Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . .

334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
2011 EDITION
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the
classroom beginning in the 201112 school year. The first examination for
which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in
Physical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables for
Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity =
distance between foci
length of major axis
Gradient =
change in field value
distance
Density =
mass
volume
Rate of change =
change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVE
ISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE
(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C
14
K
40
U
238
Rb
87
N
14
Pb
206
Sr
87
5.7 10
3
1.3 10
9
4.5 10
9
4.9 10
10
Ar
40
Ca
40
Specific Heats of Common Materials Radioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Composition
of Earths Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT
(Joules/gram C)
Liquid water 4.18
Solid water (ice) 2.11
Water vapor 2.00
Dry air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
ELEMENT
(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE
Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18
Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11
Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33
Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42
Nitrogen (N) 78.0
Hydrogen (H) 66.0
Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 2
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b
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z
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p
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t
M
a
r
i a n aT
r
e
n c h
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g
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T r e n
c
h
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 6
E
r
o
s
i
o
n
W
e
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
&
E
r
o
s
i
o
n
(
U
p
l
i
f
t
)
M
e
t
a
m
o
r
p
h
i
s
m
M
e
lt
in
g
S
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li
d
i
f
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c
a
t
i
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n
M
e
ltin
g W
e
a
th
e
r
in
g
&
E
r
o
s
io
n
(U
p
lift)
M
etamorphism
W
e
a
th
e
rin
g
&
E
ro
sion
(
U
p
lif
t
)
H
e
a
t
and/or Pressure
H
e
a
t
a
n
d
/
o
r
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
M
e
l
t
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n
g
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e
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
and
B
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r
ia
l
C
o
m
p
a
c
t
io
n
a
n
d
/o
r
D
e
p
o
s
itio
n
IGNEOUS
ROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHIC
ROCK
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
P
A
R
T
I
C
L
E

D
I
A
M
E
T
E
R

(
c
m
)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
5
1
0
.
5
0
.
1
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
1
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocity
needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations
occur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earths Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of Transported
Particle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene
(green)
Amphibole
(black)
Biotite
(black)
Potassium
feldspar
(pink to white)
(
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

b
y

v
o
l
u
m
e
)
M
I
N
E
R
A
L

C
O
M
P
O
S
I
T
I
O
N
Quartz
(clear to
white)
C
H
A
R
A
C
T
E
R
I
S
T
I
C
S
MAFIC
(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC
(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTAL
SIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
I
N
T
R
U
S
I
V
E
(
P
l
u
t
o
n
i
c
)
E
X
T
R
U
S
I
V
E
(
V
o
l
c
a
n
i
c
)
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T

O
F

F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Plagioclase feldspar
(white to gray)
Olivine
(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
I
G
N
E
O
U
S

R
O
C
K
S
n
o
n
-
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
Glassy
Basaltic glass
Obsidian
(usually appears black)
l
e
s
s

t
h
a
n
1

m
m
Fine
Basalt
Andesite Rhyolite
1

m
m
t
o

1
0

m
m
Coarse
Peri-
dotite Gabbro
Diorite
Granite
Pegmatite
1
0

m
m
o
r

l
a
r
g
e
r
Very
coarse
Scoria Vesicular
(gas
pockets)
D
u
n
i
t
e
Non-
vesicular
Non-
vesicular
Vesicular basalt Vesicular rhyolite
Vesicular
andesite
Diabase
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITION TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragments
Mostly
quartz,
feldspar, and
clay minerals;
may contain
fragments of
other rocks
and minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,
and/or boulders
embedded in sand,
silt, and/or clay
Clastic
(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may split
easily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals from
chemical
precipitates
and evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .
. . . .
Sand
(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt
(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay
(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITION TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fine
to
coarse
crystals
Microscopic to
very coarse
Precipitates of biologic
origin or cemented shell
fragments
Compacted
plant remains
. . . . .
. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline or
bioclastic
F
O
L
I
A
T
E
D
Fine
Fine
to
medium
Medium
to
coarse
Regional
Low-grade
metamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visible
from metamorphism of clay
or feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;
mineral types segregated
into bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITION TEXTURE
GRAIN
SIZE
COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OF
METAMORPHISM
(Heat and
pressure
increases)
M
I
N
E
R
A
L
A
L
I
G
N
M
E
N
T
B
A
N
D
-
I
N
G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shiny
from microscopic mica
crystals
Phyllite
G
A
R
N
E
T
P
Y
R
O
X
E
N
E
F
E
L
D
S
P
A
R
A
M
P
H
I
B
O
L
E
M
I
C
A
Q
U
A
R
T
Z
Hornfels
N
O
N
F
O
L
I
A
T
E
D
Metamorphism of
quartz sandstone
Metamorphism of
limestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distorted
or stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fine
to
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/or
dolomite
Various
minerals
Contact
(heat)
Various rocks changed by
heat from nearby
magma/lava
Various
minerals
Fine
Anthracite coal Regional
Metamorphism of
bituminous coal
Carbon Fine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 8
PLEISTOCENE
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
LATE
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Elliptocephala
Cryptolithus
Phacops Hexameroceras Manticoceras
Eucalyptocrinus
Ctenocrinus
Tetragraptus
Dicellograptus Eurypterus
Stylonurus
B L A E C D G H F I J N K M
Centroceras Valcouroceras Coelophysis
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
Era Eon
P
H
A
N
E
R
O
-
Z
O
I
C
P
R
E
C
A
M
B
R
I
A
N
A
R
C
H
E
A
N
P
R
O
T
E
R
O
Z
O
I
C
L
A
T
E
L
A
T
E
M
I
D
D
L
E
M
I
D
D
L
E
E
A
R
L
Y
E
A
R
L
Y
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
4600
Million years ago
CENOZOIC
MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
QUATERNARY
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
C
A
R
B
O
N
I
F
-
E
R
O
U
S
DEVONIAN
Period Epoch Life on Earth
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
580
488
444
416
318
299
200
146
Million years ago
NY Rock
Record
PENNSYLVANIAN
HOLOCENE
65.5
251
1.8
5.3
0.01
0
23.0
33.9
MISSISSIPPIAN
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
55.8
Large carnivorous mammals
Abundant grazing mammals
Earliest grasses
Many modern groups of mammals
Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and
many land plants
Earliest flowering plants
Diverse bony fishes
Earliest birds
Earliest mammals
Mass extinction of many land and marine
organisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
Abundant reptiles
Extensive coal-forming forests
Abundant amphibians
Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns
(vascular plants); earliest reptiles
359
Earliest amphibians and plant seeds
Extinction of many marine organisms
Earths first forests
Earliest ammonoids and sharks
Abundant fish
Earliest insects
Earliest land plants and animals
Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominant
Earths first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)
Earliest fishes
Earliest trilobites
542
Abundant stromatolites
Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied
marine organisms)
Extinction of many primitive marine organisms
First
sexually
reproducing
organisms
Oldest known rocks
Estimated time of origin
of Earth and solar system
Sediment
Bedrock
Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
Earliest dinosaurs
Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts
1300
Evidence of biological
carbon
Earliest stromatolites
Oldest microfossils
Oceanic oxygen
produced by
cyanobacteria
combines with
iron, forming
iron oxide layers
on ocean floor
Oceanic oxygen
begins to enter
the atmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 9
Grenville orogeny: metamorphism of
bedrock now exposed in the Adirondacks
and Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island and
Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic
Ocean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean
North America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta forms
Erosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision of
North America and Avalon and closing
of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston delta
forms
Taconian orogeny caused by closing
of western part of Iapetus Ocean and
collision between North America and
volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New York
along edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
OF NEW YORK STATE
Mastodont
Beluga Whale
Cooksonia
Bothriolepis
Maclurites Eospirifer
Mucrospirifer
Aneurophyton
Condor Naples Tree Cystiphyllum
Lichenaria Pleurodictyum
P O R Q S T U V W X Y Z
Platyceras
Time Distribution of Fossils
(including important fossils of New York)
Important Geologic
Events in New York
Inferred Positions of
Earths Landmasses
ADU (2011)
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of
existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end
of the Early Cambrian).
P
L
A
C
O
D
E
R
M

F
I
S
H
A
Alleghenian orogeny caused by
collision of North America and
Africa along transform margin,
forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
T
R
I
L
O
B
I
T
E
S
C
B
A
B
I
R
D
S
S
E
D
F
N
A
U
T
I
L
O
I
D
S
A
M
M
O
N
O
I
D
S
G
C
R
I
N
O
I
D
S
H
I
J
K
G
R
A
P
T
O
L
I
T
E
S
L
D
I
N
O
S
A
U
R
S
M
A
M
M
A
L
S
O
N
E
U
R
Y
P
T
E
R
I
D
S
M
P
Q
V
A
S
C
U
L
A
R

P
L
A
N
T
S
T
U
V
C
O
R
A
L
S
R
B
R
A
C
H
I
O
P
O
D
S
G
A
S
T
R
O
P
O
D
S
W
X
Y
Z
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 10
Inferred Properties of Earths Interior
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EPICENTER DISTANCE ( 10
3
km)
P
9 10
S
T
R
A
V
E
L

T
I
M
E

(
m
i
n
)
0
0
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
1
33
28
24
21
18
14
12
10
7
5
3
1
1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
19
21
23
25
27
29
2
36
28
22
18
14
12
8
6
3
1
1
3
6
8
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
3
29
22
17
13
9
6
4
1
1
4
6
9
11
13
15
17
20
22
24
26
4
29
20
15
11
7
4
2
1
4
6
9
11
14
16
18
20
22
24
5
24
17
11
7
5
2
1
4
7
9
12
14
16
18
21
23
6
19
13
9
5
2
1
4
7
10
12
14
17
19
21
7
21
14
9
5
2
1
4
7
10
12
15
17
19
8
14
9
5
1
2
4
8
10
13
16
18
9
28
16
10
6
2
2
5
8
11
14
16
10
17
10
5
2
3
6
9
11
14
11
17
10
5
1
2
6
9
12
12
19
10
5
1
3
7
10
13
19
10
5
0
4
8
14
19
10
4
1
5
15
18
9
3
1
1
28
40
48
55
61
66
71
73
77
79
81
83
85
86
87
88
88
89
90
91
91
92
92
92
93
93
2
11
23
33
41
48
54
58
63
67
70
72
74
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
86
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
3
13
20
32
37
45
51
56
59
62
65
67
69
71
72
74
75
76
77
78
79
4
11
20
28
36
42
46
51
54
57
60
62
64
66
68
69
70
71
72
5
1
11
20
27
35
39
43
48
50
54
56
58
60
62
64
65
66
6
6
14
22
28
33
38
41
45
48
51
53
55
57
59
61
7
10
17
24
28
33
37
40
44
46
49
51
53
55
8
6
13
19
25
29
33
36
40
42
45
47
49
9
4
10
16
21
26
30
33
36
39
42
44
10
2
8
14
19
23
27
30
34
36
39
11
1
7
12
17
21
25
28
31
34
12
1
6
11
15
20
23
26
29
13
5
10
14
18
21
25
14
4
9
13
17
20
15
4
9
12
16
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C)
Dry-Bulb
Tempera -
ture (C)
Dry-Bulb
Tempera -
ture (C)
Dewpoint (C)
Relative Humidity (%)
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 12
Temperature
Freezing
rain
Haze
Rain
Fog Snow
Hail Rain
showers
Thunder-
storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snow
showers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
Pressure
196
+19/
.25
28
27
1
2
Station Model Station Model Explanation
Water boils
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
Room temperature
Water freezes
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
One atmosphere
30.70
1040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
Key to Weather Map Symbols
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 13
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 14
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Planetary Wind and Moisture
Belts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the
locations of the belts near the time of an
equinox. The locations shift somewhat
with the changing latitude of the Suns
vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,
the belts shift northward in the summer
and southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected
Properties of
Earths
Atmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 15
Solar System Data
Celestial
Object
Mean Distance
from Sun
(million km)
Period of
Revolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period of
Rotation at Equator
Eccentricity
of Orbit
Equatorial
Diameter
(km)
Mass
(Earth = 1)
Density
(g/cm
3
)
SUN 27 d 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTHS
MOON
149.6
(0.386 from Earth)
27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars
(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
L
u
m
i
n
o
s
i
t
y
(
R
a
t
e

a
t

w
h
i
c
h

a

s
t
a
r

e
m
i
t
s

e
n
e
r
g
y

r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

t
o

t
h
e

S
u
n
)
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
Red Orange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb
Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS
(Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage)
GIANTS
Barnards
Star
Proxima
Centauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B
Small
Stars
Massive
Stars
WHITE DWARFS
(Late stage)
M
A
I
N
S
E
Q
U
E
N
C
E
(
E
a
r
ly
s
t
a
g
e
)
40 Eridani B
30,000
12

silver to
gray
black streak,
greasy feel
pencil lead,
lubricants
C Graphite
2.5
metallic
silver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,
density = 7.6 g/cm
3
ore of lead,
batteries
PbS Galena
5.56.5
black to
silver
black streak,
magnetic
ore of iron,
steel
Fe
3
O
4
Magnetite
6.5
brassy
yellow
green-black streak,
(fools gold)
ore of
sulfur
FeS
2
Pyrite
5.5 6.5
or 1

metallic silver or
earthy red
red-brown streak
ore of iron,
jewelry
Fe
2
O
3
Hematite
1
white to
green
greasy feel
ceramics,
paper
Mg
3
Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
Talc
2
yellow to
amber
white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2
white to
pink or gray
easily scratched
by fingernail
plaster of paris,
drywall
CaSO
4
2H
2
O Selenite gypsum
22.5
colorless to
yellow
flexible in
thin sheets
paint, roofing KAl
3
Si
3
O
10
(OH)
2
Muscovite mica
2.5
colorless to
white
cubic cleavage,
salty taste
food additive,
melts ice
NaCl Halite
2.53
black to
dark brown
flexible in
thin sheets
construction
materials
K(Mg,Fe)
3
AlSi
3
O
10
(OH)
2
Biotite mica
3
colorless
or variable
bubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavage
cement,
lime
CaCO
3
Calcite
3.5
colorless
or variable
bubbles with acid
when powdered
building
stones
CaMg(CO
3
)
2
Dolomite
4
colorless or
variable
cleaves in
4 directions
hydrofluoric
acid
CaF
2
Fluorite
56
black to
dark green
cleaves in
2 directions at 90
mineral collections,
jewelry
(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)
2
O
6
Pyroxene
(commonly augite)
5.5
black to
dark green
cleaves at
56 and 124
mineral collections,
jewelry
CaNa(Mg,Fe)
4
(Al,Fe,Ti)
3
Si
6
O
22
(O,OH)
2
Amphibole
(commonly hornblende)
6
white to
pink
cleaves in
2 directions at 90
ceramics,
glass
KAlSi
3
O
8
Potassium feldspar
(commonly orthoclase)
6
white to
gray
cleaves in 2 directions,
striations visible
ceramics,
glass
(Na,Ca)AlSi
3
O
8
Plagioclase feldspar
6.5
green to
gray or brown
commonly light green
and granular
furnace bricks,
jewelry
(Fe,Mg)
2
SiO
4
Olivine
7
colorless or
variable
glassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystals
glass, jewelry,
electronics
SiO
2
Quartz
6.57.5
dark red
to green
often seen as red glassy grains
in NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),
abrasives
Fe
3
Al
2
Si
3
O
12
Garnet
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHING
LUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
N
o
n
m
e
t
a
l
l
i
c

l
u
s
t
e
r
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur
C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon
Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
= dominant form of breakage
M
e
t
a
l
l
i
c

l
u
s
t
e
r
E
i
t
h
e
r
F
R
A
C
T
U
R
E
C
L
E
A
V
A
G
E
Properties of Common Minerals
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables 2011 Edition 16