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-L VDWLVIDF
vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH GHPHUVXO V X HVWH LQIOXHQ DW GH PDL PXO L
factori:
-
PXO LPHDEXQXULORUSHFDUHOHDUHvQYHGHUHSHQWUXFRQVXP
VWUXFWXUD FDOLWDWLY D
FDQWLW
vpj / vqjSLT B;
-
SUH XULOHXQLWDUHSi
la care seSURFXU
EXQXULOH
VXPDGHEDQLGLVSRQLELO SHQWUXFRQVXP
i;
RLFDUHvLGHILQHWH
bugetul de consum;
-
XWLOLWDWHD
SH
FDUH
HO
R
FRQIHU
ILHF UHL
XQLW
L
GR]H
PD[LP
(11.1)
p
i =1
vi = R
(11.2)
LOH Yi
ce trebuie
V.
(11.3)
unde HVWHSDUDPHWUXOOXL/DJUDQJH R+.
Pentru optim sunt necesare:
DFRQGL LLGHRUGLQXO,
EFRQGL LLGHRUGLQXO,,
Q
FH
vQGHSOLQLWH
SULYHWH
GHRDUHFH
FRQGL LLOH
GHULYDWHOH
L
=0
vi
2L
vi
GH
<0
RUGLQXO
SDU LDOH
GH
i = 1,2,..,n
i = 1,2,n
,,
DFHVWHD
RUGLQXO
GRL
VXQW
DOH
DD vQFkW GHULYDWD OXL VHFXQG HVWH ]HUR )XQF LD GH
QFHSULYHWHFRQGL LDGHRUGLQXO,DYHP
L
= UTvi p i = 0
vi
(11.4)
sau
UM Vi p i = 0 =
UM Vi
(11.5)
pi
5HOD LD QH SHUPLWH V IRUPXO P FRQGL LD GH RSWLP L
aQXPHF
LDQXPHVSRUXOGHXWLOLWDWH
LQWHUSUHWDUHDHFRQRPLF DSDUDPHWUXOXL
RE LQXWSULQFKHOWXLUHDXQHLXQLW
LPRQHWDUHvQFD]XOVXSOLPHQW ULLFX
y pentru i
LORUFRQVXPDWHFX SHQWUXL
L
LFX
px x + py y = R
(12.1)
px
R
x +
,
py
py
(12.2)
y=
FDUH SRDWH IL VFULV FD HFXD LD RULF UHL GUHSWH \
= mx + n, n care
DOXL
n este
FDQWLWDWHD GH SURGXV FDUH VH SRDWH SURFXUD GDF EXJHWXO 5 VH
FKHOWXLHWHLQWHJUDOSHQWUXDFHVWSURGXV'DF IDFHP\
x=R / px
DD vQFkW vQWU XQ SODQ [ \ GLVSXQHP GH GRX SXQFWH 5Sx L
GUHDSWDEXJHWXOXLILJ
y
R/py
A
y1
y2
x1
x2
R/px
R = px x1 + py y2 = px x2 + py y2
'H DVHPHQHD VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ IDSWXO F SUH]LQW
DFHLDLYDORDUHDSDQWHLLDQXPH
px / py.
'UHDSWD GHWHUPLQ vQ SODQXO [ \ WUHL ]RQH GLQ SXQFW GH
1 (fig. 18);
-
2 (fig. 18);
-
FXDFHODLEXJHW5
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH YDORDUHD OXL 5 VH PRGLILF vQ SODQXO [ \
vor apare mai multe drepte de buget, paralele (fig. 19) caracterizate
SULQUHOD LDGHRUGLQH51
< R2 <..
R1
R2 R3
R4
x
Fig. 19 Familia dreptelor bugetului
LOH[L\GLQEXQXULOHLFHSRWILSURFXUDWHFXXQ
EXJHW 5 GDW VXQW YDULDWH L GHWHUPLQ R PXO LPH GH YHFWRUL GH
P$FHWLYHFWRUL
LGLIHULWH8Yj
).
PDLPDULDDFXPHVWHXWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF SXQFWXOXL
PDLPLFLDDFXPHVWHXWLOLWDWHDFDUDFWHULVWLF SXQFWXOXL
utilitate.
Astfel, unele consumuri sunt inaccesibile (cum sunt cele
UHSUH]HQWDWH
SULQ
SXQFWHOH
GLQ
ILJ
L
LDU
DOWHOH
ILJ
R/py
U5
U2
U1
R/px
U4
U3
U3 U4
L
, cele
HYLGHQWLSXQFWHGHFRQVXPFX
px/py pe dreapta de
px
UM x
,
=py
UM y
(13)
GLQFDUHUH]XOW SHQWUXFD]XOSDUWLFXODUL
3HQWUX
SXQFWXO
GH
FRQVXP
RSWLP
UDWD
PDUJLQDO
GH
VXEVWLWXLUH HVWH HJDO FX UDSRUWXO SUH XULORU XQLWDUH L FX UDSRUWXO
XWLOLW
LORUPDUJLQDOH
9DULD LDSXQF
vQUDSRUWFXYDULD LDEXJHWXOXLGHFRQVXP
0XO LPHDSXQFWHORUGHFRQVXPRSWLP$%&'SHQWUX
FXUEDGH
YDULD LHDFRQVXPXOXLRSWLPvQUDSRUWFXEXJHWXOGHFRQVXPQXPLW
curba consum-venit.
3XQFWHOH GH FRQVXP RSWLP VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ FUHWHUHD
FDQWLW
LORUFRQVXPDWHDWkWGLQEXQXOFkWLGLQEXQXO
Curba consum-venit
C
B
U4
R1
R2
R3
R4
U1
U2
U3
xA < xB < xC < xD L VLPXOWDQ \ A< yB < yC < yD OXFUX ILUHVF GDF
LQHP VHDPD GH IDSWXO F EXJHWXO GH FRQVXP D FUHVFXW $VWIHO GH
y
Curba consum-venit
x = bun inferior
D
U2
C
U4
B
A
R1
R2
xAxDxCxB
R4
R3
U3
U1
U3
U4
U2
U1
yC
yB
yD
yA
C
B
A
R4
R3
Curba consum-venit
y = bun inferior
R2
R1
x
FX FUHW
9DULD LDSXQFWXOXLRSWLPGHFRQVXPvQUDSRUW
FXYDULD LDSUH XULORUXQLWDUHDOH
bunurilor consumate
9RPFRQVLGHUDXQEXJHWGHFRQVXPGDW5LL
pxDOEXQXOXLVHPRGLILF
LDUSUH XO
Q DFHVW IHO FDQWLWDWHD FH VH YD DFKL]L LRQD GLQ EXQXO vQ
FD]XOFkQGVHDFKL]L LRQHD] QXPDLDFHVWEXQYDU PkQHFRQVWDQW
la valoarea R/py vQ WLPS FH vQFD]XO FkQG VH DFKL]L LRQHD]
GLQ EXQXO FDQWLWDWHD FXPS UDW YD FUHWH
1
5Sx
QXPDL
de buget toate avnd ca punct comun punctul (0, R/py) (fig. 23).
Q FD]XO UHGXFHULL SUH XOXL XQLWDU DO EXQXOXL FDQWLW
FRQVXPDWH GLQ HO FUHVF UDSRUWXO SUH
-FDQWLWDWH
LOH
FRQVXPDW HVWH
curba consum-SUH .
U1
U2
U3 U4
y
Curba consum-SUH
R/py
yD
yC
yA
yB
D
A
xA R/px1 xB
xC R/px2 xD
R/px3
Pentru aceast
FHHDFHHVWHILUHVFGLQFDX]DUHGXFHULLSUH XOXLSx
, n schimb pentru
VFDGHGHOD$OD%DSRL
FUHWH 5HGXFHUHD SUH XOXL EXQXOXL vQ WLPS FH SUH XO EXQXOXL
U PkQHQHVFKLPEDWPRGLILF DSUHFLHUHDSHFDUHFRQVXPDWRUXORG
DFHVWXLD GLQ XUP I FkQGX O PDL VFXPS vQ UDSRUW FX SULPXO L
FH vQVHDPQ R FUHWHUH vQ WHUPHQL UHDOL DL SXWHULL GH FXPS UDUH D
bugetului de consum.
5H]XOW F PRGLILFDUHD SUH XOXL OD XQ EXQ LQGXFH SHQWUX
FRQVXPDWRUGRX HIHFWHXQ
(modificarea raportului de
Efectul de substituire P
LLFRQVXPDWH
nu-LPRGLILF
SRDWH RE LQH vQ VLWXD LD FHD PDL IDYRUDELO UH]XOWDW SHQWUX HO vQ
DFHDVW vPSUHMXUDU
e.
Efectul de venitH[SULP
U1
U2
y
R/py
B
yB
yA
A
C
yC
3
xA xB
2
xC R/px1
R/px2
Fig. 24 EfectuOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLYHQLWSHQWUXXQEXQQRUPDO
&RQVLGHU PVLWXD LD vQFDUHSUH XO EXQXOXL VFDGH Sx
> px2
esul la o
XWLOLWDWH VXSHULRDU 82
UDUH D
FRQVXPDWRUXOXL D FUHVFXW SULQ DFHDVW UHGXFHUH GH SUH HO DUH XQ
EXJHW UHDO GH FRQVXP PDL PDUH DGLF HVWH FD L FXP HODU DYHD XQ
EXJHW QRPLQDO PDL PDUH vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH SUH XUL
le nu s-ar fi
EXJHWPDLPDUHFRQVXPDWRUXOSRDWHDFFHVDXWLOLWDWHDVXSHULRDU 82
DFHDVW
PD[LPXP
GH
XWLOLWDWH
OD
FDUH
SRDWH
VSHUD
FXPS U WRUXO
vQ
-a redus.
EV1 = xB xA > 0
EV2 = yB yA > 0
WUHFHUHD GLQ % vQ & vQVHDPQ HIHFW GH VXEVWLWXLUHSHQWUX EXQXO
LUHVSHFWLYDF URUP ULPHHVWH
ES1 = xC xB > 0
EV2 = yC yB < 0
este:
ET1 = EV1 + ES1 > 0
GDF _(9_!_(6_
ET > 0
(14.1)
GDF _(9__(6_
ET < 0
(14.2)
GDF _(9_
ET = 0
(14.3)
MeULW
_(6_
PHQ LRQDW F vQ FD]XO GLPLQX ULL SUH XOXL XQXL EXQ
vQWRWGHDXQD GH VHPQH FRQWUDUH GXS FXP vQ FD]XO PDMRU ULL
SUH XOXLXQXLEXQFHOHGRX HIHFWH(9L(6SHQWUXUHVSHFWLYXOEXQ
generale:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
HIHFWXO GH YHQLW HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD QHJDWLY FkQG SUH XO XQXL
EXQ FUHWH GHRDUHFH vQ FD]XO XQRU EXQXU
FRQVXPXO
VFDGH
GDF
EXJHWXO
UHDO
GH
i normale)
FRQVXP
VH
GLPLQXHD]
(iv)
HIHFWXO GH YHQLW HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD SR]LWLY FkQG SUH XO XQXL
(v)
UXL SUH D
- 14.3);
(vi)
HIHFWXO WRWDO HVWH SR]LWLY SHQWUX EXQXO DO F UXL SUH VFDGH
GDUSRDWHDYHDRULFHVHPQSHQWUXFHO ODOWEXQ
14.3).
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GHVHQVXOGHYDULD LHDOHIHFWXOXLWRWDODOORU
vQ FD]XO FUHWHULL GH SUH OD XQ EXQ HIHFWXO WRWDO DVXSUD
FRQVXPXOXL V X HVWH QHJDWLY GDF HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH
-al
vQUDSRUWFXSULPXODFHODL
OXFUX L vQ FD]XO UHGXFHULL GH SUH OD XQ EXQ GDF HIHFWXO WRWDO
vQ FD]XO FUHWHULL GH SUH OD XQ EXQ HIHFWXO WRWDO DVXSUD
FRQVXPXOXL V X HVWH QHJDWLY GDF HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH
-al
vQUDSRUWFXSULPXODFHODLOXFUXvQFD]XO
UHGXFHULL GH SUH OD XQ EXQ GDF HIHFWXO WRWDO SHQWUX FHO GH
-al
SUH XOXL ORU DQWUHQHD] XQ HIHFW GH VXEVWLWXLUH QHJDWLY 6H GLVWLQJ
GRX FDWHJRULLGHEXQXULLQIHULRDUH
U2
U1
B
yB
yA
yC
C
xB xC R/px2 xA
R/px1
)LJ(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLGHYHQLWSHQWUXXQ
GH WLS *,))(1 FkQG SUH XO L FDQWLWDWHD HYROXHD] vQ DFHODL
y
U2
R/py
B
yB
A
yA
yC
U1
xB
xA xC R/px2
R/px1 x
)LJ(IHFWXOGHVXEVWLWXLUHLGHYHQLWSHQWUXXQEXQ
inferior GIFFEN
3HQWUX XQ EXQ LQIHULRU VLPSOX FUHWHUHD SUH XOXL GH OD Sx
px
la
(trHFkQG
absolut
GHFkWFHOGHVXEVWLWXLUH3HQWUXFHOHGRX EXQXULDYHP
ES1 = xB xA < 0
ES2 = yB yA > 0
EV1 = xC xB > 0
EV2 = yC yB < 0
ET1 = xC xA < 0
ET2 = yC yA < 0
vO
IDFH
SH
FRQVXPDWRU
V
DIHFWH]H
onsumului lor
la px2 GHWHUPLQ
R
ES1 = xB xA < 0
ES2 = yB yA > 0
EV1 = xC xB > 0
EV2 = yC yB < 0
ET1 = xC xA < 0
ET2 = yC yA < 0
UHYHQLP
vQ
FDS
8WLOLWDWHD
LQWHUWHPSRUDO
SUHVXSXQH
L W
stincte n timp
respectiv V0 L 91 SUHFXP L QLYHOXO JHQHUDO DO SUH XULORU SHQWUX
bunurile consumate p0LS1. Volumul consumului, necunoscut, este
C0 L UHVSHFWLY &1LDUIXQF LD GH XWLOLWDWH LQWHUWHPSRUDO
8&0
, C1).
HVWH R UDW GH DFWXDOL]DUH FH DU SXWHD IL GH H[HPSOX UDWD GREkQ]LL
FRQVXPDWRUXOXL
VH
VFKLPE
GH
OD
XQ
OD PRPHQWXO W
din
momentul 1;
OD PRPHQWXO W
de valoare
RE LQXWvQWLPSSHVHDPDDFHVWRUD
XQ LPRELO
care s-ar vinde cash etc.) sau OD XQ FRQVXPDWRU FDUH vL SUHJ
WHWH
XQVXUSOXVSHQWUXFRQVXPXOGHGXS SHQVLRQDUH
XWLOL] ULL
QXPDL
D
SRVLELOLW
LORU
RIHULWH
GH
SLD D
0RGHOXOGLQDPLFDOFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXSLD
PRQHWDU
(15.1)
HFXD LDYHQLWXOXLODW
(15.2)
HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXLODW
90
= p0C0 + E0
S1
C1 = V1 + (1 + d)E0 (15.3)
5.3):
E0 = V0 p0C0
p1C1 = V1 + (1 + d)(V0 p0C0)
(15.4)
GLQ FRQGL LLOH GH RUGLQXO , SHQWUX H[WUHPXO IXQF LHL
UH]XOW
(15.6)
FRQGL LH VLPLODU OXL FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD] PRGHOXO VWDWLF DO
REVHUYDW
F
vQ
FD]XO
PRGHOXOXL
GLQDPLF
SUH XULOH
VXQW
ODPRPHQWXODSUH XOXLGLQSHULRDGDW
8Q UH]XOWDW LQWHUHVDQW VH RE LQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH IXQF LD GH
XWLOLWDWHLQWHUWHPSRUDO HVWHGHIRUPD&REE
max UT = max a C 0 C1
-Douglas:
(15.7)
D
C0 =
V
V (1 + d ) 1
0 + 1
+ po
p0
(15.8)
C1 =
V (1 + d ) V1
0
+
p1
+ p1
(15.9)
DYHQLWXOXLYLLWRU91
; n (15.9) este
LL vQ
GHHODVWLFLWDWHDWRWDO D
LL
PRQHWDU
LGH
capital
IXQF LDGHXWLOLWDWH
HFXD LDYHQLWXOXLODW
HFXD LDFRQVXPXOXLODW
IXQF LDIOX[XULORUSR]LWLYHGHYHQLWODW
unde I0
90
S1
LQYHVWL LLOHHIHFWXDWHODW
= p0C0 + E0 + I0
C1 = V1 + (1 + d)E0+ F1
)1
= f(I0),
(16.1)
(16.2)
(16.3)
(16.4)
LFDUHYRUDVLJXUDIOX[XUL
pozitive la t = 1.
6ROX LD R RE LQHP GXS DFHHDL SURFHGXU vQ SDL YH]L
5.6.1) considernd QV
FDYDULDELO LSH,o
= U C1 / p1 = U C0 / p 0 (1 + d ) ,
(16.5)
UHOD LH vQ FDUH VH REVHUY F SUH XULOH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH OD W
f (I0) (1+d) = 0
f (I0) = (1+d),
(16.6)
GLQ FDUH UH]XOW F LQYHVWL LD HVWH RSWLP vQ VHQVXO F IOX[XO
ILQDQFLDU SR]LWLY DGXV GH HD HVWH PD[LP DWXQFL FkQG HILFLHQ D HL
PDUJLQDO DGLF YHQLWXO PDUJLQDO WRWDO DO LQYHVWL LHL FRLQFLGH
ca
P ULPHFXIDFWRUXOGHIUXFWLILFDUHGHILQLWGHSLD DPRQHWDU
6 FRQVLGHU PvQPRGHOXO
DGLWLY GHIRUPD
UT = U(C0) +
1
U ( C1 ) ,
1+ t
vQFDUHWHVWHUDWDGHSUHIHULQ
SULQIDFWRUXOWLPS&XFkW
(17.1)
t este mai
PDUH FX DWkW SUHIHULQ D SHQWUX SUH]HQW HVWH PDL PLF 'H SLOG
SHQWUXW
DWXQFL
SUHIHULQ DSHQWUXSUH]HQWHVWHQPRGRELQXLW
1+ t
1+ d
(17.2)
LLDVWIHOvQFkWUDSRDUWHOHS80
sunt chiar
este indicele acestui cost, din care se poate determina rata lui de
FUHWHUH$YHP
(p1 / U C1 ) /(p 0 / U C0 ) =
rata CUM =
1+ d
1+ t
(17.3)
dt
1+ t
(17.4)
astfel nct:
dDF
G
> t FUHWHUHDFRVWXOXLXWLOLW
GDF GW
UHGXFHUHDFRVWXOXLXWLOLW
SHQWUX
LLPDUJLQDOH
LLPDUJLQDOH
SUH]HQW
FUHWH
FX
DWkW
FRVWXO
XWLOLW
LL
PDUJLQDOHFUHWHPDLUHSHGH
cu
SUHIHULQ D
SHQWUX
SUH]HQW
VFDGH
FX
DWkW
FRVWXO
XWLOLW
-1
C1 = [U] (g(C0)),
unde:[.]-1
HVWHIXQF LDLQYHUV
:
(17.5)
LL
g (C 0 ) = U C0
p1 1 + p
p0 1 + d
[U]1 (g(C 0 )) + p 0 (1 + d) C 0 = V1 +
p1
GLQFDUHVHRE LQH
p1
V0
1
+ [f (I 0 ) I 0 (1 + d )]
1
p1
p 0 (1 + d )
(17.6)
GHSHQGHQWHGHWR LSDUDPHWULLPRGHOXOXL
6 SUHVXSXQHP SHQWUX XWLOLWDWH IXQF LD FHD PDL X]XDO
ORJDULWPXOQDWXUDODGLF
UT = ln C 0 +
1
ln C1
1+ t
(18.1)
FRUHOD LDGHRSWLPGHYLQH
1
1
1+ t
=
p 1C1 p 0 C 0 1 + d
5DWD GH FUHWHUH D FRVWXOXL PDUJLQDO HVWH GH IRUPD ,C
Ip unde Ic
este indicele consumului fizic, iar Ip LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU 5H]XOW
F
IC =
1+ d 1
1+ t Ip
(18.2)
= 1+ ri,
atunci
IC =
1+ d
,
(1 + t )(1 + ri)
(18.3)
L W
GDF UDWD LQIOD LHL FUHWH FRQVXPXO SUH]HQW VFDGH vQ IDYRDUHD
FHOXL YLLWRU GHRDUHFH DJHQWXO FRQVXPDWRU GRUHWH V IRORVHDVF
EDQLLODFHDPDLPDUHSXWHUHGHFXPS UDUHDORU