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CAPITOLUL 5

MODELUL DE OPTIM AL CONSUMATORULUI


&RQVXPDWRUXO XUP UHWH V

-L VDWLVIDF

 QHYRLOH GH FRQVXP

vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH GHPHUVXO V X HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH PDL PXO L

factori:
-

PXO LPHDEXQXULORUSHFDUHOHDUHvQYHGHUHSHQWUXFRQVXP

i B (i = 1,2,,n  L FDUH GHWHUPLQ

 VWUXFWXUD FDOLWDWLY  D

vectorului de consum vj = ||vij||;


-

FDQWLW

LOH FRQVXPDWH GLQ ILHFDUH EXQ L FDUH GDX VWUXFWXUD

FDQWLWDWLY  D YHFWRUXOXL GH FRQVXP SULQ UDSRDUWHOH FDQWLWDWLYH

vpj / vqjSLT B;
-

SUH XULOHXQLWDUHSi

la care seSURFXU

EXQXULOH

VXPDGHEDQLGLVSRQLELO SHQWUXFRQVXP

i;

RLFDUHvLGHILQHWH

bugetul de consum;
-

XWLOLWDWHD

SH

FDUH

HO

R

FRQIHU 

consumate dintr-un anumit bun i

ILHF UHL

XQLW

L

GR]H 

L SH FDUH L R GRUHWH

PD[LP 

Modelul de optim al consumatorului este:

max UT( v1 , v 2 ,..., v i ,..., v n )

(11.1)

p
i =1

vi = R

(11.2)

1HFXQRVFXWHOH DFHVWXL PRGHO VXQW FDQWLW


DFKL]L LRQDWH GH FRQVXPDWRU ILH Yi
vQWUHJXOEXJHWLV

LOH Yi

ce trebuie

* DVWIHO vQFkW HO V -L FRQVXPH

-LDVLJXUHPD[LPXPGHVDWLVIDF LH9DORULOH Yi*

IRUPHD] XQXOGLQYHFWRULLGHFRQVXPYjvQVSD LXOGHFRQVXP

V.

3UREOHPDHVWHGHWLSRSWLPFXOHJ WXUL RSWLPFXUHVWULF LL L


VHVROX LRQHD] SULQFRQVWUXLUHDIXQF LHLODJUDQJHDQ/

max L = UT( v1 , v 2 ,..., v i ,..., v n ) + (R p i v i ) ,


i =1

(11.3)
unde HVWHSDUDPHWUXOOXL/DJUDQJH  R+.
Pentru optim sunt necesare:
D FRQGL LLGHRUGLQXO,

E FRQGL LLGHRUGLQXO,,

Q

FH

vQGHSOLQLWH

SULYHWH

GHRDUHFH

FRQGL LLOH
GHULYDWHOH

L
=0
vi

2L
vi
GH

<0

RUGLQXO

SDU LDOH

GH

i = 1,2,..,n

i = 1,2,n
,,

DFHVWHD

RUGLQXO

GRL

VXQW
DOH

lagrangeanului se reduc la derivatele de ordinul doi alH IXQF LHL GH


utilitate, ntruct termenul al doilea al lagrangeanului este liniar n
raport cu vi

DD vQFkW GHULYDWD OXL VHFXQG  HVWH ]HUR )XQF LD GH

XWLOLWDWH DUH SURSULHWDWHD Y  UHOD LD   DVWIHO vQFkW FRQGL LD GH

ordin doi pentru lagrangean este asLJXUDW

QFHSULYHWHFRQGL LDGHRUGLQXO,DYHP

L
= UTvi p i = 0
vi

(11.4)

sau
UM Vi p i = 0 =

UM Vi

(11.5)

pi

5HOD LD   QH SHUPLWH V  IRUPXO P FRQGL LD GH RSWLP L

aQXPHF

UDSRDUWHOHvQWUHXWLOLWDWHDPDUJLQDO DILHF UXLEXQLSUH XO

XQLWDU DO DFHVWXLD WUHEXLH V  ILH HJDOH 7RWRGDW  QH SHUPLWH V  G P

LDQXPHVSRUXOGHXWLOLWDWH

LQWHUSUHWDUHDHFRQRPLF DSDUDPHWUXOXL
RE LQXWSULQFKHOWXLUHDXQHLXQLW

LPRQHWDUHvQFD]XOVXSOLPHQW ULLFX

o unitate a consumului de produsul i. Inversul parametrului este


GHFL SUH XO SO WLW GH FRQVXPDWRU SHQWUX D L VXSOLPHQWD XWLOLWDWHD SH

VHDPDFUHWHULLFRQVXPXOXLGLQEXQXO DGLF XQSUH (VWHLPRWLYXO

pentru care acest parametru nu poate fi negativ.

5.1. Dreapta bugetului


'UHDSWD EXJHWXOXL HVWH UH]XOWDWXO UHVWULF LHL GH EXJHW GH
FRQVXP 5 3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD SUH]HQW ULL YRP FRQVLGHUD L
YRPUHYHQLODQRWDUHDFDQWLW

y pentru i

LORUFRQVXPDWHFX SHQWUXL

QDFHVWHFRQGL LLUHOD LD  GHYLQH

  L

LFX

px x + py y = R

(12.1)

px
R
x +
,
py
py

(12.2)

y=

FDUH SRDWH IL VFULV  FD HFXD LD RULF UHL GUHSWH \

= mx + n, n care

coeficientul unghiular al dreptei (panta) este m = -px / py, iar


ordonatar la origine n = R / py,QWHUSUHWDUHDHFRQRPLF

DOXL

n este

FDQWLWDWHD GH SURGXV  FDUH VH SRDWH SURFXUD GDF  EXJHWXO 5 VH
FKHOWXLHWHLQWHJUDOSHQWUXDFHVWSURGXV'DF IDFHP\

x=R / px

DD vQFkW vQWU XQ SODQ [ \  GLVSXQHP GH GRX  SXQFWH 5Sx    L

(0, R/py SULQFDUHVHSRDWHWUDV

GUHDSWDEXJHWXOXL ILJ 

y
R/py
A

y1

y2
x1

x2

R/px

Fig. 18 Dreapta bugetului de consum


2ULFH SXQFW GH SH DFHDVW  GUHDSW  VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ
IDSWXOF YDORDUHDFRQVXPXOXLHVWHDFHLDLLDQXPH5

R = px x1 + py y2 = px x2 + py y2
'H DVHPHQHD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ IDSWXO F  SUH]LQW 
DFHLDLYDORDUHDSDQWHLLDQXPH

px / py.

'UHDSWD GHWHUPLQ  vQ SODQXO [ \  WUHL ]RQH GLQ SXQFW GH

vedere al consumului n raport cu R:


-

zona de deasupra dreptei cu consumuri prea scumpe n raport


FXEXJHWXO5DDFXPHVWHFRQVXPXOUHSUH]HQWDWSULQSXQFWXO

1 (fig. 18);
-

zona de dedesubtul dreptei cu consumuri prea ieftine n raport


FXEXJHWXO5DDFXPHVWHFRQV

umul reprezentat prin punctul

2 (fig. 18);
-

zona dreptei propriu-]LVH FX FRQVXPXUL L]REXJHWDUH DGLF

FXDFHODLEXJHW5
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH YDORDUHD OXL 5 VH PRGLILF  vQ SODQXO [ \ 

vor apare mai multe drepte de buget, paralele (fig. 19) caracterizate
SULQUHOD LDGHRUGLQH51

< R2 <..

R1

R2 R3

R4

x
Fig. 19 Familia dreptelor bugetului

5.2. Punctul de consum optim


&DQWLW

LOH[L\GLQEXQXULOHLFHSRWILSURFXUDWHFXXQ

EXJHW 5 GDW VXQW YDULDWH L GHWHUPLQ  R PXO LPH GH YHFWRUL GH

consum vj= (xj , yj M

P$FHWLYHFWRUL

fac posibil pentru

FRQVXPDWRUV DFFHDG ODXWLOLW

LGLIHULWH8 Yj

).

'DF  QH UDSRUW P OD R FXUE  GH LQGLIHUHQ

  FD vQ ILJ  

atunci planul (x, y) este separat n alte trei zone n raport cu


XWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF DFHVWHLFXUEHGHLQGLIHUHQ

]RQ  GH GHDVXSUD FXUEHL GH LQGLIHUHQ

 FX QLYHOH GH XWLOLWDWH

PDLPDULDDFXPHVWHXWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF SXQFWXOXL

]RQ  GH GHGHVXEWXO FXUEHL GH LQGLIHUHQ

 FX QLYHOH GH XWLOLWDWH

PDLPLFLDDFXPHVWHXWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF SXQFWXOXL

zona curbei propriu-]LVH

FX FRQVXPXUL FH SUH]LQW  DFHLDL

utilitate.
Astfel, unele consumuri sunt inaccesibile (cum sunt cele
UHSUH]HQWDWH

SULQ

SXQFWHOH



GLQ

ILJ



L

 

LDU

DOWHOH

inacceptabile (cum sunt cele reprezentate prin punctele 2 din fig. 13


L 

Pentru determinarea punctului de consum optim este


VXILFLHQWV VXSUDSXQHPJUDILFHOHLLV GHSLVW PSXQFWXOGH
SH GUHDSWD GH EXJHW FDUH DVLJXU  DFFHVXO OD FHD PDL vQDOW  FXUE 
GHLQGLIHUHQ

 ILJ 

R/py

U5

U2

U1

R/px

U4
U3
U3 U4

Fig. 20 Determinarea punctului de consum optim


%XJHWXO 5 DVLJXU  YHFWRUL GH FRQVXP FH FRQIHU  XWLOLW

L

diferite pe toate nivelele de la U4 n jos. Nivelul de utilitate U5 este


LQDFFHVLELO SHQWUX XQ EXJHW GH P ULPHD 5 $VWIHO FRQVXPXULOH
UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ SXQFWHOH  L  FRQIHU  R XWLOLWDWH 82

, cele

UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ SXQFWHOH  L  R XWLOLWDWH 83

, iar cel reprezentat

prin punctul 5 o utilitate U4 ([LVW

HYLGHQWLSXQFWHGHFRQVXPFX

utilitatea U1). Deoarece U4 >U3 > U2 > U1 consumatorul alege


pentru consum punctul 5, care este punct de consum optim. Acesta

VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ IDSWXO F  DUH R SDQW 

px/py pe dreapta de

FRQVXP FRQIRUP LRUDW PDUJLQDO GHVXEVWLWX LHGHP ULPH

UMx/UMy FRQIRUP DVWIHOvQFkWUH]XOW


RMS y / x = -

px
UM x
,
=py
UM y

(13)

GLQFDUHUH]XOW  SHQWUXFD]XOSDUWLFXODUL
3HQWUX

SXQFWXO

GH

FRQVXP

 UHOD LD  

RSWLP

UDWD

PDUJLQDO 

GH

VXEVWLWXLUH HVWH HJDO  FX UDSRUWXO SUH XULORU XQLWDUH L FX UDSRUWXO
XWLOLW

LORUPDUJLQDOH

9DULD LDSXQF

tului optim de consum

vQUDSRUWFXYDULD LDEXJHWXOXLGHFRQVXP

'DF  EXJHWXO GH FRQVXP YDULD]  DWXQFL DYHP R IDPLOLH GH

bugete de consum (fig. 19) care permit accesul la diferite nivele de


XWLOLWDWHPDLPDULSHP VXU FHEXJHWXOHVWHPDLPDUH ILJ

0XO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHFRQVXPRSWLP$%&'SHQWUX

fiecare buget de consum R1 < R2 < R3 < R4 < GHWHUPLQ

FXUEDGH

YDULD LHDFRQVXPXOXLRSWLPvQUDSRUWFXEXJHWXOGHFRQVXPQXPLW 

curba consum-venit.
3XQFWHOH GH FRQVXP RSWLP VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ FUHWHUHD
FDQWLW

LORUFRQVXPDWHDWkWGLQEXQXOFkWLGLQEXQXO

Curba consum-venit

C
B

U4

R1

R2

R3

R4
U1

U2

Fig. 21 Curba consum-venit

U3

xA < xB < xC < xD L VLPXOWDQ \ A< yB < yC < yD OXFUX ILUHVF GDF

LQHP VHDPD GH IDSWXO F  EXJHWXO GH FRQVXP D FUHVFXW $VWIHO GH

bunuri se zic QRUPDOH (VWH SRVLELO vQV

 FD SHQWUX XQ FRQVXPDWRU

FUHWHUHD YHQLWXOXL V  PRGLILFH UDSRUWXO GH QRUPDOLWDWH vQWUH


EXQXULDVWIHOvQFkWSHP VXU FHEXJHWXOV XGHFRQVXPFUHWHXQXO
GLQEXQXULHVWHDSUHFLDWFDLQIHULRUvQUDSRUWFXFHO ODOW

y
Curba consum-venit
x = bun inferior
D

U2
C

U4

B
A

R1

R2

xAxDxCxB

R4

R3

U3
U1

U3
U4

U2

U1

yC
yB
yD
yA

C
B
A

R4
R3

Curba consum-venit
y = bun inferior

R2
R1
x

Fig. 22 Curba consum-venit n cazul unor bunuri inferioare

n acest caz curba consum-YHQLW HVWH GHYLDW

 PDL SXWHUQLF VSUH

VWkQJD vQ FD]XO FkQG EXQXO  HVWH FRQVLGHUDW LQIHULRU L FRQVXPXO


V X

x YD VFDGH RGDW

 FX FUHW

erea bugetului de consum) sau spre

GUHDSWD vQ FD]XOFkQG EXQXO  HVWHFRQVLGHUDW LQIHULRU L FRQVXPXO


V X YDVFDGHRGDW FXFUHWHUHDEXJHWXOXLGHFRQVXP  ILJ 

9DULD LDSXQFWXOXLRSWLPGHFRQVXPvQUDSRUW
FXYDULD LDSUH XULORUXQLWDUHDOH

bunurilor consumate

9RPFRQVLGHUDXQEXJHWGHFRQVXPGDW5LL

pxDOEXQXOXLVHPRGLILF



LDUSUH XO

px1 > px2 > px3 >

Q DFHVW IHO FDQWLWDWHD FH VH YD DFKL]L LRQD GLQ EXQXO  vQ
FD]XOFkQGVHDFKL]L LRQHD] QXPDLDFHVWEXQYDU PkQHFRQVWDQW 

la valoarea R/py vQ WLPS FH vQFD]XO FkQG VH DFKL]L LRQHD]
GLQ EXQXO   FDQWLWDWHD FXPS UDW  YD FUHWH

1
5Sx

 QXPDL

< R/px2 <

<R/px3, astfel nct n planul (x, y) va apare un fascicul de drepte

de buget toate avnd ca punct comun punctul (0, R/py) (fig. 23).
Q FD]XO UHGXFHULL SUH XOXL XQLWDU DO EXQXOXL  FDQWLW
FRQVXPDWH GLQ HO FUHVF UDSRUWXO SUH

-FDQWLWDWH

LOH

FRQVXPDW  HVWH

invers) astfel nct consumatorul accede la nivele de utilitate tot


PDL PDUL 0XO LPHD SXQFWHORU
IRUPHD] 

curba consum-SUH .

de consum optim A, B, C, D etc.

U1

U2

U3 U4

y
Curba consum-SUH
R/py
yD
yC
yA
yB

D
A

xA R/px1 xB

xC R/px2 xD

R/px3

Fig. 23 Curba consum-SUH

Pentru aceast

 PXO LPH GH SXQFWH DYHP [A

< xB < xC < xD

FHHDFHHVWHILUHVFGLQFDX]DUHGXFHULLSUH XOXLSx

, n schimb pentru

cel de-DOGRLOHDEXQHYROX LDHVWHRVFLODQW

VFDGHGHOD$OD%DSRL

FUHWH 5HGXFHUHD SUH XOXL EXQXOXL  vQ WLPS FH SUH XO EXQXOXL 
U PkQHQHVFKLPEDWPRGLILF DSUHFLHUHDSHFDUHFRQVXPDWRUXORG 
DFHVWXLD GLQ XUP  I FkQGX O PDL VFXPS vQ UDSRUW FX SULPXO L

modificnd astfel raportul de substituire dintre ele.


3H GH DOW  SDUWH LHIWLQLUHD EXQXOXL  GHWHUPLQ  R FUHWHUH D
SXWHULL GH FXPS U

are a consumatorului n raport cu acest bun, ceea

FH vQVHDPQ  R FUHWHUH vQ WHUPHQL UHDOL DL SXWHULL GH FXPS UDUH  D

bugetului de consum.
5H]XOW  F  PRGLILFDUHD SUH XOXL OD XQ EXQ LQGXFH SHQWUX
FRQVXPDWRUGRX HIHFWHXQ

efect de venit FUHWHUHDvQWHUPHni reali

D EXJHWXOXL  L XQ HIHFW GH VXEVWLWX LH

(modificarea raportului de

nlocuire a unui bun prin altul).


(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLHIHFWXOGHYHQLW

Efectul de substituire P

VRDU  YDULD LD FDQWLW

din fiecare bun ca rezultat exclusiY DO PRGLILF

LLFRQVXPDWH

ULL UDSRUWXOXL vQWUH

SUH XULOHXQLWDUHDGRX EXQXULSUHVXSXQkQGF DJHQWXOFRQVXPDWRU

nu-LPRGLILF

RS LXQHDSULYLQGXWLOLWDWHDWRWDO PD[LP SHFDUHHOR

SRDWH RE LQH vQ VLWXD LD FHD PDL IDYRUDELO  UH]XOWDW  SHQWUX HO vQ
DFHDVW vPSUHMXUDU

e.

Efectul de venitH[SULP

LQIOXHQ DPRGLILF ULLYHQLWXOXLUHDO

DO FRQVXPDWRUXOXL L HVWH HYLGHQ LDW  SULQ PRGLILF ULOH LQWHUYHQLWH


FD UH]XOWDW DO DFFHV ULL XQXL DOW QLYHO GH XWLOLW
LQGLIHUHQ

L XQHL DOWH FXUEH GH

5.5.1. Cazul bunurilor normale


Sunt bunuri pentru care modificarea consumului lor se
SURGXFHVWULFWvQVHQVLQYHUVGHFkWPRGLILFDUHDSUH XOXL ILJ 

U1

U2

y
R/py
B

yB
yA

A
C

yC
3

xA xB

2
xC R/px1

R/px2

Fig. 24 EfectuOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLYHQLWSHQWUXXQEXQQRUPDO
&RQVLGHU PVLWXD LD vQFDUHSUH XO EXQXOXL VFDGH Sx

> px2

astfel nct acest bun devine mai atractiv pentru consumator.


'UHDSWDEXJHWXOXLVHVFKLPE GLQvQLIDFHSRVLELODFF

esul la o

XWLOLWDWH VXSHULRDU  82

> U1 'HRDUHFH SXWHUHD GH FXPS

UDUH D

FRQVXPDWRUXOXL D FUHVFXW SULQ DFHDVW  UHGXFHUH GH SUH  HO DUH XQ
EXJHW UHDO GH FRQVXP PDL PDUH DGLF  HVWH FD L FXP HODU DYHD XQ
EXJHW QRPLQDO PDL PDUH vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH SUH XUL

le nu s-ar fi

PRGLILFDW 'UHDSWD DFHVWXL EXJHW HVWH  SDUDOHO  FX  GDWRULW 


LSRWH]HLF  UDSRUWXOvQWUHSUH XULDUILU PDVQHPRGLILFDW3ULQ DFHVW

EXJHWPDLPDUHFRQVXPDWRUXOSRDWHDFFHVDXWLOLWDWHDVXSHULRDU 82
DFHDVW

 XWLOLWDWH L QX DOWD PDL PDUH GHRDUHFH HD UHSUH]LQW 

PD[LPXP

GH

XWLOLWDWH

OD

FDUH

SRDWH

VSHUD

vPSUHMXUDUHDIDYRUDELO F SUH XOEXQXOXLV

FXPS U WRUXO

vQ

-a redus.

0RGLILFDUHDRSWLPXOXLFRQVXPXOXLvQDFHDVW VLWXD LHDUHORF


SULQWUHFHUHDGLQSXQFWXO$vQ%LDSRLvQ&

trecerea din A vQ % vQVHDPQ

 HIHFW GH YHQLW SHQWUX EXQXO  L

UHVSHFWLY DF URUP ULPHHVWH

EV1 = xB xA > 0

EV2 = yB yA > 0

WUHFHUHD GLQ % vQ & vQVHDPQ  HIHFW GH VXEVWLWXLUH SHQWUX EXQXO
LUHVSHFWLY DF URUP ULPHHVWH

ES1 = xC xB > 0

EV2 = yC yB < 0

HIHFWXO WRWDO UH]XOWDW GLQ PRGLILFDUHD GH SUH  SHQWUX EXQXO 

este:
ET1 = EV1 + ES1 > 0

ET2 = EV1 + ES2 < 0

Efectul de substituire pentru bunul 1 este pozitiv, n mod


ILUHVF GHRDUHFH SUH XO XQLWDU DO DFHVWXL SURGXV D VF ]XW WRW DD VH
H[SOLF  YDORDUHD QHJDWLY  SHQWUX HIHFWXO GH VXEVWLWXLUH OD EXQXO 

s-a produs nlocuirea n consum a bunului 2 cu bunul 1 deoarece


SUH XODFHVWXLDGLQXUP V DPLFRUDW(IHFWXOWRWDOGHVXEVWLWXLUHvQ

H[HPSOXO OXDW HVWH QHJDWLY I U  vQV  FD DFHDVWD V  ILH R UHJXO 

Totul depinde de raportul de ordine ntre valorile absolute ale lui


(9L(6

GDF _(9_!_(6_

ET > 0

(14.1)

GDF _(9__(6_

ET < 0

(14.2)

GDF _(9_

ET = 0

(14.3)

MeULW

_(6_

 PHQ LRQDW F  vQ FD]XO GLPLQX ULL SUH XOXL XQXL EXQ

FHOH GRX  HIHFWH (9 L (6 SHQWUX FHO GH

-al doilea bun vor fi

vQWRWGHDXQD GH VHPQH FRQWUDUH GXS  FXP vQ FD]XO PDMRU ULL
SUH XOXLXQXLEXQFHOHGRX HIHFWH(9L(6SHQWUXUHVSHFWLYXOEXQ

vor fi, de asemenea, de semne contrare. Referitor la efectele


PRGLILF ULL SUH XOXL XQLWDU SRW IL IRUPXODWH XUP WRDUHOH UHJXOL

generale:
(i)

efectul de substituire este ntotdeauna negativ pentru


EXQXODOF UXLSUH FUHWHLSR]LWLYSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ

(ii)

efectul de substituire este ntotdeauna pozitiv pentru bunul


DOF UXLSUH VFDGHLQHJDWLYSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ

(iii)

HIHFWXO GH YHQLW HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD QHJDWLY FkQG SUH XO XQXL
EXQ FUHWH GHRDUHFH vQ FD]XO XQRU EXQXU
FRQVXPXO

VFDGH

GDF 

EXJHWXO

UHDO

GH

i normale)

FRQVXP

VH

GLPLQXHD] 

(iv)

HIHFWXO GH YHQLW HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD SR]LWLY FkQG SUH XO XQXL

bun scade, deoarece (n cazul unor bunuri normale)


FRQVXPXOFUHWHGDF EXJHWXOUHDOGHFRQVXPFUHH

(v)

efectul total este negativ SHQWUX EXQXO DO F

UXL SUH  D

FUHVFXWGDUSRDWHDYHDRULFHVHPQSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ 

- 14.3);
(vi)

HIHFWXO WRWDO HVWH SR]LWLY SHQWUX EXQXO DO F UXL SUH  VFDGH
GDUSRDWHDYHDRULFHVHPQSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ 

14.3).

5HOD LD GLQWUH FHOH GRX  EXQXUL SRDWH IL FDOLILFDW  vQ IXQF LH
GHVHQVXOGHYDULD LHDOHIHFWXOXLWRWDODOORU

vQ FD]XO FUHWHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ HIHFWXO WRWDO DVXSUD
FRQVXPXOXL V X HVWH QHJDWLY GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH

-al

doilea bun este tot negativ atunci se zice despre acesWD F


SUH]LQW RFRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHODUJ

vQUDSRUWFXSULPXODFHODL

OXFUX L vQ FD]XO UHGXFHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO

pentru cel de-al doilea este pozitiv;

vQ FD]XO FUHWHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ HIHFWXO WRWDO DVXSUD
FRQVXPXOXL V X HVWH QHJDWLY GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH

-al

GRLOHDEXQHVWHSR]LWLYDWXQFLVH]LFHGHVSUHDFHVWDF SUH]LQW R


VXEVWLWXLELOLWDWHODUJ

vQUDSRUWFXSULPXODFHODLOXFUXvQFD]XO

UHGXFHULL GH SUH  OD XQ EXQ GDF  HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH

doilea bun este negativ  VH

-al

]LFH F  SULPXO EXQ HVWH ODUJ

substituibil n raport cu al doilea.

5.5.2. Cazul bunurilor inferioare


%XQXULOHLQIHULRDUHVXQWFHOHDOF URUFRQVXPHVWHDIHFWDWGH
XQ HIHFW GH YHQLW SR]LWLY vQ FD]XO FkQG SXWHUHD GH FXPS UDUH D

consumatorului VH GLPLQXHD]

 Q FD]XO DFHVWRU EXQXUL FUHWHUHD

SUH XOXL ORU DQWUHQHD]  XQ HIHFW GH VXEVWLWXLUH QHJDWLY 6H GLVWLQJ
GRX FDWHJRULLGHEXQXULLQIHULRDUH

VLPSOH FkQG FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL ORU GHWHUPLQ  R UHGXFHUH D

consumului acestora (fig. 25)


y
R/py

U2
U1
B

yB

yA

yC
C

xB xC R/px2 xA

R/px1

)LJ(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLGHYHQLWSHQWUXXQ

bun inferior simplu

GH WLS *,))(1 FkQG SUH XO L FDQWLWDWHD HYROXHD]  vQ DFHODL

sens (fig. 26).

y
U2
R/py
B

yB

A
yA

yC

U1
xB

xA xC R/px2

R/px1 x

)LJ(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLGHYHQLWSHQWUXXQEXQ

inferior GIFFEN
3HQWUX XQ EXQ LQIHULRU VLPSOX FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL GH OD Sx

px

la

 GHWHUPLQ  R PRGLILFDUH D SXQFWXOXL GH RSWLP GLQ $ vQ &

(trHFkQG

SULQ %  &UHWHUHD SUH XOXL GHWHUPLQ  R UHGXFHUH D

consumului. Efectul total asupra consumatorului este similar ca


pentru un bun normal, ca rezultat al unui efect de substituire
QHJDWLY L D XQXL HIHFW GH YHQLW SR]LWLY GDU PDL PLF vQ YDORDUH

absolut

GHFkWFHOGHVXEVWLWXLUH3HQWUXFHOHGRX EXQXULDYHP

ES1 = xB xA < 0

ES2 = yB yA > 0

EV1 = xC xB > 0

EV2 = yC yB < 0

ET1 = xC xA < 0

ET2 = yC yA < 0

%XQXOSUH]LQW FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHODUJ vQUDSRUWFXEXQXO

1, deoarece ca efect al creWHULL SUH XOXL OD EXQXO  PRGLILFDUHD


WRWDO GHFRQVXPHVWHQHJDWLY SHQWUXDPEHOHEXQXUL

Bunurile inferioare GIFFEN au fost definite de economistul


HQJOH] 6LU 5 *,))(1 vQ D GRXD MXP WDWH D VHF ;,; SH ED]D

studiului consumului n familiile irlandeze la mijlocul sec. XIX.


6XQW EXQXUL GH VWULFW  QHFHVLWDWH PDL DOHV DOLPHQWDUH  D F URU
SRQGHUH vQ FKHOWXLHOLOH GH FRQVXP HVWH PDUH PDL FX VHDP  FkQG
YHQLWXO FRQVXPDWRUXOXL HVWH PLF &UHWHUHD SUH XULORU OD DVWIHO GH
EXQXUL

vO

IDFH

SH

FRQVXPDWRU

V 

DIHFWH]H

onsumului lor

TXDVLWRWDOLWDWHD YHQLWXULORU VDOH &D UH]XOWDW HVWH SRVLELO  FUHWHUHD


FRQVXPXOXLDWXQFLFkQGSUH XOORUVHP UHWH3HQWUXEXQXOLQIHULRU

GH WLS *,))(1 FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL GH OD Sx

la px2 GHWHUPLQ

 R

modificare a punctului de consum optim din A n C (trecnd prin


% (IHFWHOHSHQWUXFHOHGRX EXQXULVXQW

ES1 = xB xA < 0

ES2 = yB yA > 0

EV1 = xC xB > 0

EV2 = yC yB < 0

ET1 = xC xA < 0

ET2 = yC yA < 0

5.6. Modelul dinamic al consumatorului


Modelul dinamic presupune luarea n considerare a
IDFWRUXOXL WLPS L GHILQLUHD XWLOLW

LL LQWHUWHPSRUDOH DVXSUD F UHLD

UHYHQLP

vQ

FDS

 

8WLOLWDWHD

LQWHUWHPSRUDO 

SUHVXSXQH

GHWHUPLQDUHD SUHIHULQ HORU FRQVXPDWRUXOXL vQWUH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW


LFHOYLLWRU $VWIHOYRPFRQVLGHUD GRX PRPHQWHGL
W

  L W

stincte n timp

  SHQWUX FDUH VH FXQRVF YHQLWXULOH FRQVXPDWRUXOXL

respectiv V0 L 91 SUHFXP L QLYHOXO JHQHUDO DO SUH XULORU SHQWUX
bunurile consumate p0LS1. Volumul consumului, necunoscut, este
C0 L UHVSHFWLY &1LDUIXQF LD GH XWLOLWDWH LQWHUWHPSRUDO

 8 &0

, C1).

)DFWRUXOGHDFWXDOL]DUHvQWUH FHOHGRX  PRPHQWHHVWH GXQGH

HVWH R UDW  GH DFWXDOL]DUH FH DU SXWHD IL GH H[HPSOX UDWD GREkQ]LL

compuse pentru intervalul [0,1].


&RPSRUWDPHQWXO

FRQVXPDWRUXOXL

VH

VFKLPE 

GH

OD

XQ

moment la altul, astfel:

OD PRPHQWXO W

  FRQVXPDWRUXO UHDOL]HD]  R HFRQRPLH (0

venitul ncasat, cu gndul de a-L

din

FRPSOHWD FRQVXPXO vQ

momentul 1;

OD PRPHQWXO W

  FRQVXPDWRUXO QX PDL HFRQRPLVHWH FL vL

FRQVXP  vQWUHJXO YHQLW FD LHFRQRPLLOH L VXUSOXVXO

de valoare

RE LQXWvQWLPSSHVHDPDDFHVWRUD

Un astfel de comportament poate fi ntlnit la un


FRQVXPDWRU FH GRUHWH V  HIHFWXH]H OD XQ PRPHQW GDW R DFKL]L LH
LPSRUWDQW  PRELO  XQ WHUHQ SHQWUX R FDV  GH YDFDQ

 XQ LPRELO

care s-ar vinde cash etc.) sau OD XQ FRQVXPDWRU FDUH vL SUHJ

WHWH

XQVXUSOXVSHQWUXFRQVXPXOGHGXS SHQVLRQDUH

Modelul dinamic al consumatorului poate fi conceput, din


SXQFWGHYHGHUHDOLPSDFWXOXLSHFDUHvODXSLH HOHILQDQFLDUHILHvQ
YDULDQWD

XWLOL] ULL

QXPDL

D

SRVLELOLW

LORU

RIHULWH

GH

SLD D

PRQHWDU  ILH vQ YDULDQWD XWLOL] ULL VLPXOWDQH FXPXODWLYH  D


SRVLELOLW

LORURIHULWHLGHSLD DPRQHWDU LGHSLD DFDSLWDOXULORU

0RGHOXOGLQDPLFDOFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXSLD

PRQHWDU

n acest caz, structura modelului este:


func LDGHXWLOLWDWHmaxUT = maxU(C0, C1)

(15.1)

HFXD LDYHQLWXOXLODW

(15.2)

HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXLODW

90

= p0C0 + E0

S1

C1 = V1 + (1 + d)E0 (15.3)

6ROX LDRSWLP VHRE LQHvQFk LYDSDL

HOLPLQ PSH(vQWUH  L 

5.3):

E0 = V0 p0C0
p1C1 = V1 + (1 + d)(V0 p0C0)

(15.4)

FRQVWUXLPODJUDQJHDQXOGLQ  L  

max L = max {U(C0,C1) + [-p1C1 (1+d)p0C0 + V1 + (1+d)V0]}


(15.5)

GLQ FRQGL LLOH GH RUGLQXO , SHQWUX H[WUHPXO IXQF LHL  
UH]XOW 

= UC0 / p0(1+d) = UC1 /p1

(15.6)

FRQGL LH VLPLODU  OXL   FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  PRGHOXO VWDWLF DO

consumatorului (11.1 11.2), model ce-LSURSXQHRVROX LHRSWLP

privind structura pe produse a consumului la un moment dat. Este


GH

REVHUYDW

F 

vQ

FD]XO

PRGHOXOXL

GLQDPLF

SUH XULOH

VXQW

considerate la momentul 1. Astfel, p0 G  GLQ   UHSUH]LQW


valoarea acWXDOL]DW

ODPRPHQWXODSUH XOXLGLQSHULRDGDW



8Q UH]XOWDW LQWHUHVDQW VH RE LQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH IXQF LD GH
XWLOLWDWHLQWHUWHPSRUDO HVWHGHIRUPD&REE

max UT = max a C 0 C1

-Douglas:
(15.7)

unde a,  L sunW SDUDPHWULL SR]LWLYL VHPQLILFD LD HFRQRPLF


H[SRQHQ LORU ILLQG GH HODVWLFLW

 D

L YH]L FDS   8UP ULQG SURFHGXUD

SUH]HQWDW PDLVXVVHRE LQH

C0 =

V
V (1 + d ) 1

0 + 1

+ po
p0

(15.8)

C1 =

V (1 + d ) V1

0
+
p1
+ p1

(15.9)

3DUDQWH]HOH GUHSWH GLQ   L   DX VHQVXO YHQLWXOXL

real al consumatorului pe ansamblul timpului considerat. n (15.8)

este un venit real exprimat prin actualizarea la t = 0, deoarece


V1(1+d)-1HVWHYDORDUHDSUH]HQW

DYHQLWXOXLYLLWRU91

; n (15.9) este

un venit real exprimat la t = 1, deoarece V0(1+d) este valoarea


viitoare a venitului prezent V0.
&RQVXPXOILHF UHLSHULRDGHHVWHRFRW GLQYHQLWXOUHDOWRWDO
FRW  UHSUH]HQWkQG SRQGHUHD SH FDUH R DUH HODVWLFLWDWHD XWLOLW

raport cu consumul perioadei ( sau ID


XWLOLW

LL vQ

GHHODVWLFLWDWHDWRWDO D

LL

&RQVXPXO ILHF UHL SHULRDGH VH REVHUY  F  HVWH GLUHFW


SURSRU LRQDOLFXFRWDPHQ LRQDW LFXYHQLWXOUHDOWRWDO

5.6.2. Modelul dinamic al consumatorului cu


SLD

PRQHWDU

LGH

capital

n acest caz, structura modelului este :

IXQF LDGHXWLOLWDWH

HFXD LDYHQLWXOXLODW

HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXLODW

IXQF LDIOX[XULORUSR]LWLYHGHYHQLWODW

maxUT = maxU(C0, C1)

unde I0

90
S1

LQYHVWL LLOHHIHFWXDWHODW

= p0C0 + E0 + I0

C1 = V1 + (1 + d)E0+ F1
)1

= f(I0),

(16.1)
(16.2)
(16.3)
(16.4)

LFDUHYRUDVLJXUDIOX[XUL

pozitive la t = 1.
6ROX LD R RE LQHP GXS  DFHHDL SURFHGXU  vQ SDL YH]L

5.6.1) considernd QV

FDYDULDELO LSH,o

= U C1 / p1 = U C0 / p 0 (1 + d ) ,

(16.5)

UHOD LH vQ FDUH VH REVHUY  F  SUH XULOH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH OD W

 

deoarece po * (1+d) este valoarea viitoare a lui po.


&RQGL LDGHH[WUHPOHJDW GHYDULDELODLQYHVWL LHHVWH

f (I0) (1+d) = 0

f (I0) = (1+d),

(16.6)

GLQ FDUH UH]XOW  F  LQYHVWL LD HVWH RSWLP  vQ VHQVXO F  IOX[XO
ILQDQFLDU SR]LWLY DGXV GH HD HVWH PD[LP DWXQFL FkQG HILFLHQ D HL
PDUJLQDO  DGLF  YHQLWXO PDUJLQDO WRWDO DO LQYHVWL LHL  FRLQFLGH

ca

P ULPHFXIDFWRUXOGHIUXFWLILFDUHGHILQLWGHSLD DPRQHWDU 
6 FRQVLGHU PvQPRGHOXO 

 RIXQF LHGHXWLOLWDWH

DGLWLY GHIRUPD

UT = U(C0) +

1
U ( C1 ) ,
1+ t

vQFDUHWHVWHUDWDGHSUHIHULQ

SULQIDFWRUXOWLPS&XFkW

(17.1)
t este mai

PDUH FX DWkW SUHIHULQ D SHQWUX SUH]HQW HVWH PDL PLF  'H SLOG 
SHQWUXW

UH]XOW F RXQLWDWHGHXWLOLWDWHGLVSRQLELO vQYLLWRUHVWH

HFKLYDOHQW FX  XQLW

L GH XWLOLWDWH vQ SUH]HQW GDF  W

  DWXQFL

SUHIHULQ DSHQWUXSUH]HQWHVWHQPRGRELQXLW

(1/(1 t))   &RQGL LDGHRSWLPGHYLQH


U C1 / p1 = ( U Co / p 0 )

1+ t
1+ d

(17.2)

Q   UDSRDUWHOH GH IRUPD 80S UHSUH]LQW  LQYHUVXO


FRVWXOXLPDUJLQDODOXWLOLW

LLDVWIHOvQFkWUDSRDUWHOHS80

sunt chiar

FRVWXULOH PDUJLQDOH &80  5DSRUWXO vQWUH GRX  DVWIHO GH FRVWXUL

este indicele acestui cost, din care se poate determina rata lui de
FUHWHUH$YHP

(p1 / U C1 ) /(p 0 / U C0 ) =
rata CUM =

1+ d
1+ t

(17.3)

dt
1+ t

(17.4)

astfel nct:
dDF

G

> t FUHWHUHDFRVWXOXLXWLOLW

GDF GW

UHGXFHUHDFRVWXOXLXWLOLW

FX FkW UDWD GH SUHIHULQ


SUHIHULQ D

SHQWUX

LLPDUJLQDOH
LLPDUJLQDOH

 WHPSRUDO  HVWH PDL PLF  DGLF 

SUH]HQW

FUHWH

FX

DWkW

FRVWXO

XWLOLW

LL

PDUJLQDOHFUHWHPDLUHSHGH

cu

FkW UDWD GH SUHIHULQ

SUHIHULQ D

SHQWUX

 WHPSRUDO  HVWH PDL PDUH DGLF 

SUH]HQW

VFDGH

FX

DWkW

FRVWXO

XWLOLW

marginale scade mai repede.


'LQUHOD LD  SRDWHILVHSDUDW&1

-1

C1 = [U] (g(C0)),
unde:[.]-1

HVWHIXQF LDLQYHUV

:
(17.5)

LL

g (C 0 ) = U C0

p1 1 + p

p0 1 + d

nlocuind C1 n (16.3) n care s-D vQORFXLW L (o conform


 VHRE LQHRHFXD LHvQ&o

[U]1 (g(C 0 )) + p 0 (1 + d) C 0 = V1 +
p1

GLQFDUHVHRE LQH

p1

V0
1
+ [f (I 0 ) I 0 (1 + d )]
1
p1
p 0 (1 + d )
(17.6)

nivelul de optim de consum pentru t = 0, fie Co*,

FXFDUHVH RE LQHGLQ  &1

. Nivelele de optim de consum sunt

GHSHQGHQWHGHWR LSDUDPHWULLPRGHOXOXL
6  SUHVXSXQHP SHQWUX XWLOLWDWH IXQF LD FHD PDL X]XDO 
ORJDULWPXOQDWXUDODGLF 

UT = ln C 0 +

1
ln C1
1+ t

(18.1)

FRUHOD LDGHRSWLPGHYLQH

1
1
1+ t
=

p 1C1 p 0 C 0 1 + d
5DWD GH FUHWHUH D FRVWXOXL PDUJLQDO HVWH GH IRUPD ,C

Ip unde Ic

este indicele consumului fizic, iar Ip LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU 5H]XOW

F 

indicele consumului fizic este:

IC =

1+ d 1

1+ t Ip

(18.2)

'DF H[SULP PLQGLFHOHSUH XULORUSULQUDWDLQIOD LHL,


p

= 1+ ri,

atunci

IC =

1+ d
,
(1 + t )(1 + ri)

(18.3)

GLQFDUHUH]XOW F UDSRUWXOvQWUHFRQVXPXULOHFHORUGRX PRPHQWH


W

  L W

  GHSLQGH GH UDWD GH DFWXDOL]DUH G  GH UDWD SUHIHULQ HL

LQWHUWHPSRUDOH W LGHUDWDLQIOD LHL UL 

GDF  UDWD GREkQ]LL FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW VH GLPLQXHD]  vQ


IDYRDUHDFHOXLYLLWRUGHRDUHFHH[LVW WHQWD LDHFRQRPLVLULL

GDF  UDWD SUHIHULQ HL LQWHUWHPSRUDOH FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW


FUHWH

GDF  UDWD LQIOD LHL FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW VFDGH vQ IDYRDUHD
FHOXL YLLWRU GHRDUHFH DJHQWXO FRQVXPDWRU GRUHWH V  IRORVHDVF 
EDQLLODFHDPDLPDUHSXWHUHGHFXPS UDUHDORU

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