Voice Over IP

Chapter 1

Merging Voice and Data

Networks

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Traditional Data Networks

IP
IP

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 Traditional Voice Networks

PSTN

Traditionally Voice Services were only provided by PSTN providers.

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 Voice Networks

 System based on copper wires.

 Exchanges are Digital.

 Local loops are analog.

 ISDN converts local loop into digital.

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 Analog Voice Networks

 A dedicated pair of copper wires was required for

each call because of the nature of an analog call
in the old phone network.
 Transmit voice as an analog wave.

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 Analog Voice Networks

 Through (FDM) single analog

circuit can carry several voice
calls

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 Digital Voice Networks

 Digital line can extend all the way

to PBX, and on telephone sets as
well.

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 Leased-Line Network

 Mostly simple point to point network.

 Mostly layer 2 protocol HDLC.

 Mostly layer 3 protocol IP.

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 Point to Point Networks

 Two end to end connection.

 Specified amount of Bandwidth.

 X.25

 Frame Relay

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 Multi-Drop Networks

 Permits a phone company to bridge connections

within their CO.
 A single frame sent from a primary station would be
transmitted to all secondary stations

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 Multi-Drop Networks

 One station receives other drop.

 Like Main Frame.

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 Access Layer
Access Layer

•Entry point to the network

•Shared bandwidth

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 Access Layer
Access Layer

•Layer 2 services
–Filtering
–VLAN membership
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 Distribution Layer
Distribution
Layer

•Access aggregation point

•Workgroup services access
•Broadcast domains definition
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 Distribution Layer
Distribution
Layer

•InterVLAN routing
•Media translation
•Security
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 Core Layer
Core Layer

•Fast transport
•No Layer 3 processing

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 Sharing Circuit with
Drop-and-insert Devices
 To better usage of the bandwidth, insert a channel bank
between the telco’s CTP (Circuit Termination Point) and
telephone and computer.
 Drop one channel from, say voice stream and insert data
stream.

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 Voice Compression and
Packetization
 G.711 64 kbps
 G.729/G.729(a) 8 kbps
11.2 kbps

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 Signaling Protocol

 ITU-T’s H.323
 IETF’s Media Gateway Control
Protocol (MGCP)
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

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