and total income is expected to increase.
iv. Due to payment of House Construction Assistance to PAFs, the PAF have been able
to construct better houses, which has resulted in improvement in their living
standards.

v. Landless agricultural labours have also become owners of 2 acres of agricultural
land and independent houses.

vi. People who will not be shifted (above the reservoir level) shall be benefited due to
Catchment Area Treatment, tourism, fishery development and horticulture, apart
form infrastructural development.

vii. As most resettlement colonies are on important locations/on important highways,
PAFs have opened their shops, which are helping them in generating more income.
Such people are in a position to turn displacement into an opportunity to get even
more richer than they were.

viii. The resettlement sites are located on important routes of Dehradun and Haridwar
districts which helps in adopting self employment works.

3.Employment & Income Generating Schemes

A. Employment

i) For employment in the THDC, preference was given to the dependents of the project
affected families, particularly in the category of workmen & supervisors, subject to
vacancies and their meeting the necessary laid down qualifications and experience
requirements.

ii) Apart from this, the contractors deployed on the Project a sizable work force form the
local area.

iii) In order to provide gainful employment to the local population, THDC awarded small
value contracts to the local people.

iv) For treatment and soil conservation work in the Catchment Area, the forest and other
concerned departments, have employed more persons.

v) With the construction of the New Tehri Town at a high altitude, formation of reservoir,
better road network etc., it is expected that there will be an all round development in
the area, which will further enhance the employment opportunities due to setting up
of new non-polluting industries, better tourism opportunities through developmental
activities, which will in turn help in generating indirect employment in commercial
ventures, like boating, transport, vehicle repair shops, business, hotel industries and
several other indirect activities.

vi) With a view to encourage the dispossessed families taking to useful vocations, like
poultry farming, floriculture, pisci-culture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, khadi work
etc. the Government agencies have taken up various self-employment / income
generating schemes.

B. Income Generating Schemes

Since it was not possible to give direct employment to all unemployed youth from PAFs in
the project. A group was formed in THDC for helping the resettled families to take
advantage of various schemes of Self-employment and Income Generation being
implemented by various Govt. and Semi Govt. agencies. The group organized various
activities for the benefits of PAPs as under ;

i) Organized awareness camps at Athoorwala and Khand Raiwala so that PAPs should
come forward as rural entrepreneurs. The group invited the officials of various
State/Central Government agencies like Khadi Village & Industry Commission, State
Horticulture & Food Preservation Deptt., State Sericulture Deptt., State Fisheries Deptt.,
Lead bank & Poultry Deptt., etc. During these camps PAPs were given detailed
knowledge about various existing schemes, training activities, loaning procedure etc.
ii) Being influenced with these awareness programmes PAPs started showing the interest
in various schemes. PAPs interested for Mushroom cultivation requested the group
for organizing training. Group arranged training in three batches through UP State
Horticulture & Food Preservations Deptt. Dehradun to make PAPs self-employed by
adopting Mushroom cultivation as a means of Income Generation on commercial
basis.
iii) In order to create additional source of income for PAPs one Khadi production cum
training center was opened by Khadi Village & Industry Commission (KVIC) and
Kshetriya Shri Gandhi Ashram, Dehradun at resettlement site Athoorwala. About
30 PAPs were trained at this center on New Model Charkha Units (NMC). The
NMC unit alongwith revolving funds for working capital, has been provided by
KVIC, whereas training expenses and space shed for training was arranged by the
Project.
iv) Training centers for ladies in tailoring and embroidery work were established at
Athoorwala, Raiwala and Pathri Block. The centers have been strengthened and
expanded by providing sewing machines, Knitting machines, typing machines,
multipurpose peeko and fashion designing machines and raw material.
v) The group was in constant touch with the Block Development Officers (BDO) of State
Government. Thus, the PAPs were benefited by these development schemes run by the
State Government through the BDO.

4. POSITIVE IMPACTS

A. BENEFITS TO NATION / REGION

i) 2400 MW of environment friendly Peaking Power (6532 MU of Annual Energy)
1000 MW (3532 MU of Annual Energy) in Stage-I. This is bound to lead to
industrial and agricultural growth in the Northern Region.

ii) 12% power free to home state, apart from Power as per their share, where distress is
caused by setting up the project at the specific site. s

iii) Additional energy form downstream run-off-the river schemes.

iv) Irrigation of 2.7 lakh ha. of new area, besides stabilization of irrigation in already
irrigated 6.0 lakh ha.

v) 300 cusecs (162 million Gallons per day) of water supply to Delhi, which will meet
drinking water need of 4 million people.

vi) 200 cusecs (108 million gallons per day) of water supply to UP which will meet
drinking water need of about 3 million people.

vii) The project would lead to all round development of the region through better
infrastructure and easy availability of electricity, particularly peak time power.

viii) Flood moderation during monsoon by way of storage of excess water.

ix) Development of pisciculture.

x) Integrated development of the catchment area including afforestation and soil
conservation of 52,204 ha. of severely eroded land.

xi) With the formation of lake, presence of various types of fisheries, water liking birds
and certain species of wild life has been noticed.



B. BENEFITS TO AFFECTED POPULATION

i) Development of Hill Station
For shifting of old Tehri Town a new modern town named as New Tehri Town (NTT)
has been developed at a height of 1550-1850 m. above MSL which is at height almost
similar to that of Mussorrie. This town has all modern facilities. After the formation
of reservoir lake, this town which overlook the lake has become a beautiful hill
station. This will attract tourism.

ii) Better Road Network
Due to construction of Project, roads of the area have been widened and improved
which made communication easier and comfortable. Rishikesh-Chamba-NTT roads
have also been widened and geometry have been improved which has resulted in
reduction of journey time. Similarly, Chamba-Dharasu road which ultimately leads
to Uttarkashi have been constructed with better specifications. Other roads like N.T.T
Bhagirahtipuram Tipri Ghansali have also been constructed for comfortable
journey.

The bridges namely Zero bridge, Siyansu bridge, Pipaldali bridge have been made.
One more motor bridge (HMV) at Dobra is being Constructed. In addition, Ferry
service at Bhalidiyana is also operational.

iii) Education
For shifting of educational institutions of Old Tehri Town, larger buildings with
modern facilities were constructed so that more number of students can be
accommodated, while having scope for further expansion in future.
In most of the educational institutions, Hostel facilities for 860 students have been
provided, though it was not existing in Old Tehri. Thus, more students coming
from the nearby areas will be benefited as NTT is expected to develop as a nodal
center for education in the region.
Against existing degree college running in Old Tehri Town, a degree college and
a big university campus have been constructed at Badshahithaul which can
accommodate 400 residential students and also the teaching staff.
In addition, for the students of villages who were studying in Old Tehri, 4 degree
colleges have been constructed at project cost. Similarly, against one Inter
College in Old Tehri, one Inter college in N.T.T. and 4 Inter colleges in villages
have been constructed.

iv) Health
Against 22 bed Hospital of Old Tehri, 75 bed Hospital have been constructed at
New Tehri Town, with modern medical facilities. In addition, 5 numbers Primary
Health Centers with indoor treatment facilities (totaling to 70 beds) have been
constructed at Project cost.
To provide hygienic conditions, treated water is supplied to houses and a central
sewerage treatment plant have been constructed with a properly designed network
of sewer lines connecting houses and other buildings of the town.

v) Electrification
For improving electricity distribution system in nearby rural areas, 3 nos. 33 KV sub-
stations have been constructed and network of LT/HT transmission lines have also
been made at project cost.

vi) Drinking Water Facilities
54 numbers drinking water schemes in rural areas and New Tehri town have been
constructed and made operational at Project cost. They shall now be operated and
maintained by respective agencies.

vii) Shifting of District Head Quarter
With the shifting of district head quarter from Narendra Nagar to New Tehri, a
distance of about 60 km have been reduced for the urban and rural population of
Tehri resulting into saving of time and inconvenience to the public having work at
district level offices.

Besides, Pratap Nagar Tehsil which was functioning from Old Tehri, have been
shifted to Pratap Nagar itself in newly constructed building.

viii) Setting of New Industries
The New Tehri Town is very suitable for setting up of Non-pollutive Industries due
to its better climate and excellent communication facilities. As the power is now
easily available after the construction of dam, more factories are likely to come up
as NTT has excellent infrastructure as well.

ix) Tourism
The New Tehri Town is a pre-planned hill town with all modern facilities. Hence,
it is expected to develop as a major tourist hill station in near future.
By creation of lake due to the impoundment of the reservoir of Tehri Dam, scope
for water sports will be there.
In the master plan, areas have been earmarked for resorts, which are expected to
provide facilities for comfortable stay of tourists.
Due to wider and improved roads, communication has become easier which is
very important for development of tourism.
Due to tourism development, Hotel Industry in the area will increase, which will
further help the local people in getting employment.

x) Commercial Centre
New Tehri Town market is developing as a market for adjoining towns/villages in the
region and is expected to come up as a nodal commercial centre in the region because
of its vocational advantage and better infrastructure facilities like roads,
telecommunication and properly designed shopping centre. The shops area is also
larger and made of RCC structure and have greater storage capacities for goods.


Protest related to tehri dam

1978 - Tehri Bandh Virodhi Sangharsh Samiti
(TBVSS)
74-day hunger strike in 1996 by Sunderlal
Bahuguna
Many Anti-dam rallies and protest



sfs
Major Concerns

Obsolete Dam Design
The design of the dam was finalized in the 1960s when
scientific understanding of seismic hazards and
seismic engineering solutions were far less advanced
than today.




Location : world's most earthquake-prone regions with several fault lines
traversing the project area.
Not adequately equipped to withstand earthquakes of the magnitude expected
during its life span
Designed for 7.2 ; expected : 8.5 or more
One of the leading seismologists in the world, Professor James Brune, has described
Tehri as one of the most dangerous dams world-
wide.






Tehri Dam then and now


HYDRO POWER
GENERATION





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