ROTARY CUTTING

INSTRUMENTS

SHAMNAH C USMAN,BDS
1ST BATCH
Introduction
A group of instruments that turns on an axis
to perform cutting, abrading, burnishing,
finishing or polishing tooth tissues or
restoration
 Speed ranges
Low/ conventional speed Below 6000 rpm

High/intermediate speed 6000 – 100,000 rpm

Ultra/ super speed Above 100,000 rpm

Low speed – excavating caries with round
burs, refining cavity preparations, polishing
procedures
High speed – cavity preparation, finishing
procedure such as placement of retentive
groves and bevels ; preferred when vision
is poor, more positive sense of touch
required or both
üWater coolant system
üFiber optic lighting
üFriction grip locking system


Ultra speed – bulk reduction, obtaining

outline form, remove metal restoration
Common design
charecteristics
1.Shank
2.Neck
3.Head

 Head – working part of instrument, cutting edge
perform desired shaping of tooth structure.
Instruments are bladed or abrasive
 Neck – connects shank to head, transmit
rotational and translational forces to head
Ø Tapers from shank diameter , dimension a
compromise between need for large CS
(provide strength) & small CS (improve
access and visibility)
1.

Shank – part that fits into the handpiece,
accepts rotary movement ,controls
alignment and concentricity of
instrument
1.Straight handpiece shanks
2.Latch type handpiece shank
3.Friction grip handpiece shank
Dental burs
Burs – all rotary instruments that have
bladed cutting heads
Can be steel bur or tungsten carbide burs
Steel burs cut human dentin at low speeds,
but dulls rapidly at higher speeds or when
cutting enamel
Carbide burs (1947) performs better. Have
heads of cemented carbide in which
microscopic WC particles are held in a
matrix of cobalt or nickel
Modern burs – combination of the two ;
freedom in design and economical, but
steel necks bends easily causing vibration
Classification
Mode of attachment – latch type, friction
grip type
Composition – stainless steel, carbide burr or
combination
Length of head – long, short, regular
Use – cutting , finishing , polishing
Shape – round, inverted cone ,pear shaped
,tapering fissure, straight fissure, end
cutting

Round bur: caries removal, initial tooth
preparation, extension, placing retentive
grooves
Inverted cone: wall angulation, creating
undercuts, smoothening floors
Pear shaped bur: class I cavity for gold foil
Straight fissure: amalgam preparation
Tapering fissure: inlay and crown
End cutting bur: preparation apically without
axial reduction
Modifications In bur design
Reduced use of crosscuts
Extended heads on fissure burs
Rounding of sharp tip angles – Markley &
Sockwell

Design of a dental bur
Blade - projection on bur head
Flute/chip space – depressed areas in
between the blades
Rake angle – angle between rake face and
radial line
Land – plane surface immediately following
cutting edge

Factors affecting cutting
efficiency of bur
Rake angle
Spiral angle and cross cuts
Concentricity and runout
Neck diameter
No of teeth/blades
Abrasive instruments
Head consists of small angular particles of
hard substance embedded in a soft
binder(ceramic, metal, shellac, rubber)
1.Diamond abrasive
2.Other abrasives – boron carbide,
pumice,Al2O3, garnet
Diamond abrasives
Deposited by Electroplating, sintering or
microbrazing
Classification
1.Coarse grit(125 – 150u)
2.Medium grit(88- 125)
3.Fine grit(60 – 74u)
4.Very fine grit(38 – 44u)
 Burs, Discs, Mandrel, Stones, and
Wheels

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Other abrasive instruments
Moulded abrasive instrument – heads that
manufactured by pressing a uniform
mixture of abrasive and matrix around
roughened end of shank; points and
stones; finishing &polishing
Coated abrasive instrument – disks that
have a thin layer of abrasive cemented to
a flexible backing ;surface contour,
finishing

Different methods of cutting
Cutting effectiveness – rate of removal of
tooth structure in mm/min or mg/sec
Cutting efficiency – percentage of enegy
producing cutting
Hazards
Pulpal precautions
Soft tissue precautions
Eye
Ear
Inhalation precaution
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