V o L . 9 , 1 9 2 3 PHYSICS: I.

ROMAN 1 6 5
MUTUAL EL ECTROMAGNETIC MOMENTUM AND ENERGY
OF A SYSTEM OF MOV ING CHARGES
By IRW IN ROMAN
NORTHW USThRN UNIV ERSITY, EV ANSTON, IL L INOIS
Co m m u n i c a t e d , Ma rc h 1 6 , 1 9 2 3
The m o m e n t u m a n d t he e n e rg y o f a n e l e c t ri c f i e l d d u e t o a s ys t e m o f
m o v i n g c ha rg e s d i f f e r f ro m t he s u m s f o r t he s e p a ra t e c ha rg e s b y a q u a n t i t y
c a l l e d t he " m u t u a l m o m e n t u m " o r t he " m u t u a l e n e rg y, " re s p e c t i v e l y.
If we c o n s i d e r t he s ys t e m a s m a d e u p o f t wo c ha rg e s , e l a n d e 2 , a n d i f we
s e l e c t a x e s o f re f e re n c e i n s u c h a wa y t ha t t he c ha rg e s a re a t ( a , b , 0 )
a n d ( - a , - b , 0 ) , re s p e c t i v e l y, f o r s o m e p a rt i c u l a r t i m e , t he c o m m o n
v e l o c i t y b e i n g a l o n g t he x - a x i s , t he n t he c o m p o n e n t s o f t he m u t u a l m o -
m e n t u m wi l l b e , i n He a v i s i d e u n i t s ,
G
J
=Sf Y b d r G2 =Sf a b Rx Yd T
a n d
G3 =Sf j d r
whe re
R? ={( x - a ) 2 +K2 [( y- b ) 2 +z2 I}/2 {( x +a ) 2 +K2 [( y+b ) 2 +z2 ]}/2
u K4 e 1 e 2
u 2
2 2 K2 =1
u b e i n g t he s p e e d o f t he s ys t e m a n d c t ha t o f l i g ht , a n d t he i n t e g ra t i o n
i n r i s t o c o v e r t he e n t i re f i e l d .
The v a l u e o f G3 m a y b e f o u n d d i re c t l y a n d i s ze ro . Af t e r a s e ri e s o f
s i m p l i f yi n g , t ra n s f o rm a t i o n s a n d l e n g t hy re d u c t i o n s , i t i s f o u n d t ha t
u e l e 2 ( K2 b 2 + 2 a 2 ) u e l e 2 K2 a b
G,
=
. a n d G2
=-
c 2 8 7 r ( K2 b 2 + a 2 ) 3 /2
c 2
8 r ( K2 b 2 + a 2 ) - /2 _
Si m i l a rl y, t he m u t u a l e n e rg y
i s f o u n d t o b e
e l e 2 ( K2 b 2 + a 2 + a 2 3 2 ) u
U
=
2 3 " 1 2
,
whe re
j
8 7 r( Km b 2 + a 2 ) ' c
In s p e c t i o n o f t he re s u l t s l e a d s t o t he c o n c l u s i o n t ha t t he m u t u a l m o m e n -
t u m i s p a ra l l e l t o t he v e l o c i t y o n l y
i n t he c a s e s f o r whi c h t he p a i r o f c ha rg e s
PHYSICS: TOL MAN, KARRER AND G UERN. SE Y PRo e C. N. A. S.
m o v e s p a ra l l e l o r n o rm a l t o t he i r c o m m o n l i n e . Ho we v e r t he m u t u a l
m o m e n t u m i s a l wa ys i n t he p l a n e c o n t a i n i n g , t he t wo c ha rg e s a n d t he
d i re c t i o n o f m o t i o n .
Fo r m o re t ha n t wo c ha rg e s , t he m u t u a l e f f e c t m a y b e t re a t e d a s t he
s u m o f t he e f f e c t s f o r a l l p o s s i b l e p a i rs , d u e t o t he q u a d ra t i c p ro p e rt y o f
t he m o m e n t u m a n d e n e rg y. The f o re g o i n g re s u l t s ha v e a p p l i c a t i o n i n
t he s t u d y o f " p a c k i n g e f f e c t " i n a t o m i c s t ru c t u re .
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON THE MASS OF THE EL ECTRIC
CARRIER IN METAL S
By RICHARD C. TOL MAN, SEBASTIAN KARRER, AND ERNEST W . GUERNSEY
FIx ZD NITROGEN RZSZARCH L ABORArORY, W ASHINGTON, D. C.
Co m m u n i c a t e d , Ma rc h 2 1 , 1 9 2 3
In t ro d u c t i o n . - The p ro d u c t i o n o f a n e l e c t ro m o t i v e f o rc e b y t he a c c e l e ra -
t i o n o f a m e t a l l i c c o n d u c t o r wa s a p p a re n t l y d e m o n s t ra t e d b y t he wo rk o f
To l m a n a n d St e wa rt [Phys i c . Re v . , 8 , 9 7 ( 1 9 1 6 ) ; 9 , 1 6 4 ( 1 9 1 7 ) ], b y m e a s u r-
i n g t he p u l s e o f e l e c t ri c c u rre n t p ro d u c e d b y s u d d e n l y s t o p p i n g a c o i l o f
wi re ro t a t i n g a ro u n d i t s a x i s . The p u rp o s e o f t he wo rk d e s c ri b e d i n t he
p re s e n t a rt i c l e ha s b e e n t wo f o l d . In t he f i rs t p l a c e i t s e e m e d d e s i ra b l e
t o o b t a i n a n e w d e m o n s t ra t i o n o f t hi s p ro d u c t i o n o f a n e l e c t ro m o t i v e
f o rc e b y t he a c c e l e ra t i o n o f a m e t a l , u s i n g s o m e m e t ho d o f a t t a c k a s d i f -
f e re n t a s p o s s i b l e f ro m t ha t o f To l m a n a n d St e wa rt , i n o rd e r t o i n c re a s e
o u r c e rt a i n t y a s t o t he re a l i t y o f t he e f f e c t . In t he s e c o n d p l a c e i t s e e m e d
d e s i ra b l e t o t ry t o f i n d a m e t ho d whi c h wo u l d e l i m i n a t e d i re c t e l e c t ri c a l
c o n n e c t i o n s b e t we e n m o v i n g a n d s t a t i o n a ry p a rt s , a n d wo u l d a v o i d t he
s u d d e n s t o p p i n g o f a c o i l o f wi re , ' wi t h t he a t t e n d a n t c ha n c e o f i rre g u l a r
e l e c t ro m o t i v e f o rc e s d u e t o b u c k l i n g o r s l i p p i n g o f t he wi re .
Ap p a ra t u s . - The a p p a ra t u s f i n a l l y u s e d c o n s i s t e d o f a c o p p e r c yl i n d e r
9 1 /8 i n c he s l o n g , 4 i n c he s o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r, a n d 3 i n c he s i n s i d e d i a m e t e r,
o s c i l l a t i n g a b o u t i t s a x i s wi t h a f re q u e n c y o f 1 8 . 9 c yc l e s p e r s e c o n d .
Su rro u n d i n g t hi s c o p p e r c yl i n d e r wa s a c o i l c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 6 0 m i l e s o f
No . 3 8 c o p p e r wi re ( d i a m . 0 . 1 m m . ) , whi c h a c t e d a s t he s e c o n d a ry o f a
t ra n s f o rm e r. Co n n e c t i o n f ro m t hi s s e c o n d a ry wa s m a d e t hro u g h a s p e -
c i a l l y d e s i g n e d t hre e s t a g e a m p l i f i e r wi t h a v i b ra t i o n g a l v a n o m e t e r. The
t e n d e n c y o f t he e l e c t ro n s i n t he o s c i l l a t i n g c o p p e r c yl i n d e r t o l a g b e hi n d
b e c a u s e o f t he i r i n e rt i a l e a d s t o a n e l e c t ro m o t i v e f o rc e , t he e f f e c t s o f whi c h
we re f i n a l l y m e a s u re d b y t he d e f l e c t i o n o f t he v i b ra t i o n g a l v a n o m e t e r.
The s e g a l v a n o m e t e r d e f l e c t i o n s we re t he n c o m p a re d wi t h t ho s e p ro d u c e d
1 6 6