Behaviour of Rockmass

P K Behera
Behaviour of Rockmasses
Rock structures/ discontinuities plays the most
important role on behaviour of rockmass.
The types and properties of discontinuities
influences the engineering behaviour of rock
mass.
DISCONTINUITIES IN ROCK MASS
PROPERTIES OF DISCONTINUITIES
Type of Discontinuity
Orientation
Persistence
Roughness
Wall Strength
Aperture
Filling
Seepage
Number of sets
Block size
spacing


JOINT
ORIENTATION
ROCK TYPE
JOINT SETS
JOINT
SPACING
JOINT
PERSISTANCE
JOINT
WALL STRENGTH
FILLING TYPE
&
WIDTH
DISC. TYPE
JOINT
ROUGHNESS
BLOCK SIZE
&
SHAPE
SEEPAGE
JOINT
APERTURE
PROPERTIES OF DISCONTINUITIES
DISCONTINUITIES IN
ROCK MASS

STRUCTURAL FEATURES or DISCONTINUITIES
TYPES
1) Bedding planes
Contacts between sedimentary rocks often
contains weak minerals- Montmorillonite clay,
Lignite having low chesion.
2) Folds
tension joints at the crest of a fold
(strike, dip & shear joints)
folding may cause shear failure along
bedding planes (axial plane or fracture cleavage)

DISCONTINUITIES IN
ROCK MASS
3) Faults
shear displacement zones - sliding
Faults may contain
Fault gouge (clay) weak
Fault breccia (re-cemented rock) weak
Rock flour weak
Angular fragments may be strong

DISCONTINUITIES IN
ROCK MASS
4) Shear zones
bands of materials - local shear failure
5) Intrusions
igneous intrusions (vertical/horizontal)
weathered dykes (near vertical), e.g. dolerite
weathers to montmorillonite
unweathered dykes attract high stresses
6) Joints
breaks with no visible displacement
-It is due to stress field

DISCONTINUITIES IN
ROCK MASS
JOINTS
Open
Filled
Healed (or closed)
Stepped
Undulating
Planar
each of the above can be
Rough
Smooth
Slickensided

JOINT ROUGHNESS
JOINT
ROUGHNESS
BASE ON JOINT
ROUGHNESS
COEFFICIENT(JRC)
DISCONTINUITIES IN
ROCK MASS
7) SLICKENSIDE
Preexisting shiny polished failure surface
with striations
8) MYONITE
Intensely sheared zone where original mineral
constituents and fabrics are crushed and pulverized.
9) CAVITY
Opening in soluble rocks resulting from flow of water
or in igneous rocks from gas pockets

IN SITU STRENGTH
The strength and deformation behaviour of
rockmasses depends on intact rock between the
discontinuities and the properties of these
discontinuities or planes of weakness.
Estimation of the rockmass behaviour using
properties of intact rock and discontinuities is
highly complex and very difficult to get an
accurate value. Hence it requires being
determined directly in the in situ condition.

TYPE OF IN SITU TESTS
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
TRIAXIAL STRENGTH
MODULUS OF DEFORMATION
BEARING STRENGTH
CREEP TEST


CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR
TESTS
REPRESENT ROCKMASS PROPERTIES OF
ENTIRE SITE
TEST RESULT SHOULD BE NEAEST TO
ACTUAL VALUE
TEST SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL
TEST SHOULD BE SIMPLE
LOAD APPLIED FOR CARRYING OUT THE
TEST SHOULD REPRESENT IN SITU
CONDITION (direction, magnitude, etc.)
IN SITU COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF ROCK MASS
ROCK TEST BLOCK
OF CUBE 40 cm TO 2 m
HYDRAULIC JACK
LOADING PAD
ROOF
FLOOR
HYD.PUMP
PR.GAUGE
HOSE PIPE
IN SITU SET UP FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

C

= P/A
P= FAILURE LOAD
A= CROSS SECTION OF
ROCK TEST BLOCK
IN SITU TENSLE STRENGTH OF
ROCK MASS
P-PULLING FORCE AT FAILURE, R- RADIUS OF EXTRACTED CONE, H- HEIGHT
OF EXTRACTED CONE (APPROX. 15-20 cm)
R
PULL ( P )
H
ROCK BOLT
ROOF
FLOOR
ROCK BOLT PULL TEST
ANCHOR
BOREHOLE
EXTRACTED
CONE
IN SITU TENSLE STRENGTH OF ROCK MASS
ROCK BOLT PULL TEST

TENSLE STRENGTH
1.2
t
P
HR

P-PULLING FORCE AT FAILURE, R- RADIUS OF
EXTRACTED CONE, H- HEIGHT OF EXTRACTED
CONE (APPROX. 15-20 cm)













VERTICAL
BOREHOLE
PACKER
HYD.PRESSURE
IN SITU HOZ.
STRESS
IN SITU VERT.
STRESS
SURFACE
TEST
LOCATION
(b) HYDROFRACTURING TEST
IN SITU TENSLE STRENGTH OF ROCK MASS
IN SITU TENSLE STRENGTH OF ROCK MASS

IN SITU STRESSES (
h
)

HYDRAULIC
FLUID
BOREHOLE
(b) HYDROFRACTURING TEST
FRACTURED
BOREHOLE
I
N

S
I
T
U

S
T
R
E
S
S
E
S

(

H
)

IN SITU TENSLE STRENGTH OF ROCK MASS
HYDROFRACTURING TEST

HYD.PRESSURE REQUIRED FOR FRACTURING
BOREHOLE ( P
f
)
P
f
= 3
h

H
+
t
(When
H
>
h
)
WHEN BOREHOLE DEPRESSURISED AFTER
FRACTURING THE FRACTURE CLOSES
HDY.PRESSURE REQUIRED FOR REOPENING
OF FRACTURED BOREHOLE ( P
r
)
P
r
= 3
h

H
So,
t
= P
f
P
r

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: HYDROFRACTURING EQUIPMENT


IN SITU SHEAR STRENGTH
IN SITU SHEAR TEST SET UP
IN SITU SHEAR SET UP
REINFORCED CONCTRETE
NORMAL LOAD
PACKING (POLYSTYRENE FOAM)
(20 mm Thick)
15
0

DEFORMATION
MEASUREMENT
DIRECTION OF
SHEARING

DIAL GAUGE
TEST BLOCK SIZE (mm):
700 x 700 x 350 Height
N
O
R
M
A
L

D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
M
E
N
T

,
m
m

LOG .ELAPED TIME (t),Min
1 MPa
2 MPa
3 MPa
t
100

t
100

t
100

CONSOLIDATION CURVE
Total shear duration should me more than 6t
100

t
100
when
Displacement rate
reaches 0.05mm
in 10 minutes
IN SITU SHEAR STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH()
TEST SHEAR BLOCK

= 15
0

P
na


P
sa


A
P
A
P
Sa S

cos

A
P P
A
P
sa na n
n

sin

IN SITU SHEAR STRENGTH
SHEAR DISPLACEMENT
S
H
E
A
R
S
T
R
E
S
S
Peak Shear Strength (
P
)
Residual Shear Strength (
r
)

n
=Constant

n


C
C
SHEAR STRENGTH ENVELOPE

na

C=Cohesion
C =Apparent cohesion

na
=Critical normal stress

a
=Apparent friction angle below
na

b
=Apparent friction angle above
na

r
= Residual friction angle

u
= Friction angle for smooth surface





i
Rough Jt. Surface
a=
u
+i
SHEAR STRENGTH ENVELOPE
DEFORMABILITY OF ROCKMASS
IT IS CHACTERISED BY MODULUS OF
DEFORTMATION DESCRIBING THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE APPLIED
LOAD AND THE RESULTING STRAIN (E
m
)
STRESS AND STRAIN IN ROCK MASS DOES
NOT BEHAVE ELASTICALLY DUE THE
PRESENCE OF DISCONTINUTIES. SO
STRESS AND STRAIN RELATIONSHIP IN
ROCK MASS IS KNOWN AS:
MODULUS OF DEFORMATION
MODULUS OF DEFORMATION (Em)
THE RATIO OF STRESS (P) TO CORRESPONDING
STRAIN DURING LOADING OF ROCK MASS (w
d
),
(INCLUDING ELASTIC AND INELASTIC BEHAVIOUR)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (Eem):
THE RATIO OF STRESS (P) TO CORRESPONDING
STRAIN DURING LOADING OF ROCK MASS (w
e
),
(INCLUDING ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR ONLY)
IT IS DETERMINED BY INCREMENTLY LOADING
AND UNLOADING A REPRESENTATIVE TEST AREA
AND MEASURING THE CORRESPONDING
DEFORMATION.


Modulus of deformation
Modulus of elasticity
Measured deformation
A
p
p
l
i
e
d

s
t
r
e
s
s

MODULUS OF DEFORMATION
TWO METHODS OF LOADING ARE
POSSIBLE
1-LOAD APPLIED TO THE ROCK THROUGH A
RIGID PLATE, MAKING DEFORMATION OVER
THE LOADED AREA CONSTANT
2-LOAD APPLIED TO THE ROCK THROUGH A
FLAXIBLE PAD, MAKING THE UNIT LOAD OVER
THE AREA CONSTANT
MODULUS OF DEFORMATION
VALUE OF MODULUS OF DEFORMATION (Em)
DEPENDS ON:
TECHNIQUE OF TESTING
LOADED AREA
LOADING SYSTEM
METHOD OF INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF
DEFORMATION MODULUS
MOSTLY USED METHODS:
1- PLATE LOADING TEST (PLT)-RIGID PLATE
2- PLATE JACKING TEST (PJT) - FLEXIBLE PAD
(WITH HOLE AT CENTRE)
3- PLATE JACKING TEST (PJT)- FLEXIBLE PAD
(WITH BOREHOLE BELOW PAD)
4- BOREHOLE DEFORMATION TEST
HYD.JACK

REGID PLATE


DEFORMATION
GAUGE
DRIFT
CONCRETE
PAD
CONCRETE
PAD
PLATE LOADING TEST (PLT)-RIGID PLATE
WHERE,
p = APPLI ED PRESSURE
a = RADI OUS OF THE LOADED AREA
= POISSIONS RATIO OF ROCK
W =DI SPLACEMENT I N DI RECTI ON OF APPLI ED
STRESS
ANCHORS FOR MULTIPOINT
EXTENSOMETER
(DEFORMATION
MEASUREMENT
DEVICE)

HYDRAULIC JACK
UDERGROUND OPENING
ROOF
CONCRETE PAD
FLATE JACK
FLAT JACK

CONCRETE PAD

FLOOR
BOREHOLE
SET UP FOR PLATE JACK TEST

Reaction column
PLATE JACK TEST
IF DISPLACEMENT W
Z1
AND W
Z2
ARE MEASURED AT Z
1
AND Z
2
, THE DEFORMATION MODULUS OF ROCK
BETWEEN Z
1
AND Z
2
, THE INDICTERED
DEFORMATION MODULUD OF ROCK BETWEEN Z
1
AND
Z
2
CALCULATE AS:
WHERE,
W
Z
, W
Z1
, W
Z2
= DEFORMATION AT A GIVEN POINT of
Z, Z
1
,Z
2
RESPECTIVELY
Z, Z
1
,Z
2
= DISTANCE FROM THE LOAD SURFACE TO THE
POINT WHERE DISPLACEMENT IS MEASURED
a
1
=OUTER RADIUS OF FLAT JACK
a
2
= INNER RADIUS OF FLAT JACK
PLATE JACK TEST
MODULUS OF
DEFORMATION
BY
BOREHOLE
DEFORMATION TESTS
BOREHOLE
DEFORMATION TESTS
PRESSUREMETER TEST
(Packer)
PRESSUREMETER TEST




Where, V =TOTAL VOLUME OF PRESSURE CELL
V = CHANGE OF VOLUME IN PRESSURE CELL
AT P
P = CHANGE OF PRESSURE IN PRESSURE CELL
DILATOMETER TEST
DILATOMETER TEST
m
GOODMAN JACK TEST

The Goodman Jack is a borehole tool used for
estimating the deformability of rock masses in-
situ. It is designed to be used in 3" (76 mm)
boreholes.
Two models are available: a twelve piston
model for use in hard rock, and a three-piston
model for determining the consolidation-time
properties of soft rock, soil, and stiff clays.
GOODMAN JACK TEST
The Goodman Jack consists of a hydraulic
jack with curved bearing plates, LVDT
sensors, a displacement indicator, a
hydraulic pump with pressure gauge,
hydraulic hose, electrical cable, and a
coupler for drill rod.

GOODMAN JACK TEST
The jack is attached to drill rod and inserted into the
borehole. A hand pump is used to create hydraulic
pressure in the lines connected to the jack, which in
turn activates the pistons and produces a uniform and
unidirectional stress field at the bearing plate. The
applied hydraulic pressure is measured with a
standard pressure gauge.
The deformation of the rock is measured by two linear
variable differential transformers (LVDT) and data are
displayed by the indicator at the surface. After the
test, the bearing plates are retracted by reversed
pistons and the jack is withdrawn from the borehole.
STEEL PLATEN
BOREHOLE (DIA-76 mm)
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
GOODMAN JACK
HYDRAULIC PUMP
GOODMAN JACK TEST

2

GOODMAN JACK TEST




Where, d = INITIAL BOREHOLE DIAMETER,
h = CHANGE IN BH DIAMETR DUE TO P (JACK PRESSURE)
f = CORRECTION FACTOR (DEPENDS ON AND OF ROCK)
P=CHANGE OF JACK PRESSURE
f
0.1 1.519
0.2 1.474
0.25 1.438
0.3 1.397
0.33 1.366
0.4 1.284
0.5 1.151

CORRECTION FACTOR