BasicMathsM01

Basics of Number System

He is unworthy of the name of man who is ignorant of the fact that
the diagonal of square is incomensurable with its side .......Plato

Number system :
(i )

Natural numbers : Thecountingnumbers1,2,3,4,....arecalledNaturalNumbers.Theset

ofnaturalnumbersisdenotedbyN.ThusN={1,2,3,4,....}.

(i i )

Whole numbers : Natural numbersincluding zero arecalled whole numbers. Theset of

wholenumbers,isdenotedbyW.ThusW={0,1,2,.........}

(ii i )

Integers : The numbers ... 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .... are called integers and the set is
denotedbyorZ.Thus(orZ)={..3,2,1,0,1,2,3...}

Note : (a)
(b)
(c)

Positiveintegers -{1,2,3....}.
Negativeintegers -{.....,3,2,1}.
Non-negativeintegers(wholenumbers)-{0,1,2,......}.

(d)

Non-positiveintegers{......,3,2,1,0}.

(iv)

Even integers : Integerswhicharedivisibleby2arecalledevenintegers.

e.g.
0,2,4,.......

(v)

Odd integers : Integers,whicharenotdivisibleby2arecalledasoddintegers.

e.g.
1,3,5,7......

(vi)

Prime number : Naturalnumberwhicharedivisibleby1anditselfonlyareprimenumbers.

e.g.
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,........

Note : (i)
(ii)
(vi i )

Note : (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(vi i i )

Note : (a)
(b)
(i x)

1isneitheraprimenumbernorcompositenumber.
2istheonlyevenprimenumber.
Composite number : Let'a'beanaturalnumber,'a'issaidtobecompositeif,ithasatleast
threedistinctfactors.
1isneitheraprimenumbernorcompositenumber.
Numberwhicharenotprimearecompositenumbers(except1).
'4'isthesmallestcompositenumber.
Co-prime number : Twonaturalnumbers(notnecessarilyprime)arecoprime,ifthereH.C.F
(Highestcommonfactor)isone.
e.g.
(1,2),(1,3),(3,4),(3,10),(3,8),(5,6),(7,8)(15,16)etc.
Thesenumbersarealsocalledasrelatively prime numbers.
Twoprimenumber(s)arealwaysco-primebutconverseneednotbetrue.
Consecutivenumbersarealwaysco-primenumbers.
Twin prime numbers : Ifthedifferencebetweentwoprimenumbersistwo,thenthenumbers
aretwinprimenumbers.
e.g.
{3,5},{5,7},{11,13},{17,19},{29,31}

Note : Numberbetweentwinprimenumbersisdivisibleby6exceptforthepair{3,5}.

CONCEPT Educations

(x )

BasicMathsM01
Rational numbers : Allthenumbersthatcanberepresentedintheformp/q,wherepandq
are integers and q 0, are called rational numbers and their set is denoted by Q. Thus
Q={

p
:p,qandq0}.Itmaybenotedthateveryintegerisarationalnumbersinceitcan
q

bewrittenasp/1.Itmaybenotedthatallrecurringdecimalsarerationalnumbers.

Note : Maximumnumberofdecimaldigitsin
(xi )

p
11
isequaltoq,i.e.
willhavemaximumof9decimaldigits.
q
9

Irrational numbers : Realnumberswhichcannotbeexpressedinp/qform,i.e.realnumbers

which are not rational are called irrational numbers and their set is denoted by
Qc.(i.e.complementarysetofQ)e..g. 2 ,1+ 3 etc.Irrationalnumberscannotbeexpressed
asrecurringdecimals.

Note :e2.71iscalledNapier'sconstantand3.14areirrationalnumbers.

(xii )

Real numbers : Numberswhichcanbeexpressedonnumberlinearecalledrealnumbers.

Thecompletesetofrationalandirrationalnumberisthesetofrealnumbersandisdenotedby
R.ThusR=QQC .

Allthenumbersdefinedsofarfollowtheorderpropertyi.e.iftherearetwodistinctnumbersa
andbtheneithera<bora>b.
Note : (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

(xi ii )

Integersarerationalnumbers,butconverseneednotbetrue.
Negativeofanirrationalnumberisanirrationalnumber.
Sumofarationalnumberandanirrationalnumberisalwaysanirrationalnumber
e.g.
2+ 3
Theproductofanonzerorationalnumber&anirrationalnumberwillalwaysbeanirrational
number.
IfaQandbQ,thenab=rationalnumber,onlyifa=0.
Sum,difference,productandquotientoftwoirrationalnumbersneednotbeairrationalnumber
orwecansay,resultmaybearationalnumberalso.
Complex number : Anumberoftheforma+ibiscalledcomplexnumber,wherea,bRand
i= 1 .ComplexnumberisusuallydenotedbyZandthesetofcomplexnumberisrepresented
byC.

Note : ItmaybenotedthatNWQRC.

Example # 1 : Expressthefollowingrationalnumbersintheformof

Solution.

(i)

0.1 2

(i)

Let

(ii)

1.5 23

x==0.1222.......

10x=1. 2

CONCEPT Educations

p
,(wherep,q)
q

........(i)

BasicMathsM01
100x=12. 2
90x=11

(ii)

.......(ii)

x=

11
(soxisarationalnumber)
90

x=

1508
754
=
(soxisarationalnumber)
990
495

Letx= 1.5 23
1000x=1523. 23
10x= 15. 23
990x=1508

Self practice problem

(1)

Expressthefollowinginformof

p
,wherep,qandq0
q

(i)

0.16

(ii)

0.18

Answers :

(1)

(i)

2
11

(ii)

1
6

(iii)
(iii)

0. 423

419
990

Divisibility test :
S.No.

Divisibility
of

Thedigitattheunitplaceofthenumberisdivisibleby2.

Thesumofitsdigitsofthenumberisdivisibleby3.

Thelasttwodigitsofthenumbertogetheraredivisibleby4.

Thedigitofthenumberattheunitplaceiseither0or5.

Thedigitattheunitplaceofthenumberisdivisibleby2&thesumofall
digitsofthenumberisdivisibleby3.

Thelast3digitsofthenumberalltogetheraredivisibleby8.

Thesumofallit'sdigitsisdivisibleby9.

10

Thedigitatunitplaceis0.

11

Thedifferencebetweenthesumofthedigitsatevenplacesandthesumof
digitsatoddplacesis0ormultipleof11.e.g.1298,1221,123321,12344321,
1234554321,123456654321

Test

Example # 2 : ConsideranumberN=21P53Q4
(i)

(ii).

(iii)

Numberoforderedpairs(P,Q)sothatthenumberNisdivisibleby9,is
(A)11
(B)12
(C)10

(D)8

NumberofvaluesofQsothatthenumberNisdivisibleby8,is
(A)4
(B)3
(C)2

(D)6

Numberoforderedpairs(P,Q)sothatthenumberNisdivisibleby44,is
(A)2
(B)3
(C)4
(D)5

CONCEPT Educations

BasicMathsM01
Solution. (i)

Sumofdigits=P+Q+15
Nisdivisibleby9if
P+Q+15=18,27

P+Q=3
..........(i)
P=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Fromequation(i)

P 0 , Q 3

P 1 , Q 2

P 2 , Q 1
P 3 , Q 0

or

P+Q=12

.............(ii)

No.oforderedpairsis4

Fromequation(ii)

P3
P4
........
P8
P9

, Q 9

, Q 8
.........
,
Q 4
, Q 3

No.oforderedpairsis7

Totalnumberoforderedpairsis11
(ii)

Nisdivisibleby8if
Q=0,4,8
NumberofvaluesofQis3

(iii)

SO=P+9
SE=Q+6
SES0=QP3
Nisdivisibleby4if
Q=0,2,4,6,8
Nisdivisibleis11if
QP3=0ormultipleof11
PQ=3
.............(i)
or
FromEquation(i)
Q=0 P=3 (notpossible)
Q=2 P=1 (notpossible)
Q=4 P=1
Q=6 P=3
Q=8 P=5

numberoforderedpairsis3

PQ=8

...............(ii)

totalnumberoforderedpairs,sothatnumberNisdivisibleby44,is3

Self practice problem

ConsiderthenumberN=774958P96Q
(2)

IfP=2andthenumberNisdivisibleby3,thennumberofpossiblevaluesofQis/are

(3)

IfNisdivisibleby4,then

CONCEPT Educations

(4)

BasicMathsM01
IfNisdivisibleby8and9both,thennumberofpossibleorderedpair(P,Q)is/are

Answers :

(2)
(4)

4
3

(3)

PcanbeanysingledigitwholenumberandQ=0,4,8

Remainder theorem : Letp(x)beanypolynomialofdegreegreaterthanorequaltooneand'a'beanyreal

number.Ifp(x)isdividedby(xa),thentheremainderisequaltop(a).
Factor theorem :

Letp(x)beapolynomialofdegreegreaterthanofequalto1and'a'bearealnumber
suchthatp(a)=0,then(xa)isafactorofp(x).Conversely,if(xa)isafactorof
p(x),thenp(a)=0.

Example # 3 : Showthat(x3)isafactorofthepolynomialx3 3x2+4x12.

Solution.

Letp(x)=x3 3x2 +4x12bethegivenpolynomial.Byfactortheorem,(xa)isafactorof

apolynomialp(x)iffp(a)=0.Therefore,inordertoprovethatx3isafactorofp(x),itis
sufficienttoshowthatp(3)=0.Now,
p(x)=x3 3x2 +4x12

p(3)=3 3 33 2 +4312
=2727+1212=0
Hence,(x3)isafactorofp(x)=x3 3x2 +4x12.

Example # 4 : Withoutactualdivisionprovethat2x4 6x3 +3x2 +3x2isexactlydivisiblebyx2 3x+2.

Solution.

Letf(x) =2x4 6x3 +3x2 +3x2andg(x)=x2 3x+2bethegivenpolynomials.Then

g(x) =x2 3x+2=x2 2xx+2=x(x2)1(x2)
=(x1)(x2)
Inordertoprovethatf(x)isexactlydivisiblebyg(x),itissufficienttoprovethatx1and
x2arefactorsoff(x).Forthisitissufficienttoprovethatf(1)=0andf(2)=0.
Now, f(x)=2x4 6x3 +3x2 +3x2

f(1)=21 4 61 3 +31 2 +312

f(1)=0
and,
f(2)=22 4 62 3 2 2 +322
f(2)=0

Hence,(x1)and(x2)arefactorsoff(x).

g(x)=(x1)(x2)isafactorsoff(x).
Hence,f(x)isexactlydivisiblebyg(x).

Example # 5 : ThepolynomialsP(x)=kx3+3x23andQ(x)=2x35x+k,whendividedby(x4)leavethesame
remainder.Thevalueofkis
(A)2
(B)1
(C)0
(D)1
Solution.

P(4)=64k+483=64k+45
Q(4)=12820+k=k+108
givenP(4)=Q(4)

64k+45=k+108

63k=63k=1

CONCEPT Educations

BasicMathsM01
Example # 6 : Ifatwo-digitnumberisdividedbythenumberhavingsamedigitswritteninreverseorder,weget4
as
quotientand3asremainderandifthenumberisdividedbythesumofthedigitsthen8as
aquotient
and7asaremainderisobtained.Findthenumber.

Solution.

Let10x+ybetherequirednumber.
10x+y=4(10y+x)+3.................(i)

and
10x+y = 8(x+y) + 7,......................(ii)
onsolving(i)and(ii)
weget x=7,
y=1
thenumberisequalto71

Self practice problems :

(5)

DeterminetheremainderwhenthepolynomialP(x)=x43x2+2x+1isdividedbyx1

(6)

Findthevalueofa,ifxaisafactorofx3 a 2 x+x+2.

(7)

Usingfactortheorem,showthatab,bcandcaarethefactorsof
a(b 2 c 2 )+b(c 2 a 2 )+c(a 2 b 2 ).

(8)

Apolynomialinxofthethirddegreewhichwillvanishwhenx=1&x=2andwillhavethe
values4&28whenx=1andx=2respectivelyis______.

Answers :

(5)

(6)

a=2

(8)

f(x)=3 x3+4 x25 x2

Some important identities:

(1)

(a+b)2 =a 2 +2ab+b 2

=(ab)2 +4ab

(2)

(ab) 2 =a 2 2ab+b 2

=(a+b)2 4ab

(3)

a 2 b2 =(a+b)(ab)

(4)

(a+b)3 =a 3 +b 3 +3ab(a+b)

(5)

(ab) 3 =a 3 b 3 3ab(ab)

(6)

a 3 +b 3 =(a+b)3 3ab(a+b) =(a+b)(a 2 +b 2 ab)

(7)

a 3 b3 =(ab)3 +3ab(ab) =(ab)(a 2 +b 2 +ab)

(8)

(a+b+c)2 =a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +2ab+2bc+2ca
1 1 1
=a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +2abc
a b c

1
[(ab)2 +(bc)2 +(ca)2 ]
2

(9)

a 2 +b 2 +c 2 abbcca=

(10)

a3+b3+c33abc=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2abbcca)
=

CONCEPT Educations

1
(a+b+c)[(ab)2+(bc)2+(ca)2]
2

BasicMathsM01
(11)

Ifa+b+c=0,thena 3 +b 3 +c 3 =3abc
a 4 b 4 =(a+b)(ab)(a 2 +b 2 )

(12)

a 4 +a 2 +1=(a 2 +1)2 a 2 =(1+a+a 2 )(1a+a 2 )

Note : Itisusefultoobservethat

1 1 1
ab+bc+ca=abc
a b c

a 2 +b 2 +c 2 abbcca=

1
((ab)2+(bc)2 +(ca)2 )
2

1
1

Example # 7 : If a =3,thena3+ 3 equals:

a
a

(A) 6 3
Solution.

a+

(B) 3 3

(C)0

(D) 7 7

(E) 6 3

1
= 3
a

a3+

3
1

3 a = 3 3 3 3 =0.
3 =
a
a
a

Example # 8 : Showthattheexpression,(x2 yz) 3 +(y2 zx)3 +(z2 xy)3 3(x2 yz).(y2 zx).(z2 xy)
isaperfectsquareandfinditssquareroots.
Solution.
(x2yz)3+(y2zx)3+(z2xy)33(x2yz)(y2zx)(z2xy)
=
a3+b3+c33abc
wherea=x2yz,b=y2zx,c=z2xy
=
(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2abbcca)
=

1
(a+b+c)((ab)2+(bc)2+(ca)2)
2

1 2 2 2
(x +y +z xyyzzx)[(x2yzy2+zx)2+(y2zxz2+xy)2+(z2xyx2+yz)2]
2

1 2 2 2
(x +y +z xyyzzx)[{x2y2+z(xy)}2+{y2z2+x(yz)}2+{z2x2+y(zx)}2]
2

1 2 2 2
(x +y +z xyyzzx)(x+y+z)2[(xy)2+(yz)2+(zx)2]
2

(x+y+z)2(x2+y2+z2xyyzzx)2=(x3+y3+z33xyz)2(whichisaperfectsquare)
itssquarerootsare

( x 3 y 3 z 3 3 xyz )

Self practice problems :

(9)

Ifx,y,zarealldifferentrealnumbers,thenprovethat

CONCEPT Educations

BasicMathsM01
2

1
1
1
1
1
1

=
.
2
2
2
xy y z zx
( x y)
(y z)
(z x)
(10)

Factorisetheexpression,(x+y+z)3 x3 y3 z3 intolinearfactors.

(11)

Factorize
(i)
1+x4 +x8

Answers :

(10)
(11)

(ii)

x4 +4

3 (x+y)(y+z)(z+x)
(i)
(x4 x2 +1)(x2 +x+1)(x2 x+1)
(ii)
(x2 2x+2)(x2 +2x+2)

Definition of indices :
If'a'isanynonzerorealorimaginarynumberand'm'isthepositiveinteger,thena m=a.a.a....a
(mtimes).Hereaiscalledthebaseandmistheindex,powerorexponent.

Law of indices :
(1)

a 0 =1,

(2)

a m=

(3)

a m+n=a m.a n,wheremandnarerationalnumbers

(4)

a mn=

(5)

(a m)n=a mn

(6)

a p/q= a p

(a0)

1
am

am
an

(a0)

,wheremandnarerationalnumbers,a0

3 6 9 6 3 9
Example # 9 : Simplify a a ;theresultis:

(A)a16
Solution.

(B)a12

(C)a8

(E)a2

a9(1/6)(1/3)4.a9(1/3)(1/6)4=a2.a2=a4.

a b

+b a b
Example # 10 :Simplifya

2b a
2a b
Solution.

(D)a4

Thegivenexpressionisequalto

2b a

a
b
b 2a b
a

=2ab
a b + a b = 2ab

a b
a b

Example # 11 : Evaluate

CONCEPT Educations

3 3 2 3 7 48

BasicMathsM01
Solution.

3 3 2 3 7 48

= 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 12
= 3 3 2 3 4 3
= 3 3 4 2 3
= 3 3 3 1 = 4 2 3 = 3 +1
=

3 +1

Example # 12 : Findrationalnumbersaandb,suchthat

43 5

Solution.

43 5

43 5
43 5

43 5
43 5

=a+ b 5

=a+ b 5

61 24 5
=a+b 5
29
a=

61
24
,b=
29
29

Ans.

Self practice problems :

(12)

Findthevalueof

(i)

(ii)

Answer :

10
4
1
1
1
3

2
.
27

+ .(25 ) + 64 9
3
5

3 50

24

75 5 2

(12)

(i)

(ii)

Ratio :
1.

IfAandBbetwoquantitiesofthesamekind,thentheirratioisA:B;whichmaybedenotedbythe
fraction

A
(Thismaybeanintegerorfraction)
B

CONCEPT Educations

BasicMathsM01
a
ma
na
=
=
=.....wherem,n,.....arenonb
mb
nb

2.

Aratiomayrepresentedinanumberofwayse.g.

3.

zeronumbers.
Tocomparetwoormoreratio,reducedthemtocommondenominator.

4.

Ratiobetweentworatiosmayberepresentedastheratiooftwointegerse.g.

a c a/b
ad
: :
=
or
b d c/d
bc

ad:bc.duplicate,triplicateratio.
a c
ace
e
. . ....=
....
b d
bdf
f

5.

Ratiosarecompoundedbymultiplyingthemtogetheri.e.

6.

Ifa:bisanyratiothenitsduplicateratioisa 2 :b 2 ;triplicateratioisa 3 :b 3 .....etc.

7.

Ifa:bisanyratio,thenitssub-duplicateratioisa 1/2:b 1/2;sub-triplicateratioisa 1/3:b 1/3etc.

Example # 13 : Whattermmustbeaddedtoeachtermoftheratio5:37tomakeitequalto1:3?
Solution.

Letxbeaddedtoeachtermoftheratio5:37.
Then

x5
1
=
x 37
3

3x+15=x+37

i.e.

x=11

Example # 14 : Ifx:y=3:4;findtheratioof7x4y:3x+y
x
3
3
Solution.

4x=3y
or
x= y
y = 4
4

Now

7x 4 y
3 x y =

3
y 4y
4
(puttingthevalueofx)
3
3. y y
4

7.

21
y 4y
5y
5
4
= 13 y =
= 9
13
yy
4

i.e.

5:13 Ans.

Self practice problem

a
2
b
4
ab
= and = ,thenfindvalueof
b
3
c
5
bc

(13)

If

(14)

IfsumoftwonumberisCandtheirquotientis

Answers.

(13)

20
27

(14)

p
findnumber
q

pc
qc
,
pq pq

Proportion :

CONCEPT Educations

10

BasicMathsM01
Whentworatiosareequal,thenthefourquantitiescompositingthemaresaidtobeproportional.If
a
c
= ,thenitiswrittenasa:b=c:dora:b::c:d
b
d

1.

'a'and'd'areknownasextremesand'bandc'areknownasmeans.

2.

Animportantpropertyofproportion:Productofextremes=productofmeans.

3.

If

a:b=c:d,then
b:a=d:c(Invertando)

4.

If

If

If

b d

a c

i.e.

a c

b d

a b

c d

i.e.

a c

b d

a
c
1 1
b
d

i.e.

a c

b d

a
c
1 1
b
d

a:b=c:d,then
ab
c d
=
(Dividendo)
b
d

7.

a:b=c:d,then
ab
cd
=
(Componendo)
b
d

6.

a c

b d

a:b=c:d,then
a:c=b:d(Alternando)

5.

i.e.

If

a:b=c:d,then
ab
cd
=
(Componendoanddividendo)
a b
c d

i.e.

a c

b d

a
c
1 1
b
d

ab c d

b
d

.......(1)

a
c
1 1
b
d

ab c d

b
d

........(2)

Dividingequation(1)&(2)weobtain
ab
cd
=
a b
c d

Example # 15 : If

Solution.

y 3 b3
( x y z)3 (a b c )3
x
y
z
x 3 a3
z3 c3
= = showthat 2
+
+
=
2
2
y b
a
b
c
( x y z)2 (a b c )2
x a2
z2 c 2

x
y
z
= = =k(constant)
a
b
c

x=ak;y=bk;z=ck
Substitutingthesevaluesofx,y,zinthegivenexpression
x 3 a3
x 2 a2

y 3 b3
+

y2 b2

z3 c3
z2 c 2

( x y z)3 (a b c )3
=

( x y z)2 (a b c )2

weobtain

CONCEPT Educations

11

BasicMathsM01
L.H.S.

NowR.H.S

a3k 3 a 3
a 2k 2 a 2

a(k 3 1)
k2 1

b 3k 3 b 3
b 2k 2 b 2

b(k 3 1)
k2 1

c 3k 3 c 3
c 2k 2 c 2

c(k 3 1)
k2 1

(ak bk ck )3 (a b c )3
2

(ak bk ck ) (a b c )
(k 3 1)(a b c )3
(k 2 1)(a b c )2

(k 3 1)
(k 2 1)

a3 (k 3 1)
a 2 (k 2 1)

(k 3 1)
(k 2 1)

b 3 (k 3 1)
b 2 (k 3 1)

c 3 (k 3 1)
c 2 (k 2 1)

.(a+b+c)

k 3 (a b c )3 (a b c )3
k 2 (a b c )2 (a b c )2

.(a+b+c)

WeseethatL.H.S.=R.H.S.

Example # 15 : Ifa,b,c,d,eareincontinuedproportion,provethat(ab+bc+cd+de)2 =(a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +d 2 )

(b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )
Solution.

If

a
b
c
d
= = = ,thenwehave
b
c
d
e

(a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 )
a
b
c
d
= = = =
=k(say)
b
c
d
e
(b 2 c 2 d2 e 2 )
a=bk

ab=b 2 k
b=ck

bc=c 2 k
c=dk

cd=d 2 k
d=ek

de=e 2 k
2
2
2
2
2
Again(a +b +c +d )=k (b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )
Now
L.H.S.
=(ab+bc+cd+de)2
=(kb 2 +kc 2 +kd 2 +ke 2 )2
=k 2 (b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )2
=k 2 (b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )(b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )
=(a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +d 2 )(b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )(Note)
Hence(ab+bc+cd+de)2 =(a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +d 2 )(b 2 +c 2 +d 2 +e 2 )
i.e.

Example # 16 : Solvetheequation

Solution.

3 x 4 x 2 2x 3
4

3 x x 2x 3

3 x 4 x 2 2x 3
4

3 x x 2x 3

...........(i)

(use(i))

5x 4 2x 2 7x 3
5x 4 2x 2 7x 3

5x 4 2x 2 7x 3
5x 4 2x 2 7x 3

Bytheprocessofcomponendoanddividendo,wehave
3x 4
x 2 2x 3

or
or
or

5x 4
2x 2 7 x 3

3x4 (2x2 7x+3)5x4 (x2 2x3)=0

x4 [6x2 21x+95x2 +10x+15]=0
x4 (x2 11x+24)=0
x=0orx2 11x+24=0
x=0or(x8)(x3)=0

CONCEPT Educations

12

BasicMathsM01
x=0,8,3

Self practice problem

(15)

If(a 2 +b 2 +c 2 )(x2 +y2 +z2 )=(ax+by+cz)2 ,showthatx:a=y:b=z:c.

(16)

If

Answer :

2 a4 b2 3 a2 c 2 5 e4 f
a
c
e
= = ,thenfindthevalueof
intermsofaandb.
2 b 6 3b2 d2 5 f 5
b
d
f

(16)

a4
b4

Cross multiplication :
Iftwoequationscontainingthreeunknownare
a 1 x+b 1 y+c 1 z=0
............(i)
a 2 x+b 2 y+c 2 z=0
............(ii)
Thenbytheruleofcrossmultiplication
x
y
z
=
=
b1c 2 b 2c 1
c 1a 2 c 2 a1
a1b 2 a 2b1

............(iii)

Inordertowritedownthedenominatorsofx,yandzin(3)applythefollowingrule,
"writedownthecoefficientsofx,yandzinorderbeginningwiththecoefficientsofyandrepeatthem
asinthediagram"

Multiplythecoefficientsacrossinthewayindicatedbythearrows;rememberingthatinformingthe
productsanyoneobtainedbydescendingispositiveandanyoneobtainedbyascendingisnegative.
Example # 17 : Findtheratiosofx:y:zfromtheequations7x=4y+8z,3z=12x+11y.
Solution :

Bytranspositionwehave7x4y8z=0,
12x+11y3z=0,
Writedownthecoefficients,thus
4 874
1131211,
henceweobtaintheproducts
(4)(3)11(8),(8)12(3)7,71112(4),
or
100,75,125

x
y
z
=
=
,thatis,
100
75
125

Example # 18 : Eliminatex,y,zfromtheequations
a 1 x+b 1 y+c 1 z=0
a 2 x+b 2 y+c 2 z=0
a 3 x+b 3 y+c 3 z=0

y
x
x
=
= .
3
5
4

..........(1)
..........(2)
..........(3)

x
y
z
From(2)and(3),bycrossmultiplication, b c b c = c a c a = a b a b ;
2 3
3 2
2 3
3 2
2 3
3 2
denotingeachoftheseratiosbyk,bymultiplyingup,substitutingin(1),anddividingthrough
outbyk,weobtain

CONCEPT Educations

13

BasicMathsM01
a 1 (b 2 c 3 b3 c 2 ) + b 1 (c 2 a 3 c 3 a 2 ) + c 1 (a 2 b3 a 3 b2 ) = 0
Thisrelationiscalledtheeliminant ofthegivenequations.

Intervals :
IntervalsarebasicallysubsetsofRandarecommonlyusedinsolvinginequalitiesorinfindingdomains.
Iftherearetwonumbersa,bRsuchthata<b,wecandefinefourtypesofintervalsasfollows:
Name

Representation

OpenInterval

(a,b)

CloseInterval

[a,b]

{x:axb}i.e.endpointsarealsoincluded.Thisispossibleonlywhen
bothaandbarefinite.

Open-ClosedInterval

(a,b]

{x:a<xb}i.e.aisexcludedandbisincluded.

Close-OpenInterval

[a,b)

{x:ax<b}i.e.aisincludedandbisexcluded.

Note : (1)
(i)
(iii)
(v)
(2)
(3)

Discription
{x:a<x<b}i.e.endpointsarenotincluded.

Theinfiniteintervalsaredefinedasfollows:
(a,)={x:x>a}
(ii)
(,b)={x:x<b}
(iv)
()={x:xR}

[a,)={x:xa}
(,b]={x:xb}

x{1,2}denotessomeparticularvaluesofx,i.e.x=1,2
Iftheirisnovalueofx,thenwesayx
(nullset)

Rules of Inequalities :
1.

Ifa,b,cR,then
a>ba+c>b+c

2.

Ifa,b,cR,then
(i)a>bac>bcifc>0
(ii)a>bac<bcifc<0

3.

Ifa,b,c,dR,then
a>bandc>d

4.

Ifa,b,c,dR+,then
a>bandc>d

a+c>b+d

ac>bd

Remember :Nevereversubtractordividetwoinequalities
5.

(i)Ifa,b,cR+,thena>b>ca2>b2>c2
(ii)Ifa,b,cR,then a>b>ca2<b2<c2

Remember : If a,b, c,d areof mixed sign,then breakthem intotwo groupsof positiveand negative
seperatelyandthensquare.

6.

Ifa,b,cR+ora,b,cR thena>b>c

CONCEPT Educations

1
1
1
< <
a
b
c

14

BasicMathsM01
Remember :Ifa,b,c,dareofmixedsign,thenbreakthemintotwogroupsofpositiveandnegative
seperatelyandthenresiprocate.
7.

(i)Ifa>1,thenlog a x>log a yx>y>0

(ii)If0<a<1,thenlogax<logayx>y>0

8.

Wavy curve method :

f (x)
s.
Tosolvetheineqalitiesofthetype g( x ) * 0,where * canbe>,,<,wetakethefollowingsteps.
(i)Findalltherootsoff(x)=0andg(x)=0
(ii)Writealltheserootsonthereallineinincreasingorderofvalues.
f (x)
(iii)Checkthesignoftheexpression g( x ) afterthelastroot.
(iv)Ifarootoccursevennumberoftimes,thensignofexpressionwillbesameonbothsidesoftheroot
andifarootoccursoddnumberoftimes,thensignoftheexpressionwillbedifferentonbothsidesof
theroot.
(v)Writetheansweraccordingtoneedofthequestion.

f (x)
Example #1 :Letf(x)=x2(x1)(x+2)andg(x)=(x31)(2x1)(3x),thensolvefor g( x ) <0,0>0,0
Sol.

f(x)=0

x=0,0,1,2

g(x)=0

x=1,0,3

f (x)
g( x ) isnegative,whenx>3

+
0

+
1

f (x)
So, g( x ) <0x(2,0)U(3,)
0x[2,0)U(3,)
>0x(,2)U(0,1)U(1,3)
0x(,2]U(0,1)U(1,3)

Example # 2 : Ifx(3,2],findtherangeof

Sol.

3<x<0

1
x

1
,
3

and0<x2

1 1
<
2 x

so

1
, ,
3
2

Example # 3 :Ifx[9,3)findtherangeofx2
Sol.
x[9,0]

0x2 81

CONCEPT Educations

15

BasicMathsM01
x(0,3)

0<x2 <9
sorangeofx2 is[0,81]
Self Practice Problems :
1.

Solveforx,

2.

Solveforx,

Answers :

x 3 ( x 2)(5 x )
( x 2 4)( x 1)
x
2

x 2

>0.

<1.

(1)(2,1)(0,2)(2,5)

(2)R

Various types of functions :

(i)

Polynomial Function :
Ifafunctionfisdefinedbyf(x)=a 0 xn +a 1 xn1 +a 2 xn2 +...+a n1 x+a nwherenisanon
negative integer and a 0, a 1,a 2,........., a n are realnumbers and a 0 0, thenfis called a
polynomialfunctionofdegreen.

Rema inder Theorem :

LetP(x)beanypolynomialofdegreegreaterthanorequaltooneand'a'beanyrealnumber.IfP(x)
isdividedby(xa),thentheremainderisequaltoP(a).
Factor Theorem :
LetP(x)beapolynomialof degreegreaterthanorequalto1and'a'be arealnumbersuchthat
P(a)=0,then(xa)isafactorofP(x).Conversely,if(xa)isafactorofP(x),thenP(a)=0.

Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding
domains.Iftherearetwonumbersa,bRsuchthata<b,wecandefinethreetypesofintervalsas
follows:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Openinterval :(a,b)={x:a<x<b}i.e.endpointsarenotincluded.
Closedinterval :[a,b]={x:axb}i.e.endpointsarealsoincluded.
Thisispossibleonlywhenbothaandbarefinite.
semi-closedorsemi-openinterval:(a,b]={x:a<xb}
or[a,b)={x:ax<b}

Theinfiniteintervalsaredefinedasfollows:
(i)
(a,)={x:x>a}
(iii)
(,b)={x:x<b}
(v)
()={x:xR}

(ii)
(iv)

Symbol used
()or][
[]
(]or]]
[)or[[

[a,)={x:xa}
(,b]={x:xb}

Note : (a)
(b)

Forsomeparticularvaluesofx,weusesymbol{}e.g.Ifx=1,2wecanwriteitasx{1,2}
Iftheirisnovalueofx,thenwesayx(nullset)

Note :

Therearetwopolynomialfunctions,satisfyingtherelation;f(x).f(1/x)=f(x)+f(1/x),which
are
f(x)=1 xn

(ii)

Constant function :
Afunctionf:ABissaidtobeaconstantfunction,ifeveryelementofAhasthesamef
imageinB.Thusf:AB;f(x)=c,xA,cBisaconstantfunction.

CONCEPT Educations

16

BasicMathsM01
(iii)

Identity function :
The function f : A A defined by, f(x) = x x A is called the identity function on
Aandisdenotedby A.Itcanbeobservedthatidentityfunctionisabijection.

(iv)

Algebraic Function :
yisanalgebraicfunctionofx,ifitisafunctionthatsatisfiesanalgebraicequationoftheform,
P0 (x)yn+P1 (x)yn1+.......+Pn1 (x)y+Pn (x)=0wherenisapositiveintegerandP0(x),
P1 (x).......arepolynomialsinx.e.g.y=xisanalgebraicfunction,sinceitsatisfiesthe
equationyx=0.

Note :

(v)

Allpolynomialfunctionsarealgebraicbutnottheconverse.

Rational function :
Arationalfunctionisafunctionoftheform,y=f(x)=

g( x )
,whereg(x)&h(x)arepolynomial
h( x)

functions.

(vi)

Irrational function :
Anirrationalfunctionisafunctiony=f(x)inwhichtheoperationsofadditions,substraction,
multiplication,divisionandraisingtoafractionalpowerareused
Forexampley=
(a)

x 3 x 1/ 3
2x x

isanirrationalfunction

Theequation f ( x ) =g(x),isequivalenttothefollowingsystem
f(x)=g 2(x)&g(x)0

(b)

Theinequation f ( x ) <g(x),isequivalenttothefollowingsystem
f(x)<g 2(x)&f(x)0&g(x)0

(c)

Theinequation f ( x ) >g(x),isequivalenttothefollowingsystem
g(x)0&f(x)0org(x)0&f(x)>g 2(x)

(vii)

Exponential function :
Afunctionf(x)=a x=e xIna(a>0,a1,x R)iscalledanexponentialfunction.Graphof
exponentialfunctioncanbeasfollows:
Case -
For a > 1

Case -
For 0 < a < 1

Logarithm of A Number :
ThelogarithmofthenumberNtothebase'a 'istheexponentindicatingthepowertowhichthebase
'a 'mustberaisedtoobtainthenumberN.Thisnumberisdesignatedaslog a N.Hence:
log a N = x a x = N , a > 0, a 1 & N > 0

CONCEPT Educations

17

BasicMathsM01
Ifa=10,thenwewritelog bratherthanlog 10b.
Ifa=e,wewriteln bratherthanlog e b.Here' e 'iscalledasNapiersbase&hasnumericalvalue
equalto2.7182.
Remember
log 10 2=0.3010
n2=0.693

;
;

log 10 3=0.4771
n10=2.303

Domain of Definition :
TheexistenceanduniquenessofthenumberlogaNcanbedeterminedwiththehelpofsetofconditions,
a>0&a1&N>0.
Thebaseofthelogarithm'a 'mustnotequalunityotherwisenumbersnotequaltounitywillnothave
alogarithmandanynumberwillbethelogarithmofunity.

Fundamental Logaritmic Identity :

loga N

=N,a>0,a1&N>0

The Principal Properties of Logarithm:

LetM&Narearbitrarypositivenumbers,a>0,a1,b>0,b1andareanyrealnumbers,
then:
(i)
log a(M.N)=log aM+log a N;ingenerallog a (x1 x2 ......xn)=log a x1 +log a x2 +........+log a xn
(ii)
log a(M/N)=log aMlog aN
(iii)
log aM =log aM
(iv)

loga M =

(v)

log bM=

NOTE :

Note : (i)

1
log a M

log a M
(basechangingtheorem)
loga b

log a 1=0

log aa=1

log 1/aa= 1

1
log ba= log b
a

a x = e

alogc b blogc a

x na

Ifthenumberandthebaseareonthesamesideoftheunity,thenthelogarithmispositive.

(ii)

Ifthenumberandthebaseareontheoppositesidesofunity,thenthelogarithm
isnegative.

(ix)

Absolute value function / modulus function :

x if
Thesymbolofmodulusfunctionisf(x)=xandisdefinedas:y=x
x if

CONCEPT Educations

x0
x0

18

BasicMathsM01

Properties of modulus : For any a, b R

(i)
|a|0
(iii)
|a|a,|a|a
|a|
a
= | b |
(v)
b
(vii)
|a b| ||a| |b||

(ii)
(iv)

|a| = |a|
|ab| = |a| |b|

(vi)

|a+b||a|+|b|

Example # 19 :
Solvethefollowinglinearequations
(i)
x |x| = 4
(ii)
|x 3| + 2|x + 1| = 4
Solution : (i) x|x| = 4
Ifx>0
x = 2

x2 = 4
If
x < 0
x2 = 4
(ii)

but x = 2

x2= 4whichis notpossible

|x 3| + 2|x + 1| = 4

case :If x 1

(x 3) +2(x + 1) = 4
= x + 3 2x 2 = 4
= 3x + 1 = 4

3x = 3

x = 1
case : If 1 <x 3

(x 3) +2(x + 1) = 4

x+ 3 + 2x + 2 = 4

x=1whichisnotpossible
case : If x> 3
x 3 + 2(x+ 1) = 4
3x 1 = 4

onlyx= 1

x = 5/3

whichisnotpossible

Signum function :
Afunctionf(x)=sgn(x)isdefinedasfollows:

Y
y=1ifx>0

1 for x 0

f(x)=sgn(x)= 0 for x 0
1 for x 0

y=1ifx<0

| x |

; x0
Itisalsowrittenassgnx= x
0 ; x 0

CONCEPT Educations

y=sgnx

19

BasicMathsM01

Note :

| f ( x) |
; f(x) 0

sgnf(x)= f ( x )
0 ;
f ( x) 0

Greatest integer function or step up function :

The functiony =f (x)= [x]is calledthe greatestinteger functionwhere [x]equals to the
greatestintegerlessthanorequaltox.Forexample:
[3.2]=3;[3.2]=4
for 1x<0 ;[x]= 1; for0x<1 ;[x]=0
for1x<2 ;[x]=1;
for2x<3 ;[x]=2
andsoon.

Properties of greatest integer function :

(a)

x 1<[x]x

(b)

[x m]=[x] miffmisaninteger.

(c)

[x] + [y][x + y][x] + [y] + 1

(d)

0 ; if x is an int eger
[x]+[ x]=
1 otherwise

Note : [mx] m[x]

Fractional part function:

Forexample

Itisdefinedas,y={x}=x[x].Itisalwaysnon-negativeandvariesfrom[0,1)
Theperiodofthisfunctionis1andgraphofthisfunctionisasshown.

{2.1}=2.1[2.1]=2.12=0.1
{3.7}=3.7[3.7]=3.7+4=0.3

Properties of fractional part function

Note:

(a)

{xm}={x}iffmisaninteger

(b)

0 , if x is an int eger
{x}+{x}=
otherwise
1 ,

{mx}m{x}

Example # 20 : Solvetheequation[x]+{x}=2x
Solution :

case-
x+0=2x

CONCEPT Educations

x=0
20

BasicMathsM01
case-

x
[x]+1{x}=2x
[+f]+1{+f}=2(+f)
+1f=2+2f

1
=f
3

0<

as0<f<1

1
<1
3

0<1<3
1<<2
2<<1

=1,0
f=

Herex=

2 1
,
3 3

1 1
,
3 3

Solutionarex=0,

1 1
,
3 3

Trigonometric function
Graphs of trigonometric functions:
y
1
0
(a)y=sinx

xR;y[1,1]

/2

/2

3/2

y
1
0
(b)y=cosx x R;y[1,1]

2 3/2

/2

/2

3/2 2

(c)y=tanxxR(2n+1)/2,n;yR

CONCEPT Educations

21

BasicMathsM01

(d)y=cotx

/2

/2

3/2

xRn,n;yR

(e)y=cosecx

x Rn,n;y (, 1] [1, )

(f)y=secx

xR(2n+1)/2,n;y (,1][1,)

Trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles:

(a)

sin(AB)=sinAcosBcosAsinB

(b)

cos(AB)=cosAcosB sinAsinB

(c)

sinAsinB=cosBcosA=sin(A+B).sin(AB)

(d)

cosAsinB=cosBsinA=cos(A+B).cos(AB)

CONCEPT Educations

22

BasicMathsM01

(f)

tan A tan B
tan (AB)= 1 tan A tan B
cot A cot B 1
cot(AB)= cot B cot A

(g)

tan A tan B tanCtan A tan B tan C

tan(A+B+C)= 1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A .

(e)

Factorisation of the sum or difference of two sines or cosines :

CD
CD
cos
2
2

(a)

sinC+sinD=2sin

(c)

cosC+cosD=2cos

CD
CD
cos
2
2

CD
CD
sin
2
2

(b)

sinCsinD=2cos

(d)

cosC cosD=2sin

CD
CD
sin
2
2

Transformation of products into sum or difference of sines & cosines:

(a)

2sinAcosB=sin(A+B)+sin(AB)

(b)

2cosAsinB=sin(A+B)sin(AB)

(c)

2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)+cos(AB)

(d)

2sinAsinB=cos(AB)cos(A+B)

Multiple and sub-multiple angles :

cos
2
2

(a)

sin2A=2sinAcosA;sin =2sin

(b)

cos2A=cosAsinA=2cosA1=12sinA;2cos

(c)

tan2A=

(d)

sin2A=

(f)

cos3A=4cos3 A3cosA

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

;tan =

=1+cos,2sin =1cos.
2
2

2 tan 2
1 tan 2 2

,cos2A=

1tan 2 A
1 tan2 A

(e)

sin3A=3sinA4sin 3 A

(g)

tan3A=

3 tan A tan3 A
1 3 tan2 A

Important trigonometric ratios :

(a)

sinn =0

(b)

sin15orsin

cosn =(1)n ;

tann =0,

3 1

5
=
=cos75orcos
12
12
2 2

cos15orcos

3 1

5
=
=sin75orsin
12
12
2 2

3 1

3 1

tan 15=

3 1

CONCEPT Educations

= 2 3 =cot75;tan 75=

3 1

wheren

;
= 2 3 =cot15

23

BasicMathsM01
(c)

sin

5 1
5 1
orsin18=
&cos36orcos =
10
5
4
4

Conditional identities:
IfA+B+C=then:
(i)

sin2A+sin2B+sin2C=4sinAsinBsinC

(ii)

sinA+sinB+sinC=4cos

(iii)

cos2 A+cos2 B+cos2 C=14cosAcosBcosC

(iv)

cosA+cosB+cosC=1+4sin

(v)

tanA+tanB+tanC=tanAtanBtanC

(vi)

tan

A
B
B
C
C
A
tan +tan tan +tan tan =1
2
2
2
2
2
2

(vii)

cot

A
B
C
A
B
C
+cot +cot =cot .cot .cot
2
2
2
2
2
2

(viii)

cotAcotB+cotBcotC+cotCcotA=1

(ix)

A+B+C=

A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

thentanAtanB+tanBtanC+tanCtanA=1
2

Range of trigonometric expression :

E=asin +bcos
b
a
a
cos(),wheretan=
b

E= a 2 b 2 sin(+),wheretan=
= a 2 b 2

Henceforanyrealvalueof, a 2 b 2 E

a2 b 2

Sine and cosine series:

n

sin 2
n 1

sin +sin (+)+sin (+2)+......+sin n 1 =

sin
2
sin

sin 2
n 1

cos +cos (+)+cos (+2)+......+cos n 1 =

cos
2
sin

Tr i g o n o m e t r i c eq u a t i o n s

CONCEPT Educations

24

BasicMathsM01
Principal Solutions:
Thesolutionsofatrigonometricequationwhichlieintheinterval[0,2)arecalledPrincipal solutions.

e.g

Find the Principal solutions of the equation sinx =

1
.
2

Solution.

1
2

sinx=

thereexiststwovalues

i.e.

5
1
and
whichliein[0,2)andwhosesineis
6
6
2

Principalsolutionsoftheequationsinx=

5
1
are ,
6 6
2

General solution :
The expression involving an integer 'n' which gives all solutions of a trigonometric equation is called
generalsolution.
Generalsolutionofsomestandardtrigonometricequationsaregivenbelow:

, ,n.
2 2

(i)

Ifsin =sin =n +(1)nwhere

(ii)

Ifcos=cos=2 n where[0,],n.

(iii)

Iftan =tan =n +where

(iv)

Ifsin=sin=n

(v)

(vi)

tan=tan=n .

[Note:iscalledtheprincipalangle]

, ,n.
2 2
cos =cos=n .

Types of trigonometric equations:

(i)

Solutionsofequationsbyfactorising.Considertheequation;
(2sin xcosx)(1+cos x)=sin x.

(ii)

Solutionsofequationsreducibletoquadraticequations.Considertheequation;
3cosx10cosx+3=0.

(iii)

SolvingequationsbyintroducinganAuxilliaryargument.Considertheequation;
sin x+cosx= 2

(iv)
(v)

&

3 cos x+sin x=2.

SolvingequationsbyTransformingasumofTrigonometricfunctionsintoaproduct.
Considertheexample; cos3 x+sin 2 xsin 4 x=0.
Solvingequationsbytransformingaproductoftrigonometricfunctionsintoasum.
Considertheequation;sin 5 x.cos3 x=sin 6 x.cos2 x.

CONCEPT Educations

25

(vi)

BasicMathsM01
Solvingequationsbychangeofvariable:
(a)
EquationsoftheformP(sin xcosx,sin x.cos x)=0,whereP(y,z)isa
polynomial,canbesolvedbythechange.
cosxsin x=t
12 sin x.cosx=t 2 .

Considertheequation;sin x+cosx=1+sin x.cosx.

(b)

Equationsoftheformofa .sin x+b .cosx+d=0,wherea,b&darereal

numbersanda,b0canbesolvedbychangingsin x&cosxintotheir
correspondingtangentofhalftheangle.
Considertheequation3cosx+4sin x=5.

(c)

Manyequationscanbesolvedbyintroducinganewvariable.eg.the
equation,sin 4 2 x+cos4 2 x=sin2 x.cos2 xchangesto

1
2

2 (y+ 1) y =0bysubstituting,sin2 x.cos2 x=y..

(vii)

SolvingequationswiththeuseoftheBoundnessofthefunctionssin x&cosx.
Considertheequation;

sin x cos

x
x

2 sin x + 1 sin 2 cos x .cosx=0.

4
4

Trigonometric inequalitities :
Solutionsofelementarytrigonometricinequalititiesareobtainedfromgraphs
____________________________________________________________
Inequality
Set of solutions of inequality (n z)
____________________________________________________________
sinx>a(|a|<1)
sinx<a(|a|<1)
cosx>a(|a|<1)
cosx<a(|a|<1)
tanx>a

x(sin 1 a+2n,sin 1 a+2n)

x(sin 1 a+2n,sin 1 a+2n)
x(cos1 a+2n,cos1 a+2n)
x(cos1 a+2n,2cos1 a+2n)
x(tan 1 a+n,/2+n)

tanx<a

x n, tan 1 a n
2

____________________________________________________________
InequalitiesoftheformR(y)>0,R(y)<0,whereRisacertainrationalfunctionandyisatrigonometric
function(sine,cosineortangent),areusuallysolvedintwostages:firsttherationalinequalityissolved
fortheunknownyandthenfollowsthesolutionofanelementarytrigonometricinequality.

Example # 21 : Solvetheinequality
Solution

2sin 2 x7sinx+3>0

Designatingsinx=y,wegetaninequality
2y2 7y+3>0,
whosesetofsolutionsisy<1/2,y>3.Returningtotheinitialunknown,wefindthatthegiven
inequalityisequaivalenttotwoinequalities:
sinx<1/2andsinx>3.

CONCEPT Educations

26

BasicMathsM01

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Solveforx
1.
log e (10 3 x) + log e (3 x2 ) = 0
Sol.
log e (103 x)=log e (3 x2)
log e (103 x)=log e (3 2x)

103 x=3 2x

103 x=

9
3x

(3 x)2 10(3 x)+9=0

(3 x1)(3 x9)=0
x
3 =1or3 x=9

x = 0
x = 2

x {0, 2}

2.

FindallxRsuchthat x log2 9 x 2 .3 log 2 x x log 2 15

Sol.

x log2 9 9 log2 x 3 2 log2 x (3 log2 x )2

x log2 15 15 log 2 x 3 log2 x 5 log2 x

(3log2 x )2 x 2 .3log2 x 3log2 x.5log2 x

3 log2 x x 2 5 log2 x

3log2 x (2log2 x )2 5log2 x

3 log2 x 4 log2 x 5 log2 x
Since,3 2 +4 2 =5 2
Clearly,log 2 x=2

3.

Solveforx: (log e x )loge x =x

Sol.

log e (loge x )loge x =log e x

4.
Sol.

x= 2 2 = 4

(log ex){log e (log e x)}=log e x

eitherlog e x=0orlog e (log e x)=1

x = 1 or x= e e
Ifa,b,c,darenon-zerorealnumberssatisfying(a 2 +b 2 +c 2 )(b 2 +c 2 +d 2 )(ab+bc+cd)2 ,then
provethata,b,c,dareincontinuedpropertion.
a 2 b 2 +a 2 c 2 +a 2 d 2 +b 4 +b 2 c 2 +b 2 d 2 +b 2 c 2 +c 4 +c 2 d 2 a 2 b 2 +b 2 c 2 +c 2 d 2 +2ab 2 c+2bc 2 d+2abcd
(acb 2 )2 +(bdc 2 )2 +(adbc)2 0

(acb 2 )2 +bdc 2 )=0

ac b 2 = 0 ; bd c 2 = 0 ; ad = bc
a b c

b c d

5.
Sol.

Ifa 2 +b 2 =2andx2 +y2 =3,thenfindtheminimumandmaximumvalueofax+by.

Leta,bbetheperpendicularsidesofarightangledtriangle.Letx,ybetheperpendicularsidesof
arightangledtriangle
a= 2 cos; b= 2 sin
x =
ax + by =

3 cos ; y = 3 sin
6 (cos cos + sin sin ) = 6 cos ( )

Now,1cos()1

6 6 cos ( ) 6

CONCEPT Educations

6 ax+by 6

27

BasicMathsM01
6.
Sol.

Provethat(tanx+sinx)(tanxsinx)=tan 2 xsin 2 x
LHS=(tanx+sinx)(tanxsinx)
=tan 2 xsin 2 x
=

sin 2 x
cos 2 x

sin 2 x

1
= sin 2 x
2
cos x

sin 2 x (1 cos 2 x )
cos 2 x

= tan 2 x sin 2 x
7.

Sol.

2x
r +

LetABCDbeaquadrilateralwitharea18,withsideABparalleltothesideCDandAB=2CD.LetAD
beperpendiculartoABandCD.IfacircleisdrawninsidethequadrilateralABCDtouchingallthesides,
thenfinditsradius.
AB=2CD
C
D rx
AM = r + x
x
MB = r + x

BN = BP = r + 2x
r
P
InCMB,usingtheoremofPythogoras
r
2r
4r2 + (r+ x)2 = (r+ 3x)2
2
2
2
2
2
4r + r + x +2rx = r + 9x + 6rx
r
4r2 4rx 8x2 = 0

(r +x) (r 2x)= 0
r
x =

Area=

N x M

B
r+x

1
(AB+CD)AD
2
18=

8.

r
2

1
3(r+x)(2r)
2

r=2

If xsatisfies the condition|x 2|+ |5x + 7|= |6x +5|, then

(A*)x2

Sol.

(B)x 2

(C)x

7
5

(D*)x

7
5

Ifweobservecarefully,x2+5x+7=6x+5

x 2and5x +7 mustbeof samesign

x 2 and x

OR x 2 and x

7
5

7
i.e.
5

i.e.

x 2
7
5

and+ =,then provethat tan=tan+ 2tan

2

9.

If+=

Sol.

Since + =

2
tan=cot
tantan=1
=

CONCEPT Educations

28

BasicMathsM01
Now,

= +
tan =tan ( + )
tan=

tan tan
1 tan tan

tantantantan=tan+ tan
tan tan =tan + tan
(
tan =tan +2 tan

10.

Solveforx: 16cos

Sol.

16 cos
Put

16
16 cos

16sin

tantan=1)

10

=10

t = 16cos2 x
t+

16
= 10
t

2 = 2 4 cos

2 3 = 2 4 cos

t 2 10t+16 =0

cos2 x =

1
4

cos2 x =

3
= cos2
6
4

x = k

t = 2, 2 3

x = n

wheren,kareintegers.
Thevalueofxwhichsatisfies 4loga x =32 x loga 4

11.

Sol.

(B)

4 loga x =32 4loga x

(Since a log c b = b logc a )

12.
Sol.

13.

1
a

(A)a

(C*)a 2

Ifx=2+2 1/3+ 2 2/3,thenthevalue ofx3 6x2 + 6xis

(A)0
(B)1
(C)1
x2 =2 1/3+ 2 2/3
(x2)3 =(2 1/3+2 2/3)3 =2+4+3(2 1/3)(2 2/3)(2 1/3+2 2/3)
(x 2)3 = 6+ 6(x 2)
x3 6x2 + 12x 8 = 6 + 6x 12
x3 6x2 + 6x = 2

(A)1

(B)3

log 7 log 5

1
a2

4loga x =16 =4 2
log a x= 2
x = a 2

Thevalueofxsatisfyingtheequationlog 7 log 5

Sol.

(D)

(D)2

x 5 x =0is

(C)2

(D*)4

x 5 x =log 7 1

log 5

x 5 x =log 5 5

x 5 x = 5
x + 5 = 25 10 x + x

CONCEPT Educations

29

BasicMathsM01

10 x =20

x = 2
x = 4

14.

Sol.

15.

Thenumberlog 2 7is
(A)aninteger
(B)arationalnumber
(C)anirrational
(D*)aprimenumber
3(1 sin2x)2 + 6(1 + sin2x) + 4{(sin 2 x+ cos2 x)3 3 sin 2 x cos2 x(sin 2 x+ cos2 x)}
=13 +3 sin 2 2x 3 sin 2 2x = 13
Inanequilateraltriangle,3coinsofradii1uniteacharekeptsothattheytoucheachotherandalso
thesidesofthetriangle.Areaofthetriangleis

(A)4+2 3

Sol.

(B*)6+4 3

(C)12+

7 3
4

(D)3 +

BP = 1.cot 30 3

7 3
4

PQ = 1 + 1 = 2

C1
QC = 1.cot 30 = 3

1
1

BC= 2+ 2 3

C2
B

1 C
3

PQ
30

3
AreaofABC=
BC2 =4 3 +6
4

16.

30
2

Thevaluesofu,v,wsatisfyingtheequation
m+2v+ 3w=6
4u+5v+6w=12
6u+9v=4
1
2
5
;v = ; w=
3
3
3

(B) u=

2
1
5
;v = ; w =
3
3
3

5
1
2
;v = ;w =
3
3
3

(D)u =

2
5
1
;v = ;w =
3
3
3

(A*)u =

(C)u =

17.

Sol.

Thevaluesofxsatisfying:[x]5
where[x]denotesthegreatestintegerlessthanorequaltox:
(A) x < 5
(B)x 5
(C)x6
for5 x< 6 wehave[x]=5
forx<5werhave[x]4
hence,solution isx <6

CONCEPT Educations

(D*) x< 6

30

BasicMathsM01
18.

Thevalueof[x]+[x]ifxisnotanintegeris
(A)1
(B)0
(C*)1
(D)nothingcanbesaidingeneral

19.

If{x}denotes thefractionalpartofx then{x}+{x+ 1}+{x+2} +{x+3}+ .......+{x+n} =k{x}

wherenisanaturalnumber,thenvalueofkequals
(A)n1
(B)n
(C*)n+1
(D)n+2

CONCEPT Educations

31

BasicMathsM01

(OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS)

Single choice
1.

IfA&BaretworationalnumbersandAB,A+BandABarerationalnumbers,thenA/Bis:
(A)alwaysrational
(B)neverrational
(C)rationalwhenB0
(D)rationalwhenA0

2.

Everyirrationalnumbercanbeexpressedonthenumberline.Thisstatementis:
(A)alwaystrue
(B)nevertrue
(C)truesubjecttosomecondition
(D)noneofthese

3.

Themultiplicationofarationalnumber' x'andanirrationalnumber'y 'is:

(A)alwaysrational
(B)rationalexceptwheny=
(C)alwaysirrational
(D)irrationalexceptwhenx=0

4.

If x, yare rational numbers suchthat (x + y)+ (x2 y) 2 = 2 x y +( xy 1) 6 then :

(B) x = 2, y = 1
(D)x&ycantakeinfinitelymanyvalues

(A) x = 1, y = 1
(C) x = 5, y = 1

5.

Thesumofthe series:
(A)99/100

6.

1
1
1
1
+
+
+........ +
is equalto
(1 2) ( 2 3) (3 4)
(100 101)

(B)1/100

1
1
=2,thenx2 + 2 isequalto
x
x
(A) 0
(B) 1

(C)100/101

(D)101/102

(C) 2

(D) 3

Ifx+

7.

Thenumberofrealrootsoftheequation,(x1)2 +(x2)2 +(x3)2 =0is:

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3

8.

If a, b, c are real, then a (a b) + b (b c) + c (c a) = 0, only if :

(A) a + b + c = 0
(B) a = b = c
(C) a = b or b = c or c = a
(D) a b c = 0

9.

Ifa,b,carerealanddistinctnumbers,thenthevalueof
(A)1

10.

(B)a b c

(a b)3 (b c )3 (c a)3
(a b).(b c ). (c a)

(C)2

is:

(D)3

Ifxaisafactorofx3a2x+x+2,thenaisequalto
(A)0
(B)2
(C)2

(D)1

11.

ThepolynomialsP(x)=kx3+3x23andQ(x)=2x35x+k,whendividedby(x4)leavethesame
remainder.Thevalueofkis
(A)2
(B)1
(C)0
(D)1

12.

If2x3 5 x2 + x+ 2= (x2) (a x2 b x1), thena &b arerespectively :

(A) 2, 1
(B) 2, 1
(C) 1, 2

13.

(D) 1, 1/2

Solutionof|4x+3|+|3x4|=12is
(A)x=

7 3
,
3 7

CONCEPT Educations

(B)x=

5 2
,
2 5

(C)x=

11 13
,
7
7

(D)x=

3 7
,
7 5
32

BasicMathsM01
14.

Thenumberofrealrootsoftheequation x 3 x +2=0is:
(A) 1

15.

16.

(B) 2

(C) 3

Thevalueof[e][]
(A) 5
(B) 6

1
log

bc

abc

1
log

ca

abc

(A) 1/2

(D) 4

is,where[.]denotesgreatestintegerfunction
(C) 7
(D) 8

1
log

ab

abc

hasthevalueequalto:

(B) 1

(C) 2

(D) 4

17.

Greatestintegerlessthanorequaltothenumberlog 2 15.log 1/62.log 3 1/6is

(A) 4
(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 1

18.

Iflog xlog 18

2 8 =

(A) 8

(B) 1/8
log21/ 4 a

19.

Theratio

(C)1/125

log27 a 2 1

(D)125

4 log49 a

(A)a 2 a1

20.

1
.Thenthevalueof1000xisequalto
3

2a

simplifiesto:

a 1

(B)a 2 +a1

(C)a 2 a+1

(D)a 2 +a+1

1
1
1
1 logb a logb c + 1 logc a logc b + 1 loga b loga c hasthevalueequalto
(A) abc

(B)

1
abc

(C) 0

(D) 1

2 log x

21.

3
2 x3=0,thenthenumberofvaluesof'x'satisfyingtheequationis
If 3
(A)zero
(B)1
(C) 2
(D)morethan2

22.

Numberofrealsolutionsoftheequation log10 x =log 10 x 2 is:

(A)none
(B)exactly1
(C)exactly2

23.

Numberofrealsolution(s)oftheequation x 3
(A)exactlyfour

24.

25.

(B)exactlythree

Thenumberlog 27is:
(A)aninteger
(C)anirrationalnumber

3x 2 10x 3

(D)4

=1is:

(C)exactlytwo

(D)exactlyone

(B)arationalnumber
(D)aprimenumber

Antilogarithmof0.75tothebase16hasthevalueequalto:
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8

(D)12

Multiple choice
26.

Ifx&yarerealnumbersand
(A) 1

27.

LetN=

(B) 0

y
=x,then' y 'cannottakethevalue(s):
x
(C) 1
(D) 2

log3 5
log 3 135

.ThenNis:
log 405 3
log15 3

(A)anaturalnumber
(C)arationalnumber

CONCEPT Educations

(B)aprimenumber
(D)aninteger

33

BasicMathsM01
28.

Thesolutionsetofthesystemofequationslog 3 x+log 3 y=2+log 3 2andlog 27 (x+y)=

(A)(6, 3)

29.

(B)(3, 6)

(C)(6,12)

(D)(12,6)

Theequation logx 2 16+log 2x64=3has:

(A)oneirrationalsolution
(C)tworealsolutions

30.

2
is:
3

(B)noprimesolution
(D)oneintegralsolution

2
(log3 x ) log 3 x 5

2
=3 3 has
Theequation x
(A)exactlythreerealsolution
(C)exactlyoneirrationalsolution

(B)atleastonerealsolution
(D)complexroots.

(SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS)

1.

Representthefollowinginfractionalform(
(i) 2.35

2.

p
,wherep,qandq0)
q

(ii) 1.1 4

(iii) 3.3 79

(iv) 12

Whichofthefollowingisgreater?
(i)

7 6
,
8 7

(ii)

13 12 , 14 13

(iii)

9
11

6
3 3

3.

Provethatdifferenceofsquaresoftwodistinctoddnaturalnumbersisalwaysamultipleof8.

4.

Removetheirrationalityinthedenominator
(i)

5.

2 1

(ii)

2 1

Findtherealvaluesofxandyforwhichthefollowingequationissatisfied:
(1 i) x 2i
(2 3i) y i
+
=i
3i
3i

6.

Simplifyandexpresstheresultintheformofa+bi:
(a)i(9+6i)(2i)1

4 i3 i
(b)

2i 1

7.

Findthesquarerootof7+24i

8.

Resolvethefollowingintofactors.

9.

(i)

(x y)3 y3

(ii)

a 3

(iii)

x3 6 x2 +11x6

(iv)

x3 9x10

(v)

a 2 (b c) + b 2 (c a) + c 2 (a b)

Factorize
(i)
1+x4 +x8

CONCEPT Educations

(ii)

a3

+4

x4 +4

34

BasicMathsM01

2 a4 b2 3 a2 c 2 5 e4 f
a
c
e
= = ,thenfindthevalueof
intermsofaandb.
2 b 6 3b 2 d2 5 f 5
b
d
f

10.

If

11.

Drawthegraphoffollowings
(i)y= |4x+5|

12.

(ii)y =|2x 3|

Whatcanbesaidaboutthenumbers,a 1 ,a 2 ,.......,a nifitisknownthat,

| a1 | + | a 2 | + | a3 | +....... + | an | = 0.
13.

Solvethefollowingequations
(i)
x+2=3

(ii)

x2 x+5=0

(iii)

(iv)

x 1 2 =1

(v)
(vi)
(vii)

xx=4
2

x x+4=2x23x+1
|x 3| + 2|x + 1| = 4
x12=x3

14.

Solvethesimultaneousequations
|x+2|+y=5, x|y|=1

15.

Calculate: 7

16.

If4 A+9 B=10 C ,whereA=log 16 4,B=log 3 9&C=log x83,thenfindx.

17.

Iflog ba.log c a+log a b.log c b+log a c.log bc=3(wherea,b,caredifferentpositiverealnumbers

1),thenfindthevalueofa b c.

18.

Ifa=log 12 18&b=log 24 54,thenfindthevalueofab + 5 (a b).

19.

If

20.

Whichisgreater
(a)
log23 or

log 3 5

log 5 7

log 3 7

log 5 3

log a log b log c

,showthata a .b b.c c =1.

bc c a ab

log 1/25

(b)

log711 or

log 85

Solve for x (21 30) :

21.

log 10(x12 x+ 36)=2

22.

log 4log 3log 2x=0

23.

log 3 log9 x 9 x =2x.

2

24.

2log 4 (4x)=4log 2 (2x).

25.

log 102 x+log 10 x2 =log 102 21

26.

log x 5
x 3 = 105+log x

CONCEPT Educations

35

BasicMathsM01
27.

5
log 5 2x+log 5x =1
x

28.

log 4(log 2 x)+log 2(log 4 x)=2

29.

log

30.

5 x.

31.

Iflog 102=0.3010andlog 10 3=0.4771,thenfind:

(a)
thenumberofintegersin6 15
(b)
thenumberofzerosimmediatelyafterthedecimalin3 100

32.

Solvetheequationslog 100 lx+yl=1/2,log 10 ylog 10 |x|=log 100 4forxandy.[REE - 1996]

33.

Findthevaluesofxsatisfyingtheequation
x1 A=(x1)7,whereA=log 3x2log x9.

34.

x 2 log3 x 2 =2

x x1

=500

Thesumofalltherealrootsoftheequation x 2

[REE 1990 ]
2

x 2 2 0 is______.
[IIT - 1997, 2]

35.

Findallrealnumbersxwhichsatisfytheequation
2log 2log 2 x+log 1/2 log 2 (2 2 x ) =1.

[REE 1999, 6]

36.

Solvetheequationlog 3/4 log 8(x2+7)+log 1/2 log 1/4 (x2+7)1=2.

[REE 2000, 5]

37.

Thenumberofsolution(s)oflog 4(x1)=log 2(x3)is/are

(A) 3
(B) 1
(C) 2

CONCEPT Educations

[IIT - 2001]
(D) 0

36

BasicMathsM01

ANSWERS
EXERCISE # 1
1. C

2. A

3. D

4. B

5. C

6. C

7. A

8. B

9. D

10. C

11. B

12. A

13. C

14. D

15. B

16. B

17. C

18. D

19. D

20. D

21. B

22. C

23. B

24. C

25. C

26. AB 27. ABCD

28. AB

29. ABCD 30. ABCD

2. (i)

4. (i)

47
103
(ii)
20
90
7
(ii)
8

2 1

21 12

6. (a)
i
5
5

(iii)

1673
495

13 12 (iii)

(ii)

9
11 2

2 2 6
4

(b)3+4i

5. 3,1

7. (4+3i)

1 2 1
1

(ii) a 1 a 2 a 2
a
a
a

(iii) (x 1) (x 2)(x 3)
(iv) (x+ 2)(x2 2 x 5)
(v) (a b) (b c) (c a)
9. (i) (x4 x2 +1) (x2 + x+ 1) (x2 x+ 1)
(ii) (x2 2x+ 2) (x2 + 2x+ 2)

a4

12. a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = ................. = a n = 0
(ii) x= 5
(iv) x= 2, 0,2, 4
(vi) x = 1

(iv) notpossible

8. (i) (x 2 y) (x2 + y2 x y)

10.

(ii)

13. (i) x= 1
(iii) x= 2
(v) x= 3, 3
(vii)x [1, )

EXERCISE # 2
1. (i)

11. (i)

14. x=2,y=1

15. 0

17. a b c=1

18. 1

16. x=10

20. (a)log 2 3 (b)log 7 11

21. x=16orx=4

22. 8

24. {4}

25.

23. {1/3}

1 1
,
20 5

28. x=16

26. {10 5 ,10 3 }

29.

1
,9
9

27. 1 , 5 ,

25

30. x=3

31. (a)12(b)47
32. x=10/3,y=20/3 &

x=10,y=20

33. x=2or81

34. 4

35. x=8

36. x=3or-3

37. B

b4

CONCEPT Educations

37