Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Ted Tucker
1
INSIDE
THIS
GUIDE
Section Three:
Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences 22-32
Section Four:
The Structure of Sentences: 33-40
Parts, Agreement, and Conditionals
Section Five:
Articles, Quantifiers, Verbals, 41-54
What is Grammar?
Check all the answers that you feel are true.
If you checked all four responses—you are not alone. This course book
is designed to get you up and running—and comfortable with the basics
in just a few weeks. Here we go . . .
3
Section What is Grammar?
1
Different sources define grammar in different ways.
Perhaps the easiest way to get a good grasp of the concept is with the
TOEFL© test’s use of the word “Structure” as the name of the grammar
component of the test. Think of grammar as providing the structure
and organization for language.
Exercise 1.1.
Start thinking about a definition of grammar that is simple and useful.
Make it simple enough that you can use it to explain grammar to your
students. Write that definition here:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
When you finish this book, return to this exercise and see if you wish to
improve your definition, or leave it as it is. If you improve it, write it
here:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
4
Section
1
Student Expectations:
Your students will expect you to have an in-
depth understanding of grammar, and you will
quickly lose confidence in you if you can’t
deliver.
Confidence:
When you are standing in front of a classroom
of five, ten, or even twenty or more students—
you’ll be much more confident when those
grammar questions show up. When you least
expect it, students can ask you the most
obscure questions, often in front of a large
classes. Won’t feel a lot better knowing you
have put in the effort to communicate the basics
in a professionally effective manner?
Word Classification
□ 8
□ 9
□ 10
□ 12
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
What part of speech is the word the?
Write the answer below
_______________
Find the answers on the bottom of the next page 6
How many parts of speech are there?
Section
It depends on who you ask. Depending on your source, you 2
will find anywhere from eight to nine, or even more!
Confused yet? Maybe you should be. But, most of all, don’t be intimi-
dated by it. Remember if you write the book, you get to decide how
many parts of speech there are and it is only a matter of classification—
how they are sorted into categories. Some grammarians avoid the sub-
ject altogether by not even addressing the issue.
What is a noun?
A noun is a part of speech that represents the name of a person, animal,
place, thing, quality (such as kindness), action (reading), or measure
(hour, kilogram).
What is a pronoun?
The most simple forms of pronouns
(personal pronouns) substitute for nouns and noun phrases. They can
be further classed as first, second, and third-person pronouns. (me, you,
them) They can also be classified by case as subjective or objective
(used as the subject or object of a sentence). Examples: I vs. me; she
vs. her; they vs. them.
Reflexive pronouns indicate that the subject receives the action of the
verb. Example: I treated myself to a big piece of chocolate cake.
Intensive or emphatic pronouns strengthen the action of the subject.
Example: I’ll do it myself.
What is an article?
Some times called a noun marker, sometimes classed as a determiner,
articles precede nouns. A and an are called indefinite articles, the is
called the definite article.
Quantifiers?
As long as we have stepped in these waters—let’s finish it with quantifi-
ers. They are simply words that precede nouns that give some indication
of how many or how much of a noun we are talking about. Examples in-
clude few, little, many, much, a lot, several. Quantifiers are typically
classified as determiners. In a system in which determiners are not
used, quantifiers would typically be classified as adjectives.
8
What are Adjectives?
Section
Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns. 2
They give us more information about them.
She is hungry. The big red car is beautiful.
5. collective noun 6. proper noun 7. intensive or emphatic pronoun 8. article, determiner, adjective
1. demonstrative adjective 2. interrogative pronoun 3. quantifier/adjective 4. possessive adjective
9
What is a Verb?
Section
Verbs are words that express action (run) or a state of being 2
(love). The action can also be abstract rather than visible,
such as the words think and decide.
1.I 2.J 3.L 4.C 5.A 6.K 7.D 8.G 9.H 10.F 11.E 12.B
Examples:
Examples:
Present Simple: The most basic and simple form of the verb. Think,
run, talk, sleep, and work are all examples. This form is generally used
to talk about present time and expressive habitual action and things that
are believed to be true. The easiest way to remember this is as fact
and habit. You will see this tense expressed a Present Simple in some
texts and as Simple Present in others. Use it the way your students are
most familiar with.
Examples:
Past Simple: This tense denotes past time - an action or condition that
was completed in the past.
11
Examples: Section
2
I was sick yesterday.
The condition (sick) and the action (ran) occurred and were completed
sometime in the past.
Examples:
The condition (tired) and the action (run) will occur and be completed
sometime in the future.
Progressive Forms:
These forms use a structure of be + main verb + ing
Examples:
The condition (sick) and the action (study) both started in the past and
continue at the present time. 12
Section
On a time line present progressive looks like this: 2
Examples:
The condition (sick) and the action (study) both started and stopped in
the past and do not continue at the present time. It is clear also that the
speaker could have used the past simple form to
provide the same meaning. It is the speaker’s
choice - and in the case the speaker may have
wanted to stress that something else was happening
(or happened) at the time.
Examples:
13
Future Progressive: This tense is used to denote an action Section
or condition that will begin in the future and was completed 2
prior to the present time. Here we must add will to the
standard progressive form of be + main verb + ing.
Examples:
I will be feeling sick tomorrow. This condition will begin in the future
and continue for an unspecified or
unknown period of time.
I will be studying French soon. I will study French in the future and
will continue for an unspecified or
unknown period of time.
Note again that the speaker could have used the future simple form, but
chose to use the future progressive form. This is the speaker’s choice
and s/he may chose this form to emphasize another action or condition.
Examples:
I have felt sick for two days. This condition began in the past
continues into the present.
I have studied French for Study began in the past and
a long time. continues to the present time.
I have studied enough! My study began in the past and
continues to the present time but
is stopping now.
14
Section
On a time line the present perfect simple form looks 2
like this:
Past Perfect Simple: This form is used to denote the relationship of two
events or conditions that occurred in the past. It uses the same form as
the present perfect simple, but uses the past form of have - had.
Examples:
I had been sick for two days I was sick before I went to the doctor.
when I went to the doctor.
The had sold all the tickets The tickets were sold out first.
before I got there. I got there second.
On a time line the past perfect simple form looks like this:
Examples:
Examples:
Both of these examples indicate the condition or action began in the past
and continues at the present - and may continue into the future.
Examples:
16
Both of these examples indicate the condition or action be- Section
gan in the past and was interrupted by something else. 2
On a time line Past Perfect Continuous looks like this:
Examples:
Okay, this has been pretty exciting, but I think it is time for a break.
17
Section
2.4 Classify the verb tenses in the following 2
sentences
3. I went to Koh Phuket last year and really loved it. _______
8. Jenny’s Alfa Romeo was running poorly by the time she drove back to
Chiang Mai. _______
10. I hope that when I die, I will have lived a good enough life to come
back to life next time as a sea otter. They really enjoy life! ______
11. Most teachers are making so much money that they don’t know
what to do with it all! True or False? _______
Examples:
Let’s go home.
Leopards can run through the night very quickly.
Examples:
The book is on the table - establishes the relationship of the book to the
table. Bob’s car fell off the bridge - establishes the relationship of the
verb fell to Bob’s car. Notice that this
prepositional phrase - off the bridge - is
working as an adverb. The phrase says
where the car fell. Uh-oh, things can get
complicated from here . . .
19
What are Conjunctions?
Section
In Latin conjunction means “join together” and that’s what 2
conjunctions do - they join words together. The most com-
monly used conjunctions are and, or, and but. We’ll talk about others
later in this guide.
Examples:
Examples:
Ouch!
Great!
Oh no!
2.5
Classify the underlined words in the sentence below.
(mark the part of speech under each word—be as specific as possible)
It was way after midnight when we finally got Raoul to confess that he
gree); successful, adjective; ever, adverb (when); on, preposition; Mars, a noun working as an adverb (telling where)
ple); that, conjunction; had planned, verb (past perfect simple); the, article; most, adverb (telling how successful - de-
It, pronoun; way, adverb (to a great degree); midnight, adverb (when); Raoul, proper noun; confess, verb (present sim-
20
Are you man (or woman) enough to
handle it?
6. When Ted turns 35, he will have been teaching for ten years.
21
Section
3
_____4. We talk.
_____7. run
22
Section
Let’s start by defining what we are
talking about. 3
What is a phrase?
A phrase is two or more words related words that work together that do
not contain a subject and a verb.
What is a clause?
A clause is two or more words related words that work together that con-
tains a subject and a verb. Compare this definition to that of a phrase.
There are two types of clauses which are called independent (or main)
which can stand alone as a sentence, and dependant (or subordinate)
which can not stand along as a complete sentence.
Examples:
What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that express a complete thought. While a
simple definition, similar ones being used in many reference books, what
is a “complete thought”? Some definitions will say that it must have a
subject and verb and final punctuation. Look up several definitions in
reference books—and try to find one that you will feel most comfortable
with and able to explain, in simple English, to your students.
Examples:
Phrases
Phrase classifications that we need to become familiar with include:
prepositional phrases (that can work as adjectives and adverbs), noun
phrases, verb phrases (phrasal verbs), verbals (participial, gerund, and
infinitive), and compound phrases.
Examples:
Examples:
She dances with grace and style. describes how she dances
Examples:
Adjective:
The monkey next to the man plays the organ well.
This PP says where the monkey is in relation to the man.
Examples:
The hat on the monkey’s head bounced with the beat of the music.
A B C
The last bus to Chiang Mai leaves from the station at midnight.
D E F
25
Section
Verbal Phrases
A verbal is verb form working as another part of speech. 3
The verbal and the other words related to it are called a
verbal phrase. There are three types, called participial phrases, infinitive
phrases, and gerund phrases.
Examples:
Gerund Phrases use the present participle form of a verb and function
as a noun.
Examples:
Examples:
26
Section
3
Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
An independent or main clause can stand along as a sentence.
A dependent or subordinate clause can not.
The famous Santa clause is more fun and can stand alone.
Example:
When I started running can not stand on its own. It has a sense of being
incomplete, but I was really out of shape is fine on its own.
Dependent Clauses
Depending its function in a sentence, a clause may be classified as an
adjectival, adverbial, noun, or elliptical.
Examples:
27
Section
Examples: 3
This is Jim Bungee, who invented the bungee jump.
(non-indentifying as we already know who he is)
Examples:
Examples:
The prize will be won by whoever gets the job done first. (object)
28
Section
3
Examples:
Though (he is) fifty years old, Ted is still quite frisky.
Sentences
We covered the definition of a sentence back
on page 23 so here we’ll add information
about sentence functions and structures.
Functions:
We use sentences to make statements -
called declarative sentences - (He is crazy.),
to make commands - called imperative sen-
tences - (Close the door.), to make interjec-
tions - called exclamatory sentences -
(Ouch!), and ask questions - called interroga-
tive sentences - (What’s your name?).
Don’t worry, we can make sense of all this Ouch! This is killing me!
before sundown . . .
Example:
Jane and Bill talked and walked for hours. simple sentence
(compound subject) (compound verb)
29
Section
What is a compound sentence? 3
A compound sentence is formed by joining together two or
more independent clauses. They are often joined together with a
conjunction.
Examples:
Examples:
When Fredo returned home late that night. Fredo was broke.
30
What is a compound-complex sentence?
Section
These sentences have at least two independent clauses (the 3
compound part) and at least one dependent clause (creating
the complex part).
Examples:
Because my dog was sick, I took him to the vet and got him
a shot.
Sentences Quiz
Are the following sentences simple (S), compound (C), complex (CX), or compound-complex (CCX)?
1. Zark is hot.
2. When Derrick got home Belinda was really angry.
3. What time is it?
4. How can you be successful, when you don’t know anything?
5. Songkran is one big giant water fight.
6. Reynaldo ran out of money so he went home.
7. Because Samui was so crowded that we bought bus tickets and then
we went to Phuket.
8. It started raining just as we got to bus station.
9. I want to travel the world because it is so interesting.
10. The customs guys fined me and they yelled at me for an hour
because I forgot to declare the three bottles of vodka in my suitcase.
11.I want to get a TEFL certificate and then I want to teach all around
the world.
1.S 2.CX 3.S 4. CX 5.S 6.CX 7.CCX 8.CX 9.CX 10.CCX 11.C
31
Section
The Section 3 3
Super Quiz
Check back through the previous pages of Section 3
and classify each of the following phrases, clauses, and sentences.
1. on the beach
10. I need to fill up the gas tank before we head out for Chiang Mai.
32
Section
4
Pretest
Answer the following questions
Examples:
Subject Verb
She studies.
He runs.
My dog is a Lothario.
My dog and cat are dancing.
What is a complement?
A sentence may also have a describing phrase
(or complement), but it does not have to have one. A describing
phrase or complement gives additional information about the meaning
about the subject or verb.
34
Section
You may also combine descriptive phrases. 4
He wants to start a new business on the Internet.
(verb phrase + prepositional phrase)
1. __________________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________________________________
Examples:
Her book is missing. (singular)
Her books are missing. (plural)
Her books and pens are missing. (plural)
Each and every, when used with a singular noun, should be followed by
a singular noun.
Examples:
Examples:
Five hundred baht is all I have.
The number of people here tonight is frightening!
Three tablespoons of mocha is all I need.
36
Section
4
Examples which use plural verbs:
Both of us are tired.
Several of us are going to the cinema tonight.
There are times when you will need to use the noun in the
prepositional phrase to determine the correct verb form.
This is true when using a lot, any, none, plenty, the ma-
jority, most, some, a number, a/the majority and all. If
the noun in the prepositional phrase is a non-count noun,
you should use a singular verb. If it is a plural noun, use
a plural verb. If it is a singular noun, use a singular verb.
any of
each of
none of plural noun singular
either of
neither of
most of
some of
all of plural plural
a lot of
a/the majority of
a number of
plenty of
the number of plural singular
the majority of
most of
plenty of non-count noun singular
all of
some of
a lot of
none of
37
Section
Verb Agreement Quiz 4
Hey! Do your best!
5. A majority of the voters _______ (be) not going to vote for him.
10. is
1.has 2.are 3.go 4.has 5.are 6.is 7.has 8.is 9.needs
Conditionals
4
39
Section
The Third Conditional - is used to describe events that 4
have happened in the past. Sometimes
called the “past” conditional as it provides a hypo-
thetical result for past situation.
With all the conditional sentence examples above you may put the de-
pendent conditional [if] clause after the main [independent] clause. If
you do, do not use a comma after the independent clause.
Examples:
[1] He asked if I had been to Phuket before.
[2] Whether it rains or not, I will go to Samui next week.
[2] Unless you do your work, we won’t go to the beach.
[3] (If) You really want something, you’ll go get it.
Conditionals Quiz
Mark the following sentences with 0, 1, 2, or 3 for their conditional form
_____2. If I had known he was nuts, I would not have hired him.
40
Section
5
Pretest
Write the correct article or quantifier in the blank
41
Section
5
Articles
and how to use them
Grammar authority Michael Swan, in his book Practical
English Usage (Second Edition, Oxford University Press,
1995) tells us that: "The correct use of the articles (a/an
and the) is one of the most difficult points in English gram-
mar." So, in this section we will try to make it as simple and
as clear as possible.
Examples:
I had breakfast this morning.
That is my car.
I am from Phuket.
42
When should the indefinite articles
Section
not be used? 5
Don’t use a/an before:
uncountable nouns such as advice, furniture, machinery,
money and work;
nouns such as work, health and permission;
plural countable nouns such as dogs and cats; and
cardinal numbers (one, two, etc.) that precede nouns.
Examples:
The teacher gave her permission to miss class.
I bought furniture for the office today.
43
Section
Examples: I have a cold. 5
He made an effort to pass the class.
_____unit _____heir
a yellow (y sound is a consonant sound) hourglass, a UFO (y sound “U” is a consonant sound)
an honest (ah sound is a vowel sound) person, an SAT (eh sound in “S” is a vowel sound) score,
a unit (y sound is a consonant sound), an heir (eh sound is a vowel sound),
1. Plural Nouns
2. Abstract Nouns
3. Material Nouns
5. Names of Languages
7. Colors
45
4. Names of countries formed as a union of states, tribe or Section
provinces. 5
Examples: The United Arab Emirates, The United States,
The European Union, The Philippines
Examples: The ring that Gecko lost. The CD that I decided to buy.
46
Section
5
Try these exercises to see if you learned everything
from this section.
Don’t worry!
We will finish the grammar
course soon.
47
Quantifiers Section
5
Some and any are the most common quantifiers. Some is used with
affirmative statements and any is used with questions and negative
statements.
I bought apples.
Do you have bananas?
The baby needs milk.
Are there people waiting?
Much and many are used with the negative and interrogative forms.
48
Section
5
some/any
3. If you’ve got ______ time, we could review for the grammar test tomorrow.
much/many
10. It only costs _______ pounds. Why don’t you buy it?
1.much 2.some 3.some 4.any 5.much 6.many 7.many 8.a lot of , a little 9.a little 10.a few
Let’s move on to
the next section
49
Section
5
What’s a participle?
A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective. The participles you
may be most familiar with are words like boring and bored, interesting
and interested. These are also called (depending on what reference
books you read) participial adjectives. Most people know that verbs
have past participles (usually verb + ed) , but you should know that
verbs also have present participles (verb + ing) and it is there forms that
are used to modify nouns and pronouns.
Many EFL students have trouble with participial adjectives and it works
best to remind them that when describing feelings about something - the
-ing form adjectives describe what caused the feeling and the –ed adjec-
tives describe the person/people experiencing the feeling.
Examples:
The class is boring. I am bored.
Buddhism is interesting. I am interested in it.
What’s a Gerund?
A gerund can look just like a participle - so remember that the part of
speech at a work, term or phrase takes is determined by it position in
the sentence. A gerund is a verb form (verb + ing) that functions as a
noun.
50
Examples: Section
Teaching is my profession. 5
Jogging is my number one sport.
I love swimming in the sea.
Shopping is the hobby of many wealthy people.
What’s an Infinitive?
An infinitive is the “to” form of the verb. To run, to sleep, to fight, to en-
joy are examples. Infinitives may function as nouns, adjectives, or ad-
verbs depending on their placement in a sentence.
Examples:
The question to answer is why people get so fat so easily.
(adjective - modifying question)
Review of Verbals
Label the underlined word/term/phrase as an infinitive (I),
Participial Adjective (P), or Gerund (G)
_____3. To love and have lost is better than to not have loved at all.
51
Section
5
Examples:
Mr. Romero said, “I hate you!” direct speech
Mr. Romero said that he hated you. indirect speech
Examples:
Mr. Romero said, “I hate you!” direct speech
Mr. Romero said that he hated you. indirect speech
Examples:
Mr. Romero said, “I hate you!” direct speech
Mr. Romero said that he hated you. indirect speech
• While correct usage here would be the past perfect - a more common
usage would be stole as there is a growing tendency to avoid suing
perfect tenses.
Time indicators also change as we shift the statement to the past and
change words such as today, now, tomorrow, the next day, etc.
Examples:
Chuckie said, “I told him to meet me here.”
Chuckie said that he [had] told him to meet him there.
The conjunction that may be omitted when using reporting verbs such
as said, told, asked, etc.
Examples:
Chuckie said that he [had] told him to meet him there.
Chuckie said he [had] told him to meet him there.
53
Section
Reported Speech Quiz 5
rewrite the following sentences using indirect speech
___________________________
____________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
the next day. 5. Jenny said it wasn’t as bad as she [had] thought.
masked man was saying he was Zorro. 4. He told me he would meet me there
1. He said he was going home then. 2. She asked when we were leaving. 3.The
54
Section
Coordination 6
& Subordination,
and Punctuation Review
Pretest
Combine and rewrite the following sentences with the suggested conjunction
5. such . . . that
3. The pizza was burned, but we ate it anyway. 4. When, or As soon as you, If, (many options)
1. He’s a little nuts, yet people like him. 2. Since I don’t have any money, I can’t buy anything. 55
Section
Coordination 6
& Subordination
Clauses, whether independent or dependent, need to be joined together
in some way to make speech and writing smooth and to make the rela-
tionship between clauses clear. Clauses are joined together with the use
of clause connectors. There are four kinds of clause connectors: subordi-
nating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions,
and conjunctive adverbs.
Examples:
56
Section
Subordinating conjunctions: 6
Time: when whenever while as soon as
after since as before
until once by the time that
Manner: as as if as though
Comparison: as just as
Distance: as + adverb + as
Examples:
57
Section
6
The coordinating conjunctions are easy way to remember
with the mnemonic device FANBOYS.
both … and not only …but also either …or neither … nor
Examples:
Examples:
58
Section
Examples: 6
Kandi and Gigi had planned on going
scuba diving; however, a sudden
thunderstorm forced them to cancel
the outing.
Examples:
The sentence above demonstrates that but binds the two clauses into a
grammatical unit, which does not allow the movement of the coordinat-
ing conjunction to other places in the sentence.
Example:
Conjunctions
6
Quiz
name the following types of conjunctions
________1. “FANBOYS”
________4. Rachel said she was the “Grammar Queen,” but I don’t
think so.
________6. You are really careless with your money; therefore, I’m not
going to loan you even one more baht.
________7. Either you pass this exam, or you aren’t going to pass the
course.
7.correlative conjunction
4.coordinating conjunction 5.subordinating conjunction (place) 6.conjunctive adverb
1.coordinating conjunctions 2.conjunctive adverb 3.subordinating conjunction
60
Section
6
Basic
Punctuation Review
Ending Punctuation
61
Section
6
Comma:
Examples:
Jenny didn’t want to work today, but the boss
asked her to so she did.
Examples:
Angry, James shouted at everyone and then left.
Example: When she was 25, 15 different guys asked to marry her.
62
Section
Use a comma to set off: 6
[1] interjections
[2] expressions of contrast
[3] parenthetical comments
[4] items in series
[5] parts of dates, titles, addresses, and
[6] salutations
Examples:
[1] Oh no, here he comes again.
[2] It’s mostly rich people, not us paupers, who own the
sea-view villas.
[3] You may, if you feel it is necessary, explain your absence
of the last few days.
[4] Give me a pencil, to French fries, a sack of onions, and
a fishing rod.
[5] January 5th, 2009. Mr. Bill Anderson, CEO.
[6] Dear Mr. Anderson,
Examples:
[1] Please bring the following:
[2] Our Motto: The customer is always right.
[3] Dear Prime Minister Blair:
Examples:
[1] See the alien on the previous page; he’s a good example.
[2] The alien on the previous page is preparing a BBQ for
us; but he, like most aliens, is a vegetarian.
[3] He said he was cooking Mars muskrat; however, it
doesn’t look like muskrat.
[4] Thailand offers so many great places to live; for example,
Chiang Mai, Phuket, Samui, Bangkok and Hua Hin.
[5] Attending today’s conference are Alien Bob, from Mars;
Jimbo Johnson, from Bangkok; and Marshie Mango,
from Chiang Mai.
Quotation Marks:
Examples:
[1] Ricardo said, “ I will return!”
[2] “The Road Less Traveled” is one of my favorite poems.
[3] The words “advice” and “advise” are frequently confused
in common speech and writing.
[4] Her motorcycle is so over
customized it looks like a
“pimpmobile.”
Punctuation Quiz
Punctuate the following sentences
4. Hurt Jenny started to cry when her own dog bit her
4. Hurt, Jenny started to cry when her own dog bit her.
3. My brother Dave said, “I am not coming to visit you this year.”
2. When I get back to Thailand, I will be one happy camper.
1. I want to fly home first class; however, I can’t afford it.
This
quickie
grammar
review is
Finished!
65
Section
7
Grammar:
Where to find more
Once you’ve been a teacher for while, you’ll find Dave’s ESL
Café to be one of the best places in the world (or Internet!) to
find more information about anything ESL/EFL related.
Start there for his grammar page which has 63 links to other
grammar sites.
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