ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AISHWARYA G.K.

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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

3 MAIN DIVISIONS OF INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ARE THE



IMPERIAL

PROVINCIAL

MUGHAL


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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE




BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IS OF THE

PROVINCIAL STLYE
(16
TH
CENTURY AND 17
TH
CENTURY)


BUILDERS ADIL SHAHIS
THE RULE LASTED FOR LESS THAN 200 YEARS; NOT MUCH DEVELOPMENT OF STYLE IN THIS PERIOD


BUILDINGS ARE OF 3 KINDS
MOSQUES
TOMBS
PALACES


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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY OF BIJAPUR

IN BIJAPUR MOSQUES PREDOMINATE AMOUNTING UPTO 50 EXAMPLES.
TOMBS 20 IN NUMBER.
PALACES AND MAHALS ALSO APPROXIMATELY 20 IN NUMBER.

MATERIAL USED WAS DULL BROWN MONOCHROME OF LOCAL BASALT.


BIJAPUR STANDS ON GENTLY RISING GROUND SITUATED TOWARDS THE CENTER OF TERRITORY IT
ADMINISTERED.

BUILDING OPERATIONS ON THIS SITE BEGAN DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 16
TH
CENTURY.
FIRST A CITADEL(A FORTRESS) WAS CONSTRUCTED.
NEXT A FORTRESS IRREGULARLY CIRCULAR IN PLAN WAS BUILT AND IT CONTAINED A PALACE,
IMPERIAL BUILDINGS AND 2 SMALL MOSQUES.

CITY GREW WITH POWER OF RULERS AND WAS STRONGLY FORTIFIED BY 1565.

FROM THE CITADEL IN THE CENTRE ROADS RADIATE TO 6 CITY GATES , WITH NO DIRECT
ALIGNMENT AND NO SYSTEMATIC TOWN PLANNING.

AS POWER OF ADEL SHAHS INCREASED SUBURBS CROPPED UP,( WITH NO NOTABLE BUILDINGS.)

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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE





BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

THE STYLE

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS

THE DOME.
It is spherical in shape and rises out of a band of conventional petals at it`s base.
These forms are repeated to a small scale as an ornamental finish to the turrets, also
these became prominent at angles of buildings around minarets.

BUILDINGS ARE OF AVERAGE PROPORTIONS.

THE TYPICAL SHAPE OF THE ARCH IS A FOUR CENTERED VARIETY LIKE TUDOR GOTHIC
BUT FULLER IN IT`S CURVE.





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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

THE STYLE

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS


PILLARS ARE RARE .
SUBSTANTIAL MASONRY PIERS.
Usually rectangular in section take place of pillar.

A CORNICE OR CHAJJA REMARKABLE FOR IT`S SIZE AND PROJECTION .
CLOSELY RANKED DECORATED BRACKETS SUPPORT CHAJJA.
ARCH SPANDRELS ,CONSISTING OF VAULTED BRACKET HOLDING A MEDALLION( An
ornamental plaque on which is represented as an object in relief, such as a figure,
head, flower)AND ABOVE THE ARCH A FOLIATED FINIAL.

ROSETTES , CONVENTIONAL HANGING LAMPS, RUNNING BORDERS INTERLACED
SYMBOLS EITHER CARVED IN STONE OR MOULDED IN STUCCO.



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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE





4 TYPICAL EXAMPLES



JAMI MASJID - EARLIEST MONUMENT

IBRAHIM RAUZA MOST ELABORATE

THE GOL GUMBAZ- GRANDIOSE FORM

MIHTAR MAHAL REFINED AND DELICATE IN IT`S MINIATURE FORM







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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

JAMI MASJID


FIRST BUILDING BUILT BY ADIL SHAH.

NOT COMPLETED; LACKS 2 MINARETS ; EASTERN EXTERIOR UNFINISHED.
ENTRANCE GATEWAY WAS PROVIDED LATER BY THE MUGHAL EMPEROR ARUNGZEBE IN THE 17
TH

CENTURY IN SAME STYLE AS REST OF BUILDING.

ORNAMENTAL MERLONS ON PARAPETS AROUND COURTYARD ARE MISSING.
IT IS A LARGE STRUCTURE; THE PLAN FORMS A RECTANGLE OF 450X225.

2 ROWS OF ARCADES WITHIN WALLING , ONE ABOVE THE OTHER TO BREAK MONOTONY .
LOWER ROW BEING MERELY ORNAMENTAL.
UPPER ROW IS OPEN AND DISCLOSES AN ARCHED CORRIDOR.

THE COURTYARD WITHIN THIS MOSQUE IS A SQUARE OF 155 SIDE.
THREE OF IT`S SIDES HAVE ARCHES,
7 ARCHES ON EACH SIDE , THOSE AT THE WESTERN END WITH THE CENTRAL OPENING
EMPHASIZED BY FOLIATIONS , FORMING THE FAADE OF THE SANCTUARY.

OVER THESE FACADES ARCHES PROJECT A WIDE AND DEEP CORNICE ON BRACKETS.


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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

JAMI MASJID



ABOVE THE MIDDLE OF THE SANCTUARY RISES A SQUARE ARCADED CLEARSTORY SUPPORTING
THE GREAT DOME.

THE DOME IS STATELY .
APPEALING TO AESTHETIC SENSES.
REFINED SHAPING OF DOME .
DOME ENRICHED BY BOLD FOLIATIONS AT IT`S JUNCTURE WITH THE DRUM .
DOME IS NO LONGER STILTED , AND IS HEMISPHERICAL IN CONTOUR.
IT`S APEX RISING UPTON A MASSIVE METAL FINIAL CROWNED BY SYMBOL OF CRESCENT.



CLEARSTORY HAS ARCADED FENESTRATIONS AROUND IT`S SIDES.
MORE PRONOUNCED SYSTEM OF MERLONS OVER THE PARAPETS.



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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

JAMI MASJID

THE INTERIORS OF THE SANCTUARY IS UNPRETENTIOUS , SIMPLE AND SPACIOUS.
IT CONSISTS A LARGE HALL OF SIZE 208X107
DIVIDED INTO 5 AISLES BY MEANS OF ARCHES ON SUBSTANTIAL MASONRY PIERS.

THE NAVE IN THE CENTER IS A SQUARE COMPARTMENT OF 76 DIAMETER AND CONTAINED
WITHIN 12 ARCHES, 3 ON EACH SIDE.

THESE ARCHES INTERSECT ABOVE THUS PRODUCING AN OCTAGONAL CORNICE FOR SUPPORT OF
THE BASE OF THE DOME

AROUND THE CENTRAL SPACE ARE BAYS OF AISLES, EACH OCCUPYING A SQUARE WITH THE
CEILING OF EACH CONSTRUCTED ON THE SAME PRINCIPAL AS THE NAVE BUT IN A MODIFIED
FORM TO SUIT SMALLER SIZE.

THE SURFACE TREATMENT OF THIS INTERIOR IS BROAD AND RESTRAINED AND SIMILAR IN
CHARACTER TO THAT OF THE EXTERIOR, THE PURPOSE BEING TO ACCENTUATE A LINE OR SPACE
RATHER THAN FOR ACTUAL DECORATION.

AN ELABORATE MURAL DESIGN IN RELIEF AND BRILLIANT COLOUR WAS ADDED AT LATER DATE TO
THE MIHRAB.

MOSQUE IS SIMPLE, DIGNIFIED AND INDEPENDENT OF APPLIED ART.
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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAUZA

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAGUSA

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BIJOU INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAGUSA

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http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2012/07/inside-mosque-at-ibrahim-rauza-bijapur.html
INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITETCURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAUZA

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/mukulb/7523561072/in/photostream/
INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAUZA

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http://www.hoparoundindia.com/karnataka/attractions-gallery/16217/ibrahim-
rauza.aspx#6
INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAUZA

IS A MAUSOLEUM
IT IS LOCATED JUST OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS ON THE WEST
ORDERED TO BE BUILT BY IBRHIM ADIL SHAH I(1580-1627)

IT CONSISTS OF TWO MAIN BUILDINGS
A TOMB
A MOSQUE

THE ENCLOSURE IS A SQUARE WITH THE MAIN BUILDINGS AND ACCESSORIES
IT IS AN ATTRACTIVE GARDEN RETREAT
ORNATE
NOT LARGE JUST 450 SQUARE
THE TOMB IS 115 SQUARE

THE MAUSOLEUM IS COMPLETE IN ALL RESPECTS STRUCTURALLY , TECHNICALLY,
ORNAMENTALLY AND EVEN FROM UTILITARIAN ASPECT.

ACCURACY HAS BEEN ACHIEVED BE IT IN STONE SIZES , POSITION OF STONE HOOKS ,OR
INSCRIPTIONS CARVED ON IT`S WALLS .
EXHIBITS QUALITIES OF PERFECTION .
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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAUZA

THE TWO BUILDINGS THE TOMB AND THE MOSQUE STAND ON OBLONG TERRACE 360 X150.
AT THE EASTERN END IS THE TOMB.
WESTERN END FACING IT IS MOSQUE.
THE OPEN COURT BETWEEN BEING OCCUPIED BY ORNAMENTAL TANK AND FOUNTAIN.

TO PRODUCE A SYMMETRICAL COMPOSITION 2 BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN MADE TO BALANCE IN
STYLE AND VOLUME.
THE TWO BUILDINGS ARE HOWEVER DIFFERENT IN SHAPE.


THE TOMB IS MORE SPLENDID.
IT HAS A CENTRAL CHAMBER.
CONTAINED WITH ARCHED VERANDAH AND WHOLE SURMOUNTED BY A DOME .
ELEGANT AND HARMONIOUS.

ARCHES PROVIDE VARIETY IN VOIDS AS SOME ARE NARROWER THAN OTHERS.
TALL MINAR SHAPED TURRETS RISE FROM EACH ANGLE OF THE BUILDING.
BULBOUS DOME.
ELABORATELY BRACKETED BATTLEMENT UPPER STORY CARRIES THE DOME.
ARCHED VERANDAH AROUND THE BUILDING , AND INSIDE ROW OF PILLARS ACT AS DOUBLE
ARCADE AROUND THE CENTRAL CHAMBER.
PROFUSELY EMBELLISHED, OUTER WALL SURFACE ORNAMENTED WITH CARVING.

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

IBRAHIM RAUZA

EACH WALL IS SPACED INTO AN ARCADE OF 3 SHALLOW ARCHES AND THESE ARE ENCLOSED BY A
SYSTEM OF BORDERS AND PANELS WITH A PIER AT EACH ANGLE OF BUILDING.
SURFACE IS FILLED WITH MOST PREDOMINANT TRACERIED INSCRIPTIONS.



ANOTHER OUTSTANDING FEATURE CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUE OF THE DOME.
SMALL SQUARE ROOM OF 18SIDE
CEILING IS A GRACEFULLY CURVED COFFERED ONE.
HANGING CEILING ADOPTED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE HEIGHT OF DOME EXTERNALLY AND AVOID
INTERNAL DARKNESS .
THIS CEILING VIRTUALLY FLOATS OVER 2 M DEEP PROJECTING BRACKETS.
THE MASONRY IS JOGGLE JOINTED AND THUS APPEARS TO HAVE NO VISIBLE SUPPORT.
THE RESULT IS WELL PROPORTIONED ROOM BELOW.
THOUGH THE UPPER PART GOES UNUSED.





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GOL GUMBAZ
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GOL GUMBAZ
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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

GOL GUMBAZ
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GOL GUMBAZ
http://www.oberlin.edu/images/art234/PreM-040.JPG
INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

GOL GUMBAZ

BUILT MID 17
TH
CENTURY.
MAUSOLEUM OF MOHAMMED ADIL SHAH.

GOL GUMBAZ MEANS ROUND DOME.
THE STRUCTURE HAS ACHIEVED EXCELLENCE IN SIZE BEING THE LARGEST DOME IN THE WORLD.
LARGEST SINGLE BUILDING IN INDIA.
COMPRISES OF TOMB, MOSQUE , NAQQAR KHANA(DRUM HOUSE AND GATEWAY),
DHARMASHALA( A REST HOUSE) AND OTHER STRUCTURAL AMENITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM.
ALL THE ABOVE CONTAINED WITHIN WALLED ENCLOSURE.

IT TOOK MANY YEARS IN PREPARATION .
HOWEVER NEVER WHOLLY COMPLETED.

BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE WALL SURFACES ARE SEVERELY PLAIN.
SIMPLE FORMS USED FOR IT`S CONSTRUCTION .
A CUBE BODY WITH TURRET OR TOWER ATTACHED AT EACH ANGLE.
AND A LARGE HEMISPHERICAL DOME.





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GOL GUMBAZ

EXCELLENT PROPORTIONS ACHIEVED BETWEEN MAIN ELEMENTS THE CUBE AND THE DOME.
DOME HAS NO COMPLEX CURVES. JUST AN INVERTED BOWL.

SUPPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS ARE THE FINE PROJECTING CORNICE, WITH IT`S DEEP SHADOW.
ENRICHED BY CLOSELY SET BRACKETS.
CORBELLED ELONGATED FORMS OF BRACKETS AT SALIENT POINTS.
ABOVE THE CORNICE IS AN ARCADE OF SMALL ARCHES.
AGAIN ABOVE ARE MASSIVE MERLONS- WITH FINISHES.
BOLD FOLIATIONS AT BASE OF DOME CONCEALING JUNCTURE WITH THE DRUM IN MOST
APPROPRIATE MANNER.

BELOW THE MAIN WALL SPACES 3 SHALLOW ARCHES HAVE BEEN SUNK IN EACH FACE.
THE LARGER ARCHWAY IN THE CENTER BEING PANELED OUT SO AS TO REDUCE IT TO THE
DIMENSIONS OF A NORMAL DOORWAY.

POGODA LIKE SUPPORTING TURRETS DISTURB THE HIGH AESTHETIC STANDARDS, WHICH IS
ACHIEVED IN THE REST OF THE BUILDING.


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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
GOL GUMBAZ

INTERIORS
ONE CHAMBER ONLY, MAJESTIC PROPORTIONS, VAULTED HALL.

TALL POINTED ARCHES FORM SIDES, WHICH GIVE SUPPORT TO A CIRCULAR PLATFORM ABOVE,
THIS IN TURN RECEIVES THE BASE OF THE DOME .

NOT A DOUBLE DOME
SQUARE AT PLAN CHANGES AT IT`S SUMMIT TO OCTAGON AND ULTIMATELY A CIRCLE.
THE CONVERSION OF SQUARE INTO CIRCLE WAS ACHIEVED BY ARRANGING EACH ARCH WITHIN
THE SIDES OF SQUARE BUT IT`S PLANE AT AN ANGLE TO THE PLANE OF THE SQUARE.

THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE DOME IS SET BACK SOME 12 FROM THE INNER EDGE OF THE
CIRCLE SO THAT A PROPORTION OF IT`S WEIGHT IS TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY DOWNWARDS ON TO
THE FOUR WALLS THE REMAINDER BEING CARRIED ON THE INTERSECTING ARCHES WHICH ALSO
RECEIVE AND COUNTERACT ANY OUTWARD THRUST.

THE DOME IS PLAIN PLASTERED VAULT WITH 6 SMALL OPENINGS THROUGH AND A FLAT SECTION.
AT IT`S CROWN WITH NO CENTRAL PENDENT.
IT IS CONSTRUCTED WITH HORIZONTAL COURSES OF BRICK, WITH SUBSTANTIAL LAYER OF
MORTAR BETWEEN EACH COURSE.
IT IS A HOMOGENOUS SHELL OF CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH BRICKS, WITH AVERAGE
THICKNESS OF 10.
NO CENTERING USED ONLY AT THE CROWN IT MAY HAVE BEEN USED.

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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
GOL GUMBAZ
INTERIORS


THE TOTAL WIDTH OF ONE OF IT`S SQUARE SIDES IS EQUAL TO THE ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE
BUILDING, WHICH IS A LITTLE OVER 200

OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF DOME IS 144
INTERIOR HALL MEASURES 135 AND 178 HIGH.
GALLERY FROM WHICH THE DOME RISES IS 110 ABOVE THE PAVEMENT.
TOTAL HALL MEASURES 18,000 SQFT
IT IS LARGER THAN PANTHEON AT ROME WHICH MEASURES AROUND 16,000 SQFT.

GOL GUMBAZ IS THE LARGEST DOME IN EXISTENCE.
THE INTENTION OF BUILDER WAS TO CREATE AWE AND AMAZEMENT WHICH THE STRUCTURE
HAS FULFILLED.

GOL GUMBAZ IS A HARMONIOUS COMBINATION OF ARCHES , CORNICE, ARCADES, FOLIATED
PARAPET, AND FLUTED DRUM.


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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
MIHTAR MAHAL.





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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
MIHTAR MAHAL


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BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
MIHTAR MAHAL

ERECTED ABOUT 1620, DURING REIGN OF IBRAHIM ADIL SHAHII
RICH EMBELLISHMENT
IT IS NOT A PALACE, BUT JUST AN ENTRANCE HALL TO COURTYARD OF A MOSQUE

IT HAS AN UPPER STORY CONSISTING OF AN ASSEMBLY ROOM
ABOVE THIS IS AN OPEN TERRACE SURROUNDED BY WALL WITH ORIEL WINDOW SAND PERFORATED
PARAPET.
THE ASSEMBLY ROOM WOULD BE AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE FOR A MODERN HALL.

THE EXTERIOR IS ADMIRABLE
THE FAADE CONTAINED BETWEEN 2 SLENDER BUTTRESSES RISING UP INTO GRACEFUL TURRETS.

OUTSTANDING FEATURE IS A WINDOW .
IT`S BALCONY PROJECTED ON BRACKETS, AND EXPANSIVE EAVES.

A DOORWAY OF POINTED ARCHES RECESSED WITHIN AN ARRANGEMENT OF FLAT PANELING
BUTTRESSES ARE ALSO MADE ELABORATE, STRUTS SUPPORTING EAVE ARE EXCESSIVELY DECORATIVE
RESEMBLING CARVED BRACKETS OF THIN WOODEN BRACES.

STONE HERE IS TREATED AS PLASTIC.





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INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
TRIP ASSIGNMENT


MAKE 3 GROUPS
GROUP I WILL BE USN 1 TO 10
GROUP II USN 11 TO 20
GROUP III USN 21 TO 30


GROUP I WILL PRESENT GOL GUMBAZ WITH SKETCHES AND PHOTOS .
GROUP II WILL PRESENT IBRAHIM RAUZA WITH SKETCHES AND PHOTOS.
GROUP III WILL PRESENT TYPICAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF BIJAPUR INDO ISLAMIC STYLE WITH
PHOTOS AND SKETCHES.

PLEASE NOTE ALL ELEMENTS AND EXPLANATIONS MUST BE MARKED IN PHOTOS AND SKETCHES.

DEADLINE BEFORE MARCH 3
RD
2014.

VIDEO/AUDIO PRESENTATIONS ALSO WELCOME.







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