Development Phase

September October 2005

abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation
2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Directional Drilling
Section
By Pratap Thimaiah
Abalt Solutions
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Deviated Holes
The Reasons for Directional Drilling:
Side tracking existing wells
Restricted surface locations
Reaching Multiple targets
Reduction in number of offshore platforms
Horizontal drilling
Thin reservoirs
Environmental foot print
Avoiding salt domes
Geological requirements
To avoid gas and water conning
Intersecting fractures
Re-entry of existing wells
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Applications
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Directional Well Planning
Specification of Target, Size & Shape.
Rig Location
Location of Adjacent Wells
Casing and mud Programmes
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Co-ordinate systems
Geographic Co-ordinates (Figure 11.1 pg 376-
Rabia)
They are an imaginary network of lines
superimposed on the globe
Latitude (degrees north or south of Datum plane)
Longitude (degrees east or west of Datum plane)
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2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Co-ordinate systems
UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) (Figure
11.6 pg 382-Rabia)
Grid used to cover the world except for the polar
regions.
Based on 60 zones, each is 6 degrees of
longitude wide ad extends from 80 degree S to
84 degree N latitude .
Meters is the unit of measurement.
Greenwich meridian is chosen as the zero degree
reference meridian.
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Reference directions
There are 3 azimuth reference systems-
True Geographic north
Grid north
Magnetic north
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2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Geographic North
It is referred to as true north or a true azimuth.
Geographic north points to the north pole and
indicated by the polar star.
By convention it is referred to as a star on UTM
grid
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Having fixed target and location of well rig,
next is to plan geometrical profile of well to
reach target.
Well Profiles
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Well Profiles
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Well Profiles
Abalt Solutions
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Deflection Tools
Badger Bit (Jet Deflection)
Using full fluid power directed through one enlarged nozzle of bit.
Bit lowered into assembly with a non magnetic drill collar and
stabilizer
Oriented bit with Enlarged nozzle is pointed in required direction.
By pumping through the bit while the string is rotated-washed
pocket
Continuous jetting working on pipe.
Used mainly in soft formations.
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
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Deflection Tools
Whip stock-
Steel wedge run in the hole and set at KOP.
Standard removable used for side tracking and kick off wells.
Permanent whipstock is designed to remain permanently in hole. To
bypass junk or collapsed casing
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2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Deflection Tools
Rebel Tool
Designed to give bit push either push
to left or right.
Tool body has a groove cut along its
length inside which is a torsion bar.
Rod is free to rotate and has a curved
paddle connected on either end.
Paddles pivot in the milled recesses in
tool body.
When the top paddle rotates to low side
of hole, it is forced into its recess.
Inward force on top paddle is
transmitted through torsion rod and
causes an outward force on bottom
paddle.
Bottom paddle then projects laterally
against the formation.
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Rebel Tool
Advantages
Makes gradual changes in direction
Allows normal rotary drilling
Cheaper than downhole motors
Deflection Tools
Abalt Solutions
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2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Positive Displacement Motor
Downhole mud motor .
Drives Bit without rotating the
entire drill string.
Powered by using drilling fluid, air
or gas.
Deflection Tools-PDM
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Components
Dump Valve
By pass valve that allows the drill string to fill up or drain when tripping.
Motor Assembly
consists of lined stator which contains a spirally shaped cavity or elliptical
section.
Solid steel spiral shaft.
Top end is free, lower end fixed to connecting rod.
Connecting rod
Equipped with universal joint at each end
Accommodates eccentric rotation of rotor and transfers to drive shaft.
Bearing Assembly
Consists of thrust & radial bearings to allow smooth rotation
Drive shaft is connected to bit sub
Deflection Tools-PDM
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2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Some PDMs are multistage
motors.
Drilling fluid is pumped
through the motor and
forced between rotor &
stator cavity.
Rotation transferred by
drive shaft to the bit.
To deviate a well, a bent
sub must be run above the
PDM.
Above the bent sub an
orienting device such as
steering tool or MWD is
accommodated
Deflection Tools-PDM
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Bent sub
Short length or collar sized pipe
Axis of lower connection is slightly
offset from vertical
Sizes of 1 to 3 degrees are common.
Advantages using PDM
accurate control over deviation
Less risk of dog legs
Can be used to build or drop angles
Can be designed to operate in high
solids or with LCM.
Deflection Tools-PDM
Abalt Solutions
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2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Type of mud motor which
turns bit without drill string
rotation.
Can be powered by liquid
drilling fluids.
Bladed rotors & stators
mounted at right angles to
fluid flow.
Rotors attached to drive
shaft, while stators to outer
case.
Rotor-stator pair is called
stage. There are 75 to 250
stages typically.
Advantages
Used for straight hole
sections also.
Casing wear reduced
Low torque applied
Better penetration rates
Disadvantage
Rotor prone to damage
with mud debris
Deflection Tools-Turbo Drills
Development Phase
September October 2005
abalt solutions limited - 2005
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Abalt Solutions
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Bottom Hole Assembly
BHA refers to combination of collars, stabilizers and
other tools run above bit.
BHA designed to build, drop or hold.
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Packed Hole Assembly
DC and stabilizers so positioned to reduce bending and keep bit straight.
Bottom stand is made as stiff as possible.
Short DC and reamers or stabilisers used
Pendulum Assembly
Unsupported weight of DC to force the bit against low side of hole.
Resulting decrease or drop off in angle depends on WOB, rpm, stabilization
To increase tendency to drop:
Apply less WOB
More pump pressure in soft formations
Use bigger Monel DC below reamer and smaller DC above.
Fulcrum Assembly
Always run a reamer near bit
When WOB is applied, the DCs above reamer will tend to bend against low
side of hole, making reamer act as a fulcrum ,forcing the bit upwards.
Rate of build-up depends upon WOB,size of collars, position of reamer and
stabilization above reamer.
To increase build:
More WOB
Smaller size Monel
Less rpm and pump rates in soft formations
Bottom Hole Assembly