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SEMINAR
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY
NEETU GUPTA
JALANDHAR, INDIA
Dec, 2009
A SEMINAR REPORT ON
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY
NEETU GUPTA
M-71304172
S. GURPADAM SINGH
(Asst. Prof. E.C.E)
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the seminar entitled “FIXED
AND MOBILE WIMAX” by “NEETU GUPTA” in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the award of degree of M.Tech. (Branch) submitted to Regional Centre, Punjab Technical
University, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Beant College
of Engineering and Technology, Gurdaspur. Under PUNJAB TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a
period from August,2009 to Dec,2009 under the supervision of S. GURPADAM
SINGH( Asst Prof E.C.E).
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my/our knowledge
The M-Tech viva-voce Examination of (NEETU GUPTA) has been held on__________
And accepted
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to my seminar
guide S. Gurpadam Singh ( Asst. Prof. E.C.E Dept.) for his proper guidance and
valuable suggestions. Without the wise counsel and able guidance ,it would have been
The constant guidance received from Dr.Amarpal Singh Assistance Professor and H.O.D
I am thankful to all the faculty members who have directly or indirectly helped me in
Finally , I once again extend my sincere thanks to all whosoever have contributed in this
work.
Neetu
Gupta
M-
71304172
vii
ABSTRACT
Within the last two decades, communication advances have reshaped the way we live our
daily lives. Wireless communications has grown from an obscure, unknown service to an
ubiquitous technology that serves almost half of the people on Earth. Whether we know it
or not, computers now play a dominant role in our daily activities, and the Internet has
completely reoriented the way people work, communicate, play, and learn.
However severe the changes in our lifestyle may seem to have been over the past few
years, the convergence of wireless with the Internet is about to unleash a change so
dramatic that soon wireless ubiquity will become as pervasive as paper and pen. WiMax—
which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access—is about to bring the
wireless and Internet revolutions to portable devices across the globe. Just as broadcast
television in the 1940’s and 1950’s changed the world of entertainment, advertising, and
our social fabric, WiMax is poised to broadcast the Internet throughout the world, and the
changes in our lives will be dramatic. In a few years, WiMax will provide the capabilities
of the Internet, without any wires, to every living room, portable computer, phone, and
handheld device.
In its simplest form, WiMax promises to deliver the Internet throughout the globe,
connecting the “last mile” of communications services for both developed and emerging
nations.
viii
INDEX
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
5.1 Conclusion 51
5.2 Future scope 52
5.3 Applications of WiMax 53
REFERENCES 58-59
x
LISTOF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth stories of
the telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and broadband have on
their own enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. Wireless mobile services grew from 11
million subscribers worldwide in 1990 to more than 2 billion in 2005 [4]. During the same
period, the Internet grew from being a curious academic tool to having about a billion
users.
This staggering growth of the Internet is driving demand for higher-speed Internet-access
services, leading to a parallel growth in broadband adoption. In less than a decade,
broadband subscription worldwide has grown from virtually zero to over 200 million [5].
Will combining the convenience of wireless with the rich performance of broadband be
the next frontier for growth in the industry? Can such a combination be technically and
commercially viable? Can wireless deliver broadband applications and services that are of
interest to the end-users? Many industry observers believe so. Before we delve into
broadband wireless, let us review the state of broadband access today. Digital subscriber
line (DSL) technology, which delivers broadband over twisted-pair telephone wires, and
cable modem technology, which delivers over coaxial cable TV plant, is the predominant
mass-market broadband access technologies today. Both of these technologies typically
provide up to a few megabits per second of data to each user, and continuing advances are
making several tens of megabits per second possible. Since their initial deployment in the
late 1990s, these services have enjoyed considerable growth. The United States has more
than 50 million broadband subscribers, including more than half of home Internet users.
Worldwide, this number is more than 200 million today and is projected to grow to more
than 400 million by 2010 [5]. The availability of a wireless solution for broadband could
potentially accelerate this growth. What are the applications that drive this growth?
Broadband users worldwide are finding that it dramatically changes how we share
information, conduct business, and seek entertainment. Broadband access not only
provides faster Web surfing and quicker file downloads but also enables several
2
multimedia applications, such as real-time audio and video streaming, multimedia
conferencing, and interactive gaming. Broadband connections are also being used for
voice telephony using voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology.
Figure 1.1 Worldwide subscriber growth 1990–2006 for mobile telephony, Internet
usage, and broadband access
More advanced broadband access systems, such as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and very
high data rate digital subscriber loop (VDSL), enable such applications as entertainment-
quality video, including high-definition TV (HDTV) and video on demand (VoD). As the
broadband market continues to grow, several new applications are likely to emerge, and it
is difficult to predict which ones will succeed in the future.
So what is broadband wireless? Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband
experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and
convenience. There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services.
The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-
line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed
wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable
modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the
additional functionality of portability, nomadicity,1 and mobility.
3
Mobile broadband attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience
scenarios and hence can offer the end user a very different value proposition. WiMax
(worldwide interoperability for microwave access) technology,
1.2 Necessity
In many parts of the world, existing fixed-line carriers that do not own cellular, PCS, or
3G spectrums could turn to WiMax for provisioning mobility services. As the industry
moves along the path of quadruple-play service bundles—voice, data, video, and mobility
—some service providers that do not have a mobility component in their portfolios—cable
operators, satellite companies, and incumbent phone companies—are likely to find
WiMax attractive[1]. For many of these companies, having a mobility plan will be not
only a new revenue opportunity but also a defensive play to mitigate churn by enhancing
the value of their product set.
Existing mobile operators are less likely to adopt WiMax and more likely to continue
along the path of 3G evolution for higher data rate capabilities. There may be scenarios,
however, in which traditional mobile operators may deploy WiMax as an overlay solution
to provide even higher data rates in targeted urban centers or metro zones. In addition to
higher-speed Internet access, mobile WiMax can be used to provide voiceover- IP services
in the future. The low-latency design of mobile WiMax makes it possible to deliver VoIP
services effectively. VoIP technologies may also be leveraged to provide innovative new
services, such as voice chatting, push-to-talk, and multimedia chatting. New and existing
operators may also attempt to use WiMax to offer differentiated personal broadband
services, such as mobile entertainment.
The flexible channel bandwidths and multiple levels of quality-of-service (QoS) support
may allow WiMax to be used by service providers for differentiated high-bandwidth and
low-latency entertainment applications. For example, WiMax could be embedded into a
portable gaming device for use in a fixed and mobile environment for interactive gaming.
Other examples would be streaming audio services delivered to MP3 players and video
services delivered to portable media players. As traditional telephone companies move
into the entertainment area with IP-TV (Internet Protocol television), portable WiMAX
could be used as a solution to extend applications and content beyond the home.
4
1.3 Objectives
The WiMax standard has been developed with many objectives in mind. These are
summarized below:
1.4 Organization
• Chapter 1 Deals with the introduction part of the report. It provides the
background information necessary for understanding WiMax. Provides a brief
introduction of broadband wireless, necessity of WiMax & its objectives.
• Chapter 3 Deals with the System development of WiMax . For example IEEE
802.16, IEEE 802.16a, WiMax vs. WLAN, WiMax Vs. WiFi, HIPERMAN, Mesh
Networks, Wireless Services, WiMax Infrastructure, End-to-End WiMax
Architecture, WiMax Protocol, Mobile WiMax and Advanced Features of WiMax.
• Chapter 4 Deals with the Performance Analysis of WiMax .This chapter shows
Markets for WiMax, Current Status of WiMax, The WiMax Scenario, and WiMax
versus 3G and Wi-Fi & Competing technologies.
• Chapter 5 Deals with the Conclusion , future scope & Applications of WiMax
CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
• Zakhia Abichar, Yanlin Peng, and J. Morris Chang in 2006 shows WiMax:
The Emergence of Wireless Broadband The much-anticipated technology of
WIMax,the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, aims to provide
business and consumer wireless broadband services on the scale of the
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).WiMax will bring a standards- based
technology to a sector that otherwise depended on proprietary solutions.The
technology has a target range of up to 31 miles and a target transmission rate
exceeding 100 Mbps and is expected to challenge DSL and T1 lines (both
expensive technologies to deploy and maintain) especially in emerging markets.
• Dusit Niyato and Ekram Hossain in 2007 shows Integration of WiMax and
WiFi Broadband wireless access networks based on WiMax can provide backhaul
support for mobile WiFi hotspots. We consider an integrated WiMax/WiFi
network for such an application where the licensed WiMax spectrum is shared by
the WiFi access points/routers to provide Internet connectivity to mobile WiFi
users. The WiMax backbone network and WiFi hotspots are operated by different
service providers. Issues such as protocol adaptation, quality of service support,
and pricing for bandwidth sharing that are related to integration of these networks
are discussed. In addition, they propose a model for optimal pricing for bandwidth
sharing in an integrated WiMax/WiFi network
• Chizu Fukao Jun in 2007 Study on the Detection Scheme of WiMax signal for
DAA Operation in MB-OFDM. In the first, by comparing the power 1-3 of the
WiMax signal derived from the FFT outputs of the MB-OFDM receiver with the
background noise, power detection scheme is performed. And using the central
limit L theorem, Correlation detection comparing power detection scheme. It was
confirmed that this scheme has much better performance than the power detection
scheme under low signal to noise ratio situation. Therefore, it references is
considered that the use of the guard interval information "Ultra-Wide Bandwidth
7
• Time of WiMax signal is very effective for the detection of the Hopping Spread-
Spectrum Impulse Radio for Wireless Multiple-Access Communications signal
• A Joon Ho Park, Mingji Ban in 2008 Designed Mobile WiMax System for
Military Applications and Its Performance in Fading Channels The IEEE
802.16e mobile WiMax system may not be quite suitable in some applications
where the uplink (UL) requires higher transmission rate than the downlink (DL). In
particular, many cases in military applications often require higher transmission
rate in the uplink. Proposal for a new mobile WiMax scheme that provides the DL
to UL ratio (DUR) to be 9:33 by modify the frame structure. Fading channels for
the modified mobile WiMax system are presented. They evaluate the bit error rate
(BER) performance and compare the throughput at the different DUR. The IEEE
802.16e mobile WiMax system may not be quite suitable in some applications
8
where the uplink (UL) requires higher transmission rate than the downlink (DL). In
particular, many cases in military applications often require higher transmission rate in
the uplink. In this paper, they propose a new mobile WiMax scheme that provides the
DL to UL ratio (DUR) to be 9:33 by modify the frame structure. Fading channels for
the modified mobile WiMax system are presented. They evaluate the bit error rate
(BER) performance and compare the throughput at the different DUR.
• Yue Li1 & Demetres Kouvatsos in 2009 shows Performance Modeling and
Bandwidth Management of WiMax Systems Worldwide Interpretability for
Microwave Access is a competitive connection oriented technology for
metropolitan broadband wireless access with very high data rate, large service
coverage and flexible quality of service (QoS). Due to the large number of
connections, the efficient bandwidth management and related channel allocation
for the uplink access in WiMax networks is a very challenging task of the medium
access control (MAC) protocol. In order to provide better bandwidth utilization
and network throughput, a cost-effective WiMax bandwidth management scheme
is devised, named as the WiMax partial sharing scheme (WPSS) and compared
against a simpler scheme, named as the WiMax complete sharing scheme (WCPS).
An analytic maximum entropy (ME) model is proposed for the cost-effective
performance evaluation of the two bandwidth management schemes associated
with networks with a large number of stations and/or the connections. In this
context, an open queuing network model (QNM) is devised,
11
CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
WiMax is supported by the industry itself, including Intel, Dell, Motorola, Fujitsu, AT&T,
British Telecom, France Telecom, Reliance Infocomm, Siemens, Sify,Price Warehouse
Coopers and Tata Teleservices – forming an alliance called WiMax Forum. It represents
the next generation of wireless networking [3]. WiMAX original release the
802.16standard addressed applications in licensed bands in the 10 to 66 GHz frequency
range. Subsequent amendments have extended the 802.16 air interface standard to cover
non-line of sight (NLOS) applications in licensed and unlicensed bands in the sub 11 GHz
frequency range.
Filling the gap between Wireless LANs and wide area networks, WiMAX-compliant
systems will provide a cost-effective fixed wireless alternative to conventional wire-line
DSL and cable in areas where those technologies are readily available. And more
importantly the WiMAX technology can provide a cost-effective broadband access
solution in areas beyond the reach of DSL and cable. The ongoing evolution of IEEE
802.16 will expand the standard to address mobile applications thus enabling broadband
access directly to WiMAX-enabled portable devices ranging from smart phones and Pads
to notebook and laptop computers.
Table 3.1 Summary of 802.16 Standards
13
3.2. IEEE 802.16a
The IEEE 802.16a standard allows users to get broadband connectivity without needing
direct line of sight with the base station. The IEEE 802.16a specifies three air interface
specifications and these options provide vendors with the opportunity to customize their
product for different types of deployments. The three physical layer specifications in
802.16a are:
• Wireless MAN-SC which uses a single carrier modulation format.
• Wireless MAN-OFDM which uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) with 256 point Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). This modulation is
mandatory for license exempt bands.
• Wireless MAN-OFDMA which uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA) with a 2048 point FFT. Multiple accesses are provided by addressing a
subset of the multiple carriers to individual receivers.
In 1998, the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) began a
standards project to specify a point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access system
suitable for the delivery of data, voice, and video services to fixed customer sites. The
initial standard, designated IEEE 802.16, was developed for the higher microwave bands
(> 10 GHz) where line-of-sight between system antennas is required for reliable service.
Despite the availability of licensed spectrum for potential deployments, completion of the
standard in 2001 failed to have a significant impact; most vendors abandoned their
proprietary equipment and did not attempt to implement high-frequency multipoint
systems based on the 802.16 standard.
Factors beyond equipment cost (e.g., installation, roof rights, backhaul, spectrum costs)
were significant contributors to the poor economics of the high-frequency multipoint
systems. In early 2000, work on a low-frequency (<11 GHz) revision of the 802.16
standard was begun by the IEEE working group. This revision (designated 802.16a)
incorporated new radio link system options more suitable for low-frequency service while
maintaining most of the access control system specifications of the original standard
Completed in January 2000, the 802.16a standard included features supporting:
• Non-line-of-sight service capability
• Multiple radio modulation options (single carrier, OFDM)
• Licensed and unlicensed band implementations
14
Versatile access control and QoS features, including TDM and packet services, advanced
security A corrected and modified version of 802.16a (designated 802.16-REVd) was
completed in June 2004. Initial WiMAX profiles are a subset of the 802.16-
REVdstandard. A mobile extension to the low-frequency 802.16 standard is now being
developed by the IEEE 802.16e working group. This extension will support delivery of
broadband data to a moving wireless terminal, such as a laptop computer with an
integrated WiMAX modem being used by a passenger on a commuter train. The WiMAX
Forum expects to endorse a mobile profile following completion of the 802.16e standard.
3.3. WiMax vs. WLAN
Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a media access control (MAC) layer that uses a grant
request mechanism to authorize the exchange of data. This feature allows better
exploitation of the radio resources, in particular with smart antennas, and independent
management of the traffic of every user. This simplifies the support of real-time and voice
applications.
One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of WLAN was the poor security feature of
the first releases. WiMAX proposes the full range of security features to ensure secured
data exchange:
• Terminal authentication by exchanging certificates to prevent rogue devices,
• User authentication using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP),
• Data encryption using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES), both much more robust than the Wireless Equivalent
Privacy (WEP) initially used by WLAN. Furthermore, each service is encrypted
with its own security association and private keys.
3.4. WiMax VS. WiFi
WiMAX operates on the same general principles as WiFi -- it sends data from one
computer to another via radio signals. A computer (either a desktop or a laptop) equipped
with WiMAX would receive data from the WiMAX transmitting station, probably using
encrypted data keys to prevent unauthorized users from stealing access.
The fastest WiFi connection can transmit up to 54 megabits per second under optimal
conditions. WiMAX should be able to handle up to 70 megabits per second. Even once
that70 megabits is split up between several dozen businesses or a few hundred home users,
15
it will provide at least the equivalent of cable-modem transfer rates to each user.
The biggest difference isn't speed; it's distance. WiMAX outdistances WiFi by miles.
WiFi's range is about 100 feet (30 m). WiMAX will blanket a radius of 30 miles (50 km)
with wireless access. The increased range is due to the frequencies used and the power of
the transmitter. Of course, at that distance, terrain, weather and large buildings will act to
reduce the maximum range in some circumstances, but the potential is there to cover huge
tracts of land.
WiMax is not designed to clash with WiFi, but to coexist with it. WiMax coverage is
measured in square kilometers, while that of WiFi is measured in square meters. The
original WiMax standard (IEEE 802.16) proposes the usage of 10-66 GHz frequency
spectrum for the WiMax transmission, which is well above the WiFi range (up to 5GHz
maximum). But 802.16a added support for 2-11 GHz frequency also[4]. One WiMax base
station can be accessed by more than 60 users. WiMax can also provide broadcasting
services also. WiMax specifications also provides much better facilities than WiFi,
providing higher bandwidth and high data security by the use of enhanced encryption
schemes. WiMax can also provide service in both Line Of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line Of
Sight (NLOS) locations, but the range will vary accordingly.
WiMax will allow the interpenetration for broadband service provision of VoIP, video,
and internet access – simultaneously. WiMax can also work with existing mobile
networks. WiMax antennas can "share" a cell tower without compromising the function of
cellular arrays already in place.
3.5. Hiperman
The ETSI has created wireless MAN standard for frequency band between 2 GHz and
11GHz. The ETSI Hiperman standard was issued in Nov 2003. The ETSI works closely
with the IEEE 802.16 group and the HIPERMAN standard has essentially followed
802.16’s lead.
The Hiperman standard provides a wireless network communication in the 2 – 11 GHz
bands across Europe. The Hiperman working group utilizes the 256 point FFT OFDM
modulation scheme. It is one of the modulation schemes defined in the IEEE 802.16a
standard.
3.6. WiMax
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is currently one of the
hottest technologies in wireless. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
16
(IEEE) 802 committee, which sets networking standards such as Ethernet (802.3) and
WiFi (802.11), has published a set of standards that define WiMAX. IEEE 802.16-2004
(also known as Revision D) Was published in 2004 for fixed applications; 802.16
Revision E (which adds mobility) is duplicated in July 2005. The WiMAX Forum is an
industry body formed to promote the IEEE 802.16 standard and perform interoperability
testing. The WiMAX Forum has adopted certain profiles based on the 802.16 standards
for interoperability testing and “WiMAX certification”.
These operate in the 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.8GHz frequency bands, which typically are
licensed by various government authorities. WiMAX, is based on an RF technology called
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which is a very effective means of
transferring data when carriers of width of 5MHz or greater can be used. Below 5MHz
carrier width, current CDMA based 3G systems are comparable to OFDM in terms of
performance.
WiMAX is a standard-based wireless technology that provides high throughput broadband
connections over long distance. WiMAX can be used for a number of applications,
including “last mile” broadband connections, hotspots and high-speed connectivity for
business customers. It provides wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) connectivity at
speeds up to
70 Mbps and the WiMAX base station on the average can cover between 5 to 10 km.
26
2. Support IPv4 (IP Version 4) or IPv6 based mobility management. Within
this framework, and as applicable, the architecture shall accommodate MS
with multiple IP addresses and simultaneous IPv4 and IPv6 connections,
3. Support roaming between NSPs,
4. Utilize mechanisms to support seamless handovers at up to vehicular
speeds— satisfying well defined (within WiMax Forum) bounds of service
disruption.
Some of the additional capabilities in support of mobility include the support of:
1. Dynamic and static home address configurations,
2. Dynamic assignment of the Home Agent in the service provider network as a
form of route optimization, as well as in the home IP network as a form of load
balancing
3. Dynamic assignment of the Home Agent based on policies.
• Quality of Service. The WiMax Network Architecture has provisions
for support of QoS mechanisms. In particular, it enables flexible
support of simultaneous use of a diverse set of IP services. The
architecture supports:
1. Differentiated levels of QoS - coarse-grained (per user/terminal) and/or fine-
grained (per service flow per user/terminal),
2. Admission control, and
3. Bandwidth management Extensive use is made of standard IETF mechanisms for
managing policy definition and policy enforcement between operators.
3.11. End-to-End WiMax Architecture
The IEEE only defined the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers in
802.16. This approach has worked well for technologies such as Ethernet and WiFi, which
rely on other bodies such as the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) to set the
standards for higher layer protocols such as TCP/IP, SIP, VoIP and IPSec[11]. In the
mobile wireless world, standards bodies such as 3GPP and 3GPP2 set standards over a
wide range of interfaces and protocols because they require not only air link
interoperability, but also inter-vendor internet work interoperability for roaming, multi-
vendor access networks, and inter-company billing.
Vendors and operators have recognized this issue, and have formed additional working
27
groups to develop standard network reference models for open inter-network interfaces.
Two of these are the WiMax Forum’s Network Working Group, which is focused on
creating higher-level networking specifications for fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile
WiMax systems beyond what is defined in the IEEE 802.16 standard, and Service
Provider Working Group which helps write requirements and prioritizes them to help
drive the work of Network WG. The Mobile WiMax End-to-End Network Architecture is
based an All-IP platform, all packet technology with no legacy circuit telephony. It offers
the advantage of reduced total cost of ownership during the lifecycle of a WiMax network
deployment.
The use of All-IP means that a common network core can be used, without the need to
maintain both packet and circuit core networks, with all the overhead that goes with it. A
further benefit of All-IP is that it places the network on the performance growth curve of
general processing advances occur much faster than advances in telecommunications
equipment because general purpose hardware is not limited to telecommunications
equipment cycles, which tend to be long and cumbersome. The end result is a network that
continually performs at ever higher capital and operational efficiency, and takes advantage
of 3rd party developments from the Internet community. This results in lower cost, high
scalability, and rapid deployment since the networking functionality is all primarily
software-based services. In order to deploy successful and operational commercial
systems, there is need for support beyond 802.16 (PHY/MAC) air interface specifications.
Chief among them is the need to support a core set of networking functions as part of the
overall End-to-End WiMax system architecture. Before delving into some of the details of
the architecture, we can note a few basic tenets that have guided the WiMax architecture
development:
• The architecture is based on a packet-switched framework, including native
procedures based on the IEEE 802.16 standard and its amendments, appropriate
IETF RFCs and Ethernet standards.
• The architecture permits decoupling of access architecture (and supported
topologies) from connectivity IP service. Network elements of the connectivity
system are agnostic to the IEEE 802.16 radio specifics.
• The architecture allows modularity and flexibility to accommodate a broad range
of deployment options such as:
28
This wireless broadband access standard provides the missing link for the "last mile"
connection in metropolitan area networks where DSL, Cable and other broadband access
methods are not available or too expensive. The Wireless MAN technology is also
branded as WiMax
IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture has 4 layers: Convergence, MAC, Transmission and
physical, which can be map to two OSI lowest layers: physical and data link, as shown at
Figure
.
Figure 3.6. Insertion of Cyclic Prefix (CP)
OFDM exploits the frequency diversity of the multipath channel by coding and
interleaving the information across the sub-carriers prior to transmissions. OFDM
modulation can be realized with efficient Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), which
enables a large number of sub-carriers (up to 2048) with low complexity. In an OFDM
system, resources are available in the time domain by means of OFDM symbols and in the
frequency domain by means of sub-carriers. The time and frequency resources can be
organized into sub-channels for allocation to individual users.
operates and what services it can deploy. By starting with a TDMA approach with
intelligent scheduling, WiMax systems will be able to deliver not only high speed data
with SLAs, but latency sensitive services such as voice and video or database access are
also supported. The standard delivers QoS beyond mere prioritization, a technique that is
very limited in effectiveness as Traffic load and the number of subscriber’s increases. The
MAC layer in WiMax certified systems has also been designed to address the harsh
physical layer environment where interference, fast fading and other phenomena are
prevalent in outdoor operation.
3.17 QoS Support
With fast air link, symmetric downlink/uplink capacity, fine resource granularity and a
flexible resource allocation mechanism, Mobile WiMax can meet QoS requirements for a
wide range of data services and applications.
36
39
feasible to have a DSL or Cable Internet. WiMax is also expected to be more reliable
• due to wireless nature of communication between the customer premises and the base
station. This is particularly useful in developing countries where the reliability and
quality of land-line communications infrastructure is often poor. Today, this market
segment is primarily dependent on the availability of DSL or cable. In some areas the
available services may not meet customer expectations for performance or reliability
and/or are too expensive. In many rural areas residential customers are limited to low
speed dial-up services. In developing countries there are many regions with no
available means for internet access. The analysis will show that the WiMax technology
will enable an operator to economically address this market segment and have a
winning business case under a variety of demographic conditions.
• Small and Medium Business. The WiMax BWA is well suited to provide the
reliability and speed for meeting the requirements of small and medium size
businesses in low density environments. One disadvantage of WiMax is the spectral
limitation, in other words limitation of wireless bandwidth. For use in high density
areas, it is possible that the bandwidth may not be sufficient to cater to the needs of a
large clientele, driving the costs high.
This market segment is very often underserved in areas other than the highly competitive
urban environments. The WiMax technology can cost-effectively meet the requirements of
small and medium size businesses in low density environments and can also provide a
cost-effective alternative in urban areas competing with DSL and leased line services.
• WiFi Hot Spot Backhaul. Another area where WiMax connectivity is for WiFi hot.
Figure 4.1. Markets for WiMAX
44
spots connectivity. As of now, there have been several WiFi hotspots and a WiMax
backhaul provides full wireless solution to these wireless networks
WiFi hot spots are being installed worldwide at a rapid pace. One of the obstacles for
continued hot spot growth however, is the availability of high capacity, cost-effective
backhaul solutions. This application can also be addressed with the WiMax technology.
And with nomadic capability, WiMax can also fill in the coverage gaps between WiFi hot
spot coverage areas.
With many technologies, there is a tendency for expectations initially to far exceed the
achievable reality. The “Gartner Hype Cycle for Wireless Networking, 2004” shows
WiMax technology at the “Peak of Inflated Expectations,” with the “Plateau of
Productivity” expected in the “two to five years” time frame.
48
In terms of supporting roaming and high-speed vehicular mobility, WiMAX capabilities
are somewhat unproven when compared to those of 3G. In 3G, mobility was an integral
part of the design; WiMax was designed as a fixed system, with mobility capabilities
developed as an add-on feature.
In summary, WiMax occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G
technologies when compared in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility,
and price. Table 4.1 provides a summary comparison of WiMax with 3G and Wi-Fi
technologies.
49
systems such as UMTS, CDMA2000 and of course long range mobile Wi-Fi and mesh
networking.
3G cellular phone systems usually benefit from already having entrenched infrastructure,
having been upgraded from earlier systems. Users can usually fall back to older systems
when they move out of range of upgraded equipment, often relatively seamlessly.
The major cellular standards are being evolved to so-called 4G, high-bandwidth, low-
latency, all-IP networks with voice services built on top. The worldwide move to 4G for
GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution
effort. A planned CDMA2000 replacement called Ultra Mobile Broadband has been
discontinued. For 4G systems, existing air interfaces are being discarded in favor of
OFDMA for the downlink and a variety of OFDM based techniques for the uplink, similar
to WiMax.
In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for
standardization has meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMax: in July 2005, the
EU-wide frequency allocation for WiMax was blocked.
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CHAPTER- 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 Conclusion
WiMax offers benefits for wire line operators who want to provide last mile access to
residences and businesses, either to reduce costs in their own operating areas, or as a way
to enter new markets. 802.16e offers cost reductions to mobile operators who wish to offer
broadband IP services in addition to 2G or 3G voice service, and allows operators to enter
new markets with competitive services, despite owning disadvantaged spectrum. The
capital outlay for WiMAX equipment will be less than for traditional 2G and 3G wireless
networks, although the supporting infrastructure of cell sites, civil works, towers and so on
will still be needed. WiMax’s all-IP architecture lends itself well to high bandwidth multi-
media applications, and with QoS will also support mobile voice and messaging services,
re-using the mobile networks IP core systems.
The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving a broadband wireless access
revolution to a standard with unique technical characteristics. In parallel, the WiMax
forum, backed by industry leaders, helps the widespread adoption of broadband wireless
access by establishing a brand for the technology. Initially, WiMax will bridge the digital
divide and thanks to competitive equipment prices, the scope of WiMax deployment will
broaden to cover markets with high DSL unbundling costs or poor copper quality which
have acted as a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and voice over broadband. WiMax
will reach its peak by making Portable Internet a reality. When WiMax chipsets are
integrated into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide high-speed data services
on the move, extending today's limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas.
Integrated into new generation networks with seamless roaming between various accesses,
it will enable end-users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience. The
Combination of these capabilities makes WiMax attractive for a wide diversity of people:
fixed operators, mobile operators and wireless ISPs (Internet Service Provider), but also
for many vertical markets and local authorities. Alcatel, the worldwide broadband market
leader with a market share in excess of 37%, is committed to offer complete support
across the entire investment and operational cycle required for successful deployment of
WiMax services
• WiMax is based on a very flexible and robust air interface defined by the IEEE 802.16
51
group.
• The WiMax physical layer is based on OFDM, which is an elegant and effective
technique for overcoming multipart distortion.
• The physical layer supports several advanced techniques for increasing the reliability of
The link layer. These techniques include powerful error correction coding, including turbo
coding and LDPC, hybrid-ARQ, and antenna arrays.
• WiMax supports a number of advanced signal-processing techniques to improve overall
system capacity. These techniques include adaptive modulation and coding, spatial
multiplexing, and multi-user diversity.
• WiMax has a very flexible MAC layer that can accommodate a variety of traffic types,
Including voice, video, and multimedia, and provide strong QoS.
• Robust security functions, such as strong encryption and mutual authentication, are built
Into the WiMax standard.
• WiMax has several features to enhance mobility-related functions such as seamless
handover and low power consumption for portable devices.
• WiMax defines a flexible all-IP-based network architecture that allows for the
exploitation of all the benefits of IP. The reference network model calls for the use of IP-
based protocols to deliver end-to-end functions, such as QoS, security, and mobility
Management.
• WiMax offers very high spectral efficiency, particularly when using higher-order MIMO
solutions.
The IEEE 802.16m standard is the core technology for the proposed Mobile WiMax
Release 2, which enables more efficient, faster, and more converged data communications.
The IEEE 802.16m standard has been submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced
standardization. IEEE 802.16m is one of the major candidates for IMT-Advanced
technologies by ITU. Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m systems can provide
four times faster data speed than the current Mobile WiMax Release 1 based on IEEE
802.16e technology.
Mobile WiMax Release 2 will provide strong backward compatibility with Release 1
52
solutions. It will allow current Mobile WiMax operators to migrate their Release 1
Solutions to Release 2 by upgrading channel cards or software of their systems. Also, the
subscribers who use currently available Mobile WiMax devices can communicate with
new Mobile WiMax Release 2 systems without difficulty.
It is anticipated that in a practical deployment, using 4X2 MIMO in the urban micro cell
scenario with only a single 20 MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802.16m
system can support both 120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbit/s uplink per site
simultaneously. It is expected that the WiMax Release 2 will be available commercially in
the 2011-2012 time frame The goal for the long-term evolution of WiMax is to achieve
100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s fixed-nomadic bandwidth as set by ITU for 4G NGMN
(Next Generation Mobile Network).
Figure 5.1 WiMax offers a substitute for the telephone company's T1/E1 or DS3
businesses and residences receive their telephone service and internet access via the
53
Telephone company's copper wires. A T1 data line from the telephone company may re-
tail for $800/month in many US cities. About 50% of that expense is "local loop" charges
or paying to use the telephone company's copper wire to access a wider network. As the
diagram below illustrates, a WiMax service provider could purchase the bandwidth
equivalent of a T1 (1.54 Mbps) at, say, $45 and resell to an enterprise customer for $400.
WiMax VoIP
A fixed wireless solution not only offers competitive internet access, it can do the same for
telephone service thus further bypassing the telephone company's copper wire network.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) offers a wider range of voice services at reduced cost
to subscribers and service providers alike. The diagram below illustrates a typical solution
where a WiMax service provider can obtain wholesale VoIP services (no need for the
WiMax service provider to install and operate a VoIP soft switch) at about
$5/number/month and resell to enterprise customers at $50 In residential markets, VoIP is
Figure 5.2: WiMax application in VoIP is the "killer app" for WiMAX
54
a "must offer" service. Without the additional revenue per user (think ARPU where "A" is
for average), WiMax does not offer a compelling reason to switch from other forms of
residential broadband. When bundled with broadband internet access and IPTV, a WiMax
triple play becomes very attractive to residential subscribers. Given the QoS, security and
reliability mechanisms built into WiMax, sub-scribers will find WiMax VoIP is good
1. WiMax& IPTV The third leg of the triple play is Internet Protocol Television
(IPTV). IPTV enables a WiMax service provider to offer the same programming as
cable or satellite TV service providers. IPTV, depending on compression algorithms,
requires at least 1 Mbps of bandwidth between the WMAX base station and the
subscriber.
In addition to IPTV programming, the service provider can also offer a variety of
video on demand (VoD) services. The subscriber can select programming a la carte
for their television, both home and mobile, viewing needs. This may be more
desirable to the sub-scriber as they pay only for what they want to watch as opposed
to having to pay for dozens of channels they don't want to watch. IPTV over WiMax
also enables the service provider to offer local programming as well as revenue
generating local advertising.
Figure 5.3: IPTV and Video on Demand enable a WiMAX service provider to offer
programming identical to cable and satellite providers
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• WiMax Mobile Applications (802.16e)
In order to execute a true quadruple play strategy, a service provider will need to offer
mobile services. Even though it's called "mobile", 802.16e-2005 offers a number of ad-
vantages to the fixed wireless market as well. Better building penetration as well as im-
provements in security and QoS point to a strategy of "one network serves all".
1 WiMax as cellular alternative of all the sub industries in telecommunications, perhaps
the one best positioned to take advantage of WiMax is the cellular service providers. They
have a lot going for them including a wireless culture (RF engineers, wireless savvy sales
staff, etc) and millions of "early adaptor" customers. On the other hand, the transition from
legacy circuit switching and a dependency on the incumbent telephone service provider's
network will not be easy or inexpensive As the diagram below supports a large percentage
of a cell phone operator's monthly operating expense (OPEX) is T1 backhaul to
support their base stations. In addition, they use aging circuit switches (Class 4 and 5 as
well as Mobile Switching Centers) to switch phone calls. These come with expensive
annual service contracts. A WiMax substitute for the cell phone infrastructure could be
operated at as little as 10% of the OPEX of a cellular operator using legacy infrastructure.
Source: Trendsmedia Replacing a cell phone infrastructure with WiMax will need to
Figure 5.4: The cellular network is a mixture of wireless and PSTN architectures
56
incorporate a large mo-bile data and mobile TV element with it as data bandwidth
demands on the system will be far greater than what is now seen with a voice-centric cell
phone network. The diagram below provides a high overview of a converged voice and
data wireless network. to come to mind is cell phone service which is a huge industry
Figure 5.5: Perhaps the most immediate application for mobile WiMax
in itself. However, mobile now connotes a wide range of services be-yond voice to
include mobile data and TV, as well as emergency services
Figure 5.6: WiMAX as a mobile voice and data network
A wireless operator will want to pay close attention to their ARPU while minimizing their
OPEX. WiMax allows an operator to do both simultaneously. Failure to update a legacy
network could put an operator at risk of losing business to new market entrants armed with
WiMax.
57
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